Well Cementing Techniques & Equipment

2/12/2014
WELL CEMENTING
By: Dr. Syahrir Ridha
www.utp.edu.my
Well design & completion
Lesson Outcome
Describe the principal functions of cement.
Describe the major properties of cement slurry and the
additives used in the cement slurries.
Calculate the volume of: slurry, cement, mixwater, displacing
fluid required for a single stage and two-stage cementing
operation.
Describe the reasons for setting cement plugs.
Describe the principal methods for placing a cement plug in
casing or open hole.
Describe the principles involved and the tools and
techniques used to evaluate the quality of a cementing
operation.
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Cementing Illustration
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Objectives
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Objectives
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Objectives
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Cementing Operation
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Single-Stage Cementing Operation

These practices are called single
stage cementing
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Multi-Stage Cementing Operation

The idea is to split the cement sheath in the
annulus into two, which are:
From the casing shoe to some point above
potentially troublesome formations at the
bottom of the hole;
The cement covering shallower troublesome
formations.
Why?
1. Long pumping times
2. High pump pressures
3. Excessive hydrostatic pressure on
weak formations due to the relatively
high density of cement slurries.
How its work????

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Inner String Cementing

It is also known as Stinger Cement Job
to cement the casing through a tubing or drillpipe
string, rather than trough the casing itself.
Why we need this ???
For LARGE diameter casing, such as conductor and surface casing,
conventional cementing techniques result in:
The potential for cement contamination during pumping nad
displacement
Large displacement volume
Long pumping times
Large volume of cement left inside the casing between float
collar and shoe.
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Stinger String Operation

A special float shoe is run rather
than conventional one.
Once the surface casing (or
others) has been run, the string
(generally tubing) with the seal
adapter attached is run and
stabbed into the float shoe.
Drilling mud is then circulated to
ensure the annulus clear of any
debris.
The cement slurry is pump with
spaces ahead and behind.
No plugs are used in this
operation since diameter of
stinger is so small.
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Liner Cementing
Conventional cementing techniques cannot be
used for cementing a liner.
Special equipment must be used for cementing
these liners.
The liner has a float collar and shoe installed.
There is also a landing collar, positioned about
two joints above the float collar.
A wiper plug is held on the end of the tailpipe
of the running string by shear pins.
The liner is run on drillpipe and the hanger is set
inside the previous casing string.
Mud is circulated to ensure the liner and
annulus free from debris.
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Liner Cementing
Procedures as follow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pump spacer/wash
Pump slurry
Release pump down plug (dart)
Displace cement down the running string, to the
liner and into the annulus
5. Continue pumping until the pump down plug
lands on the wiper plug
6. Bleed off pressure and check for back pressure.
7. Setting tools release
http://www.linertools.com/Publications/how_
Further reading to_run_and_cement_liners_part_1.pdf
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QUESTIONS
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Cementing Equipment Evolution
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Properties of Cement
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API fluid-loss rate less than 50 mL/30 min is often required
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Classes of Oilwell Cement
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API Cement Classification
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Cement System
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Cement Additives
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Cement Additives
A chemical agent used to increase the thickening
time of cement slurries to enable proper placement.
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Cement Additives
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Cement Additives
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Cement Additives
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Remedial Cementing
Remedial cementing is usually done to correct problems
associated with the primary cement job.
The most successful and economical approach to remedial
cementing is to avoid it by:
thoroughly planning, designing, and executing all
drilling, primary cementing, and completion operations.
Remedial cementing needed to restore a wells operation
indicates that primary operational planning and execution
were ineffective resulting in costly repair operations.
Remedial cementing operations consist of

two broad categories:
1. Squeeze Cementing
2. Plug Cementing
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Squeeze Cementing
It is the process by which hydraulic pressure is used to force cement slurry
through holes in the casing and into the annulus and/or the formation.
This jobs are often used to carry out remedial operations during a
workover on the well.
Squeeze Cementing Application

i.
To seal off gas or water producing zones for maximizing oil

production;
ii. To repair casing failures by squeezing cement through leaking joints
or corrosion hole;
iii. To seal off lost circulation zones;
iv. To carry out remedial work on a poor primary cement job;
v. To prevent vertical reservoir fluid migration into producing zones;
vi. To prevent fluids escaping from abandoned zones.
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Squeeze Cementing
Methods
High Pressure Squeeze
This method require the formation to be fractured, which then
allows the cement slurry to be pumped into the fractured zone.
Low Pressure Squeeze

In this method , the fracture gradient of the formation is not
exceeded during squeezing.
Cement slurry is placed against the formation, and when
pressure is applied the fluid content (filtrate) of the cement is
squeezed into the rock, while the solid cement material (filter
cake) builds up on the face of the formation.
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Squeeze Cementing
Testing the Squeeze Job
After the cement has hardened it must be pressure test.
It should include both positive and negative differential pressure.
Positive pressure test can be performed by closing the BOPs and
pressuring up on the casing (Do not exceed formation fracture
gradient).
Negative pressure test (inflow test) can be performed by
reducing the hydrostatic pressure inside the casing.
This can be done using a DST tool.
This test is more meaningful since mud filled perforations
may hold pressure from the casing, but may become
unblocked when pressure from the formation is applied.
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Plug Cementing
A cement plug is designed to fill a length of casing or open hole to
prevent vertical fluid movement.
Cement plugs may be used for:
i. Abandoning depleted zones
ii. Seal off lost circulation zones
iii. Isolating a zone for formation testing
iv. Abandoning an entire well
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Plug Cementing
Techniques for placing cement plug
Balanced plug
This method is aimed to achieve equal level of cement in the
drillpipe and annulus.
Preflush, cement slurry and spacer fluid are pumped
down the drillpipe and displaced with mud.
The displacement continues until the level of cement
inside and outside the drillpipe is the same
(balanced).
If the levels are not the same then a U-tube effect will
take place.
The drillpipe can then be retrieved leaving the plug in
place.
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Plug Cementing
Techniques for placing cement plug
Dump bailer
This is an electrically operated device which
is run on wireline.
A permanent bridge plug is set below the
required plug back depth.
A cement bailer containing the slurry is then
lowered down the well on wireline.
When the bailer reached the bringe plug the
slurry is released and sits on top of the
bridge plug.
Advantages over Balanced Plug
High accuracy of depth control
Reduced risk of contamination of the cement
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Cementing Evaluation
A primary cement job can be considered a failure if the cement does not
isolate undesirable zones
Why ??
The cement does not fill the annulus completely;
The cement does not provide a good seal between the casing and the
borehole;
The cement does not provide a good seal at the casing shoe and a poor
leak off test is achieve.
>>Before these problems are existed, cementing evaluation is performed<<
Temperature survey detecting Top of Cement
Cement Bond Log (CBL) detecting the Quality of cement bond
(between casing and cement)
Variable Density Log (VDL) detecting the Quality of cement bond
(between casing and cement and also between cement and formation)
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Detecting Top of Cement
Temperature survey
Involves running a thermometer inside the casing just
after cement job.
It responds to the heat generated by the cement
hydration can be used to detect the top of cement
Radioactive survey
Radioactive tracers (carnolite) can be added to
the cement slurry before pumped.
A logging tool is rub after the cement job is
completed.
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Measuring quality of cement Bond
Cement Bond Logs (CBL)
This tools become the standard method of evaluating cement jobs,
since they not only detect the top of cement but also indicate how
good the cement bond is.
It is a sonic tool which is rub on wireline.
The distance between transmitter and receiver is about 3 ft.
The logging tool must be centralized in the hole to give accurate results.
Both the time taken for the signal and amplitude to reach the receiver
give an indication of the cement bond.
The sound speed in casing > that formation or mud, then the first
signals received at receiver are casing.
If the applitude is large (strong signal), this indicates that the pipe is
free (poor bond).
When cement is firmly bonded to the casing and the formation, the
signal is attenuated.
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CBL interpretation
GOOD CEMENT
Amplitude low.
Good cement. No
need for squeeze
POOR CEMENT
Amplitude low.
Poor cement.
Squeeze cement
needed
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Measuring quality of cement Bond
Variable Density Logs (VDL)
CBL only provide bond between casing and cement.
VDL can indicate the quality between casing-cement and cement
formation.
A good bond between the casing and cement and cement and
formation is shown by wavy lines to the right of the VDL plot.
The wavy lines correspond to those signal which have passed into
formation.
If bonding is poor the signal will not reach the formation and parallel
line will be recorded all across the VDL plot.
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Example of VDL
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Failure to do so..
>>Be careful with CEMENT<<
Summary
Cement placement
Flow rate control
Density monitoring
Enough slurry volume
Data gathering
Lab verification
Cement job simulation
Hydraulic isolation
Bonding quality
Cement physical properties
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THANK
YOU
34

Well Cementing Techniques & Equipment

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Well Cementing Techniques & Equipment

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2/12/2014

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Single-Stage Cementing Operation

Well design & completion

Multi-Stage Cementing Operation

How its work????

Well design & completion

Inner String Cementing

Well design & completion

Stinger String Operation

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Cementing Equipment Evolution

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

API fluid-loss rate less than 50 mL/30 min is often required

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Classes of Oilwell Cement

Well design & completion

Classes of Oilwell Cement

Well design & completion

Classes of Oilwell Cement

Well design & completion

Classes of Oilwell Cement

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Remedial cementing operations consist of

Well design & completion

Squeeze Cementing Application

To seal off gas or water producing zones for maximizing oil

Well design & completion

Low Pressure Squeeze

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion

Well design & completion