Pakistan

This article is about the country. For other uses, see terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms
Pakistan (disambiguation).
of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the
emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.
i
Pakistan ( i /pkstn/ or
/pkistn/; Urdu:

ALA-LC: Pkistn, pronounced [pkstn]), ocially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu:

ALA-LC: Islm Jumhriyah-yi Pkistn),

is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population
exceeding 180 million people, it is the sixth most populous country and with an area covering 796,095 km2
(307,374 sq mi), it is the 36th largest country in the
world in terms of area. Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre
(650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of
Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east,
Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China
in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by
Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and
also shares a marine border with Oman.

The post-independence history of Pakistan has been

characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conicts with neighbouring India. The
country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and
corruption. Despite these factors it ranked 16th on the
2012 Happy Planet Index.[17] It is a member of the United
Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven
Economies, ECO, UfC, D8, Cairns Group, Kyoto Protocol, ICCPR, RCD, UNCHR, Group of Eleven, CPFTA,
Group of 24, the G20 developing nations, ECOSOC,
founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, SAARC and CERN.[18]

The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was previously

home to several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh
of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people
of dierent faiths and cultures, including Hindus, IndoGreeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs.
The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian
Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab
Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal
Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the
British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led
by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent's struggle
for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east
and west of Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil
war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as
the new country of Bangladesh.

1 Etymology
The name Pakistan literally means "Land of the Pure
in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan
by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist,
who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never,[19] using
it as an acronym (thirty million Muslim brethren who
live in PAKSTAN) referring to the names of the ve
northern regions of the British Raj: Punjab, Afghania,
Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan".[20][21][22] The letter i
was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.[23]

2 History
Main articles: History of Pakistan and History of South
Asia

Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting

of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an
ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional
and middle power,[15][16] Pakistan has the seventh largest
standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear
power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semiindustrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture
sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in

2.1 Early and medieval age

Main articles: Indo-Greek Kingdom, Ancient India,
Medieval India, Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in
South Asia originated from areas encompassing presentday Pakistan.[24] The earliest known inhabitants in the
region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of
whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of
1

HISTORY

majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[38] The Rai Dynasty (489632 CE) of
Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[39] The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist
empire that under Dharampala and Devapala stretched
across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through
Northern India to Pakistan and later to Kamboj region in
Afghanistan.
The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered
Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in
711 CE.[40] The Pakistan governments ocial chronology identies this as the point where the foundation
of Pakistan was laid.[40] This conquest set the stage for
the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (9751187 CE),
the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi Sultanate (12061526
CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate,
was replaced by the Mughal Empire (15261857 CE).
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the
region.[41] In the early 16th century, the region remained
under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors.[42]
By the early 18th century, the increasing European inuence caused to slowly disintegrate the empire with the
lines between commercial and political dominance being
increasingly blurred.[42]

Standing Buddha from Gandhara

Punjab.[25] The Indus region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures
including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[26] and the Bronze Age
Indus Valley Civilisation (28001800 BCE) at Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.[27][28]
The Vedic Civilization (1500500 BCE), characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of
Hinduism, which would become well established in the
region.[29][30] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage
centre.[31] The Vedic civilisation ourished in the ancient
Gandhran city of Takail, now Taxila in Punjab.[26]
Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE,
Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[32] and the
Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and
extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE.[26] The
Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria
(180165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and
reached its greatest extent under Menander (165150
BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the
region.[26][33] Taxila had one of the earliest universities
and centres of higher education in the world.[34][35][36][37]

Edwin Lord Weeks illustration of an open-air restaurant near

Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore.

During this time, the English East India Company, had

established coastal outposts.[42] Control over the seas,
greater resources, technology, and military force projection by East India Company of British Empire led
it to increasingly ex its military muscle; a factor that
was crucial in allowing the Company to gain control
over subcontinent by 1765 and sidelining the European
competitors.[43] Expanding access beyond Bengal and
the subsequent increased strength and size of its army
enabled it to annex or subdue most of region by the
1820s.[42] To many historians, this marked the starting
of regions colonial period.[42] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament
The Medieval period (6421219 CE) is dened by the and itself eectively made an arm of British adminisspread of Islam in the region. During this period, tration, the Company began to more consciously enter
Su missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a non-economic arenas such as education, social reform,

2.2

Colonial period

and culture.[42] Such reforms included the enforcement

of English Education Act in 1835 and the introduction of
the Indian Civil Service (ICS).[44] Tradition Madrasahs
a primary institutions of higher learning for Muslims in
subcontinent were no longer supported by the English
Crown, and nearly all of the Madrasahs lost their nancial endowment.[45]

lated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[49] The

Hindu renaissance witnessed the awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of
more assertive inuence in social and political sphere in
British India.[50][51] Intellectual movement to counter the
Hindu renaissance was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan who
help founded the All-India Muslim League in 1901 and
envisioned as well as advocated for the Two-nation theory.[46] In contrast to Indian Congress's anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British whose politi2.2 Colonial period
cal program inherited the British values that would shape
Main articles: Pakistan Movement, Aligarh Movement, the Pakistans future civil society.[52][53] In the events during the World War I, the British Intelligence foiled an
Partition of India and British Raj
anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress
and the German Empire.[54] The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged
millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire.[55][56][57]

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) whose vision formed

the basis of Pakistan

Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and

travelled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new
home during the Partition of India. During the partition between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive
genocide.[58]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (18761948) served as Pakistans rst Governor-General and the leader of Pakistan
Movement
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early
18th century enabled Sikh Empire's inuence to control larger areas until the British East-India Company
gained ascendancy over the Indian subcontinent.[46] The
rebellion in 1857 (or Sepoy mutiny) was the regions major armed and serious struggle against the British Empire
and Queen Victoria.[47] Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British
India; thus instigating racially-motivated religious violence in India.[48] The language controversy further esca-

The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in

the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect
of Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29
December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for the amalgamation of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind
and Baluchistan.[59] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder
of Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation theory and
led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution
of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[46]
Events leading to the World War II, Jinnah and British educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported
the United Kingdom's war eorts, countering opposition
against it whilst worked towards Sir Syed's vision.[60]
As cabinet mission failed in India, the Great Britain announced the intentions to end its raj in India in 1946
47.[61] Nationalists in British India including Jawaharlal
Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress, Jinnah of
Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing
the Sikhsagreed to the proposed terms of transfer of

HISTORY

power and independence in June 1947.[62] As United in 1969, President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devasKingdom agreeing on partitioning of India in 1947, the tating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakmodern state of Pakistan was established on 14 Au- istan.[70]
gust 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar) in amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and
northwestern regions of British India.[57] It comprised the
provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West
Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh; thus forming
Pakistan.[46][62] The partitioning of Punjab and Bengal
led to the series of violent communal riots across India
and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and
millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.[63] Dispute
over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War
in 1948.[64][65]

2.3

Independence and modern Pakistan

Main articles: Monarchy of Pakistan, Dominion of Pakistan and History of Pakistan

After independence from the partition of India in

Signing of Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India

in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside with
Bhutto (center) and Aziz Ahmed (left).
The American CIA lm on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the
history and geography of Pakistan.

