Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONTENTS
1.1. Art 5
1.2. History 8
1.3. Geography 13
1.4. Philosophy 15
1.5. Religion 19
2.1. Art 23
2.2. History 25
2.3. Geography 30
2.4. Philosophy 32
2.5. Religion 37
Self-evaluation Tests 42
Recommended Bibliography 58
1.1. ART
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation with its notes. Make your own comments in relation to
what you have read:
a) Interpret the text below and translate it into Romanian. Discuss your
choices with your work partner and give reasons to sustain them:
He went out to the countryside to make sketches from nature and then
elaborated them in his studio. His sketches are often bolder than his finished
1.2. HISTORY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation with its notes. Make your own comments in relation to
what you have read:
a) Interpret the texts below and after you have understood them,
translate them into Romanian:
b) Point out the English specific structures. Consider the choices in the
target-language:
1.3. GEOGRAPHY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation with its notes. Make your own comments in relation to
what you have read:
Perhaps for the same reason, Poate că din acelaşi motiv, mai
more than one generation of mult de o generaţie de victorieni au
Victorians was fascinated by what fost fascinaţi de ceea ce ei numeau
they called ‘balloon views’1. These „perspective din balon”1. Acestea
were very far removed from the erau foarte diferite de studiile sociale
meticulous social surveys of the city, amănunţite ale oraşului care, având
factual in character and exploratory caracter faptic şi demers exploratoriu,
in approach, which appealed to the erau pe placul societăţilor de
voluntary societies of the 1840s and voluntari ale anilor 1840 şi – după o
– after a mid-Victorian break – to the întrerupere la mijlocul epocii
new social investigators2 of the victoriene – noilor cercetători ai
1880s and 1890s. fenomenului social2 ai anilor 1880 şi
1890.
1
baloon views → perspective din balon because perspective best
renders the meaning in the original referring to aspect pe care îl are un
peisaj, un obiect etc. văzut din depărtare; privelişte cu un asemenea
aspect (Dicţionar de neologisme, 1978: 818). Other variants, such as
privire, ochire, căutătură, vedere, vizionare, privelişte do not render
the meaning in the original, unlike perspective which implies the feature
[+SEEN FROM ABOVE] and which matches the semantic dimension of
the ST since the NP balloon views refers to what people could see from a
balloon, especially natural and urban scenery.
2
social investigators → cercetători ai fenomenului social. The noun
phrase in the ST could not be translated by cercetători sociali because
there is no such collocation in Romanian. The translator used a
paraphrase, cercetători ai fenomenului social, in order to preserve the
meaning of the original.
Climbing high above the streets, the Urcând mult deasupra străzilor,
travellers by ballon were concerned călătorii cu balonul nu erau
neither to find out ‘the truth about the interesaţi nici să afle „adevărul
cities’ nor to save time. They were despre oraşe”, nici să
seeking a new and more ordered economisească timp. Ei se aflau în
vision. ‘It was a wonderful sight’, two căutarea unei noi viziuni mai
of them wrote after seeing London ordonate. „Era o privelişte
from the air in 1862, ‘to behold that minunată,” scriau doi dintre ei în
vast bricken mass of churches and 1862, după ce văzuseră Londra de
hospitals, banks and prisons, palaces sus, „să admiri masa aceea uriaşă
and workhouses, docks and refuges de cărămidă formată din biserici şi
Curs practic de limba engleza – Translation Practice 13
Unit 1. English Samples
for the destitute, parks and squares, spitale, bănci şi închisori, palate şi
and courts and alleys, which made ateliere, docuri şi adăposturi pentru
up London – all blent into one nevoiaşi, parcuri şi piaţete, curţi şi
immense black spot – to look down alei care alcătuiau Londra - toate
upon the whole as the birds of the air contopite într-un imens punct negru
look down upon it, and see it - să priveşti întregul de sus aşa
dwindled into a mere rubbish heap – cum îl privesc păsările cerului, şi
to contemplate from afar that strange să-l vezi redus la mărimea unei
conglomeration of vice and avarice simple grămezi de gunoi - să
and low cunning, of noble aspirations contempli de departe acel
3
and human heroism , and to grasp it conglomerat ciudat de viciu,
in the eye, in all its incongruous avariţie şi viclenie josnică, de
integrity, at a single glance – to take, aspiraţii nobile şi eroism3, şi să-l
as it were, an angel’s view of that cuprinzi cu ochiul, în tot ansamblul
huge town where, perhaps, there is său ciudat, dintr-o singură privire -
more virtue and more iniquity, more să ai, cum s-ar spune, perspectiva
wealth and more want, brought unui înger asupra acelui oraş uriaş
4
together into one dense focus unde, probabil, există mai multă
than in any other part of the earth’. virtute şi mai multă nedreptate, mai
multă bogăţie şi mai multă sărăcie
decât în oricare altă parte a lumii,
toate laolaltă concentrate într-un
singur loc4.”
