European Economic Community

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"EEC" redirects here. For other uses, see EEC (disambiguation).
"Common Market" redirects here. For other uses, see Common Market (disambiguation).
This article is about the international organisation established in 1957. For the collective of the
three European communities, see European Communities.

European Economic
Community
[show](later, European Community)

Economic union
19581993/2009

Flag
Anthem
"Ode to Joy" (orchestral)

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0:00

Map of the EEC in the world, at its end in 1993.

Capital

Brussels
Luxembourg
Strasbourg

Languages
Political structure

9 (1993)[show]
International
organisation

Commission
President
- 19581967
- 19671970

Walter Hallstein
Jean Rey (politician)
Franois-Xavier
- 19731977
Ortoli
- 19771981
Roy Jenkins
- 19811985
Gaston Thorn
- 19851993
Jacques Delors
Legislature
Legislature
- Upper house
Council of Ministers
- Lower house
European Parliament
Historical era
Cold War
- Treaty signing 25 March 1957
- Established
1 January 1958
European
Communities 1 July 1967
Becomes part of 1 November
a Pillar
1993/2009
- Pillar abolished 1 December 2009
Different currencies;
Currency
[show]
Today part of
European Union
The information in this infobox covers the EEC's
time as an independent organisation. It does not give
details of post-1993 operation within the EU as that is
explained in greater length in the European Union
and European Communities articles.
De facto only, these cities hosted the main
institutions but were not titled as capitals due to the
EEC being primarily an international organisation.
Part of a series on the

History of the
European Union

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The European Economic Community (EEC) was an international organization created by the
Treaty of Rome of 1957.[1] Upon the formation of the European Union in 1993, the EEC was
incorporated and renamed as the European Community. In 2009 the EC's institutions were
absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to exist.
The Community's aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market,
among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and
West Germany. It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the
European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels).

Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European
Community (EC) to reflect that it covered a wider range of policy. This was also when the three
European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the
three pillars of the European Union (EU), which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this
form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon, which incorporated the EC's
institutions into the EU's wider framework and provided that the EU would "replace and succeed
the European Community".
The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking world and sometimes
referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993.

Contents

1 History
o 1.1 Background
o 1.2 Creation and early years
o 1.3 Enlargement and elections
o 1.4 Towards Maastricht
o 1.5 European Community

2 Aims and achievements

3 Members

4 Institutions
o 4.1 Background
o 4.2 Council
o 4.3 Commission
o 4.4 Parliament
o 4.5 Court
o 4.6 Auditors

5 Policy areas

6 See also

7 Notes and references

o 7.1 Notes
o 7.2 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

History
Further information: History of the European Union

Background
In 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC). This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law,
designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members.
In the aim of creating a federal Europe two further communities were proposed: a European
Defence Community and a European Political Community. While the treaty for the latter was
being drawn up by the Common Assembly, the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the proposed
defence community was rejected by the French Parliament. ECSC President Jean Monnet, a
leading figure behind the communities, resigned from the High Authority in protest and began
work on alternative communities, based on economic integration rather than political integration.
[2]
After the Messina Conference in 1955, Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report
on the idea of a customs union. The so-called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the
cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse castle in 1956.[3] Together
with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome.
In 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and
Euratom at the Val Duchesse castle, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The
conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaty of Rome establishing a
European Economic Community.

Creation and early years

The resulting communities were the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European
Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or sometimes EAEC). These were markedly less
supranational than the previous communities,[citation needed] due to protests from some countries that
their sovereignty was being infringed (however there would still be concerns with the behaviour
of the Hallstein Commission). The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission, was held

on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val-Duchesse. The EEC (direct ancestor of the modern
Community) was to create a customs union while Euratom would promote co-operation in the
nuclear power sphere. The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its
activities. One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment (1962)
of common price levels for agricultural products. In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade
between member nations) were removed on certain products.
Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural
Policy, which came into force in 1962. The transitional period whereby decisions were made by
unanimity had come to an end, and majority-voting in the Council had taken effect. Then-French
President Charles de Gaulle's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members
challenging the CAP led to an "empty chair policy" whereby French representatives were
withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated. Eventually, a
compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a
gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.[4][5]
On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation, combining the institutions of the
ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and
Courts. Collectively they were known as the European Communities. The Communities still had
independent personalities although were increasingly integrated. Future treaties granted the
community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of
integration. As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe,
what Mikhail Gorbachev described as a Common European Home.