1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of Muslim

League, became nations rst Governor-General as well
as rst President-Speaker of the Parliament.[66] Meanwhile, Pakistans founding fathers agreed upon appointing Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party,
nations rst Prime Minister. A dominion status in
the Commonwealth of Nations, Pakistan was under two
British monarch when George VI relinquished the title of
Emperor of India to become King of Pakistan in 1947.[66]
After George VI's death on 6 February 1952, Elizabeth
II became the Queen of Pakistan who retained the title
until Pakistan becoming the Islamic republic in 1956,[67]
but democracy was stalled by the martial law enforced
by President Iskander Mirza who was replaced by army
chief, General Ayub Khan. Forming presidential system in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth
until a second war with India in 1965 which led to
economic downfall and wide-scale public disapproval in
1967.[68][69] Consolidating the control from Ayub Khan

In 1970, Pakistan held its rst democratic elections since

independence, that were meant to mark a transition
from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP); Yahya Khan and military establishment refused to
hand over power.[71][72] Instigated civil unrest invited the
military launched an operation on 25 March 1971, aiming to regain control of the province.[71][72] The genocide
carried out during this operation led to a declaration of
independence and to the waging of a war of liberation by
the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, with
support from India.[72][73] However, in West Pakistan the
conict was described as a civil war as opposed to War
of Liberation.[74]
Independent estimates of civilian deaths during this period range from 300,000 to 3 million.[75] Preemptive
strikes on India by the Pakistans air force, navy, and
marines sparked the conventional war in 1971, which
witnessed the Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining
independence as Bangladesh.[72]
With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan

5
was replaced by Zulkar Ali Bhutto as President; the
country worked towards promulgating constitution and
putting the country on roads of democracy. Democratic
rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 an era of selfconsciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[76] During this period, Pakistan
embarked on ambitiously developing the nuclear deterrence in 1972 in a view to prevent any foreign invasion; the countrys rst nuclear power plant was inaugurated, also the same year.[77][78] Accelerated in response
to rst nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program
completed in 1979.[78] Democracy ended with a military
coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq becoming the president in 1978. From
197788, President Zia's corporatisation and economic
Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one
of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[79]
While consolidating the nuclear development, increasing Islamization,[80] and the rise homegrown conservative
philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute
U.S. resources to factions of the mujahideen against the
USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[81][82]

Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from

1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008
a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive
economic reforms,[88] and direct involvement in the
U.S.-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its rst full ve-year term
on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called
by Election Commission.[89] After the assassination of
Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured largest votes
in the elections of 2008, appointing party member
Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister.[90] Threatened
to face impeachment, President Musharraf resigned
on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by Asif Ali
Zardari.[91][92][93] Clashes with the judicature prompted
Gillani's disqualication from the Parliament and as the
Prime Minister in June 2012.[94] By its own nancial calculations, Pakistans involvement in the war on terrorism
has cost up to ~$67.93 billion,[95][96] thousands of casualties and nearly 3 million displaced civilians.[97] The
general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) achieved
almost supermajority, following which Nawaz Sharif became elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post
time after fourteen years, in a democratic
President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir for the third
[98]
transition.
Bhutto, daughter of Zulkar Ali Bhutto, was elected
as countrys rst female Prime Minister. The Pakistan
Peoples Party followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N), and over the next decade whose two 3 Government and politics
leaders fought for power, alternating in oce while
the countrys situation worsened; economic indicators Main articles: Government of Pakistan, Politics of
fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is Pakistan, Political history of Pakistan and Human rights
marked by prolonged stagation, instability, corruption, in Pakistan
nationalism, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash
of left wing-right wing ideologies.[83][84] As PML(N) securing supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif autho- Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal repub[99]
The rst set
rised the nuclear testings (See:Chagai-I and Chagai-II), as lic with Islam as the state religion.
was
adopted
in
1956
but
suspended
by
Ayub
Khan in
a retaliation to second nuclear tests ordered by India, led
[57]
[85]
1958
who
replaced
it
with
second
set
in
1962.
Comby Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998.
plete and comprehensive Constitution was adopted in
1973suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated
in 1985is the countrys most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[100] The
Pakistani military establishment has played an inuential
role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistans political history.[57] Presidents are brought in by military coups
who imposed in martial law in 19581971, 19771988,
and 19992008.[101] As of current, Pakistan has a multiparty system parliamentary system with clear division of
powers and responsibilities between branches of government. The rst successful demonstrative transaction was
held in May 2013. As of 2013 elections, the three main
dominated political parties in the country: the centrePresident Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N);
the centre-left socialist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); and
during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.
the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement for Justice
Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil (PTI) led by cricketer Imran Khan.
district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and a turbulence in
civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf took over through a bloodless coup d'tat.[86][87]

Head of State: The President who is elected by an

Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the state

3 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakthe Supreme Court at the apex. The Constitution
istan Armed Forces (with Chairman Joint Chiefs of
of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the
Sta Committee as its principal military adviser),
obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constibut military appointments and key conrmations in
tution. Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court
the armed forces are made by the prime minister afmay exercise jurisdiction in relation to Tribal Areas,
ter reviewing the reports on their merit and perforexcept otherwise provided for. The disputed regions
mances. Almost all appointed ocers in the judicial
of Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan have separate
branches, military chiefs, chairman and branches,
court systems.
and legislatures require the executive conrmation
from the prime minister, whom the President must
consult, by law. However, the powers to pardon and 3.1 Foreign relations of Pakistan
grant clemency vest with the President of Pakistan.
Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan
Legislative: The bicameral legislature comprises A second most populous nation-state (after Indonesia)
a 100-member Senate (upper house) and a 342member National Assembly (lower house). Members of the National Assembly are elected through
the rst-past-the-post system under universal adult
surage, representing electoral districts known as
National Assembly constituencies. According to the
constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation.
Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, with all of provinces have equal representation.
Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader
of the largest party or a coalition in the National
Assembly the lower house. The Prime Minister
serves as the head of government and is designated
to exercise as the countrys chief executive. The
Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisors as well as
running the government operations, taking and authorizing executive decisions, appointments and recommendations that require executive conrmation
of the Prime Minister.
Provincial governments: Each of the four province
has a similar system of government, with a directly
elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of
the largest party or coalition is elected Chief Minister. Chief Ministers oversees the provincial governments and head the provincial cabinet, it is common
in Pakistan to have dierent ruling parties or coalitions in each provinces. The provincial assemblies
have power to make laws and approve provincial
budget which is commonly presented by the provincial nance minister every scal year. Provincial
governors who play role as the ceremonial head of
province are appointed by the President.[100]

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi hand shakes with Prime

Minister Nawaz Sharif.

and being the singular nuclear power state in the Muslim

world, enabled the country to play a important role in the
international community.[102][103] With semi-agriculture
and semi-industrialized economy, it foreign policy interacts with foreign nations and to determine its standard
of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.[104][105] Its clear geostrategic intentions
were explained by Jinnah who described the principles
and objectives of Pakistans foreign policy in a broadcast message:[106] The objectives of foreign policy of Pak Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchi- istan:
cal system with two classes of courts: the superior Since then, Pakistan have tried maintaining balance re(or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) lations with the foreign nations as part of its determined
judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief policy.[107][108][109] A non-signatory party of the Treaty
judge who oversees the judicatures court system at on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Pakistan is a good and
all levels of command. The superior judiciary is inuential member of the IAEA.[110] In recent event,
composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Pakistan has successfully blocked international initiatives
Federal Shariat Court and ve High Courts, with to limit ssile material, as justifying that treaty would

3.2

Administrative divisions

target Pakistan specically.[111] In most of its 20th century history, Pakistans nuclear deterrence program focused on countering Indias nuclear ambitions in the
region, and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan
to reciprocate the event to maintain geopolitical balance
as becoming nuclear power.[112] As of current, Pakistan
now maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence,
terming its program as vital nuclear deterrence against
any foreign aggression.[113]
Located in strategic and geopolitical corridor of the
worlds major maritime oil supply lines, communication
ber optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[114] Pakistan is an
inuential and founding member of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and is a major non-NATO
ally of the United States in the war against terrorism
a status achieved in 2004.[115] Pakistans foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focuses on economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with Muslim countries.[116] Brieng on countrys
foreign policy in 2004, the Pakistani senator reportedly explains: Pakistan highlights sovereign equality
of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and noninterference in each others domestic aairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy.[117] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent
Representative to represent Pakistans policy in international politics.[118] Recently, Pakistan has previously
lobbied for the concept of "Enlightened Moderation"
in the Muslim world.[119][120] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[121] the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the
Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[122][123] and
the G20 developing nations.[124] Pakistan does not have
diplomatic relations with Israel;[125] nonetheless some Israeli citizens visited the country on a tourist visas.[126]
Based on mutual cooperation, the security security exchange have taken place between two countries using
Turkey as a communication conduit.[127] Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not
established a diplomatic relations with Armenia, the
Armenian community still resides in Pakistan.[128]