3
human heroism → eroism . The structure of the noun phrase in the ST,
premodifier (adjective) + head (noun) could not be preserved in the TT
since such a construction as eroism uman would sound awkward in
Romanian due to the fact that eroism already has the feature [+HUMAN].
4
brought together into one dense focus → toate laolaltă concentrate
într-un singur loc, due to the fact that the English construction brought
together has no equivalent collocation in Romanian; therefore, a
meaning-for-meaning translation is employed, aiming at preserving the
overall meaning and the stylistic effect of the English phrase. Brought
together could be translated by adunate but it would need coordination:
şi (concentrate ...) and, in this case, the original meaning would not be
preserved. Besides, dense and focus rarely collocate, dense meaning
crowded together in great numbers (of people and things): a dense
crowd / forest (OALD, 1997: 310) - hence, the choice of concentrate –
while focus means a centre of activity, interest; a spot of concentration on
something: an intellectual focus • In tonight’s programme our focus is on
Germany • Her beauty makes her the focus of attention (OALD, 1997:
455). In order to avoid redundancy, focus was translated by loc, the term
concentrate completing its meaning. As a consequence, brought
together was rendered by toate laolaltă, since the phrase still preserves
the concepts of ‘unity’ and ‘concentration’ at the same time. Moreover, the
phrase toate laolaltă concentrate într-un singur loc was given end-
focus in order to maintain coherence in the paragraph, as it cannot be
placed after ‘mai multă virtute şi mai multă nedreptate, mai multă
bogăţie şi mai multă sărăcie’ and before ‘decât în oricare altă parte a
lumii’ owing to its length.
The historian cannot take an Istoricul nu poate avea
angel’s view either of London or of perspectiva unui înger nici asupra
the busy provincial cities5 which Londrei, nici asupra animatelor
were far more Victorian than the oraşe de provincie5 care erau cu
14 Curs practic de limba engleza – Translation Practice
Unit 1. English Samples
capital. He will find it useful, mult mai victoriene decât capitala. Îi
however, before losing himself in va fi însă de ajutor ca, înainte de a
the complexities of particular cities, se pierde în complexităţile unor
to seek some vantage point from anumite oraşe, să caute o poziţie
which to gain an initial sense of avantajoasă din care să capete de
unity and order. la început un sentiment de ordine şi
unitate.
5
busy provincial cities → animate oraşe de provincie. The adjective
animate was used to render the English busy, here employed with its 2nd
meaning: full of activity: a busy / life / time of year • a busy office / street /
town • Victoria is one of London’s busiest stations. • The big stores are very
busy at Christmas (OALD, 1997: 152). That is why the translator chose his
final variant out of the following equivalents mentioned by the English-
Romanian Dictionary (d. o stradă etc.): animat, aglomerat, plin de lume
(DER, 1999: 120).
The Victorians liked facts: they also liked laws. There seemed to be
abundant factual evidence, as a French writer put it, that ‘the force of
attraction in human groups, like that of matter, is in general proportionate to
the mass’.
