AMA SolutionsManual

Solutions Manual for Basic Engineering Mathematics
C. K. Chan, C. W. Chan and K. F. Hung

August 21, 2008
Contents
1 Complex Numbers
2 Linear Algebra
13
3 Infinite series, Power series and Fourier series
41
4 Partial Differentiation
53
5 Multiple Integrals
83
6 Vector Calculus
125
7 Differential Equations
157
8 Laplace and Fourier Transformations
177
191
Partial Differential Equations
Chapter 1
Complex Numbers
22 + 32 = 13.

1
b
a
(2) By definition, =
+i
. Therefore,
z
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
(1) z = 2 3i, |z| =
1
z = (a + ib)
z
a
b
+i 2
2
2
a +b
a + b2
= 1 + 0i = 1.
3+i
3+i 2+i
(6 1) + i(3 + 2)
5 + 5i
=
=
=
= 1 + i.
2
2
2i
2i 2+i
2 +1
5

24 3 + 8+ 3 i
2 + 3i 1 + 4i
2 + 3i
=
==
(b)
1 4i
1 4i
1 + 4i
17

1+ 3 i
1
1i
1i
1 3i
=

=
(c)
4
1 + 3i
1 + 3i 1 3i
(3) (a)
z ) = (a ib) = a + ib = z. Since (z + w) =
(4) Let z = a + ib and w = c + id. We have (
(a + c) + i(b + d) = a+ci(b+d) and z + w
= (aib)+(cid), we have (z + w) = z + w.
Moreover, observe that

z w = (ac bd) + i(ad + bc) = (ac bd) i(ad + bc)
and
z w
= (a ib)(c id) = (ac bd) + i(bc ad).
Finally, the last result follows from the identity
We thus conclude that z w = z w.
|z w|2 = (z w)(z w) = z w z w
= z z ww
= |z|2 |w|2 .
(5) If z = a + ib, then z + z = (a + ib) + (a ib) = 2a = 2 Re z and z z = (a + ib) (a ib) =
1
CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

2ib = 2i Im z. Since |Re z|2 = a2 a2 + b2 = |z|2 , we may take square root to obtain
|Re z| |z|.
z + w)
= z z+w w+w
z+z w
= |z|2 +|w|2 +w z+w z =
(6) |z + w|2 = (z+w)(z + w) = (z+w)(
|z|2 + |w|2 + 2 Re(w z). Since the earlier results together imply Re(w z) |Re(w z)|
|w z| = |w| |
z | = |w| |z|, we obtain
|z + w|2 |z|2 + |w|2 + 2 |z| |w| = (|z| + |w|)2 .

The triangle inequality thus follows from taking square root of the above inequality.
q

2
1
(7) (a) Distance between 21 , 1 and the center =
+ (1 1)2 = 21
2 0
Thus,
1
2
+ i lies inside the circle.

q

(b) Distance between 1, 2i and the center = (1 0)2 +
i
2
lies outside the circle.

r

2
1
(c) Distance between 2 , 2 i and the center =
Thus, 1 +
Thus,
1
2
1
2
2
2 i
1
2
2
1 =
5
2
>1
2
2
0 + 22 1 = 0.57947
lies inside the circle.

q

2
2
(d) Distance between 12 , 3i and the center =
3 1 = 0.88651
21 0 +
Thus, 12 + 3i lies inside the circle.

(8) For z = cos + i sin , we have z z = cos2 + sin2 = 1. Therefore,
1
1
= z = cos i sin . Therefore, z + = z + z = 2 cos . Furthermore, DeMoivres
z
z
1
2
z )2 = 2 cos 2.
Theorem implies z = cos 2 + i sin 2 and therefore z 2 + 2 = z 2 + (
z
(9) (a) (3 + 4i)2 2(x iy) = x + iy 7 + 24i = 3x iy. Therefore, x = 73 and y = 24.

x iy
1
1+i 2
= 2
. Therefore,
= 1 and
(b) Note that
1i
x + iy
x + y2

1+i
1i
2
1
+
= 1 + i 1 +
x + iy
x
2
x + y2
y
2
x + y2
= 1 + i.
y
x
= 2 and 2
= 1. Solving these equations and
x2 + y 2
x + y2
noting that x and y can not be both equal to zero, we conclude that x = 52 and
Therefore, we have
y = 51 .
(c) (3 2i)(x + iy) = 2(x 2iy) + 2i 1 x + 2y = 1 and 2x + 7y = 2. Solving

these equations, one obtains x = 1 and y = 0.
2

(10) Since

7
3 + i = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 and 1 i = 2 cos 7
4 + i sin 4 , we conclude that
( 3 + i)4
(1 i)3