Pak-China Friendship Centre was constructed by China as a

gift for Pakistan. Pakistan also hosts Chinas largest overseas
embassy.[129]

Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic rela-

7
tions with the Arab world and other countries in Muslim
World is vital factor in Pakistans foreign policy.[130] Pakistan was the rst country to have established diplomatic
relations with China and relations continues to be warm
since Chinas war with India in 1962.[131] In 1960s
80s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the
worlds major countries and helped facilitate U.S. President Nixon's state visit to China.[131] Despite the change
of governments in Pakistan, variations in the regional and
global situation, China policy in Pakistan continues to be
dominant factor at all time.[131] In return, China is Pakistans largest trading partner and economic cooperation
have reached high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistans infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar.[132][133][134]
Both countries have signed the Free Trade Agreement in
2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge in the Muslim World.[135]
Diculties in relations and geopolitical rivalry with India,
Pakistan maintains close cultural and political relations
with Turkey and Iran.[136] Pakistan has a second largest
Shia Islam follower, after Iran, and has maintains close
cultural, political, economic, and military relations with
Iran.[137] Iran was the rst country to establish relations
with Pakistan, and since then, Iran has occupied inuential place in Pakistans foreign policy.[137] Turkey and
Saudi Arabia also maintains respected position in Pakistans foreign policy, and both countries has been a focal
point in Pakistans foreign policy.[136] The Kashmir conict remains the major point of rift; three of their four
wars were over this territory.[138] Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union in 1950s
and during Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan
was one of the closest allies of the United States.[117][139]
Relations with Russia has greatly improved since 1999
and cooperation with various sectors have increased between Russia and Pakistan.[140] Pakistan has had on-ando relations with the United States. A close ally of the
United States in the Cold war, Pakistans relation with the
United States relations soured in the 1990s when the U.S.
imposed sanctions because of Pakistans secretive nuclear
development.[141]
The United States-led war on terrorism led initially to
an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained
by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to
terrorism.[142][143][144][145] Since 1948, there has been an
ongoing, and at times uctuating, violent conict in the
southwestern province of Balochistan between various
Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.[146]

3.2 Administrative divisions

Main articles: Administrative units of Pakistan and
Districts of Pakistan

3 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that is comprised of four provinces: Punjab,
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[147] In addition, the state also comprised with four territories: the
Tribal belt, GilgitBaltistan, Islamabad Capital Territory,
and Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the
de facto jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the
western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and
GilgitBaltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the
constitutional assignment (the GilgitBaltistan Empowerment
and Self-Governance Order) awarded the GilgitBaltistan a
semi-provincial status, giving it self-government.[148]
The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected
body at each tier.[149] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[150] and Gilgit
Baltistan seven.[151] The Tribal Areas comprise seven
tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached
from neighbouring districts.[152]
Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories
of Pakistan.

The law enforcement is carried out by a joint network

of intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to
the relevant province or territory. The National Intelligence Directorate coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial level; including the
FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces such
as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.[153]
The court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the
Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts,
Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in
the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district),
Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts and civil courts. The Penal code
has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is
largely derived from tribal customs.[153][154]

3.3

Military

Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces

The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the
world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about
617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists,
as of tentative estimates in 2010.[155] They came into
existence after independence in 1947, and the military
establishment has frequently inuenced in the national
politics ever since.[101] Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Sta
Committee; all of the branches joint works, coordination, military logistics, and joint missions are under the
Joint Sta HQ.[156] The Joint Sta HQ is composed of
the Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of

the Rawalpindi Military District.[157]

The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Sta Committee is the
highest principle sta ocer in the armed forces, and the
chief military adviser to the civilian government though
the chairman has no authority over the three branches
of armed forces.[156] The Chairman joint chiefs controls the military from the JS HQ and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government.[156] As of current, the Chairman joint
chiefs is General Rashid Mahmood alongside with chief
of army sta General Raheel Sharif,[158] chief of naval
sta Admiral Muhammad Zaka,[159] and chief of air sta
Air Chief Marshal Tahir Raque Butt.[160] The main
branches are the ArmyAir ForceNavyMarines, which
are supported by the number of paramilitary forces in the
country.[161] Control over the strategic arsenals, deployment, employment, development, military computers and
command and control is a responsibility vested under the
National Command Authority which oversaw the work
on the nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum
deterrence.[85]
The United States, Turkey, and China maintains close
military relations who imported the military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan.[162] Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carry
out by the militaries of China and Turkey.[161][163][164]
Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced
by the Constitution in times of emergency, but it has
never been imposed.[165] Since 1947, Pakistan has been
involved in four conventional war, starting rst war occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining the control of
Western Kashmir (Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan),
and India capturing the Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and
Kashmir). Territorial problems eventually led to another conventional war in 1965; and over the issue of
Bengali refugees led to another war in 1971 which resulted in Pakistans unconditional surrender of East Pakistan.[166] Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at
the brink of war.[86] Since 1947, the unresolved territorial
problems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which
was kept mostly at the mountainous border. In 1961,
the military and intelligence community repelled the
Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand
Line border.[167][168] Rising tensions with neighboring
USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan, Pakistani
intelligence community, mostly the ISI, systematically
coordinated the U.S. resources to the Afghan mujahideen
and foreign ghters against the Soviet Union's presence in
the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in
engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the
Afghan Air Force during the course of the conict;[169]
one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.[169]
Apart from its own conicts, Pakistan has been an active
participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It
played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers
from Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic
Serpent.[170][171][172] According to UN reports, the Pak-

3.5

Law enforcement

istani military are the largest troop contributors to UN dia, or in special cases to remain independent.[183] India
peacekeeping missions.[173]
claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of AccesPakistan has deployed its military in some Arab coun- sion, a legal agreement with Kashmirs leaders executed
of Kashmir, agreetries, providing defence, training, and playing advisory by Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler
[184][185]
ing
to
accede
the
area
to
India.
Pakistan claims
[174][175]
roles.
The PAF and Navy's ghter pilots have volKashmir
on
the
basis
of
a
Muslim
majority
and of geoguntarily served in Arab nations military against Israel in
raphy,
the
same
principles
that
were
applied
for the creSix-Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973),
[186][187]
India
referred
ation
of
the
two
independent
states.
of which, the Pakistans ghter pilots shot down ten Isthe dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.[188]
[170]
raeli planes in the Six-Day War.
Requested by the
Saudi monarchy in 1979, the special forces units, opera- In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove
most of its troops. A plebiscite would then be held. Howtives, and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces
ever, Pakistan failed to vacate the region. A ceasere was
[176]
in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque.
reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established,
In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent
[183]
5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specically for dividing Kashmir between the two countries.
the defence of Saudi Arabia.[177]
Since 2004, the military has been engaged in a war
in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown
Taliban factions.[178][179] Major operations undertaken by
the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and
Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[180][181]

3.4

Kashmir conict

Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the

people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the
United Nations,[189] while India has stated that Kashmir is an integral part of India, referring to the 1972
Simla Agreement and to the fact that elections take place
regularly.[190] Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India
and Pakistan.[138]

Main article: Kashmir conict

The Kashmir conict is a territorial dispute between 3.5

Law enforcement

Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan, Pakistan Intelligence Community and National Intelligence Directorate
The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by

Pir Chinasi, Azad Kashmir is part of Pakistani controlled Kashmir.

