DOZERS

FAILURE TYPES

FACTORS FOR
MACHINE
SELECTION

GENERAL
RELATIONSHIPS

BULLDOZER

WHY DOZERS
ARE USED?
AND USES

WHEELED VS
TRACKED

Structural or mechanical: Machine parts are stressed

beyond capacity.
Stability: Machine becomes imbalanced and overturns.
Machine parts remain operable but machine isnt in the
position to carry out the work.
Nature of activity
Required efficiency
Cost
Site conditions
Equipment productivity
Time available
Availability of skilled labor
Productivity is high, cost of machinery is high
Productivity is high, Unit cost of work to be done is low
Capacity of equipment is high, Productivity is high
A bulldozer is a tractor unit with a blade attached to its
front. The blade is used to push, shear, cut, and roll
material ahead of the tractor.
3 parts blade, ripper, tractor.
Two types: Wheeled, crawler or tracked
Dozers are low centre of gravity machines
The larger the difference between the transmission line
of the force applied by the machine and the
transmission line of the resistive force, the less
effective is the utilization of the developed power.
Uses: Dozing, Land Clearing, Ripping, Towing, Assisting
Scrapers

WHEELED

TRACKED

Works on variety of
soils
Less versatility in
terms of terrain
High return speeds
Better for loose soils
Moderate blade loads
Long work distances

BLADE
FUNCTIONS

BLADE TYPES

FACTORS
AFFECTING
DOZER
PRODUCTIVITY

Works on variety of
soils
More versatility in
terms of terrain
Low return speeds
Better for tight soils
Larger blade loads
Short work distances

Pitching: Movement about horizontal axis, cutting angle

adjustment
Angling: Movement about vertical axis, Side casting
(material rolls off one end of blade)
Tilting: Movement about horizontal axis, concentrate
cutting power to a smaller length of the blade. Used for
sloping.
Universal: Best for lighter soils, used for long distance
work, reduced spillage of material
Angle: Best for side casting, not recommended for
harder soils
Cushion: Used for on-the-go excavation with scrapers,
use recommended for lighter soils and light excavation
Straight: Heavy-duty, used for short to medium
distance work, used primarily for grading and shallow
works
S and U blade: Combination of universal and straight.
Blade type
Tractor type
Soil conditions

Blade load(lcy) = 0.0138(WHL)

Volume (cy) = (0.375)(WHL)/27
DOZER CYCLE

Dozer moves into position to excavate

FACTORS FOR
PRODUCTION
PER CYCLE

WHY LAND
CLEARING IS
NECESSARY
LAND
CLEARING

Dozer digs or scoops soil

Dozer moves excavated soil
Dozer unloads excavated soil
Dozer repositions
Dozer backtracks to excavation site
Visibility
Slope
Transmission
Material
Operator
Blade adjustment
Organic materials decompose in fill, can cause
settlement of fill
Have to be removed
Make material handling difficult
Crawlers with special land clearing blades and rakes are
used
Involves:
o Removal of trees, shrubs, grass and roots
o Only material seen on surface is removed
o Removed vegetation is stacked and burned
Production(acre/hr) = W(ft) x SPEED (mph)
x5280xE/43560
Production min/acre= H [A (B) + MINI + M2N2 + M3N3
+ M4N4 + DF]

RIPPER

Claw like device on back of dozer

Single shank or multiple shank

RIPPER TIP
USAGE

Short high impact conditions

Intermediate moderate impact conditions
Long- Low impact conditions, soft soils

GRADER
DEFINTION

FUNCTIONS

FACILITATES
DOZERS
BLADE
OPERATIONS

A long tractor driven piece of equipment with a blade

mounted underneath it.
It is a multipurpose machine used for finishing and
shaping.
Levelling
Sloping
Side casting
Spreading
Finishing
Grading
General construction
Can progressively cut a ditch of upto 3 ft.
Can make shallow cuts in hard soils where the dozer
can then perform heavier work
Angling
Pitching

SHOVELS

DEFINITION

A machine that is designed to carry out digging above

grade and into the face of the excavation.

 The shovels are usually mounted on a crawler or track to

provide larger traction.
Excavated soil is dumped into trucks.
Shovels are not designed for high mobility and so hauling
distances are minimized.