4
24 cos 4
6 + i sin 6
= 3

21
2
cos 21
+
i
sin
4
4

55
55
7
7
i sin
i sin
= 4 2 cos
.
= 4 2 cos
12
12
12
12
1 i 3
4
= cos 4
(11) (a) Since
3 + i sin 3 , one concludes from DeMoivres Theorem that
2
!3

4 3
12
4
12
1 i 3
+ i sin
+ i sin
= 1.
= cos
= cos
2
3
3
3
3
(b)
11
3 i = 2 cos 11
6 + i sin 6

1 + i = 2 cos 4 + i sin 4
4
3 i (1 + i)10

11 4 h
i10
11
2 cos + i sin
+ i sin
= 2 cos
6
6
4
4

11
11
9
= 2 cos 4
+ 10
+ 10
+ i sin 4
6
4
6
4

59
59
11
11
= 29 cos
+ i sin
+ i sin
= 29 cos
6
6
6
6
= 256 3 256i
5
3i = 2 cos 5
3 + i sin 3

1 + 3i = 2 cos 3 + i sin 3
(c) 1
1
=
=
=
=
4
8
3i
1 + 3i

5 4 h
i8
5
2 cos + i sin
+ i sin
2 cos
3
3
3
3

5
5
12
2
cos 4
+8
+8
+ i sin 4
3
3
3
3

28
28
4
4
12
12
2
cos
+ i sin
+ i sin
=2
cos
3
3
3
3
2048 2048 3i

(12) Since 32 = 32 (cos + i sin ) and 8i = 8 cos 2 + i sin 2 , the 5th roots of 32 are given
3

by

2k + 1
2k + 1
) + i sin(
) , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4;
zk = 2 cos(
5
5
while the cubic roots of 8i are given by

4k + 1
4k + 1
zk = 2 cos(
) + i sin(
) , k = 0, 1, 2.
6
6
(13) (a)

(b)
1/4
8 + 8 3i
"
!#1/4
3
1
i
= 16 +
2
2

1/4
2
2
=
16 cos 2k +
+ i sin 2k +
3
3

k
k
= 2 cos
+
+
+ i sin
, where k = 0, 1, 2 and 3
2
6
2
6

z0 = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 = 3 + i

2
+
i
sin
=
1
+
3i
z1 = 2 cos 2
3
3

7
7
z2 = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 = 3 i

5
z3 = 2 cos 5
3 + i sin 3 = 1 3i

1/6
32 + 32 3i
"
!#1/6
3
1
i
= 64 +
2
2

1/6
2
2
=
64 cos 2k +
+ i sin 2k +
3
3

k
k
= 2 cos
+
+
+ i sin
, where k = 0, 1, ..., 5
3
9
3
9

z0 = 2 cos 9 + i sin 9 = 1.8794 + 0.68404i

4
z1 = 2 cos 4
9 + i sin 9 = 0.34730 + 1.9696i

7
z2 = 2 cos 7
9 + i sin 9 = 1.5321 + 1.2856i

10
z3 = 2 cos 10
= 1.8794 0.68404i
9 + i sin 9

13
= 0.34730 1.9696i
z4 = 2 cos 13
9 + i sin 9
4

16
= 1.5321 1.2856i
z5 = 2 cos 16
9 + i sin 9
(14) If z = x + iy, then
z z
(
z )2
z
=
=
.
z
z z
|z|2
z
If z 0 along the real axis, one has z = x + i0 and therefore 1. On the other hand,
z
z
if z 0 along the imaginary axis, then z = 0 + iy and 1. We thus conclude that
z
z
z0
z
lim does not exist. When z0 6= 0, lim = .
zz0 z
z0 z
z0
(15) (a) From DeMoivres theorem, we have
(cos x + i sin x)5 = cos 5x + i sin 5x.
On the other hand, by binomial theorem, we also have
5
(cos x + i sin x) =
5
X
5
k=0
cosk x (i sin x)5k
Therefore, comparing the real and imaginary parts yields

cos 5x = cos5 x 10 cos3 x sin2 x + 5 cos x sin4 x,
sin 5x = sin5 x 10 cos2 x sin3 x + 5 cos4 x sin x
(b)
cos x cos 5x = cos6 x 10 cos4 x sin2 x + 5 cos2 x sin4 x
sin x sin 5x = sin6 x 10 cos2 x sin4 x + 5 cos4 x sin2 x
Adding these equations yields

cos x cos 5x + sin x sin 5x = sin6 x + cos6 x 5(cos2 x sin4 x + cos4 x sin2 x)
cos 4x = sin6 x + cos6 x 5 cos2 x sin2 x
Therefore,
sin6 x + cos6 x = cos 4x + 5 sin2 x cos2 x = cos 4x +
5
5
sin2 2x
4

