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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.P.S.-7
varjkZ"Vh; lEcUk
(International Relations)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkxd

iz'u 1- varjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa dk vFkZ vkSj cnyrh izfr dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

mkjorZeku ;qx Lora= jk"V&jkT;ksa dk ;qx gS] vFkkZr~ fofHkUu jk"V&jkT; Lora= fdUrq viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ,d&nwljs
ij fuHkZj gSa A bl fuHkZjrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i muds chp ds laca/k jktuhfrd Fks] fQj Hkh O;kikj vkSj O;olk; ls lac) v/;;u vkSj Kku dk
vfuok;Z {ks= cu x, gSa A varjkZ"Vh; laca/k ls rkRi;Z bUgha izHkqlk laiUu jkT;ksa@jk"V&jkT;ksa ds chp jktuhfrd laca ds v/;;u ls gS A
vUrjkZ"Vh; laca 'kCn dk iz;ksx ^fLFkfr* ,oa ^fo"k;* nksuksa gh :iksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,d ^fLFkfr* ds :i esa varjkZ"Vh; thou ds rF;ksa
dk |ksrd gS vFkkZr~jktu; ,oa fons'k uhfr ds vkkj ij jkT;ksa ds chp lacaksa ds okLrfod O;ogkj dk v/;;u gS A blesa lg;ksx] la?k"kZ
vkSj ;q) tSls fo"k;&{ks= 'kkfey gSa A jkbV ds vuqlkj] ^^fo|k ds :i esa varjkZ"Vh; lacak dks jkT;ksa ds e/; LFkkfir lacakksa dk ,d
lqO;foLFkr rFkk oSKkfud rjhds ls v/;;u djuk pkfg, A** vr% varjkZ"Vh; laca dks laizHkq jkT;ksa ds e/; reke jktuhfrd] jktuf;d]
O;kikfjd rFkk vdknfed lacaksa dk v/;;u djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd os lHkh varjkZ"Vh; laca dh fo"k;& oLrq gSa A
varjkZ"Vh; laca dh ifjf esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lewg] tSls jk"V] jkT;] ljdkjsa] tkfr;ka] {ks=] ifjla?k] varjkZ"Vh; laxBu] vkS|ksfxd]
lkaLd`frd rFkk kfeZd laxBu vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSa A
ikYej ,oa ikfdZUl tSls fo}ku~varjkZ"Vh; lacaksa dks fo|k ds :i esa ekU;rk iznku ugha djrs A budk er gS fd varjkZ"Vh; laca bfrgkl
vkSj jktuhfrd foKku dh fo/kkvksa ls tUek gS A
izks- vYsM fteueSu ds vuqlkj varjkZ"Vh; laca Li"V :i ls gh lkekU; vFkZ esa ,d fo"k; ugha gS A D;ksafd blds ikl iBu& lkexzh
dk ,d Hkh lw=c) ladyu ugha gS A ;g dsoy fofHkUu fo"k;ksa tSls fof] vFkZ'kkL=] jktuhfr foKku bR;kfn dk ladyu ek= gS A f}rh;
fo'o&;q) ds i'pkr~ vusd fo}kuksa us ;s fopkj izdV fd, gSa fd varjkZ"Vh; lacaksa ds v/;;u ds }kjk varjkZ"Vh; leL;kvksa ds laca esa
fo'ys"k.kkRed fopkj djuk laHko gks x;k gS A
gkVZeSu varjkZ"Vh; laca dks v/;;u ds ,sls fo"k; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] tks mu izf;kvksa ftuls jkT; vius jk"Vh;
fgrksa dk lkeatL; nwljs jkT;ksa ds lkFk LFkkfir djrs gSa] ij /;ku nsrk gS A vr% varjkZ"Vh; laca jk"Vh; fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus dk
lku gS aA
varjkZ"Vh; lacakksa dk cnyrk Lo:if}rh; fo'o&;q) ds i'pkr~ varjkZ"Vh; lacaksa ds Lo:i ,oa lanHkZ esa O;kid ifjorZu gq,
gSa A ikjaifjd :i ls fo'o jktuhfr ds dsUnz esa ;wjksi Fkk vkSj ns'kksa ds chp lacaksa dk lapkyu fons'k foHkkx ds vfdkfj;ksa }kjk xqipqi rjhds
ls fd;k tkrk Fkk A
fdUrq orZeku ;qx tsV ;qx gS] ftlesa jkT; ,oa ljdkj ds izeq[k rFkk fons'k ea=h iwjh nqfu;ka dh ;k=k djrs gq, vius futh laidZ dk;e
djrs gSa rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh; laca ds dk;Z&O;kikj dk lapkyu djrs gSa A vkt ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa dqN gh ?kaVksa esa igqpk tk ldrk gS A VsyhQksu]
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QSDl e'khuksa] VsyhfizaVj rFkk vU; vkqfud bysDVkWfud midj.kksa dh enn ls izR;sd ns'k ds lapkyd ,d&nwljs ds futh lEidZ esa vk x, gSa A