India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the most

northwesterly region of South Asia. The two countries
have fought at least three wars over Kashmirthe IndoPakistani War of 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999and several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.[138] India claims
the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and administers
approximately 45.1% of the region, including most of
Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen
Glacier. Indias claim is contested by Pakistan, which
controls approximately 38.2% of Kashmir, consisting
of Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and
Baltistan.[138][182]
The conict of Kashmir has its origin in 1947, when
British India was separated into the two states of Pakistan
and India. As part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be
allowed to opt for membership of either Pakistan or In-

Women Commandos of counter-terrorism Special Combat Unit.

joint network of several federal and provincial police

agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or
territory.[100] At the federal level, there are a number
of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdictions including the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA),
Intelligence Bureau (IB), and the Motoway Patrol, as
well as several paramilitary forces such as the National
Guards (Northern Areas), the Rangers (Punjab and
Sindh), and the Frontier Corps (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
and Balochistan).

10
The most senior ocers of all the civilian police forces
also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there are
four provincial police service including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the
Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior
Inspector-Generals. The Islamabad has its own police
component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order
in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police
service.
The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Patrol which is responsible for enforcement of trac and
safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistans interprovincial motorway network. In each of provincial
Police Service, it also maintains a respective Elite Police units led by the NACTA a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In Punjab and
Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force
with the prime objective to provide and maintain security
in war zones and areas of conict as well as maintaining
law and order which includes providing assistance to the
police.[191] The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose
in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.[191]

GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

south[193] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in

total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km
(325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India
and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.[100] It shares a marine
border with Oman,[194] and is separated from Tajikistan
by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[195] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads
of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia.[196]
Geologically, Pakistan overlaps the Indian tectonic plate
in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate,
mainly on the Iranian plateau. GilgitBaltistan and Azad
Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence
are prone to violent earthquakes. Ranging from the
coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains
of the north, Pakistans landscapes vary from plains to
deserts, forests, hills and plateaus .[197]

Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas:

the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the
Balochistan Plateau.[198] The northern highlands contain
the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges
(see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of
the worlds highest peaks, including ve of the fourteen
eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or
26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers
from all over the world, notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251
4 Geography, environment and cli- ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).[199] The
Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert
mate
in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and
its tributaries ow through the country from the Kashmir
Main articles: Geography of Pakistan, Environment of region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial
Pakistan and Climate of Pakistan
plains along it in Punjab and Sindh.[200]
The geography and climate of Pakistan are extremely
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid
conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent ooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry
season with signicantly less rainfall or none at all. There
are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March
through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest
monsoon period, from June through September; and the
retreating monsoon period of October and November.[46]
Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of
alternate ooding and drought are common.[201]

4.1 Flora and fauna

K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth.

diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of

wildlife.[192] Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km2
(307,374 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined
land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the
36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking
varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the

Main articles: Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan

The diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan
allows a wide variety of trees and plants to ourish.
The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine
trees such as spruce, pine and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains, through deciduous trees in
most of the country (for example the mulberry-like
shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms
such as coconut and date in southern Punjab, southern
Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home

4.2

National parks and Wildlife sanctuaries

11
can still be found in signicant numbers in Cholistan.
A small number of nilgai are found along the PakistanIndia border and in some parts of Cholistan.[209][211] A
wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north,
including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies
of wild sheep), Markhor and Ibex goats, the Asian black
bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[209][212][213] Among
the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard,[212] the Asiatic cheetah[214] and the blind Indus river
dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100
remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve
in Sindh.[212][215] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22
amphibians, 198 freshwater sh species and 5,000 species
of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in
Pakistan.[205][206]
The ora and fauna of Pakistan suer from a number of
problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse eects on the ecosystem. The
government has established a large number of protected
areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with
these issues.[205][206]

Deodar, Pakistans national tree.

4.2 National parks and Wildlife sanctuaries

to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Main article: Protected areas of Pakistan
Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands As of present, there are around 157 protected areas in
along the coast in the south.[202]
Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from
1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of
Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and
subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as
tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly
of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[203] About 2.2%
or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2 ) of Pakistan was
forested in 2010.[204]
The fauna of Pakistan reects its varied climates too.
Around 668 bird species are found there:[205][206] crows,
sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons and eagles commonly
occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a signicant population of Plain of Deosai National Park.
Western Tragopan.[207] Many birds sighted in Pakistan
are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and Pakistan that are recognized by IUCN. According to the
India.[208]
'Modern Protected Areas legislation, a national park is
The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares, a protected area set aside by the government for the prothe Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and tection and conservation of its outstanding scenery and
the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the In- wildlife in a natural state. The oldest national park is Lal
dus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents Suhanra in Bahawalpur District, established in 1972.[216]
are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrub- It is also the only biosphere reserve of Pakistan. Lal
lands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, Suhanra is the only national park established before the
striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[209][210] The lack independence of the nation in August 1947. Central
of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of Karakoram in Gilgit Baltistan is currently the largest nagrazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a pre- tional park in the country, spanning over a total approxicarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that mate area of 1,390,100 hectares (3,435,011.9 acres). The

12

5 INFRASTRUCTURE

smallest national park is the Ayub, covering a total ap- tio is 55.5%.[226][227] According to the World Bank, Pakproximate area of 931 hectares (2,300.6 acres).
istan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistans
youth provides the country with a potential demographic
dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and
5 Infrastructure
employment.[228]

5.1

Economy

Main article: Economy of Pakistan

View of Pakistans capital Islamabad, the city is home to

several of countries largest companies.

A 2013 report by World Bank positioned Pakistans economy at 24th largest in the world by purchasing power and
45th largest in absolute dollars.[224] It is South Asias second largest economy, representing about 15 percent of regional GDP.[230][231] Pakistans economic growth since its
inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods
of civilian rule, but excellent during the three periods of
military rule, although the foundation for sustainable and
equitable growth was not formed.[69] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid reform; the government
raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.[100][232] The economy cooled again from 2007.[100] Ination reached 25%
in 2008[233] and Pakistan had to depend on a scal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid
possible bankruptcy.[234][235] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistans economic crisis
was easing.[236] The ination rate for the scal year 2010
11 was 14.1%.[237] On January 2014, a survey conducted
by the Japan External Trade Organization placed Pakistan just behind Taiwan in terms of business generated
by Japanese companies. Pakistans data was generated
from 27 Japanese rms doing business here. The results
found that 74.1% of the Japanese companies estimated
operating prot in 2013.[238]

Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the
world. The 7 million strong Pakistani diaspora, contributed US$11.2 billion to the economy in FY2011.[241]
The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan
include UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia, GCC countries (inHabib Bank Plaza, located in Karachi was designed by cluding Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), Australia,
Canada, Japan, UK and EU countries like Norway,
Leo A Daly
Switzerland, etc. .[242][243] According to the World Trade
Organization Pakistans share of overall world exports is
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[217][218][219] declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007.[244] The
and is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries trade decit in the scal year 201011 was US$11.217
that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential billion.[245]
to become the worlds largest economies in the 21st
century.[220] However, after decades of social instabil- The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from
ity, as of 2013, serious deciencies in macromangament a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculand unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such ture as of 2010 accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP.
as train transportation and electrical energy generation Even so, according to the United Nations Food and
had developed.[221] The economy is semi-industrialized, Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400
with centres of growth along the Indus River.[222][223][224] metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa
as all of
The diversied economies of Karachi and Punjabs ur- (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much
[246]
Between
South
America
(24,557,784
metric
tons).
ban centres coexist with less developed areas in other
investment
parts of the country.[223] Pakistans estimated nominal 2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign
[247]
Other imin
Pakistans
banking
and
energy
sectors.
GDP as of 2011 is US$202 billion. The GDP by
[225]
portant
industries
include
clothing
and
textiles
(accountPPP is US$ 838,164 million.
The estimated nomiing
for
nearly
60%
of
exports),
food
processing,
cheminal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP) per capita
[248]
There
is
great
potencals
manufacture,
iron
and
steel.
is US$4,602 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ra-

5.2

Nuclear power

tial for tourism in Pakistan, but it is severely aected by

the countrys instability.[249] Pakistans cement is also fast
growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and
countries boosting real estate sector, In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement.[250] Pakistan has
an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement
and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In the 20122013
cement industry in Pakistan became the most protable
sector of economy.[251]