Since cos 4x = 1 2 sin2 2x, we have
3
5
3 cos 4x + 5
5
sin6 x + cos6 x = cos 4x + (1 cos 4x) = cos 4x + =
8
8
8
8
(16) Using the identity
z
z2
= 2 for any non-zero complex no. z, we have
z
|z|
1 + sin x + i cos x
1 + sin x i cos x
(1 + sin x + i cos x)2

|1 + sin x + i cos x|2
(1 + sin x)2 cos2 x + 2i cos x(1 + sin x)

(1 + sin x)2 + cos2 x

1 + 2 sin x + sin2 x cos2 x + 2i cos x(1 + sin x)
2 (1 + sin x)
sin x + i cos x
cos( x) + i sin( x)
2
2
i( 2 x)
e
.
=
=
=
=
=
DeMoivres Theorem now gives

1 + sin x + i cos x
1 + sin x i cos x
n
ei( 2 x)
in
= ein( 2 x)
= cos n( x) + i sin n( x).

2
2
(17) If the given number is a + bi, we are looking for a number x + yi such that
(x + yi)2 = a + bi.
This is equivalent to the system of equations
x2 y 2 = a
and
2xy = b.
From these equations we obtain

(x2 + y 2 )2 = (x2 y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2 = a2 + b2 .
Hence we must have
x2 + y 2 =
6
a2 + b2 ,

where the square root is positive or zero. Together with the equation x2 y 2 = a we find
a+
x =
a2 + b2
2
and
y =
a +
a2 + b2
.
2
These equation yield, in general, two opposite value for x and two for y. But these values
cannot be combined arbitrarily, for the equation 2xy = b is not a consequence of these
equation. We must therefore be careful to select x and y so that their product has the
sign of b. This leads to the general equation
where r =
a + bi =
!
r
r+a
ra
+ i(sgn b)
2
2
a2 + b2 .
(18) (a) Let w = z 2 . Then the given equation becomes w2 2w + 4 = 0. The quadratic
formula implies
z =w=
Case z 2 = 1 +
3i:
z=
4 16
= 1 3i.
2

In polar form, 1 + 3i = 2 cos 3 + i sin 3 . Therefore,
2

3 + 2k
3 + 2k
2 cos
+ i sin
,
2
2
k = 0, 1.
Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 2 and sgn b = 1 implies

r
z=
3i:
z=
Case z 2 = 1
!
r
r
r !
2+1
21
3
1
=
.
+i
+i
2
2
2
2
In polar form, 1

2 cos
3 + 2k
2
3i = 2 cos
3 + i sin 3 . Therefore,
+ i sin
3 + 2k
2

k = 0, 1.

z=
!
r
r !
r
2+1
21
3
1
=
.
i
i
2
2
2
2
(b) Let w = z 3 . Then the equation becomes w2 + 2w + 2 = 0. Solving the equation

yields
3
z =w=
48
= 1 i.

Case z 3 = 1 + i:
In polar form, 1 + i =
1/6
z=2
Case z 3 = 1 i:
1/6
z=2
3
4
cos
+ 2k
3
+ i sin
In polar form, 1 i =
!
3
4 + 2k
3
cos
+ i sin

3
2 cos 3
3
4
+ 2k
3
!!
k = 0, 1, 2.

3
. Therefore,
2 cos 3
4 + i sin 4
3
4 + 2k
3
!!
k = 0, 1, 2.
(c) Let w = z 2 . Then the given equation becomes w2 + 4w + 16 = 0. The quadratic

formula implies
2
z =w=
Case z 2 = 2 + 2 3i:
16 64
= 2 2 3i.
2

2
In polar form, 1 + 3i = 4 cos 2
4
2
3
z = 2 cos
+ 2k
2
+ i sin
2
3
+ 2k
2
!!
k = 0, 1.

z=
Case z 2 = 2 2 3i:
fore,
z = 2 cos
!
r

42
4+2
+i
= 1+i 3 .
2
2

2
. ThereIn polar form, 2 2 3i = 4 cos 2
3 + i sin 3
2
3 + 2k
2
+ i sin
2
3 + 2k
2
!!
k = 0, 1.