Enlargement and elections

French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership, held back the development of
Parliament's powers and was at the centre of the 'empty chair crisis' of 1965

The 1960s saw the first attempts at enlargement. In 1961, Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the
United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities. However, President Charles de Gaulle
saw British membership as a Trojan horse for U.S. influence and vetoed membership, and the
applications of all four countries were suspended.
The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou
succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted. Negotiations
began in 1970 under the pro-European government of Edward Heath, who had to deal with
disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK's relationship with the
Commonwealth of Nations. Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed and
all but Norway acceded to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a referendum) from
1 January 1973.
The Treaties of Rome had stated that the European Parliament must be directly elected, however
this required the Council to agree on a common voting system first. The Council procrastinated
on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed,[6] French President Charles de Gaulle was
particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament, with it only being granted
Budgetary powers following his resignation.
Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the
necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to
this day.[6] During the tenure of President Jenkins, in June 1979, the elections were held in all the
then-members (see European Parliament election, 1979).[7] The new Parliament, galvanised by
direct election and new powers, started working full-time and became more active than the
previous assemblies.[6]
Shortly after its election, Parliament became the first Community institution to propose that the
Community adopt the flag of Europe.[8] The European Council agreed to this and adopted the
Symbols of Europe as those of the Community in 1984.[9] The European Council, or European
summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of
heads of state. It had originated from then-French President Charles de Gaulle's resentment at the
domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the Commission) over the integration process. It
was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act (see below).[10]

Enlargement, 1957 to 2013

Community enlargement
Post 1993

Towards Maastricht
Greece applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy,
and joined on 1 January 1981.[11] Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic
restoration, Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1
January 1986.[12] In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest
application process for any country.
With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the
Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on the 17 and 28 February 1986 in
Luxembourg and the Hague respectively. In a single document it dealt with reform of
institutions, extension of powers, foreign policy cooperation and the single market. It came into
force on 1 July 1987.[13] The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty,
which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1
November 1993 establishing the European Union.

European Community

European Communities
Pillars of the European Union

The three former pillars constituting the European

Union (clickable)
EEC 19932009 EU
The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars. The EEC's areas of
activities were enlarged and were renamed the European Community, continuing to follow the
supranational structure of the EEC. The EEC institutions became those of the EU, however the
Court, Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars, as they worked on a
more intergovernmental system than the European Communities. This is reflected in the names
of the institutions, the Council is formally the "Council of the European Union" while the
Commission is formally the "Commission of the European Communities".

However, after the Treaty of Maastricht, Parliament gained a much bigger role. Maastricht
brought in the codecision procedure, which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on
Community matters. Hence, with the greater powers of the supranational institutions and the
operation of Qualified Majority Voting in the Council, the Community pillar could be described
as a far more federal method of decision making.
The Treaty of Amsterdam transferred responsibility for free movement of persons (e.g., visas,
illegal immigration, asylum) from the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar to the European
Community (JHA was renamed Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) as
a result).[14] Both Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice also extended codecision procedure to
nearly all policy areas, giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community.
In 2002, the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year
limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit). No attempt was made to renew its
mandate; instead, the Treaty of Nice transferred certain of its elements to the Treaty of Rome and
hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community's remit.
After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist. The
European Community, together with its legal personality, was transferred to the newly
consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars (however Euratom remained
distinct). This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed
ratification in 2005.

Aims and achievements

This section requires expansion. (December 2007)
The main aim of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was to "preserve peace and liberty and to lay
the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". Calling for balanced
economic growth, this was to be accomplished through:[15]
1. The establishment of a customs union with a common external tariff
2. Common policies for agriculture, transport and trade
3. Enlargement of the EEC to the rest of Europe
For the customs union, the treaty provided for a 10% reduction in custom duties and up to 20%
of global import quotas. Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve
years planned. However, France faced some setbacks due to their war with Algeria.[16]

Members
Further information: Member state of the European Union and Enlargement of the European
Union

The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the "inner
six" (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association).
The six were France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the
Netherlands and Luxembourg. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s. The
former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990. Following the
creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013.