13
ownership due to an active participation of foreign and
local stakeholders. It has resulted into an increased competition among banks to attract a greater number of customers by the provision of quality services for long-term
benets. Now there are 6 full-edged Islamic banks and
13 conventional banks oering products and services. Islamic banking and nance in Pakistan has experienced
phenomenal growth. Islamic deposits held by fulledged Islamic banks and Islamic windows of conventional banks at present stand at 9.7% of total bank deposits in the country.[256] The list includes the largest Pakistani companies by revenue in 2012:

5.2 Nuclear power

GDP growth rate of Pakistan compared with global average since

2000.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan soared by

180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during
the rst nine months of scal year 2006, the State Bank
of Pakistan (SBP) reported on 24 April. During July
March 200506, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224
billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in
the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank.[252] Pakistan has
achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the nancial year
06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion.[253]
Foreign investment had signicantly declined by 2010,
dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of
Pakistan.[254]
The textile sector enjoys a pivotal position in the exports
of Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile products in Asia. This sector contributes 9.5% to
the GDP and provides employment to about 15 million
people or roughly 30% of the 49 million workforce of
the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global
spinning capacity. China is the second largest buyer of
Pakistani textiles, importing $1.527 billion of textiles last
scal. Unlike US where mostly value added textiles are
imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric
from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or $1.07b of total UKs textile imports,
12.4% or $4.61b of total Chinese textile imports, 2.98%
or $2.98b of total USs textile imports, 1.6% or $0.88b
of total German textile imports and 0.7% or $0.888b of
total Indian textile imports.[255]

Main articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pakistan and Electricity sector in Pakistan
Energy from the nuclear power source is provided by

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission contributed in the development of Compact Muon Solenoid.

three licensed-commercial nuclear power plants, as of

2012 data.[264] Pakistan is the rst Muslim country in
the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power
plants.[265] The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC), the scientic and nuclear governmental authority, is solely responsible for operating these power plants,
while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.[266] The electricity
generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes
roughly ~5.8% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel (petroleum), ~29.9% from
hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal.[267][268][269]
Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along
with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party
to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy
Agency.[270][271][272]

For the commercial usage of the nuclear power, China

has provided an avid support for commercializing the nuclear power sources in Pakistan from early on, rst providing the Chashma-I reactor. The Karachi-I, a Candutype, was provided by Canada in 1971 the countrys rst
commercial nuclear power plant. In subsequent years,
The Pakistani competitive yet protable banking sector Peoples Republic of China sold the nuclear power plant
is continuously improving with a diversied pattern of for energy and industrial growth of the country. In 2005,

14

5 INFRASTRUCTURE
clear power plants generate roughly 5.8% of Pakistans
electricity, compared with about 64.0% from thermal,
29.9% from hydroelectric power, and ~0.3% from the
Coal source.[275]

5.3 Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Pakistan
Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and land-

Commercial nuclear power plants in Pakistan.

both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030. OrigiNew Year Fireworks over the Derawar Fort.
nal admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by scapes attracted 1 million tourists in 2012.[278] Pakistans
2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.[273]
tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when
In June 2008, the nuclear commercial complex was ex- the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign
panded with the ground work of installing and oper- tourists. The main destinations of choice for these tourists
ationalizing the Chashma-III and ChashmaIV nuclear were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat
power plants at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with and Rawalpindi.[279]
320340 MWe and costing . 129 billion,; from which The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilithe . 80 billion of this from international sources, prin- sation such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to
cipally China.
the Himalayan hill stations. Pakistan is home to sevA further agreement for Chinas help with the project
was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as
a counter to the U.S.India agreement shortly preceding
it. Cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign
loan component of $1.07 billion. In 2013, the second
nuclear commercial complex in Karachi was marginalized and expanded to additional reactors, based on the
Chashma complex.[274]
The electrical energy is generated by various energy
corporations and evenly distributed by the National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) among
the four provinces. However, the Karachi-based KElectric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy
as well as gathering revenue nationwide.[275] Capacity
to generate ~22,797MWt electricity has been installed in
2014, with the initiation of several energy projects in
2014.[267] Energy from the nuclear sources is provided
by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants operated Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[276]
Pakistan is the rst Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program.[277] Commercial nu-

eral mountain peaks over 7000 m.[280] The north part

of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture
and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small preIslamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent
from Alexander the Great. Other attractions include the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Punjab province. Pakistans cultural capital, with many examples of Mughal
architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before
the Global economic crisis Pakistan received more than
500,000 tourists annually.[281] However, this number has
now come down to near zero gures since 2008 due to
instability in the country and many countries declaring
Pakistan as unsafe and dangerous to visit.
In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir
earthquake, The Guardian released what it described as
The top ve tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help
the countrys tourism industry.[282] The ve sites included
Taxila, Lahore, The Karakoram Highway, Karimabad
and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote Pakistans unique
and various cultural heritage.[283][284] In 2009, The World
Economic Forums Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist

5.5

Science and technology

destinations for its World Heritage sites. Ranging from

mangroves in the South, to the 5,000-year-old cities of
the Indus Valley Civilization which included Mohenjodaro and Harappa.[285]

15
south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road
length, it carries 85% of the countrys trac.[289][290]

The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways

(MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until
5.4 Transport
1970s, the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
highways and the economic boom of the automotive inThe transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of nations
dustry. Since 1990s, there was a marked shift in trac
from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after
the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railways share of inland trac is only 10% for passengers
and 4% for freight trac. Personal transportation dominated by the automobiles, the total rail track decreased
from 8,775 km in 199091 to 7,791 km in 2011.[289][291]
Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign
trade with China, Iran and Turkey.[292][293]

The Meto Bus System in Lahore is countrys rst bus rapid transit,
while Metrobus Rawalpindi-Islamabad is under construction.

Jinnah International Airport in Karachi handles 16 million passengers annually.

GDP.[286] Pakistans motorway infrastructure is better

than those of India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, but
the train system lags behind those of India and China,
and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement.[287]
There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local
requirements.[288]
Highways form the backbone of Pakistans transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91%
of passenger and 96% of freight trac. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight trac. The
National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north

Rough estimates accounts for 139 airports in Pakistan

both military and civilian airports which are mostly are
publicly owned. Though the Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the
international airports in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar,
Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Multan also handle signicant amounts of trac. The civil aviation industry
is mixed with public and private sectors, which has been
deregulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominated
air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as
airBlue, Shaheen Air International, and Air Indus, also
provide the similar services with low cost expenses. Major seaports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port and
Port Qasim).[289][291] Since 1990s, the seaport operations
have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of
Gwadar Port and Gadani Port.[289][291]

5.5 Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and
List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
Development on science and technology plays an inuential role in Pakistans infrastructure and helped the
country to reach out to the world.[294] Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan
Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to
participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[295] Pakistan hosted an international seminar on Physics in Developing Countries for International
Year of Physics 2005.[296] Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work
on the electroweak interaction.[297] Inuential publications and the critical scientic works in the advancement
of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science,
and genetics have been produced by the Pakistani scientists at the domestic and international standings.[298]

16

5 INFRASTRUCTURE
coming the seventh country in the world to successfully
develop nuclear weapons.[308]
After establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one
of the small number of countries that have an active research presence in Antarctica. The Antarctic program
oversees two summer research stations on the continent
and plans to open another base, which will operate all year
round.[309] Energy consumption by computers and usage
has grown since 1990s when the PCs were introduced;
Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked
as one of the top countries that have registered a high
growth rate in internet penetration, as of 2011.[310] Key
publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained a lot international
praise.[311]

Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to electroweak interaction.