z=
!
r

42
4+2
= 1i 3 .
i
2
2
(d) z 4 = 1 = cos + i sin . Therefore,

z = cos
+ 2k
4
+ i sin
(19) (a) ei 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2 = i

8
+ 2k
4
k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

(b) 4ei 2 = 4 cos 2 + i sin 2 = 4i

(c) 8ei
7
3
(d) 2ei
(e) 6ei

7
= 8 cos 7
3 + i sin 3 = 4 + 4 3i
3
4
2
3

3
= 2 2i
= 2 cos 3
4 + i sin 4
ei = 6ei
(f) ei 4 ei = ei
5
3
3
4

5
= 6 cos 5
3 + i sin 3 = 3 3 3i

2
3
+
i
sin
= cos 3
4
4
2
2
2 i
(20) Let z = x + iy and define ez = ex (cos y + i sin y).
(a) If z = x + 0i, ez = ex (cos 0 + i sin 0) = ex

q

(b) |ez | = (ex cos y)2 + (ex sin y)2 = ex . In particular eiy = e0 = 1.
(c) ez1 +z2 = e(x1 +x2 )+i(y1 +y2 ) = ex1 +x2 (cos (y1 + y2 ) + i sin (y1 + y2 )) = ez1 ez2 .
(d) |ez | = ex 6= 0 for any z C. Therefore, ez 6= 0. Furthermore,

1
1
= x
= ex (cos y i sin y) = ex+i(y) = ez .
z
e
e (cos y + i sin y)
(e) Repeat application of (c) and (d), or by induction, yields enz = (ez )n for any integer
n.
(f)
d
d
d iwt
e =
cos wt + i sin wt = w sin wt + iw cos wt = iw (cos wt + i sin wt)
dt
dt
dt
= iweiwt .
(21) Since ei2kt = cos (2kt) + i sin (2kt), the cosine function is an even function and the
sine function is an odd function, we have
n
X
k=n
ei2kt =
n
X
cos (2kt) + i
n
X
sin (2kt) = 1 + 2
k=1
k=n
k=n
Recall that
1 + z + z2 + + zn =
9
n
X
1 z n+1
.
1z
cos (2kt)

Then
1+
n
X
k=1
k

n+1
1 ei(n+1)
1 ei
=
=
1 (ei )
1 (ei )
1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)
1 cos i sin
1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)
=
(1 cos )2 + sin2
[1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)] [1 cos i sin ]
=
2(1 cos )
Comparing the real part of this equation yields

1 + cos + cos 2 + + cos n =
(1 cos(n + 1))(1 cos ) + sin(n + 1) sin

.
4 sin2 (/2)
Simplifying the right hand side of the equation, we have

(1 cos(n + 1))(1 cos ) + sin(n + 1) sin
4 sin2 (/2)
(1 cos(n + 1))(2 sin2 (/2)) + sin(n + 1)(2 sin(/2) cos(/2))
=
4 sin2 (/2)
2 sin2 (/2) 2 sin(/2)[cos(n + 1) sin(/2) sin(n + 1) cos(/2)]
=
4 sin2 (/2)
1 sin[(2n + 1)/2]
= +
2
2 sin(/2)
Hence
n
X
k=1
1 sin[(2n + 1)/2]
cos (k) = +
.
2
2 sin(/2)
Finally, by letting = 2t, we have

n
X
k=n
i2kt
=1+2
n
X
k=1

sin[(2n + 1)t]
1 sin[(2n + 1)t]
.
=
cos (2kt) = 1 + 2 +
2
2 sin t
sin t

Integrating this result yields

Z
1
0
sin[(2n + 1)t]
dt =
sin t
1
0
"
1+2
n
X
cos (2kt) dt = 1 + 2
k=1
n Z
X
k=1
cos (2kt) dt = 1.
0
(22) Suppose w is a root of the polynomial P (z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + + an z n , i.e., P (w) = 0.