Founding members of EEC

Later members of EEC
Flag

State
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany[note 1]
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands

Accession

Language(s)

25 March Dutch, French and

1957 German
1 January
Danish
1973
25 March
French
1957
25 March
German
1957
1 January
Greek
1981
1 January
Irish and English
1973
25 March
Italian
1957
25 March French, German and
1957 Luxembourgish
25 March
Dutch
1957

Currency

Population
(1990)[17]

Belgian franc[18]

10,016,000

Danish krone

5,146,500

French franc

56,718,000

German mark

63,254,000[19]

Greek drachma

10,120,000

Irish pound

3,521,000

Italian lira

56,762,700

Luxembourgish
franc[18]

384,400

Dutch guilder

14,892,300

Flag

State
Portugal
Spain
United
Kingdom

Accession

Language(s)

1 January
Portuguese
1986
1 January
Spanish[note 2]
1986
1 January
English
1973

Currency

Population
(1990)[17]

Portuguese escudo 9,862,500

Spanish peseta

38,993,800

Pound sterling

57,681,000

Member states are represented in some form in each institution. The Council is also composed of
one national minister who represents their national government. Each state also has a right to one
European Commissioner each, although in the European Commission they are not supposed to
represent their national interest but that of the Community. Prior to 2004, the larger members
(France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners. In the European
Parliament, members are allocated a set number seats related to their population, however these
(since 1979) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance, not national
origin. Most other institutions, including the European Court of Justice, have some form of
national division of its members.

Institutions
Further information: Institutions of the European Union
There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC,
plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975. These institutions (except for the
auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three
Communities. The Council represents governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the
Commission represents the European interest.[20] Essentially, the Council, Parliament or another
party place a request for legislation to the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and
presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion (in some cases it had a
veto, depending upon the legislative procedure in use). The Commission's duty is to ensure it is
implemented by dealing with the day-to-day running of the Union and taking others to Court if
they fail to comply.[20] After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the
European Union, though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure. Despite this,
Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission.
The Court was the highest authority in the law, settling legal disputes in the Community, while
the Auditors had no power but to investigate.

Background

The High Authority had more executive powers than the Commission which replaced it
The EEC inherited some of the Institutions of the ECSC in that the Common Assembly and
Court of Justice of the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same
role. However the EEC, and Euratom, had different executive bodies to the ECSC. In place of
the ECSC's Council of Ministers was the Council of the European Economic Community, and in
place of the High Authority was the Commission of the European Communities.
There was greater difference between these than name: the French government of the day had
grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers
in favour of the intergovernmental style Council. Hence the Council had a greater executive role
in the running of the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC. By virtue of the Merger Treaty in
1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a
single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities. From here on, the term
European Communities were used for the institutions (for example, from Commission of the
European Economic Community to the Commission of the European Communities.[21][22][23]

Council

President Jacques Delors the last EEC Commission President.

The Council of the European Communities was a body holding legislative and executive powers
and was thus the main decision making body of the Community. Its Presidency rotated between

the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council, which was an
informal gather of national leaders (started in 1961) on the same basis as the Council.[24]
The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the
Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being
discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They
represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes
were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In
these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament.[24] Since
the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders; these
European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was
not a formal formation of it.

Commission
The Commission of the European Communities was the executive arm of the community,
drafting Community law, dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the
treaties. It was designed to be independent, representing the Community interest, but was
composed of national representatives (two from each of the larger states, one from the smaller
states). One of its members was the President, appointed by the Council, who chaired the body
and represented it.

Parliament

The European Parliament held its first elections in 1979, slowly gaining more influence over
Community decision making.
Under the Community, the European Parliament (formerly the European Parliamentary
Assembly) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission. There were a number of
Community legislative procedures, at first there was only the consultation procedure, which
meant Parliament had to be consulted, although it was often ignored. The Single European Act
gave Parliament more power, with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the
cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous.
In 1970 and 1975, the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget.
The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament.
The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting
system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see European Parliament

election, 1979). After that, Parliament was elected every five years. In the following 20 years, it
gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation, the right to
approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole,
and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community.

Court
The Court of Justice of the European Communities was the highest court of on matters of
Community law and was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among
them. Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states
and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states. It became a powerful institution as
Community law overrides national law.