Yet, if this was held to be a law, there was no unanimous belief that it
was a beneficent one. The word ‘mass’ itself was one of the perpetual
sources of difficulty when it was applied to people. If you concentrated on the
mass and forgot the individuals and families who constituted it, you might be
well alarmed, particularly in under-policed early-Victorian England, by the
anonymity and brute force of numbers in the cities: you might be tempted, as
hundreds of writers, including poets and novelists, were tempted, to contrast
the ‘natural order’ of the peaceful countryside with the restlessness and
disturbance of the turbulent city. You might dwell on the urban threat both
to property and to tradition, and end by arguing that ‘the speedy
disappearance of the city crowds, either by dispersion or by almost any other
means, so far from being a matter to be deplored, should be an object of
solicitude’.
(A.Briggs, Victorian Cities, Penguin Books, 1990: 60-61 in Elena Croitoru,
Floriana Popescu, Gabriela Dima, Culegere de texte pentru traducere, vol.
II, Editura Evrika, Brăila, 1998: 17)
1.4. PHILOSOPHY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation with its notes. Make your own comments in relation to
what you have read:
They are discussing, in other words, what an ideal society would look
like – how it would educate its citizens to live just and beautiful lives, keep
itself solvent, protect itself, administer its laws, and worship its gods. They try
to consider everything, in short, that the creators of a state would have to
make decisions about if they were to build it from the ground up.
The state they talk about is ‘ideal’ not in the sense that it is sheer
fantasy or so outlandish that it bears no resemblance to the society everyone
already knows. Instead their state is ideal in the sense that its creators are
imagining themselves free to make it without having to solve all of the
practical problems that would hit them if they were to cast off their old state
and start over. They do not have to deal, for example, with people’s
resistance to change, people’s fears of the unknown, or the disruptions that
would occur if established ways of doing things were suddenly abandoned.
1.5. RELIGION
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation with its notes. Make your own comments in relation to
what you have read:
I Corinthians 13
(a) And now I will show you the best way of all.
I may speak in tongues of men or of angels, but if I am without love, I am
a sounding gong or a clanging cymbal. I may have the gift of prophecy, and
know every hidden truth; I may have faith strong enough to move mountains;
but if I have no love, I am nothing. I may dole out all I possess, or even give
my body to be burnt, but if I have no love, I am none the better.
Love is patient; love is kind and envies no one. Love is never boastful, nor
conceited, nor rude; never selfish, not quick to take offence. Love keeps no
score of wrongs; does not gloat over other men’s sins, but delights in the
truth. There is nothing love cannot face; there is no limit to its faith, its hope
and its endurance.
(b) Love will never come to an end. Are there prophets? their work will be
over. Are there tongues of ecstasy? they will cease. Is there knowledge? it
will vanish away; for our knowledge and our prophecy alike are partial, and
the partial vanishes when wholeness comes. When I was a child, my
speech, my outlook, and my thoughts were all childish. When I grew up, I had
finished with childish things. Now we see only puzzling reflections in a mirror,
but then we shall see face to face. My knowledge now is partial; then it will be
(Holy Bible. The New King James Version, Thomas Nelson Publishers,
Nashville, 1982)
2.1. ART
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the translation.
Make your own comments in relation to what you have read:
Kant considera că sublimul Kant considered that the
are în comun cu frumosul faptul că şi sublime shares with the beautiful its
el priveşte formele ce „plac” pentru equal concern with the forms that
ele însele iar nu pentru altceva. are “pleasant” but for themselves.