vkSifuos'khdj.k lekIr gksus ls dbZ Lora= rFkk laizHkq jkT;ksa dk mn; gqvk gS] tks fd vUrjkZ"Vh; lacaksa esa ,d egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gSa A ;gk rd fd dbZ vfr NksVs ns'kksa ds ikl Hkh Hkys gh rkdr u gks] fdUrq mUgsa vkt Hkh vke lHkk esa viuh ckr j[kus dk lEiw.kZ rFkk leku
vfdkj izkIr gaS A vkt la;qDr jkT; ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+dj 185 gks xbZ gS A vkt vUrjkZ"Vh; lacaksa dk lapkyu vusd u,
jk"V&jkT;ksa] }kjk gksrk gS A buds vfrfjDr dbZ vkSj jkT;h; rkdrsa( tSls cgqjk"Vh; fuxe rFkk cgqs'kh; fudk; varjkZ"Vh; lacaksa ds {ks= esa
c<+&p<+dj Hkkx ys jgh gSa A
iz'u 2- lkezkT;okn rFkk uomifuos'kokn dh vokkj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjlkezkT;oknlkezkT;okn ls rkRi;Z gS ,d 'kfDr'kkyh dk nwljs jkT; ;k jkT;ksa ij jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k rFkk vkfiR; A
fofHkUu fo}kuksa us lkezkT;okn dks fofHkUu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS A
cksu ds vuqlkj] ^^lkezkT;okn lkezkT; cukus] laxfBr djus rFkk mldh ns[kHkky dh uhfr gS vFkkZr~ ,d fo'kky vkdkj dk jkT;
tks FkksM+k&cgqr vusd fof'k"V jk"Vh;rkvksa dk laxzg gksrk gS] fdUrq ftl ij ,dy dsUnzhd`r lk dk fu;a=k.k gks A**
pkYlZ ds erkuqlkj] ^^{ks=k] izksVsDVksjsV rFkk izHkko gkfly djus ds fy, ljdkjh vkSj dwVuhfrd rjhdksa dk iz;ksx dk uke gh
lkezkT;okn gS A**
ih-Vh- ewu us laf{kIr rFkk lVhd ifjHkk"kk nh gS fd ^^lkezkT;okn dk vFkZ gS xSj&;wjksih; ns'kksa ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa dk tks vkil esa
,d& nwljs ls furkUr fHkUu Fkh] vkfkiR;** lkezkT;okn dk Lo:i tSlk Hkh jgk gks] mldh vfHkizsj.kk ewy :i ls vkfFkZd gh jgh gS A
orZeku le; esa lkezkT;okn dk jktuhfrd Lo:i rks yxHkx lekIr gks x;k gS] fdUrq mldk vkfFkZd Lo:i vHkh Hkh ekStwn gS A vkt
Hkh vkked iwathoknh jk"V&jkT; dk;e gSa] gkykafd 'kks"k.k ds rjhds ifjofrZr gks x, gSa A
esxMkWiQ us lkezkT;oknh 'kks"k.k ds rhu u;s rjhdksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS A ;s rjhds fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) izeq[k vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds lkFk lSU; mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k A
(2) cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ksa dk c<+rk ego tks vfd ykHk nsus okys vkSj u;s rjg ds m|ksxksa ij pkgs os mifuos'k esa gksa ;k fodflr
ns'kksa esa] fo'oO;kih fu;a=.k djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS A
(3) jkT; ds dkjksckj esa lSU; cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ksa dh izkFkfedrk A
lkezkT;oknh 'kks"k.k ds ;s u;s rjhds Hkh dkQh izHkko'kkyh gSa rFkk ;s orZeku le; esa Hkh tkjh gSa A
orZeku le; esa lkezkT;okn dk foLrkj dk dk;Z cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ka djrh gSa A ;s daifu;ka lLrh etnwjh okys ns'kksa esa viuh mRiknu
bdkb;ka LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djrh gSa A nwljs rhljh nqfu;ka dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ksa dk fu;a=.k muds cktkj ij gh fu;a=.k
rd gh lhfer ugha gS] vfirq mRiknu vkSj fo ds {ks= esa Hkh mudk vfdkj jgrk gS A
uomifuos'koknbls vkfFkZd mifuos'kokn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS A bldk vFkZ gS vkfFkZd :i ls rkdroj jkT; dk vkfFkZd
lgk;rk rFkk O;kikj vkSj varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds cy ij vYifodflr jkT;ksa ij fu;a=.k LFkkfir djuk A bldk vkjEHk 'khr&;q) dh