Auditors
The fifth institution is the European Court of Auditors, which despite its name had no judicial
powers like the Court of Justice. Instead, it ensured that taxpayer funds from the Community
budget have been correctly spent. The court provided an audit report for each financial year to
the Council and Parliament and gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and antifraud actions. It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties, having been set up
in 1975.[25]

Policy areas
Further information: Three pillars of the European Union
At the time of its abolition, the European Community pillar covered the following areas;[14]

Asylum policy

Border control

Common Agricultural
Policy

Common Fisheries
Policy
Competition
Consumer protection

Economic and monetary

union

Education and Culture

Employment

Environmental law

EU Citizenship

Healthcare

Immigration policy

Research

Schengen treaty

Social policy

Trade policy

Trans-European
Networks

Customs Union and

Single market

See also

Economy of the European Union

Brussels and the European Union

Delors Commission

European Commission

European Customs Information Portal (ECIP)

European Institutions in Strasbourg

History of the European Communities (1958-1972)

History of the European Communities (1973-1993)

Location of European Union institutions

Notes and references

Notes
1.
German reunification took place in 1990
1.

And recognised regional languages: Aranese, Galician, Basque and Catalan

References
1.
Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the
European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
Raymond F. Mikesell, The Lessons of Benelux and the European Coal and Steel
Community for the European Economic Community, The American Economic Review, Vol. 48,

No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic
Association (May 1958), pp. 428441
Spaak report
Fifty years of fraternal rivalry news.bbc.co.uk 19/03/07
The 'empty chair' policy
Hoskyns, Catherine; Michael Newman (2000). Democratizing the European Union:
Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization). Manchester University
Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5666-6.
Election of the President of the European Parliament, European Parliament
"Council of Europe's Emblems". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 7
August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
"The European flag: questions and answers". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
Stark, Christine. "Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent
seat" (PDF). Dragoman.org. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
The accession treaty with Greece
The Accession Treaties with Spain and Portugal on CVCE website
Single European Act
What are the three pillars of the EU?, Folketingets EU-Oplysning
"The achievements of the EEC". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
"The European Customs Union". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
Data from Populstat.info
The Belgian and Luxembourgish francs were 1:1 and theoretically interchangeable as a
single currency.
Including East Germany: 80,274,200
"Institutions: The European Commission". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 2007-06-25.
"Merging of the executives". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
"Council of the European Union". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
"European Commission". CVCE. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
"Institutions: The Council of the European Union". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 200706-25.
1.

"Institutions: Court of Auditors". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 2007-06-25.

Further reading

Acocella, Nicola (1992), Trade and direct investment within the EC: The impact of
strategic considerations, in: Cantwell, John (ed.), Multinational investment in modern
Europe, E. Elgar, Cheltenham, ISBN 978-1-8527-8421-8.

Balassa, Bela (1962). The Theory of Economic Integration

Eichengreen, Barry (1992). "European Economic Community". In David R. Henderson

(ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty.
OCLC 317650570, 50016270 and 163149563

Hallstein, Walter (1962). A New Path to Peaceful Union

Monnet, Jean (1959). Prospect for a New Europe

Spaak, Paul-Henri (1971). The Continuing Battle: Memories of a European

External links
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Papers of J. Robert Schaetzel, ambassador to European Economic Community, 1966

1972, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

European Customs Information Portal (ECIP)

Signed 1948 1951 1954 1957

In 1948 1952 1955 1958
force Bruss Pari Modif Rom
Docu els
s
ied
e
ment Treat Trea Bruss treat
y
ty els
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Treat
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1965 1975 1985 1986

1967 N/A
1985 1987
Merg Europe Schen Single
er
an
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European
Treat Counci Treaty Act
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conclus
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1992
1993
Maastri
cht
Treaty

1997
1999
Amster
dam
Treaty

2001 2007
2003 2009
Nice Lisbon Treaty
Trea
ty

Three pillars of the

European Union:
European Communities:
European Atomic Energy
Community (EURATOM)
European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC)

Treaty expired in
2002

European Economic Community

(EEC)

European
Union (EU)

Schengen
Rules

TREVI

European
Community
(EC)
Justice
and
Home
Affairs
(JHA)

Police and
Judicial Cooperation in
Criminal
Matters
(PJCC)

European
Political
Common Foreign and
Cooperation ( Security Policy (CFSP)
EPC)
Unconsolid
ated bodies

Western European Union (WEU)

[show]

Treaty terminated in
2011

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