Overall, it has the 27th largest population of internet

users in the world. Since 2000s, Pakistan has made
signicant amount of progress in supercomputing, and
various institutions oers research in parallel computing. Pakistan government reportedly spends . 4.6
billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure
development.[312]

5.6 Education

In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the rst Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of Main articles: Education in Pakistan and Higher Educathe Neem tree to the attention of natural products tion Commission
chemists.[299][300][301] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Om- The Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide
maya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[302]
Scientic research and development plays a pivotal role
in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the government sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and
co-operation with the industry.[303] In 2010, Pakistan was
ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientic
papers.[304] The Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a strong
scientic community, plays an inuential and vital role in
formulating the science policies recommendation to the
government.[305]
The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances in
domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy.[306] The
space program recorded few notable feats and achievements; the successful launch of the rst rocket into the
space that made Pakistan as rst South Asian country to achieve such task.[306] Successfully producing and
launching nations rst space satellite in 1990, Pakistan
became the rst Muslim country and second South Asian
country to put a satellite into space.[307]
As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear
and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering
in the atomic age in the post cold war era. Competition
with India and tensions eventually led Pakistans decision Government College University in Lahore is the oldest institution
[314]
of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus be- of higher education in the Muslim world.

17
free primary and secondary education.[315][316] At the
time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had
only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore.[317]
On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established
public universities in each four provinices including the
Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950),
Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University
(1970). As of September 2011, Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities; a collaboration of public-private universities to provide research
and higher education in the country.[318] It is estimated
that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in
Pakistan,[319] and there are also madrassahs that provide
free Islamic education and oer free board and lodging
to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of
society.[320] Strongly instigated public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists usage of madrassahs for
recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated
eorts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in
the madrassahs.[321][322]

(Pharm D.) and nursing (BNurs). Students can also attend

a university for a bachelorate degree for business administration, literature, and management including the BA,
BCom, BBA, and MBA programs. The higher education
mainly supervises by the Higher Education Commission
(HEC) that sets out the policies and issues rankings of the
nationwide universities. In October 2014, education activist Malala Yousafzai became by far the youngest ever
person in the world to receive the Nobel peace prize.[330]

6 Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan, Demographic
history of Pakistan, Pakistani people and Indo-European
people
Unocial Pakistan Census estimates the countrys

Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades
one through ve); middle (grades six through eight);
matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the
secondary certicate); intermediate (grades eleven and
twelve, leading to a higher secondary certicate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate
programs.[319] Network of Pakistani private schools also
operate a parallel secondary education system based on
the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some
students choose to take the O-level and A level exams
conducted by the British Council.[323]
Initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium education has been made compulsory to all schools across the
country.[324][325] Additional reforms taken in 2013, all
educational institutions in Sindh began instructions in
Chinese language courses, reecting Chinas growing role
as a superpower and increasing inuence in Pakistan.[326]
The literacy rate of the population above ten years of age
in the country is ~58.5%. Male literacy is ~70.2% while
female literacy rate is 46.3%.[237] Literacy rates vary by
region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%.[327] With the launch of
the computer literacy in 1995, the government launched
a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all
children.[328] Through various educational reforms, by
2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% enrollment
levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.[329]

Population density

population is now to be at ~188,144,040 (188.1 million)

as of 2015, which is equivalent to 2.57% of world population.[331] Noted as the sixth most populated country in the
world, its growth rate is reported at ~2.03%, which is the
highest SAARC nations and gives an annual increase of
3.6 million. The population is projected to reach 210.13
million by 2020 and to double by 2045.

At the time of the partition in 1947, Pakistan had a population was at 32.5 million,[243][332] but the population
increased by ~57.2% from 1990-2009.[333] By 2030, it
is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest Muslimmajority country in the world.[334][335] Classied as a
young nation, with a median age of about 22 and 104
After earning their HSC, students may study in a profes- million people under 30 in 2010. Pakistans fertility rate
sional college or the university for bachelorate program stands at 3.07, higher than its neighbors India (2.57) and
[243]
courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, Iran (1.73). Around 35% of the people are under 15.
BTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry Vast majority residing in southern skirts lives along
(BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and the Indus River, with Karachi being its most poplaw (LLB, LLM, JD), architecture (BArch), pharmacy ulous commercial city.[336] In the eastern, western,

18
and northern skirts, most of the population lives in
an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad,
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat,
Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and
Peshawar.[100] During 19902008, the city dwellers made
up 36% of Pakistans population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia.[100][243] Furthermore, 50%
of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[337]

6 DEMOGRAPHICS
11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities
such as Hazaras and Kalashs.[347] There is also a large
worldwide Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million residing worldwide.[348]

6.1 Religion

Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.6% of GDP in Main article: Religion in Pakistan
2009.[338] Life expectancy at birth was 65.4 years for fe- Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority
males and 63.6 years for males in 2010. The private
sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children
under ve are malnourished.[224] Mortality of the underves was 87 per 1,000 live births in 2009.[338] About 20%
of the population live below the international poverty line
of US$1.25 a day.[339]
Race/Ethnicity Composition
More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu the
lingua franca, a symbol of Muslim identity, and national
unity is the national language which is understood by
over 75% of Pakistanis, and main source of nationwide
communication.[196][340] English is the ocial language
of Pakistan which is primarily used in ocial business,
government, and legal contracts;[100] the local dialect is
known as Pakistani English. The Punjabi language is
the most common Punjab and has many native speakers while the Saraiki is mainly spoken in South Punjab. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the Pashto language is the
provincial language and is well understood in Sindh and
Balochistan.[5] The Sindhi language is the common language spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan.[5][46][341]
Faisal Mosque, was built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat
The Pakistan Census excludes the immigrants such as Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz.
the 1.7 million registered Afghans from Afghanistan,
[354]
and has the second largest Shia population
who are found mainly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and country
in
the
world
after Iran.[355][356][357] About 97.0% of
tribal belt with small numbers residing in Karachi and
Quetta.[342][343] As of 1995, there were more than 1.6 Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunni, with
[46][356][358]
A further 2.3% are
million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, an estimated 520% Shia.
[359]
Ahmadis,
who
are
ocially
considered
non-Muslims
2,320 Iranians, and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalese,
[360]
[344][345]
by
virtue
of
the
constitutional
amendment.
There
Sri Lankans, and Indians living in Karachi.
Pak[361][362]
Afistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the are also several Quraniyoon communities.
ter the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the sectarian
world.[346]
violence among Muslim denominations have increased
The population is dominated by four main social groups:
with systematic targeted killings of both sect, Sunni and
Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis, and Balochs.[347] Rough acShias.[363][364] In 2013, there were country-wide protests
counts from 2009 indicates that the Punjabis domiby both Shia and Sunnis calling an end to sectarian
nates with 76.3 million (~44.15%) while the Pashtuns
violence in the country, toughen up the law and orare the second dominated group with ~29.3 million
and urging for Shia-Sunni unity in the country.[365]
der,
(15.42%).[347] The Sindhis are estimated at 24.8 milThe Ahmadis are particularly persecuted, especially
lion (14.1%) with Seraikis approximated at 14.8 million
since 1974 when they were banned from calling them(10.53%).[347] The Urdu-speaking Muhajirs (the Indian
selves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of woremigrants) stands at ~13.3 million (7.57%) while and
ship were banned from being called mosques.[366] As
Balochs are accounted at 6.3 million (3.57%) the smallof 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as nonest group in population terms.[347][348] The remaining
denominational Muslims.[367]

7.1

Clothing, arts, and fashion

19

Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic inuences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world.[368] Two Sus whose
shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri
in Lahore (ca. 12th century)[369] and Shahbaz Qalander
in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century). Susm, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Su culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Su music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular
character, which in their view, does not accurately reect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his
companions.[370][371]

upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million in

recent decades, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[375] Pakistani festivals such
as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, and
Diwali are mostly religious in origin.[373] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T.
Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[376]

After Islam, Hinduism and Christianity are the largest

religions in Pakistan, with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents
each in 2005.[46] They are followed by the Bah' Faith,
which has a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism
and Zoroastrianism, each claiming 20,000 adherents,[358]
and a very small community of Jains. There is a Roman
Catholic community in Karachi which was established by
Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachis infrastructure
was being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. Inuence of atheism is very little with 1.0% of the population was to be atheist in 2005.[372] However, the gure
rose to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.[372]