Deosebirea ar consta în faptul că, în The difference would lie in the fact
timp ce frumosul priveşte forma that, unlike the beautiful that refers
lucrului ce îşi are temei în limitarea to the form of the object which is
lui, sublimul priveşte nelimitarea, meaningful in its limits, the sublime
infinitatea, sentimentul încercat refers to the unlimited, the infinity,
caracterizându-se prin aceea că the feeling experienced being
este provocat de mărimi ce întrec characterized by its resulting from
orice altă măsură. Ca sentiment, dimensions beyond any other
sublimul s-ar legitima prin faptul că measurement. As feeling, the
infinitatea constituie întotdeauna sublime would find justification in the
obiect al raţiunii. În faţa a ceva fact that infinity has always been the
sublim încerci mai întâi o reacţie de subject of reason. When
reţinere sau chiar împotrivire, pentru contemplating something sublime, a
ca numai într-un moment ulterior să reaction of hesitation or even
intervină plăcerea, ca rezultat al resistance is first experienced,
învingerii „neplăcerii”. […] pleasure being reached only
afterwards, as a result of defeating
the “unpleasure”. […]
Sublimul se relevă astfel ca o The sublime thus reveals itself
categorie a nemăsuratului, a as a category of the unmeasurable,
nesupunerii la constrângeri formale, of the non-submission to the
a tensiunii conţinute şi aflate în restraints of form, of the inner
relaţie cu dispoziţiile cele mai tension related to the most abyssal
abisale ale conştiinţei. Există un layers of consciousness. There is a
macrocosm şi un microcosm, macrocosm and a microcosm, either
echivalente fiecare cu impresia equivalent to the representation of
infinitului ce se află în noi. În plan the infinite which lies in ourselves. At
estetic această impresie ia formă the aesthetic level, this
prin negarea măsurii raţionale şi prin representation is formed by denying
sesizarea şi instaurarea de scheme the rational measure and by sensing
estetice cu accent conceptual and imposing aesthetic patterns with
transcendent. Principalele note ale transcendental conceptual
sublimului se dezvăluie ca negative emphasis. The main traits of the
şi transcendentale în sensul de mai sublime reveal themselves as
sus, coincizând cu originalul său negative and transcendental in the
caracter superlativ, ce concură la o above-mentioned terms, coinciding
comunicare secretă a conştiinţelor with its original superlative nature,
estetice cu miracolul cosmic. which concur to a secret
communication of the aesthetic
conscience with the cosmic miracle.
Translate into English, making the necessary comments to
sustain your choices:
2.2. HISTORY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation. Make your own comments in relation to what you
have read:
2.3. GEOGRAPHY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation. Make your own comments in relation to what you
have read:
2.4. PHILOSOPHY
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the
translation. Make your own comments in relation to what you
have read:
c) Locul şi vremea
Noţiunile de spaţiu şi de timp – cele dintâi prin care trece mintea
omului, ca printr-o sită, ideea de existenţă – nu sunt obişnuite poporului
român, în vorbirea lui zilnică. Românul când vrea să situeze un lucru în
spaţiu vorbeşte de „loc” şi când îl întrebi de timp îţi răspunde despre vreme…
Locul şi timpul apar ca două vaste receptacole ale existenţelor
particulare, care cuprind tot ce este, ca două cadre sau două vase, pe care
36 Curs practic de limba engleza - Translation Practice
Unit 2. Romanian Samples
aceste lucruri le umplu cu fiinţa lor. Totalitatea acestor fiinţe care umplu
timpul şi spaţiul cu fiinţa lor alcătuieşte firea sub cele două aspecte ale ei:
„locul” şi „vremea”; şi această fire este primul obiect asupra căruia poartă
înţelegerea românului a existenţei…
„Locul” şi „vremea” sunt însă şi dimensiuni ale lumii, adică ele sunt
mijloace pentru a putea rândui, aşeza, situa fiinţele care sunt în ea. Cartea
Eclesiastului, atât de vorbitoare sufletului românesc, zice: „Dormitul îşi are
vremea lui, şi sculatul îşi are vremea lui…” Iar vorbirea obişnuită spune că
toate lucrurile se fac la vremea lor, aşa cum toate lucrurile se spun „la locul
lor”. Există deci un fel de prejudecată în vorbire, că lucrurile ar avea în lume
un loc şi un timp anumit al lor. (M. Vulcănescu, Dimensiunea românească a
existenţei)
2.5. RELIGION
Consider the fragment below. Read both the original text and the translation.
Make your own comments in relation to what you have read:
PSALMUL 23 PSALM 23
b) Sf. Ioan Gură de Aur spune despre post: „Ajunarea stâmpără corpul,
înfrânează poftele cele vătămătoare, luminează şi înaripează sufletul, îl înalţă
şi-l uşurează". De altfel, pilda cea mai înaltă de postire ne-a dat-o Mântuitorul
însuşi, când a postit 40 de zile şi 40 de nopti în pustie, înainte de a-Şi începe
activitatea publică de propovăduire a Evangheliei.