FACTORS
AFFECTING
PRODUCTIVIT
Y
SELECTION OF
SHOVEL

PROCESS OF
SHOVEL

Operator skill
Material to be excavated
Clean up of loading area
Size of hauling units
Height of cut
Condition of shovel
Type of material to be excavated
Operator skill
Size of hauling units
Use of auxiliary equipment
Swing angle
Height of cut
Excavate
Swing out
Dump
Swing back

P= 3600*Q/t*F*E*(1/(1+swell))

LOADERS
DEFINITION

TYPES

FACTORS
AFFECTING
PRODUCTION
AND
SELECTION
WHEEL
LOADERS VS
TRACK
LOADERS

Versatile piece of machinery

Used for hauling, loading materials, excavation at and
above wheel or track level
Rubber wheels used are thick and provide sufficient
traction and reduce bearing pressure
Can transfer loads from one site to another as it can
move at high speeds (wheeled)
Hydraulically powered lifting equipment exerts a heavy
breakout force as the lifting occurs
Based on running gear:
o Wheel mounted
o Track mounted
Other classifications based on load carrying capacity,
steering mechanisms etc.
Haul distance
Type of material to be excavated/hauled
Volume of material to be hauled
Cycle times
Height of lift required
Machine specifications (load carrying capacity e.g.)
WHEEL
More bearing pressure
Best for work on soils of low
to medium hardness
High mobility
Rubber tires vulnerable to
cuts from cut rock
Can climb 30% grades
Operation limited on steep
side slopes

TRACK
Less bearing pressure
Best for work on soils of
medium to high hardness
Low mobility
Steel tracks are not damaged
by use on cut rock
Can climb 60% grades
Can operate better on steep
side slopes

SKID STEER
LOADERS

PRODUCTION
LOADER AND
EXCAVATOR

Are small in size and very versatile

Can attach a number of tools such as saws, blades,
backhoes, trenchers, rotary brooms etc.
Steer by applying brakes to wheels on one side and
transferring power to wheels on the other side.
P= E*FILL FACTOR*LOAD IN ONE CYCLE/CYCLE TIME
P= E*F*Q/T
CHECK FOR LOAD AGAINST CAPACITY
ROLLERS AND COMPACTORS

DEFINITION
COMPACTION
METHODS

ROLLER TYPES

SHEEP FOOT

SMOOTH
DRUM

PAD DRUM

Equipment designed to compact materials such as soil,

gravel, asphalt and concrete.

Kneading (manipulation)
Static weight (pressure)
Impact (sharp blow)
Vibration (shaking)
Sheep foot or tamping foot
Pneumatic (rubber tired)
Smooth drum Vibratory
Pad drum Vibratory
Grid rollers

Angular or square projections from a drum exert

pressure on soil, kneading
Can be used on fine grained soils but not on granular
non-cohesive soils
Widely used
Best for compacting asphalt pavements and granular
bases
Works on static weight and can incorporate vibration
Vibratory plus kneading
Pads emerge from drums
Lift thickness of 1 to 1.5 ft thick
Work best on cohesive soils

GRID

PNEUMATIC

COMPACTION
WHEELS

VIBRATORY
PLATE
COMPACTORS
RAMMERS

PRODUCTION

Work on granular soils

Work on static weight along with impact and
manipulation
Good for breaking lumps and soft rock
Work on kneading
Rear and front tires cover all
Work on bases, sub bases, pavements
Can work on granular and fine soils
Tire ply, Inflation pressure, tire size, wheel load
determine compaction
Work on all types of soils
Can have tamping or sheepsfoot shape
Attached to an excavator boom
Work in narrow trenches
Self-propelled, gasoline or diesel powered
Compaction of crushed aggregate, concrete and asphalt
Can be walk-behind units or operated through remote
control
Self-propelled, gasoline powered
Compact through impact
Designed to work in small spaces
Production (cubic Yard/hr )= 16.3xWxSxLxE/P
W= width compacted in each pass in feet
S= Compacter speed in mph
L= compacted lift thickness in inches
E= Job Efficiency
P= Number of passes required

Mixer types:
Gravity or freefall:

Reversible drum: Single axes

Tilting drum: Double axes

Power or forced mixers: Paddles move eccentrically or centrically around a shaft or axis
Pan mixers: (vertical shafts)

Planetary: Shafts eccentrically located and are able to rotate

Turbo: Shafts are centrally located and can be fixed or rotary

Even flow: drums and paddles rotary and move in same directions
Counter flow: drums and paddles move in counter directions

Trough Mixers (horizontal):

Paddles or wave shaped arms (arranged in spiral pattern)

Single shaft
Twin shaft

Transit:
Concrete mixed already but kept plastic while being transported to site
or
Concrete mixed during journey to site

Front Discharge
Rear discharge
Articulate truck mixers

PUMPS:
Piston VS Squeeze
High reliability
Low noise operation
High pressure operation
High efficiency

Quiet operation
Low pressure operation
Easier to clean
Variable delivery rate

Pumping systems:
Pump with pipeline mounted on frames, trailers or trucks
Pump mounted on truck boom
Pump mounted on tower boom