lekfIr ds i'pkr~gqvk Fkk A blds vUrxZr if'pe ds fodflr rFkk iwathoknh ns'k vfodflr ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd rFkk lSU; enn iznku djrs gSa
rFkk lkFk gh viuh cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa dks [kqyh NwV nsdj os rhljh nqfu;ka ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij viuk vkfiRFk Hkh LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa A
vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ds QyLo:i vFkZO;oLFkk ij jkT; dk fu;a=.k de gks x;k gS A mnkgj.kLo:i( Hkkjr esa dk;Zjr fons'kh
cSad csgrj lsok iznku djds le`) Js.kh ds yksxksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj jgs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ?kjsyw cSafdax laLFkk,a cqjh rjg izHkkfor
gks jgh gSa A tSls&tSls yksx bu cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] oSls&oSl gh Lons'kh daifu;ka lekIr gksrh tk jgh gSa A
bldk ,d vU; igyw ;g Hkh gS fd rhljh nqfu;ka ds tks ns'k fo'o cSad rFkk vU; fodflr ns'kksa ls dtZ ysrs gSa] muesa _.knkrkvksa dh
'krks dks Hkh Lohdkj djus dh izo`f c<+rh tkrh gS rFkk tSls fodkl'khy ns'k _.k ds tky esa Qalrs pys tkrs gSa rFkk uolkezkT;okn rFkk
uomifuos'kokn ds f'kdkj gksrs tkrs gSa A
iz'u 3- 'kfDr dh vokkj.kk rFkk 'kfDr dks fu"ikfnr djus dh fofk;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjlkkj.kr;k fdlh ,d O;fDr }kjk vU; O;fDr;ksa ds foHkkx vkSj muds f;kvksa dks fu;af=r djus dh rkdr 'kfDr dgykrh gS A
'kfDr dks ns[kk ugha tk ldrk] vfirq blds izHkko dks O;fDr;ksa rFkk jkT;ksa ds vkpj.k ds }kjk vkadk tkrk gS A vr% 'kfDr og lkeF;Z
;k {kerk gS] ftlds }kjk nwljksa ds vkpj.k dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gS A muls og djok;k tk ldrk gS] tks dksbZ djokuk pkgrk gS vkSj
ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd nwljs ,slk dqN ugha djsa] tks og ugha pkgrk gS A

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varjkZ"Vh; lacaksa esa 'kfDr fdlh jk"V dh og {kerk Fkk lkeF;Z gS] ftlds ek/;e ls og vius QSlyksa dks ykxw djokrk gS] nwljs jkT;ksa
ds vkpj.k dks izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj muls vknj ikrk gS A
lkkj.k 'kCnksa esa 'kfDr ,slh lkeF;Z gS] ftldk izn'kZu fd;k Hkh tk ldrk gS vkSj ugha Hkh A fdUrq tc Hkh bl lkeF;Z dk izn'kZu fd;k
tkrk gS] rc blds }kjk dksbZ jkT; vU; jkT;ksa ds vkpj.k dks izHkkfor djus dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gS A dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj 'kfDr rkdr j[kus
dh og {kerk gS] tks rhu xq.kksa ls feydj curh gS A ;s xq.k gSaKku] lSU; cy vkSj 'kkS;Z A
varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr esa 'kfDr dh og Hkwfedk gksrh gS] tks vFkZO;oLFkk esa iSls dh gksrh gS A 'kfDr jkT;ksa ds vfLrRo ds fy, vR;Ur ewY;oku
vo;o gS A izR;sd jkT; dh lcls cM+h bPNk ;g gksrh gS fd og vfd ls vfd 'kfDr dk laxzg dj lds A bl izdkj 'kfDr ,d lkFk nksgjh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS A ;g jkT;ksa ds y{;ksa dk ljrkt Hkh vkSj muds opZLo dks LFkkfir djus dk lku Hkh gS A 'kfDr ij cqfu;knh ek/;e gS]
ftlds }kjk jkT; vius fgrksa dk ekxZ <wa<rs gSa A
bl izdkj 'kfDr varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr dh qjh gS A 'kfDr rhu cqfu;knh vo;oksa ls cuh gScy] izHkko vkSj izkfdkj A
tc dkZ vknj ;k Lusg ds dkj.k LosPNk ls dkZ dh bPNk dk ikyu djrk gS] rks ;g vfdkj dgykrk gS A
izHkko ds vUrxZr dkZ ds ,sls dk;Z vkrs gSa] tc og fcuk rkdr dk iz;ksx fd, dkZ dks LosPNk ls dk;Z djus ds fy, rS;kj dj ysrk