10

Then
P (w) = a0 + a1 w + a2 w2 + + an wn = a0 + a1 w + a2 w2 + + an wn
= a0 + a1 w + a2 w2 + + an wn = P (w) = 0.
(23) Let z = x + yi, then

z 3

z + 3 = 2
= |z 3| = 2 |z + 3|
= |(x 3) + yi| = 2 |(x + 3) + yi|

q
q
(x 3)2 + y 2 = 2 (x + 3)2 + y 2
=
h
i
= (x 3)2 + y 2 = 4 (x + 3)2 + y 2
= x2 + 10x + y 2 + 9 = 0
= (x + 5)2 + y 2 = 16
(24) Let z = x + yi, then
|z + 3| + |z 3| = 10
= |(x + 3) + yi| + |(x 3) + yi| = 10
q
q
=
(x + 3)2 + y 2 + (x 3)2 + y 2 = 10
q
q
= (x + 3)2 + y 2 + 2 (x + 3)2 + y 2 (x 3)2 + y 2 + (x 3)2 + y 2 = 100
h
ih
i
2
= (x + 3)2 + y 2 (x 3)2 + y 2 = 41 x2 y 2
= 64x2 + 100y 2 = 1600
x2
y2
=
+
=1
25 16
(25) If z = a + bi and |z| = 1, then a2 + b2 = 1.

w =
=
=
(a + bi) 1
(a 1) + bi
(a 1) + bi (a + 1) bi
z1
=
=
=
z+1
(a + bi) + 1
(a + 1) + bi
(a + 1) + bi (a + 1) bi

2
2
2
a + b 1 + 2bi
(a 1) (a + 1) + b + 2bi
=
2
(a + 1) + b2
(a + 1)2 + b2
2bi
(1) 1 + 2bi
=
2
2
(a + 1) + b
(a + 1)2 + b2
Therefore, w is a purely imaginary number.
11
Chapter 2
Linear Algebra
0 1 2
(1) (a) A =
1 0 1
2 1
0
1 12 31
2
(b) A =
2 1 3
3 32 1
0 1 2
1
1
(c) A =
0
2
2
1
2
0
3
3
e e2 e3
2
4
6
(d) A =
e e e
e3 e6 e9
(2) The entry at the i-th row and the j-th column of BT AT is given by the product of i-th
iT
i
h
h
which
row of BT = b1i b2i bni and the j-th column of AT = aj1 aj2 ajn
P
is equal to
bki ajk . On the other hand, the entry at the i-th row and the j-th column
of (AB)T is the same as the the entry at the j-th row and i-th column of AB, and is
P
therefore given by
ajk bki .
T
T
If A1 exists, the above result AT A1 = A1 A = IT = I.
(3) (a)
BT
h
T i1 T
1 T iT
T h T 1 iT T
A
A A
A AT A
A
= AT
A = A AT A

1 T
= A AT A
A =B
13
CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA

(b)
1 T i2 h
1 T i h
1 T i
A AT A
A
= A AT A
A
A AT A
A

1 T
1
1 T
A =B
A = A AT A
= A AT A
AT A AT A
B2 =
(4) (a) Let A =
(b)
(c)
(5) (a)
(b)
(c)
"
#
1 0
"
#
1 1
and B =
.
1 1
0 1
"
# "
#!2 "
#
1 0
1 1
5 4
2
(A + B) =
+
=
1 1
0 1
4 5
"
#2
"
#"
# "
#2 "
#
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
4
4
A2 + 2AB + B2 =
+2
+
=
1 1
1 1 0 1
0 1
4 6
"
#
"
#
1 0
1 1
Let A =
and B =
.
1 1
0 1
"
# "
#! "
# "
#! "
#
1 0
1 1
1 0
1 1
1 2
(A + B) (A B) =
+
=
1 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
2 1
"
#2 "
#2 "
#
1 0
1 1
0 2
A 2 B2 =
=
1 1
0 1
2 0
#
"
0 1
6= 0.
Let C =
0 0
"
#"
# "
#
0 1 0 1
0 0
2
C =
=
0 0 0 0
0 0
2 6 4 10
1 3 4 7
4 1
r3
3 2
4 1
3 2
r1
1 3 4 7
2 6 4 10
1 3 4 7
1 3
4
7
4 1
3 2
1 + r2 r2 0 13 13 26
4r
2 6 4 10
2 6
4 10
1 3
4
7
1 3
4
7
0 13 13 26 1 r3 r3 0 13 13 26
2
1 3
2
5
2 6
4 10
2x1 x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 1 (1)
x2 2x3 + 3x4 = 2 (2)

