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Fluid Machineries

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TURBOMACHINES
1.1. DEFINITION OF TURBOMACHINES

Fluid handling devices that direct the flow with blades or vanes attached to a
rotating member are termed turbomachines. FOX

All those devices in which energy is transferred to a fluid or work is done by


extracting energy from a fluid through rotating the axis of a machine. Shirani

The transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and an element


rotating about a fixed axis. Turton

All those devices in which energy is transferred either to, or from, a continuously
flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one or more moving blade rows. Dixon

Relevant Unit

Chap I:
Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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by: Hasan Basri

Fluid Machineries

1.2. INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MACHINES

Positive Displacement:

Energy transfer by volume changes

Fluid is confined completely

Dynamic (Turbomachines)

Radial-Flow (Centrifugal)

Axial-Flow

Mixed-Flow

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

Positive-Displacement Pumps

Pumps

Fans (small pressure rise < 25 mm.water)

Blowers (moderate pressure rise = 25 mm.Hg)

Compressors (high pressure rise up to 1 GPa (104 atm)

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Energy added to fluid


(i.e. work done on the fluid)

Energy used as means


Energy transfer

Energy subtracted from fluid


(i.e. work done by the fluid)

Pumps, fans, compressor

Uncased

Turbines

Cased

Impulse

Rotodynamic
Machines

Hydraulic Coupling
Torque converter

axial
Propellers and
Screws

Mixed flow

Reciprocating

Direct Driven
Crank driven

Axial Flow
(Kaplan)

Centrifugal

Pelton Wheel

Hydraulic ram
Jack press

Rotary
Piston

Screw
Gear

Lobe
Miscellaneous

Chap I:
Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

Radial flow
(banki or early Francis

Motor

Vane
Swashplate

Mixed Flow
(Francis)

windmills

Pumps and compressor

Positive
Displacement
Machines

Reaction

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Vane

Gear

Fluid Machineries

Fans, Blowers, and Compressors

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Vaned Diffuser

Chap I:
Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Volute/Scroll

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid

Hydraulic Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

Gas Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

Chap I:
Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

1.3. TURBOMACHINERY ANALYSIS

The Angular Momentum Principle

Apply to Control Volume:

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Euler Turbomachine Equation

Mechanical Power:
Theoretical Head:

EULER EQUATION
Torque T = m (C 2r2 C 1r1)
Power P = T
= m (U2C 2 U1C 1)

Prewhirl or Prerotation

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Fluid Machineries

Slip Factor

Velocity Diagrams

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Energy Transfer Components

V12 V22 U 12 U 22 Vr22 Vr21

2g
2g
2g

Kinetic Energy or
Dynamic Head

Centrifugal Energy

Relative velocity Energy

V12 V22 U 12 U 22 Vr22 Vr21


H

2g
2g
2g

Dynamic Pressure Difference

Reaction Degree (R=0 => Impulse turbomachine)


R

Static Pressure Difference

2
1

U 22 Vr22 Vr21 / 2 g
H

Example: Idealized Centrifugal Pump


Negligible torque due to surface forces (viscous and pressure).
Inlet and exit flow tangent to blades.
Uniform flow at inlet and exit.
Zero inlet tangential velocity

Head Equation:
Shutoff Head:

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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by: Hasan Basri

Fluid Machineries

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

Hydraulic Power:

Pump Efficiency:

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid

Hydraulic Power:

Turbine Efficiency:

1.4. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid


Fans, Blowers, and Compressors

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Example

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Introduction and Calssification of Turbo Machines

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Fluid Machineries

Problems :
1).
2).
3).
4).
5).

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Fluid Machineries

References
1. Turbomachines (2nd Ed). E. Shirani
2. Principles of Turbomachinery (2nd Ed). R.K. Turton
3. Turbomachinery, Basic Theory and Applications (2nd Ed). E. Logan
4. Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (3rd Ed). S.L. Dixon
5. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (5th Ed). R.B. Fox & A.T. McDonald
6. Any Turbomachinery books.

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