gS A
cy rc izHkkoh ekuk tkrk gS] tc dkZ iwjk ncko Mky dj dk;Z djokrs gSa A
'kfDr ds ro'kfDr dk lap; fofHkUu roksa ds la;ksx ls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fHkUu :i ls gksrk gS A
bu roksa dks ewy :i ls nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS(i) ewrZ ro izdV ro] (ii) vewrZ vn`'; ro A
(1) 'kfDr ds ewrZ rovkcknh@tula[;k 'kfDr dk ,d ewrZ ro gS A ;g lkkj.k ekU;rk gS fd cM+h vkcknh okys jk"V] vis{kkd`r
vfd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs gSa A D;ksafd cM+h vkcknh ds dkj.k budh lsuk dkQh fo'kky gksrh gS A lkFk gh bUgsa vkfFkZd xfrfof;ksa ds lapkyu ds
fy, Hkh vfd ls vfd yksx miyC gksrs gSa A
(2) Hkw&Hkkx'kfDr dk nwljk ewrZ ro Hkw&Hkkx gS A bl ro ds egoiw.kZ ?kVdksa esa jk"V dk vkdkj] bldk okrkoj.k o ekSle]
HkkSxksfyd cukoV bR;kfn 'kkfey gSa A vfdrj ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd cM+s vkdkj okys jk"V] NksVs vkdkj okys jk"Vksa dh rqyuk esa vfd
'kfDr'kkyh gksrs gSa A blh izdkj fdlh ns'k dk ekSle Hkh mldh 'kfDr dks izHkkfor djrk gS A fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ka tSls cQhZyk ;k jsfxLrkuh Hkw&Hkkx
fdlh jk"V dh 'kfDr lajpuk ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gksrk A
(3) izkfrd lalkkufdlh ns'k ds 'kfDr fukZj.k esa ml ns'k esa ekStwn izkd`frd lalkuksa dk HkaMkj Hkh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gS A isVksfy;e] ;wjsfu;e ;k vU; nqyZHk izkd`frd lalkuksa ds HkaMkj fdlh jk"V dks vR;Ur 'kfDr'kkyh cuk ldrs gSa A
(4) d`f"k {kerk'kfDr dk ,d vU; egoiw.kZ ewrZ ro mldh d`f"k {kerk gS A ftl ns'k dks [kk|kUuksa ds ekeyksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk
izkIr gS] og ;q) tSls ladV dh ?kfM+;ksa esa vis{kkd`r :i ls vfd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS A
(5) lSU; {kerk'kfDr dk ikapok ewrZ ro lSU; {kerk gS A 'kfDr dk okLrfod vkkj fdlh jk"V dh lsuk gksrh gS A fdlh jk"V&jkT;
dh lSU; {kerk dk vkdyu ml ns'k dh rFkk lSU; xfrfof;ksa ds fy, [kpZ fd, tkus okys ctV ls fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh jk"V us ;fn viuh
HkkSxksfyd lhek ds ckgj Hkh lSU; fBdkus LFkkfir dj ys] rks mldh lqj{kk rFkk ekjd 'kfDr nksuksa c<+ tkrh gSa A fdUrq ,slh lSU; xfr'khyrk
jk"V&jkT; dh bl {kerk ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd og tehu] leqnz ,oa ok;q ds ek/;e ls 'k=q ds f[kykQ fdl lhek rd ;q) dj ldrk gS A
'kfDr ds vewrZ ro'kfDr ds vewrZ roksa esa usr`Ro] vfdkjh ra= dh dk;Zdq'kyrk] ljdkj dk Lo:i] lekt esa izxk<+rk tSls ro
'kkfey gSa A 'kfDr ds vR;Ur egoiw.kZ vewrZ roksa esa usr`Ro gS A bldk ego bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd jk"V fo'ks"k dk usrk ns'k dh
fons'k uhfr;ksa dh lQyrk dh jkg esa ukxfjdksa dks fdl gn rd izsfjr dj ikrk gS A vfdkjh ra= dh dk;Zdq'kyrk 'kfDr ds vewrZ roksa esa
nwljs LFkku ij vkrh gS A
'kfDr dk rhljk vewrZ ro fdlh jk"V fo'ks"k dh lk dk Lo:i gS A ftl jk"V fo'ks"k esa viuh ?kjsyw vko';drkvksa vkSj cnyrs fons'kh
gkykrksa ds vuq:i fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gks rFkk tks [kqn dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i <kyus dh {kerk j[krk gks] mldh 'kfDr izcy ekuh tkrh
gS A
lkekftd izxk<+rk 'kfDr dk pkSFkk vewrZ ro gS A ftl jk"V esa yksxksa esa vkarfjd ,dtqVrk gksrh gS] ogh jk"V 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS A
'kfDr dk vR;Ur egoiw.kZ vewrZ ro jk"Vh; uSfrd cy gS A vxj fdlh jk"V dh lsuk dk uSfrd cy pk gS] rks mls ijkLr dj ikuk