(6)
4x3 + 3x4 = 3 (3)
4x4 = 4 (4)
14

From (4), x4 = 1.
From (3), 4x3 + 3 (1) = 3 = x3 = 0.
From (2), x2 2 (0) + 3 (1) = 2 = x2 = 1.
From (1), 2x1 (1) + 3 (0) 2 (1) = 1 = x1 = 1.
(7)
3
2
1 2
1
3
1 3 1
1 + r2 r2 0 7 6 10 2r1 + r3 r3
3r
3
1
4
2 3
1
4
2
1
3
1 2
1
3
r3
7 6 10
0 1 1 2
2 + r3 r3
r2
7r
1 1 2
0 7 6 10
1 2 1 3
2
1
3
1 1 2
2 r2 0 1 1 2 r3 + r2 r2
r
0 0 1 4
0
1
4
2 1 3
1 2 0 1
1 0 2
3 + r1 r1 0 1 0 2 2r2 + r1 r1
r
0 1 4
0 0 1 4

0 0 3
x
3
1

1 0 2
= x = x2 = 2
0 1 4
x3
4
2
(8)
0 1 2
1 0 1
0 1
0 0 0
0 2 4
0 0
1
1
1 1 1
1
0 0
0 0 0
0
2
4
2
= R.
0
Therefore,(the augmented matrix [A |0 ] of Ax = 0 is reduced to [R |0 ]. Rx = 0 is of

x1
x3 = 0
the form
, giving x1 = x3 and x2 = 2x3 . Therefore, we have
x2 + 2x3 = 0
h
iT
where t is an arbitrary scalar as the solution.
x = t 2t t
(9) (a) With A =

2
8
and b = 3 , we may reduce the augmented matrix
1 12 11
1
1
15

of Ax = b as follows:
1 2
[A |b ] = 2
1

1 1

8 3

1 12 11 1
We thus have
x1
2x2

1 1

0
5
6 1

0 10 12 2
+ x3
=1
, giving x2 =
x2
+ 65 x3 = 51
Putting
x2 =51 65 tand x1 = 1 + 2
x3 = t, one obtains
3 2
2
4
and b = 5 ,
A=
2
1
3
1 10
18
[A |b ] =
2
65 x3 and x1 = 1 + 2x2 x3 .

65 t t =
7
5
17
5 t. (b)
1 10
1 10
1
0
0
0

2 4
0 28 52 28
0 28 52 28

3 5
1 13
0 21 39 21 0
7 1

1 10 18 8
18 8
1 10 18 8

1 0 74 2
18 8

0 1 13 1 .
13
7 1
7

0 0
0 0
0 0
2 + 74 t 1 +
13
7 t
1 1 p
iT
, where t is an arbitrary scalar.
(c) In this problem, A =

1 p 1 , b = p .
p 1 1
p2

1 1 p 1

[A |b ] =
1 p 1 p

p 1 1 p2
1 1
0 p1
There are 3 cases:
With
We thus obtain x =
1
5
1
5

1 2 1 1

0 1 6 1 .
5 5

0 0 0 0
0 p1 1p p1

0 1 p 1 p2 p2 p

p
1

p 1 .
1p

2

(1 p)(p + 2) p 1
16

1 1 1 1

(i) If p = 1, the above augmented matrix is reduced to
0 0 0 0 . Hence the sys
0 0 0 0
tem of linear equations is reduced to one single equation x1 + x2 + x3 = 1. Thus
h
iT
, where t and s are arbitrary scalars.
x= 1st s t

1 1 2 1
(ii) If p = 2, the augmented matrix becomes

0 3 3 3 . Hence the correspond
0 0 0 3
ing system of linear equations is inconsistent.
(iii) For p 6= 1, p 6= 2, the augmented matrix may be reduced to

1 1 p

0 1 1

0 0 1
1
1
1p
2+p
We conclude that the corresponding linear system has one and only one solution given by
x=
1 1
(10) (a) 2 2
0
0
1
1
1 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 2
0 0 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 3
2 5
1 3
0 2
1 1
1 3
0 1
0 2
0 0
(1+p)2
2+p
1
2+p
1+p
2+p
1 1
r1 + r5 r5 0
3 1 2r1 + r3 r3 0
0
3 3
r
+
r
r
1
2
2
0
4 4
1
1 1
3
r + r r 0 0
2
4
4
0 0
3
2r2 + r3 r3
3
0 0
0
0 0
1
1 1 1
0 0 1
3
3 2r3 + r4 r4 0 0 0

0 0 0
0
0
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0
iT
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 2 0
0 2 2 5 3 r2 r5

