A.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. What is the digestive tract for pisces, amphibian, and reptiles?
B. ANSWER
1. Digestive tract for:
a. Pisces

1) Tractus Digestivus
a) Cavum oris
(1) In the oral cavity there is stiff lingua/tongue, and cant moved, located
on the bottom of mouth.
(2) There are conus teeth on the mandible.
(3) There are mucous glands that used to facilitate the path of feed.
(4) There are taster organs that surround the tongue, used as feed selector.
b) Pharynx
Used as feed filter, but on the pharynx sometime there are taster organs.
c) Oesophagus
Oesophagus shapped like cone, short like pipe, and located behind the gills.
In Physostomi, it has connection with Pneumatocyst (swim bladder).
d) Ventriculus
(1) The entire surface of the ventriculus is covered by mucous cells that
contains mucopolysaccharide, used as a protective wall of ventriculus
from hydrochloric acid.
(2) Generally enlarge, but in Cyprinus carpio seem like an enlargement of
the intestine.
(3) The boundaries of the intestine is not so clear.
e) Intestinum
(1) As long winding pipe and has the same size.
(2) Intestinum ends and empties out the anus.
(3) Intestine fixed by an intestine hanger called: mesentery.
(4) Herbivores has long and rolled intestine, omnivores has almost the same
but shorter, carnivores has short and straight intestine.
2) Digestoria glands
a) Hepar
(1) The color is brownish red.

(2) Located in the front of the body cavity and extend around the intestine,
the shape isnt firm.
(3) Hepar consist 3 lobes, the dorsal lobe, dexter lobe and sinister lobe.
(4) Hepar produce bilus (bile), that hoarded in the Vesica Fellea.
b) Vesica Fellea
(1) Greenish color.
(2) Located beside ventral Lobus Dexter hepatis.
c) Pancreas
(1) Located adjacent to the front intestines because the pancreatic duct
empties into the front intestines.
(2) Pancreatic tissue are microscopic.
(3) Pancreas forming extension, branching through the liver and the
expansion reach the anus.
(4) Exocrine: Produces digestive enzymes.
(5) Endocrine: Produce insulin hormone.
(6) There are 3 types of pancreas: compact, diffus, and disseminated.
b. Amphibians

1) Tractus Digestivus
a) Cavum oris
(1) In the cavum oris there is lingua bifida that used to catch the prey, the
lingua is supported by apparatus hyodeus.
(2) There are Dentes that located on the edge of the maxilla in a long row
and on a small surface on vomer and fulfill it.
(3) The teeth are shaped like cone, and dont have pulpal or neural tissue
and attached to the bone. Its teeth used to hold the prey.
(4) Premaxiliare, beside the anterior.
(5) Maxilliare, located on the center.
(6) Palatum
(7) Pterygoid, has 3 branches, to the anterior, medial, and latero posterior.
b) Pharynx
c) Oesophagus, short duct shapped.

d) Ventriculus, divided into:

(1) Cardia:
(2) Pylorus:
e) Intestinum with hanger: mesenterium
Intestinum divided into:
(1) Intestinum tenue, consist of:
(a) Duodenum
(b) Jejunum
(c) Illeum (the boundaries isnt clear yet)
(2) Intestinum crassum. The end part is called Rectum to the cloaca.
f) Cloaca: is an opening for the feed path, genital, and urinate.
2) Digestoria glands
a) Hepar
(1) Brownish red color.
(2) Consist of 2 lobes:
(a) Dexter lobe
(b) Sinister lobe
(3) There is bile duct: Ductus hepaticus
b) Vesica Fellea
(1) Located between hepatis lobe, greenish color.
(2) Duct: Ductus Cysticus
(3) Ductus hepaticus and ductus cysticus formed a bigger duct: Ductus
choledochus, walk in pancreas and empties into duodenum.
c) Pancreas, yellowish color, attached between Ventriculus and Duodenum.
c. Reptiles

1) Tractus Digestivus
a) Cavum oris
(1) On the maxilla there are choanae primer or a hole. Dentes on every
species are different in structure, lizard has conus teeth or cone-like
shape. Generally lizard dont have palatin dentes. Snake has teeth on
maxilla, platinum, and ptyrigoid, generally the teeth are long, solid, and
sharp. Crocodile also has different teeth, generally it has big teeth and
located on premaxilla, maxilla, and mandibula
(2) Palatum or palate that forms longitudinal folds, secondary choanae,,
tubae auditivae ostium.

(3) While on the mandible there is rima glottidis pharynx or glottis and
lingua bifida that located on the bottom of the mouth that attached on
os hyoideum or tongue bone, and the mean of bifida is branched.
b) Oesophagus
c) Ventriculus
Thick muscular, and silidris. Aligator and crocodile has gizzard (muscular
ventriculus).
d) Intestinum
(1) Intestinum tenue, hanger on this organ called mesenterium.
(2) Caecum, boundary of intestinum tenue and intestinum crassum.
(3) Intestinum crassum, consist of 2 organs: rectum and cloaca; the hanger
called mesorectum.
2) Digestoria glands
a) Hepar, in reptiles there are 2 lobes: dexter lobe and sinister lobe.
b) Vesica Fellea: on the edge of caudal lobe dexter hepatitis.
c) Pancreas: yellowish color, located between ventriculus and duodenum.

C. REFERENCE
Dellman Brown. 1992. Buku Teks Histologi Veteriner II, Edisi Ketiga. UI-Press: Jakarta.
Kardong, V, Kenneth. 2002. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function , Evolution.
McGraw-Hill: North America.
Musana, D.K. 2012. Kuliah umum: The Digestive System. FKH UGM.
Pangestiningsih, T. W. 2012. Kuliah umun: Perkembangan anatomi saluran penceraan
vertebrata. FKH UGM.
Radiopoetro. 1988. Zoologi. Erlangga: Jakarta.
Saktiyono. 2008. IPA BIOLOGI Jild 2. Erlangga: Jakarta.