vlEHko gksrk gS A 'kkafr ds le; Hkh fdlh jk"V ds ukxfjdksa dk mPp uSfrd cy ml jk"V dks etcwr cukrk gS A
iz'u 4 'khr ;q ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
mkj'khr&;q) dk <kapk ,oa vk;ke'khr&;q) ds nkSjku fo'o ewy :i ls oSpkfjd vkkjksa ij nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr Fkkiwathokn rFkk

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lektokn A f}rh; fo'o&;q) dh lekfIr ds rqjUr ckn 'khr&;q) dk tUe ;wjksi rFkk fo'o ds vU; Hkkxksa esa gqvk] ftldk ewy ms'; lkE;oknh
'kfDr;ksa ds izlkj dks jksduk Fkk A lkE;oknh vkanksyu rFkk jk"Vh; eqfDr la?k"kZ nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx djds ,f'k;k] vhdk] ysfVu
vesfjdk ds ns'kksa esa lkezkT;oknh 'kklu dk var fd;k A la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk rFkk nwljs lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa ds fy, :l ds foLrkj dks jksduk
dfBu gks jgk Fkk A lkE;oknh vkanksyu dks varjkZ"Vh; lkE;oknh vkanksyu dk leFkZu izkIr gksus ds dkj.k vesfjdk ds fy, bldk neu djuk
dfBu gks x;k Fkk A fdUrq 'khr&;q) dk ,dek= eqk lkE;okn ugha Fkk A la?k"kZjr jk"Vksa ds jk"Vh; fgrksa us Hkh 'khr&;q) dks QSykus esa egoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk vnk dh A
blesa vkt eZ Hkh ,d eqk cu x;k gS A f'k;k vkSj lqUuh ds >xM+ksa] fgUnw&eqfLye kfeZd eqksa us bZjku&bjkd rFkk Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds
e/; ruko iSnk djds 'khr&;q) dks c<+kok fn;k gS A nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds e/; 'khr&;q) ds izlkj esa eZfuis{krk] yksdra= rFkk
jk"Vokn tSls eqksa dk fojks ;ksxnku jgk gS A
bl 'khr&;q) dk ,d vU; igyw ;g Hkh gS fd ;g dsoy egk'kfDr;ksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkk A 'khr;q) ds cgqr vk;ke Fks A ,d vksj
;g vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij nks egk'kfDr;ksa ds e/; la?k"kZ Fkk] rks nwljh vksj {ks=h; Lrj ij {ks=h; 'kfDr;ksa ds e/; ;q) yM+k tk jgk Fkk A
1970 ds n'kd esa bZjku rFkk bjkd ds e/; 'khr&;q) pyk Fkk A lhek ds iz'u dks ysdj phu rFkk lksfo;r :l ds e/; 'khr&;q) vkjEHk
gks x;k A vkt Hkh dk'ehj dks ysdj Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku ds e/; 'khr&;q) tkjh gS A
vr% lEiw.kZ 'khr&;q) ds nkSjku u rks leL;k,a leku Fkh vkSj u gh le; vkSj dky leku Fkk A bl izdkj 'khr;q) dk <kapk rFkk vk;ke
fofHkUu izdkj ds Fks rFkk muds izHkko Hkh cgqeq[kh Fks A
iz'u 5- xksckZP;so ;qx esa ukfHkdh; 'kL=k izfrLikkZ dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjml le; gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa ds rhu Lrjksa ij Fkhvarfj{k gfFk;kj] varjegk}hih; gfFk;kj rFkk e/;e ukfHkdh;
gfFk;kj A
1985-86 rd Hkh gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ dh fLFkfr ,slh gh cuh gqbZ Fkh A mlesa dksbZ f'kfFkyrk ugha vkbZ Fkh A jkVifr jhxu rFkk egklfpo
xksokZpkso ds chp uoEcj] 1985 esa tsusok esa lEiUu gqbZ f'k[kj cSBd ls gfFk;kjksa ij fu;a=.k djus dh dqN vkkk iSnk gqbZ rFkk ogk ij nksuksa
usrkvksa us la;qDr c;ku esa dgk fd nksuksa i{k bl ckr ij lger gq, gSa fd ukfHkdh; ;q) dks fot;h ugha fd;k tk ldrk] blls dsoy rckgh
gksrh gS vr% bldks dHkh Hkh yM+k ugha tkuk pkfg, A bl c;ku }kjk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ,l-Mh-vkbZ- }kjk ,e,-Mh- ds fl)kUr dks gVk;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj varfj{k ds lSU;dj.k }kjk ,d lhfer ukfHkdh; ;q) dk lapkyu gks ldrk Fkk] fdUrq bls
vO;ogkfjd ekuk x;k A