0 1 1 3 3
0 1 1 3 3
1 1 1
1
1 1 3
3
r r
5
4
0 0 1 3
r3 r3
0 0 0
0

0 0 2
0
1 1 1
1 3 3
0 1 3
0 0 6
0 0 0
(b) The system of linear equations is inconsistent. If it is consistent, then there are
three non-zero equations with five variables. Therefore, the system has infinitely
many solutions.
17
0
1 1
3 0
2r1 + r5 r5
51 r5 r5
1 2 0 0
0 3 3 0
r + r r
1 r r
4
4
1
4
4
(11) 2 3 1 0
0 5
5 0 13
2r1 + r3 r3
5 r3 r3
1 2
0 0
3 0
r + r r 0 3
1 r r
1
2
2
2
2
2 3 1 0 0 5 5 0 3
1 0
1 1 3 0
1 1 3 0
0 1
0 1 1 0 r2 + r5 r5 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 r2 + r4 r4 0 0 0 0 r2 + r1 r1 0 0

0 0
0 1 1 0 r + r r 0 0 0 0
2
3
3
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
(
x1 + 2x3 = 0 (1)
The reduced system of equations is :
x2 + x3 = 0 (2)
1
2 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Let x3 = t, then from (2), x2 = x3 = t.

From (1), x1 = 2x3 = 2t.

x1
2t

Therefore, x =
x2 = t .
x3
(12) 2
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
r1 + r3 r3
0
(a 1) r2 + r3 r3
3 a 3
1
a
+
2
1
2r + r r

1
2
2
a 3 2 0 a 1
4
1
1
1
1
1
a+2
1
0 (a + 3) (a 2) (a 2)
(a) If
(a + 3) (a 2) = 0
(a 2) = 0
tion. Therefore, a = 2.
, then the system is consistent with infinitely many solu-
(b) If (a + 3) (a 2) 6= 0, then the system is consistent with one and only one solution.
Therefore, a 6= 2 or a 6= 3.
(
(a + 3) (a 2) = 0
(c) If
, then the system is inconsistent. Therefore, a = 3.
(a 2) 6= 0
1 1
1
2
1 1
1
2
2r1 + r3 r3
1
(13)
4
4a 4 4
4 r2 r2
3 1 4a 1 2 3r + r r 0
1
2
2
2 a
a + 1 2 0 a + 2 a 1 2
18
1 1
1
2
1 1
1
2
0
(a + 2) r2 + r3 r3
1
a 1 1
0 1
a1
1
0 a + 2 a 1 2
0 0 (a + 1) (a 1) a
(a) If
(a + 1) (a 1) = 0
, then the system is consistent with infinitely many soa=0

lutions. However, the above system has no solution. Therefore, the system is not
possible to have infinitely mant solutions.
(b) If (a + 1) (a 1) 6= 0, then the system is consistent with one and only one solution.
Therefore, a 6= 1 or a 6= 1.
(
(a + 1) (a 1) = 0
(c) If
, then the system is inconsistent. Therefore, a = 1 or
a 6= 0
a = 1.

1 b1
(14) The augmented matrix

a 1 a b2 may be reduced to

a2
1 a b3

b1

0 a1

0
b2 + ab1

2
0 1 a a(a 1) b3 a2 b1
(*)

b1
1 1 1

b2 +ab1
, which implies consis
(a) If a 6= 0, 1, (*) is reduced to
0
1
0

a1
b3 +(a+1)b2 +ab1
0 0 1
a(a1)
tency of the linear system. On the other hand, if the system is consistent for any
b1 , b2 and b3 , then it follows from (*) that a 6= 0, 1.

1 1 1 b1
(b) If a = 0, (*) becomes

0 1 0 b3 . It thus follows that the system is

0 0 0 b2 + b3
consistent if and only if b2 + b3 = 0.

1 1 1 0

(c) If a = 1 and b = 0, (*) becomes
0 0 0 0 . As such, we have one single

0 0 0 0
h
iT
.
equation x1 + x2 x3 = 0, and x = s t t s
19

(15)
[A |b ] =
5
3 16 11
1 3 2
0 1 75
0 0
0

1 3
5 b1
12 b2
0 7

0 7
28 b3

5
b1

5b1 b2
13
7
7

0 b3 + b2 8b1

5
b1

5 13 b2 5b1

5 13 b3 3b1
Therefore, the system is consistent if and only if b3 + b2 8b1 = 0. When b = [1 4 4]T ,

the system is reduced to one with 2 linear equations in 4 unknowns:
x1
Therefore, solutions are x =
+3x2
2x3
+5x4
x2
75 x3
+ 13
7 x4
7t
4s
7
4
7
5t
7
=1
.
13s
7
=
1
7
1
7
t s
iT
(16)

1 1 1 3

++ ++ ++ 3

1 1 1
3

0 0 0 3 3( + + )

3
1
1
1

0
1
3
.