The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and

is worn by both men and women in all four provinces
Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, and
FATA in the country and in Azad Kashmir. Each
province has its own style of wearing the Shalwar
Qameez. Pakistanis wair clothes range from exquisite
colors and designs to the type of fabric (silk, chion,
cotton, etc.).[377]

7.1 Clothing, arts, and fashion

Main articles: Suits in Pakistan, Pakistani clothing,
Sherwani, Jinnah cap and Peshawari chappal

The fashion industry has ourished well in the changing

environment of fashion world. Since Pakistan came into
being its fashion has been historically evolved from different phases and made its unique identity apart from Indian fashion and culture. At this time, Pakistani fashion
is a combination of traditional and modern dresses and it
has become the cultural identication of Pakistan. De7 Culture and society
spite of all modern trends, the regional and traditional
dresses have developed their own signicance as a symMain articles: British heritage of Pakistan, Culture of bol of native tradition. This regional fashion is not static
but evolving into more modern and pure forms.
Pakistan and Public holidays in Pakistan
The civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore
organizes Fashion Week and Fashion Pakistan based in
Karachi organizes fashion shows in that city. Pakistans
rst fashion week was held in November 2009.[378]

7.2 Media and entertainment

Main articles: Cinema of Pakistan, Media of Pakistan,
Music of Pakistan, History of Pakistani pop music,
Theatre of Pakistan and Pakistani dramas
The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets
until the start of the 21st century. Since 2000, Pakistan
Truck art in Pakistan is a unique feature of Pakistani culture.
has a large network of private 24-hour news media and
[379]
In addition to the national enteremphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Is- television channels.
tainment
and
news
channels,
foreign television channels
lamic values that govern personal and political life. The
[379][380]
and
lms
are
also
on
air.
[373]
although
basic family unit is the extended family,
there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families The Lollywood an Urdu lm industry is based in
for socio-economic reasons.[374] The traditional dress for Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While Bollywood lms
both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers, were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008,
Jeans, and shirts are also popular among men.[31] The they have remained important in popular culture.[381][382]
middle class has increased to around 35 million and the Contrary to ailing lm industry, the televised dramas and

20

7 CULTURE AND SOCIETY

The rock band Junoon is performing live, with the national ag

of Pakistan in backgrounds.

theatrical performances are widely popular in the country, as many entertainment media air the series regularly. From 1960s70s, the pop music and disco (1970s)
dominated the countrys music industry. In 1980s
90s, the British inuenced rock music began to be notice by the public and jolted the countrys entertainment
industry.[383] In 2000s, the introduction and emergence
of the heavy metal music countrys entertainment circle
was highly appreciated and gained critical acclaim by the
public.[384] To many observers, the Pakistans ingenious
rock music is the only arsenal the country had against
Indias encroaching entertainment industry.[385]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal
Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western
music.[386][387] Pakistan has many famous folk singers.
The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces
has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there
has been intolerance of it in some places.[388] Pakistan has
some of the worlds modern vibrant and open media.[389]
Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing
corruption.[390]

7.3

Urbanisation

Main article: Urbanisation in Pakistan

Since achieving independence as a result of the
partition of India, the urbanization has exponentially
increased and has several dierent causes for it.[336]
Majority of southern side population resides along
the Indus River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city.[336] On the east,west, and
northern skirts, the most of the population lives in
an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad,
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat,
Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and
Peshawar.[337] During 19902008, the city dwellers made
up 36.0% of Pakistans population, making it the most
urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, 50.0% of
Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[337]

Long exposure of Empress Market in Karachi.

Immigration, both from within and outside the country, is

regarded as one of the main factors that has contributed
to urbanisation in Pakistan. One analysis of the national
census held in 1998 highlighted the signicance of the
Partition of India in the 1940s in the context of understanding urban change in Pakistan.[391] During the independence period, Muslim Muhajirs from India migrated
in large numbers and shifted their domicile to Pakistan,
especially to the port city of Karachi, which is today the
largest metropolis in Pakistan.[391]
Migration from other countries, mainly those in the
neighbourhood, has further catalysed the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Of particular interest is
migration that occurred in the aftermath of the independence of Bangladesh in 1971,[391] in the form of stranded
Biharis who were relocated to Pakistan. Smaller numbers
of Bengalis and Burmese immigrants followed suit much
later. The conict in Afghanistan also forced millions of
Afghan refugees into Pakistan, particularly in the northwestern regions. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused
by these large population movements has also brought
new political and socio-economic complexities.[391] In
addition to immigration, economic events such as the
green revolution and political developments, among a
host of other factors, are also important causes of
urbanisation.[391]

7.4 Diaspora
Main articles: Cinema of Pakistan and Overseas Pakistani
Statistics approximated by the Pakistan government,
there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad with
vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe and the
North America.[392] Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for
remittances sent home in 2012 at $13 billion.[393][394]
The term Overseas Pakistani is ocially recognized by
the Government of Pakistan; the Ministry of Overseas
Pakistanis was established in 2008 to exclusively deal
with all the matters and aairs of the overseas Pakistanis

7.5

Literature and philosophy

21
Pakistanis.

7.5 Literature and philosophy

British Pakistani Zayn Malik is a member of pop boy band One

Direction.

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistans national poet who conceived the

idea of Pakistan.

Main articles: Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry and

such as attending to their needs and problems, intending Pakistani philosophy
schemes and projects for their welfare and working for
resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pak- Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto,
istani workers are the second largest source of Foreign Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages.[395]
Exchange Remittances to Pakistan after exports and over The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a largest literary
the last several years, the foreign exchange remittances community that promotes literature and poetry works at
have maintained a steady rising trend, with a recorded the national and international level.[396] The National Liincrease of 21.8% from US$6.4 million in 200708 to brary publishes and promotes much of the literary works
US$7.8 million during 200809.
on literature as well as providing a lobby at the pubIn 200910, Pakistanis sent home US$9.4 billion, the lic level to promote literature activities in the country.
eleventh-largest total remittance in the world.[394] By Before the 19th century , it consisted mainly of lyric
2012, Pakistan increased its ranking to tenth in the world and religious poetry, mystical and folkloric works. Durfor remittances with a total sum of US$13 billion.[393][394] ing the colonial age, the native literary gures inuenced
The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in by western literary realism took up increasingly varied
narrative forms. Prose ction is now very
September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour (MoL), topics and
[397][398]
popular.
and has since recognized the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nations economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and
the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is
improving the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad.
The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for
housing, education and health careits largest eort is
the facilitation of the rehabilitation of returning overseas

The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote

poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent
of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world
to bring about successful revolution.[399][400][401] Wellknown representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu
literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known
for his calligraphy and paintings.[398] Su poets Shah Ab-

22
dul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and
Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan.[402] Mirza
Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi
prose.[403]
Historically, the philosophical development in the country was dominated from the ideas of Muhammad Iqbal,
Sir Syed, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Ali Johar.[404]
Cues picked from the English philosophy (later American
philosophy) greatly shaped the philosophical development in the country. Analyst such as M.M. Sharif and
Zafar Hassan, established the rst major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[405] After the 1971 war,
Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid
were primary leading gures in the growth of Marxism
ideas incorporated in Pakistans philosophical development.[406] Inuential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia,
Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought the mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to
the fore of Pakistani philosophical academia.[406] Global
works by Noam Chomsky has been far reaching and inuential in the development of philosophical ideas to impact
various elds in social and political philosophy.[407][408]

7 CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the
3rd millennium BCE,[409] an advanced urban culture developed for the rst time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[410] Mohenjo
Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic
settlements that are now tourist attractions.[199] The rise
of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek inuence led
to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting
from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was
reached at the peak of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist
monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[411]

The arrival of Islam in todays Pakistan meant a sudden

end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth
transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Persian-style building still
standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of PersianIslamic architecture were fused with and often produced
playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are
the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Persian-style Wazir
7.6 Architecture
Khan Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the
Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial
Main article: Pakistani architecture
Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: pre- period, predominantly functional buildings of the IndoEuropean representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Postcolonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and
the Mazar-e-Quaid.[412]

7.7 Food and drink

Main article: Pakistani cuisine
Although being part of South Asia, Pakistani cui-

A Pakistani dish cooked using the tandoori method

The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a

UNESCO World Heritage Site.

sine has some similarities with dierent regions of the

Indian subcontinent, originating from the royal kitchens
of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. Pakistan has a
greater variety of meat dishes compared to the rest of the

23
sub-continent and most of those dishes have their roots
in Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Pakistani
cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala
are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin at bread made from wheat,
is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and
lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain or fried
with spices and is also used in sweet dishes.[196][413][414]
Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea
with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and
is taken daily by most of the population.[31][415] Sohan
Halwa is a very popular sweet dish of southern region of
Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[416]
The A1 car of A1 Team Pakistan driven by the motorsport driver,
Adam Khan.