1986-89 esa Hkh ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ yxHkx iwoZorhZ fLFkfr esa cuh jgh] ;|fi gfFk;kjksa ds fu;a=.k dh fn'kk esa ekewyh izxfr gqbZA
bl le; dqN ,sls ldkjkRed ifjorZu gks jgs Fks] ftUgksaus nh?kZdky esa gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ ij vadq'k yxk;k A ;s ifjorZu fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) 27 oh-lh-ih-,l-;w- dkaxzsl us Qjojh] 1986 esa isjhLVksbdk vFkZO;oLFkk dk iqufuZekZ.k djuk vkSj XykluksLV yksdra=hdj.k rFkk
;wjksi esa lSfud Vdjko dks jksdus vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi dks [kksyus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k A
(ii) jk;fd;ktkfod f'k[kj lEesyu esa ;g ?kksfkr fd;k fd ukfHkdh; ;q) dks dHkh Hkh fot;h ugha cuk;k tk ldrk] vr% bls dHkh
Hkh yM+k ugha tkuk pkfg, A
(iii) Lo;a vesfjdk ds vanj jhxu dh ttZj vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lhusV ds }kjk ,l-Mh-vkbZ- dk;Ze ds fojks ds dkj.k vesfjdk ds
gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ ;kstukvksa dks Ddk yxk A
(iv) vesfjdk rFkk ukVks fe= jkVksa ds lkFk ,l-Mh-vkbZ- dk;Ze ij dHkh Hkh lykg&e'kojk ugha fd;k x;k A
vr% bl izdkj gkykafd gfFk;kjksa dh nkSM+ tkjh Fkh] fdUrq mldh xfr esa deh vo'; vkbZ Fkh A
iz'u 6 th-Mh-vkj- rFkk ,iQ-th-vkj- ds iqu%,dhdj.k dks vxzflr djus okyh /kVukvksa dh laf{kIr O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjteZuh dk ,dhdj.k fczVsu] kal rFkk vejhdk us teZu la?kh; x.kjkT; ls 5 ebZ] 1995 ,d laf/k dh vkSj mls ,d lEiw.kZ
izHkqRo lEiUu x.kjkT; dh ekU;rk iznku dj nh A bruk gksrs gq, Hkh bUgksaus viuh lsuk,a if'peh teZuh ls ugha gVkbZ A fdUrq bl {ks= us 'kh?kz
gh vkfFkZd n`f"V ls cgqr mUufr dj yh Fkh A blh izdkj lksfo;r la?k us Hkh iwohZ teZuh okys Hkkx dks 1995 esa gh lEiw.kZ izHkqRo lEiUUk x.kjkT;
dh fLFkfr iznku dj nh A teZuh rFkk mldh jkt/kkuh cfyZu dk mi;qZDr foHkktu loZFkk d`f=e Fkk A vr% T;ksa gh bl vU;k;iw.kZ rFkk
vLokHkkfod fLFkfr dh /kkj rfud de gqbZ] bu nksuksa jkT;ksa dk ikjLifjd fojks/k Hkh de gksus yxk vkSj teZuh ds ,dhdj.k ds iz;kl izkjEHk
gks x, A

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1953 esa

LVkfyu dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~lksfo;r la?k rFkk if'peh 'kfDr;ksa ds chp dVqrk de gksus yxh A 'kh?kz gh cfYkZu esa ,dhdj.k ij
fopkj djus ds fy, cqyk, x, lEesyu esa fczVsu] kal] vejhdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k vkfn pkjksa ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;k A fdUrq lksfo;r la?k rFkk
if'peh 'kfDr;ksa ds chp oSpkfjd erHksnksa dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldk vkSj ;g lEesyu vlQy gks x;k A ,dhdj.k ds fy, ,d nwljk iz;kl
1995 esa gqvk ftlesa mi;qZDr pkjksa ns'kksa ds izfrfuf/k tsusok esa feys] fdUrq ,dhdj.k ds O;kogkfjd i{k ij lgefr u gksus ds dkj.k tsusok
lEesyu Hkh vlQy gks x;k A
;g og dky[k.M Fkk tcfd if'peh 'kfDRk;ksa o lksfo;r la?k ds chp 'khr&;q) py jgk Fkk A Hkfo"; ds la?k"kZ dks n`f"V esa j[kdj if'peh
ns'kksa us tklwlh vs cuk j[ks Fks A nwljs iwohZ teZuh dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh u Fkh A if'peh teZuh dh rqyuk esa iwohZ teZuh cgqr fiNM+k gqvk
Fkk A bruk gh ugha lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dh rkuk'kkgh ls iwohZ teZuh ds yksxksa esa loZ= vlUrks"k O;kIr Fkk A os if'peh teZuh ds mUeqDr rFkk
oSHkoiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa jgus ds fy, ykykf;r Fks A tks yksx if'peh teZuh igqap tkrs Fks] os iwohZ teZuh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs rFkk okil
iwohZ teZuh tkus dk uke rd u ysrs A iwohZ teZuh dh lkE;oknh ljdkj bls if'peh ns'kksa dk nq"izpkj ekurh Fkh A vr% iwohZ teZuh us vxLr]
1961 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp vkokxeu rFkk lEidZ cUn djus ds fy, iwohZ o if'peh cfyZu ds chp ,d nhokj cuk nh A blls if'peh teZuh
tkus okys yksx nhokj Qkanus dk iz;kl djus yxs vkSj iwohZ teZuh dh lsuk mUgsa xksfy;ksa ls Hkwuus yxh A bl ifjfLFkfr ls vUrjkZ"Vh; ruko
esa o`f) gqbZ A ;g ifjfLFkfr chloha 'krkCnh ds uosa n'kd rd pyrh jgh] 1985 esa xksckZpkso ds lksfo;r lkE;oknh ny ds izFke lfpo curs
gh teZuh ds ,dhdj.k ds iz;kl izkjEHk gks x,] 1989 ds vUr esa cfYkZu foHkktu dh izrhd cfYkZu dh nhokj rksM+ nh xbZ vkSj 1990 dk o"kZ
teZuh ds ,dhdj.k dk lUns'k ysdj vk;k A twu esa lksfo;r la?k o vejhdk ds v/;{kksa us r; fd;k fd teZuh ds ,dhdj.k ds i'pkr~N%
ekl ds Hkhrj fe= jk"V vius lHkh lSfud ofil cqyk ysaxs A tqykbZ esa teZuh ds chp dh foHkktd lhek lekIr dj nh xbZ vkSj if'peh teZuh
dh eqk dks iwjs teZuh dh eqk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k A flrEcj 1990 esa iwohZ ,oa if'peh teZuh rFkk fe= jk"V ,dhd`r teZuh
dks izHkqRo LkEiUu cukus ds fy, ekLdks esa feys vkSj vUrr% 3 vDrwcj] 1990 dks teZuh dk ,dhdj.k foHkktu ds 45 o"kZ ckn lEiUu gks x;k A
la;qDr teZuh dk uke teZuh la?kh; x.kjkT; (Federal Republic of Germany) j[kk x;k A
iz'u 7 orZeku esa xqV&fujis{krk dh izklafxdrk
mkjf}rh; fo'o&;q) ds i'pkr~ fo'o nks 'kfDr'kkyh xqVksa esa caV x;k Fkk] ftuesa ls ,d Fkk iwathoknh leFkZd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk rFkk nwljk

lkE;okn dk izpkjd lksfo;r la?k A ml le; yxHkx lHkh ns'k buesa ls fdlh ,d xqV esa 'kkfey Fks A
fdUrq mlh le; ,f'k;k] vhdk rFkk ysfVu vesfjdk ds dqN uoksfnr jk"Vksa us ,d Lora= n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k] ftls xqVfuis{krk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gS] D;ksafd mUgksaus Lo;a dks fdlh xqV ds lkFk tksM+us ls badkj dj fn;k Fkk A vr% xqVfujis{krk ls vfHkizk; gS 'khr;q) ds nkSj esa nks egk'kfDr;ksa ds fo|eku
nks fojksh xqVksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa Hkh dqN ns'kksa }kjk 'kkfey gksus ls euk djuk A fons'k uhfr esa ;g ,d Lora= fuf'pr ?kks"k.kk gS A xqV&fuis{krk ,d
ldkjkRed vokj.kk gS] tks fd leFkZd gS
(i) fo'o ds ekeyksa esa lf; Hkwfedk dh A
(ii) lHkh ns'kksa ds lkFk fe=rk ,oa lg;ksx dh A
(iii) izR;sd iz'u ds xq.kksa rFkk jk"Vh; fgr dh vko';drkvksa ds vkkj ij ,d Lora= n`f"Vdks.k viukus dh A
;g fdlh Hkh fopkjkjk ds fo#) funsZf'kr ugha gksrh] vfirq oSpkfjd erHksnksa ds ckotwn fo'o esa 'kkafr ,oa fe=rk dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS A xqV&fujis{k
jk"Vksa us 'khr&;q) ds Vdjkoksa dh jktuhfr dk yxkrkj fojks fd;k A mUgksaus fo'o esa 'kkafr dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k A
xqV&fujis{k n`f"Vdks.k dh izsj.kk dbZ ksrksa ls cah gqbZ Fkh
(1) bu jkT;ksa dk lcls egoiw.kZ y{; viuk vkfFkZd fodkl djuk Fkk] ftlds fy, mudks vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds lkFk c<+rs
O;kikj tSls lalkuksa dh vko';drk Fkh A dsoy xqV&fujis{krk ds }kjk gh os lHkh ns'kksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd lEcU LFkkfir dj ldrs Fks A
(2) okLrfod fodkl dks izkIr djus ds fy, 'kkafr dks cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk Fkh A
(3) 'khr&;q) esa jktuhfr ls mRiUu fo'oO;kih [krjs ls Lo;a dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh vko';drk Fkh A