Dar postul nu este un scop în sine, ci numai un mijloc de a tinde la
perfecţiunea morală, este un exerciţiu de virtute. De aceea postirea de
c) După modul postirii sau asprimea lui, postul poate fi de mai multe
feluri.
Astfel, avem mai întâi postul total sau ajunarea, în care nu se
consumă nici un fel de mâncare sau băutură, apoi avem postul aspru, numit
şi xirofagie, când se mănâncă numai hrană uscată (pâine, fructe şi legume);
apoi avem postul obişnuit sau comun, în care se admite consumarea
mâncărurilor gătite de post, şi apoi postul uşor sau dezlegările, când se
îngăduie consumul peştelui, al vinului şi al untdelemnului.
Dupa numărul posturilor, postul poate să fie general, când este ţinut
de toată Biserica, cum sunt cele patru posturi de durată şi posturile de
miercurea şi vinerea; poate să fie parţial, regional sau local, când este ţinut,
din motive de pietate, numai de credincioşii unei localităţi, ori ai unei eparhii,
din cauza unei nenorociri, sau fiind rânduit de episcopul locului în semn de
smerenie şi de pocăinţă; poate fi particular, când este ţinut de fiecare
credincios în parte, care a făcut făgăduinţă lui Dumnezeu, în semn de
mulţumire pentru binefacerile primite, obţinerea unui succes, ori din dorinţa
de desăvârşire.
TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
TEST 1
TEST 2
2. Shipyards are those plants where ships are built and repaired.
Shipyards are classified according to several criteria: a) according to the
purpose the ships are meant for: military shipyards; civilian shipyards; b)
according to the geographical setting: maritime shipyards; inland shipyards;
c) according to the type of proceedings performed: shipyards for new
constructions; repair shipyards; mixed-type shipyards.
Most of the shipyards in our country are of this mixed type. For
example, I.C.N. Constanţa, S.N. Giurgiu, S.N. Tulcea etc.
Shipyards carry out the totality of the hull proceedings, a part of the
equipment proceedings, the machinery assembling procedures, the ship
delivery trials. Most of the units are executed in other plants, such as:
engines, pumps, derricks, naval fitting devices. These plants are of naval
orientation and belong to the Naval Centre, supplying the shipyard with the
necessary units. Similarly, the necessary profiles, the welding electrodes,
and other materials are supplied by the specialized plants. That is why
shipyards work together with a lot of plants, their collaboration being in
constant development, along with the diversifying of production.
Any shipyard is divided into several important departments, as follows:
the hull building department, the assembling department, the metallurgical
department, the machinery department, the carpentry department, the
transportation department, the energy department, and the auxiliary
department.
The hull building department is made up of the following departments:
the traditional scaling room; the optical scaling room; the plates stockyard;
the cutting workshop; the assembling and welding workshop; the building
berth and slipway; the painting workshop; other workshops and auxiliary
stockyards.
The hull sector is of utmost importance in any shipyard. The
assembling department consists of the assembling and fitting out berth. The
metallurgical department may be more or less developed, depending on
whether there are any specialized plants to collaborate with. This department
includes: the steel and non-ferrous metal casting workshop; the forging
workshop; the presses and molds workshop. The machinery department is
made up of: the boiler room; the tinman’s workshop; the cutting workshop.
The carpentry department is made up of: the wooden material stockyard, with
drying and fire-proofing systems; the wood-cutting workshop; the carpentry
workshop; the joinery and furniture workshop. The transportation department
consists of all the means of transportation within the shipyard: railways,
engines, train cars, road transporters, electrical vehicles, cranes, raveling
cranes, as well as the means of naval transportation adjacent to the shipyard:
motorboats, scows and tugs. The auxiliary is made up of: the mechanical
repair and maintenance workshop; the tool-room; the electrical repair and
maintenance workshop. The energy department consists of: the energy plant,
made up of the oxygen, acetylene, and compressed air plants, electrical
networks and transformers. Besides these departments, the shipyard also
includes a gear storage service, propulsion gear, piping and fitting gear, and
also the paint store and other materials stockyards.
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY