TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
ARCHITECTURE AND DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Assignment no. 1
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN CHANGED

ORDERS

Submitted by:
Jocson, Kriselda D.
AR51FC1

Submitted to:
Ar. Dennis De Villa

Date Submitted:
TUESDAY, February 24, 2014
Assignment 1
1. Identify the activities involve in change order works.
Change order - is work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract,
which alters the original contract amount and/or completion date. A
change order
may fork a new project to handle significant changes to the
current project.
Activities involved in change order works:
1. Identify changes. This requires an effective change management system to build up the
relationships of the requirements, symptoms, malfunctions, and various other aspects of changes. It is
common for a typical change management system to exclude the identification stage and start with the
change evaluation and proposal processes. This is because the initiating role of a change is hard to be
taken automatically by the system, or at the least, a computational system is far less smart or intelligent
than people thought. However, from academic or innovative viewpoint, reaching the intelligence of such
pro-activeness in change management needs a lot of R&D efforts.
2. Evaluate and propose changes. Based on criteria and options, the evaluation module
calculates all possible impacts that an identified change can have on other processes and team members,
in terms of time and cost. Analysis and (if possible) optimization of change options is required for decisionmaking whether to go ahead with any of the change options or to undertake further investigations. This
stage, again, requires heavy efforts in modeling intelligent behaviors involved in the decision-making
processes. The outcome of the evaluation is a proposal change order (PCO) which summarizes the change
itself and the impacts of the change a new updated action plan, cost, schedule, etc.
3. Approve changes. Each identified change needs to go through a formal approval process.
There are a set of predefined approval processes for different types of changes and construction contracts.
Firstly, all the parties involved must agree on the proposed change of work described in the PCO. This is
done through a change review process. Next, the approval of the client is required for the PCO to be
finalized. This may involve decision making on acceptance, improvement, or rejection of changes. An
accepted change modifies the contract while a rejected change may either become a permanently rejected
change, or it might still be enforced in the form of a CCD.
4. Implement changes. The change management process model requires all the parties involved
to keep records of all relevant information on change cases to build a case base for future use. Unlike
previous stages, no major decision is expected during the change implementation stage. An operational
system is needed to make sure that all aspects are updated, all parties are notified, and all activities are
done properly and coordinated well. Everything recorded is linked with each other and to the change cases
as well in order to facilitate the change analysis procedures afterwards.
5. Analyse changes. Change analysis and system performance is reviewed based on the data
collected during the change implementation phase.

The main body of the change order should contain text explaining and detailing:
The description should tell, clearly and concisely, but with as much detail as required, exactly what work
the Contractor is to perform in accomplishing this change. The description should also include the location
of the change work.
Material requirements are the specific requirements for any new or modified materials that may be
required for the change work. This section should include the acceptance criteria for the new material, and
should be written in a manner similar to the Standard Specifications, if the material is not already covered
by the Standard Specifications.
Construction requirements describe any additional or changed requirements in the way the change work
is to be accomplished.
Measurement is a description of exactly how each new non-standard item will be measured for payment.
This may also include a description of what is not included as a part of the item.

Payment describes in detail how compensation for each new standard and non-standard item is to be
paid. All change orders must include a statement addressing time. It is preferred that time be negotiated
and included as a part of the change order. However, if this is not possible, a statement providing for future
determination of time should be included. If time is not affected by the change, a statement that no
adjustment in contract time will be made should be included.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
ARCHITECTURE AND DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Assignment no. 2
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

LOCK-OUT / TAG-OUT PROCEDURE

Submitted by:
Jocson, Kriselda D.
AR51FC1

Submitted to:
Ar. Dennis De Villa

Date Submitted:
TUESDAY, February 24, 2014
Lockout/tagout
Lockout/tagout is an 'umbrella' term that describes a set of safety practices and procedures that are
intended to reduce the risk of workers inadvertently using tools or equipment or materials that have been
determined to be unsafe or potentially unsafe.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
ARCHITECTURE AND DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Assignment no. 3
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ESSAY ON ARBITRATION AND LITIGATION

Submitted by:
Jocson, Kriselda D.
AR51FC1

Submitted to:
Ar. Dennis De Villa

Date Submitted:
TUESDAY, February 24, 2014
Homework no.3
Arbitration and Litigation
ANSWER:
Arbitration is a private, contractual form of dispute resolution. It provides for the
determination of disputes by a third party arbitrator or arbitration panel, selected by the parties to
the dispute. Disputes are resolved on the basis of material facts, documents and relevant principles

of law. The arbitration process is administered by an appointed arbitrator subject to any relevant
contractual rules and subject to the statutory regulatory framework applied by the domestic courts.
There are only limited rights of appeal and legal costs are usually awarded to the successful party.
In terms of construction issues, as I understand the definition of Arbitration and Litigation,
Arbitration is more informal than litigation some of the advantages of going through an Arbitration
process are: (1) Speedier resolution however, there can be exceptions due to multiple parties,
arbitrators, lawyers and litigation strategy, (2) Not a public hearing; there is no public record of the
proceedings. Confidentiality is required of the arbitrator and by agreement the whole dispute and
the resolution of it can be subject to confidentiality imposed on the parties, their experts and
attorneys by so providing in the arbitration agreement. (3) Often, the arbitration process is less
adversarial than litigation which helps to maintain business relationships between the parties, and
(4) The finality of the arbitration award and the fact that normally there is no right of appeal to the
courts to change the award.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
ARCHITECTURE AND DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Assignment no. 4
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

Submitted by:
Jocson, Kriselda D.
AR51FC1

Submitted to:
Ar. Dennis De Villa

Date Submitted:
TUESDAY, February 24, 2014
JOCSON, KRISELDA D.
AR51FC1
Homework #4
Can liquidated damages be imposed on a contract if the cause of delay is due to force majeure?
ANSWER:
Force

majeure

means

the

Standard clause found

in construction and supply contracts,

it exempts the contracting parties from fulfilling their contractual obligations for causes that could not be
anticipated and/or are beyond their control. These causes usually include act of God, act of man, act of
parliament, and other impersonal events or occurrences.

Liquidated damages can be imposed in a contract if the reason of the delay of the project is
beyond the control of the man, Some of the valid examples are due to typhoon, natural disaster,
earthquakes and more. Contracts generally include a provision for the contractor to pay liquidated
damages to the client in the event that the contract is breached. In building contracts, liquidated damages
usually relate to the contractor failing to achieve practical completion (ie completing the works so they can
handover

the

site

to

the

client)

by

the

completion

date

set

out

in

the

contract..