7.8

Sports

for Pakistan.[421]
Main article: Sports in Pakistan
The majority of the sports played in Pakistan are origi- In squash, world-class players such as Jahangir Khan,
widely considered to be the greatest player in the
sports history,[422] and Jansher Khan won the World
Open Squash Championship several times during their
careers.[423] Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a
record ten times.[422]
Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics
in eld hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and
shooting.[424] Pakistans Olympic medal tally stands
at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[425] The
Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies
stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[426][427]
At national level, polo is popular, with regular national
events in dierent parts of the country. Boxing, bilThe Gadda Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lahore, liards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract
mainly used for Cricket.
bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and
Pakistan has produced regional and international champinated and were substantially developed from the United ons in these sports.[29][423][424] Basketball enjoys regional
Kingdom who introduced in the British India. Field popularity especially in Lahore and Karachi.[428]
Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three
Gold medallions in the Olympic Games held in 1960,
1968, and 1984.[417] Pakistan has also won the Hockey 8 See also
World Cup a record four times held in 1971, 1978, 1982,
and in 1994.[418]
Outline of Pakistan
Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the
Index of Pakistan-related articles
country.[419] The Cricket team (popular as Shaheen) has
won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it had been been

runners-up once in 1999, and co-hosted the tournament

in 1987 and 1996. Pakistan were runners-up in the inau Pakistan Wikipedia book
gural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won
the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. Lately, however, Cricket has suered severely because teams have
refused to tour Pakistan for fear of terrorism. No teams 9 Notes
have toured Pakistan since March 2009, when militants
[1] Include data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad
attacked the touring Sri Lanka's Cricket team.[420]
2
In Athletics, Abdul Khaliq participated in 1954 Asian
Games and the 1958 Asian Games. He won 34 International Gold, 15 International Silver and 12 Bronze Medals

Kashmir (13,297 km or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit

Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[7] Including these
territories would produce an area gure of 881,912 km2
(340,508 sq mi).

24

10

10

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36

12

EXTERNAL LINKS

[426] Pakistan Medals Tally by Games. Commonwealth

Games Federation. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from

International Futures

[427] Asian Games Medal Count. Asian Games. Olympic

Council of Asia. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

Population Of Pakistan

[428] Welcome to the Pakistan Basketball Federation. Pakistan Olympic Association. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

11

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Pakistan

Ahmed, Akbar (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Routledge.
ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2
Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978-08157-1503-0
Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country.
PublicAairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0
Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19597735-6
Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia). Greenwood.
ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8
McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State,
19512009 Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2
Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010) [18571947]. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise
of Muslim National Identity. Oxford. ISBN 978-019-547811-2
Spear, Percival (2007). India, Pakistan and the
West. Read Books Publishers. ISBN 1-4067-12159

12

External links

Ocial website
Pakistan entry at The World Factbook
Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Pakistan at DMOZ
Pakistan from the BBC News
Pakistan at Encyclopdia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan

World Bank Pakistan Summary Trade Statistics

37

13
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Huddz, Gman124, SpigotMap, Nemo bis, Alirox, Ahsaniqbal 93, Chintu rohit, Congram, Plasticup, Alecperkins, Midnight Madness,
Quickpot, Darrendeng, Ajobin, 409rules, SJP, Einstein90, Malerin, Hastymashi, Flatterworld, Jplay, Student7, Fjbfour, Jatt2006wiki,
Sony g, Humayun me, Eljusto1, Dvenedam, Kgm1, The Right Honourable, Ridwan Gazi, Wizzard Of Osmania, Tridungvo, Abdars, Zeeshani, Ivazir, GLHamilton, JimmySmitts, Jjhcap99, Tigerscratch, Stonamhs, Nimora, Ssd175, Mike V, Rana72bd, TopGun, Tahirakram,
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az86556, Noor Aalam, Razzsic, Joedamadman, Chocolate Horlicks, Nikkul, Azhar aslam, Sodicadl, Blabajubajoo, Tidying Up, Wenli,
Rajaimrannisar, Haqquei, Usergreatpower, BobTheTomato, Triesault, Kalintor, Meters, Grimly, Wali26, , Synthebot,
Bhrasheed, Novicenovice, Hanskarlperez, Kamranzaidi, Dylan mcghee, Kamtanoli375, Master of the Orchalcos, Linebacker767, Eliteforce, Brianga, ChewbaccaDefence, Dmcq, Wikipedianpk, Muneebandirfan, TheFuzzyFive, Dick Shane, Winter Maiden, AlleborgoBot,
Symane, Wisamzaqoot, Logan, Pgeril, Rongmon Kokai, Mrcoldre, Lohar, Ghaus, LesterFreamon, EmxBot, Austriacus, Irtiqaa, Mshujaweb, Njmemo420, Sabihlashari, Paknews, Arjun024, Cornake Man, Tw166y, Copana2002, SieBot, Salehahaque, Zain1987, Calliopejen1, Izady, Tiddly Tom, Bhaur, Pakchat, WereSpielChequers, Skunky6969, WTucker, Rodomontade, DavisGL, Fantastic fred, Buddyon-

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line7, Caltas, Takolavo, Triwbe, SyedNoomanNaqvi, Lucasbfrbot, Shoaibik, Smsarmad, Hotel Alpha, Gimligimli1, Talalriaz, Michealkelly,
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Factsearch, Kool777456, Highstakes00, Fajjuify, Johnsc12, Morsecoder, Mrt3366, FarazT, ChrisGualtieri, Lasharionline, Glaxal, Murali.gudipudi, Hipityhopity, Psnttp, Dadamkhan, Adnan bogi, TheJJJunk, CarrieVS, Khazar2, IceBrotherhood, Soulparadox, Farhan Khurram, Ivan trus, Gharjistan, Stumink, Symphonic Spenguin, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, BigJolly9, Shahhh, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, Tellonlytruth,
Wanishah, Alf54354353, Delljvc, PeerBaba, Samudrakula, Lugia2453, WaqarAhmedPK, Ms1288, Sabbarish.govindarajan, RingerHere!,
Ovsek, Eaak79, Daniyal7871, Rao Asghar, Fareed30, Kashif choudhary, Faizan, Ahmed 313-326, Mirfanmaqsood, La23553, Communist4444, CsDix, Wanishahrukh, PrinceCharming786, Partho Chacko, The Anonybot, Rattan Hajveri, Suhayb.Manzer, Evano1van,
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Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 933-9976 Original artist: Molendijk, Bart / Anefo
File:Ah-1cobra_1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ah-1cobra_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.history.army.mil/ Original artist: United States Army
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domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Schajee
File:CMS_Slice.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/CMS_Slice.png License: ? Contributors: ? Original
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File:Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg License:

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artist: SKopp and others
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title='User:
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User:Zscout370
File based on the specication given at [1].
Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg
GCU_Tower_P1140896.jpg

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