(4) izR;sd ns'k dh ?kjsyw vko';drk,a ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu Fkha A bu lHkh dkj.kksa us dqN ns'kksa dks xqV&fujis{krk dk ekxZ viukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k]
ftlesa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk egoiw.kZ Fkh A

vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd xqV fujis{k vkanksyu ds lHkh ns'k lkewfgd fopkj ,oa dk;Z ds fy, ,d lkFk laxfBr jgdj dk;Z djsa
A ;s ns'k fuEufyf[kr rhu egoiw.kZ rjhdksa dks viukdj udkjkRed izo`f dks cny ldrs gSa
(i) la;qDr jk"V dks lqkj dj rFkk etcwr cukdj(
(ii) nf{k.k&nf{k.k lg;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djds( rFkk
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t:jh lqkjksa ds }kjk vkanksyu dks vkSj vfd n`<+ djds A

vkt tcfd xqV&fuis{krk dh izklafxdrk fo|eku gS] fdUrq orZeku ekeyksa esa bldh Hkwfedk esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS A xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu vius
nks lnL;ksa bjkd rFkk dqoSr ds chp la?k"kZ dks jksdus esa vlQy jgk rFkk [kkM+h ;q) esa Hkh dksbZ egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ugha fuHkk ldk A
vkt dk xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu xaHkhj vkarfjd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gS A
iz'u 8- jk"Vh; fgr dh vokkj.kk\
mkjjk"Vh; fgrjk"Vh; fgr ;k ewy ms'; lekt dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk gS A blesa jk"V dk dY;k.k] vkfFkZd
fodkl] jktuhfrd fopkjkjk dh lqj{kk] laizHkqrk bR;kfn 'kkfey gSa A jk"Vh; fgr gh fons'k uhfr dh 'kq:vkrh lhek Hkh gS rFkk ;gh fons'kh uhfr
dk lekiu Hkh gS A isMyiQksMZ rFkk fyadu ds vuqlkj] ^^jk"Vh; fgrksa dh vokkkj.kk lekt ds cqfu;knh ewY;ksa ij fVdh gksrh gS A bu
ewY;ksa esa jk"Vh; dY;k.k dh vokkj.kk jktuhfrd fopkjkkjkvksa dh lqj{kk] ftanxh dk jk"Vh; :i] Hkw&Hkkx dh v[kaMrk rFkk viuk
vfLrRo cpk;s j[kus ds iz;kl 'kkfey gSa A** vklxqM ds vuqlkj jk"Vh; fgr jktdkt ds ,sls ekeys gSa] tks flQZ blfy, dherh gSa fd ;s
jk"V ds dY;k.k ds fy, mBk;s x, gSa
eksjsxsaFk dk ekuuk gS fd fdlh jk"V dh cqfu;knh vko';drk ;g gS fd og vU; ns'kksa ds vkked rsojksa ls vius HkkSxksfyd Hkw&Hkkx]
jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd igpku ds vfLrRo dh j{kk dSls djsa A
vr% jk"Vh; fgr dk nwljk i{k y{;ksa dks iwjk djus dk rjhdk gS] tks jk"V ds dqy fgrksa rFkk mUgsa iwjk djus ds fy, f;kfUor uhfr;ksa
o bu uhfr;ksa ds ;ksx ls curk gS A fdlh Hkh ns'k dh fons'k uhfr dk vkkj jk"Vh; fgr gh gksrk gS A
okf'kaxVu ds vuqlkj] ^^dksbZ Hkh ns'k pkgs mldh fopkjkkjk fdruh gh vkn'kZoknh D;ksa u gks vkSj mUgsa iwjk djus dh bPNk Hkh
pkgs fdruh izcy D;ksa u gks] og viuh fons'k uhfr dk vkkkj vius jk"Vh; fgrksa ls vyx ugha cuk ldrk A** jk"Vh; fgr ds ewy ro
gSa Hkw&Hkkx dh lqj{kk] vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa 'kkafr] jk"Vh; lqj{kk] jktuhfrd Lora=rk vkSj Hkw&Hkkx dh v[kaMrk A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa(i) jk"V dh lqj{kk LokHkkfod :i ls fons'k uhfr dh cqfu;knh lksp gksrh gS A
(ii) vkfFkZd fgrksa dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk O;kikj ds fy, vuqdwy ekgkSy izkIr djuk Hkh fons'k uhfr dk Hkkx gksrk gS A
(iii) vfdka'k vkqfud jk"V vc bl ckr ij lger gSa fd varjkZ"Vh; 'kkafr dk ekgkSy gj gkyr esa cuk;s j[kk tk,] varjkZ"Vh; fooknksa
dks fey&cSBdj 'kkafr ls gy fd;k tk, rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa dks vkSj Hkh vfd l'kDr cuk;k tk, A

(iii)

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