0
1 3

3 3( + + )
0
0
0
Therefore, if ++ 6= 1, then the system is inconsistent . Assume now that ++ = 1.

20

The augmented matrix now takes the form

3

0 1 3

0 1 3

0
0
0 0
Case (i) If = = = 13 , then the system is reduced to a single equation x1 +x2 +x3 = 3.
Therefore, it has infinitely many solutions.
Case (ii) If = 6= , then the above matrix may be reduced to

1 1 1

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0
3
13
13
In this case, the system has one and only one solution.
Similar, we have the same
conclusion if = 6= or if = 6= .
Case (iii) If , and are all distinct, then

3

0 1 3

0 1 3

0
0
0
0
where =
Since =
solution.
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0
3
13
(1 3)( )
2 + 2 + 2
and = 1 3 +
.
( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
6= 0, the system of linear equations has a unique
2( )
21

(17) (a)

1 a b
b 1 0 0

0 2 c 0 1 0 0 1 c

2

0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1

1 a b 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 21 2c

0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 a2 b ac
2

c
0 1
0
1
0

2
2

1
0 0 1 0 0
1 a
1 a
Therefore,
c
0 2
0 0 1
1 a2
=
0
0
1
2

1 a
1
0
0

0 1 0 0 1
2

0 0 1
0 0

1 a 0 1 0 b

0 1 0 0 12 2c

0 0 1 0 0 1
ac
2
c
2

b 1 0 0

c
1
0
2 0 2

1 0 0 1
(b)

2 1 0 0
0 10 10 1 3 0
1 3 4 0 1 0 1 3 4 0 1 0

4 0 5 0 0 1
0 12 11 0 4 1

1
1 3
3
0
0 1 1 10
0 1 1 10 10 0
10

0 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1
3
4
10 10

4
0 0 1 12
1
0 12 11 0 4 1
10 10

15
11 7
5
1 0 0 10 10
1
0 1 0 10 10 1

5
7
15
11

1 0 0 10 10 1 0 1 0 10 10 1

4
4
1
0 0 1 12
0 0 1 12
10
10 1
10
10
3 1
22

(c)

2 3 1 1

1 2 1 0

6 9 4 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0

0 1 1
1 2 1

0 3 2
1
1 2 0
0
2 3 0 1
0 0
1 2 0
0 1 0
0 6 1

1 0 2 2 1

0 0 1 3 1

0 0 1 3 0 1
0

1 3 0 1

0 1 3 1

0 2 2 1
.

1 3 0 1
(18) Let = .
Case (1) If 6= 0, a simple calcultion shows that

"
"
"
1
0
If 6= 0, then the last matrix may be reduced to I by two more elementary row operations,
which implies "
that A is
# nonsingular. If = 0, then the reduced row echelon form of A
1
is of the form
, meaning that A is singular.
0 0
Case (2) Suppose = 0. When 6= 0, then both and are non-zero so that
A=
"
"
If = 0, then either = 0 or = 0.
"
"
Hence either A =
Therefore, A is singular in both cases.

23
"
0 1
0
0
I.
or A =
"
0 0


(19)

1 1 1 1 0 0

1 2 4 1 1 0

1 3 9 0 0 1

1 1 1 1
1
2
0
1
3

0 2 8 1

1 1 1 1

1
4
0
1
3

0 0 1 12

1 1 0 21
5
6
0
1
0
2

0 0 1 12

1 1 1 1 0 0

1
0 1 3 1 1 0

1 3 9 0 0 1

0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
3

1 0 0 1 3 1 1 0

0 1
0 0 2 1 2 1

0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0

5
0 1 0 5 4 3
1 0
2
2

0 0 1 12 1 12
1 21

1 12
1 0 0 3 3 1
7

0 1 0 5 4 3 .
4 32
2
2

1 12
0 0 1 12 1 12
For 1 j 7, let Ej be the elementary matrix obtained by applying j to I.

Fj =
E1
j .
Since E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 A = I, we conclude that
A1
= E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 .
Therefore,
A = (E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 )1 = F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 .
All Fj can be written down easily. For example,
0 0
F1 =
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 0
(20) (a) 2r1 + r2 r2 : E1 =

2 1 0
0 0 1
1
1 0 0
r2 + r3 r3 : E2 =
0
1
0
0 1 1
1 0 0
r3 r3 : E3 =
0 1 0
0 0 1
24
1 0 0
=
1 1 0 .
0 0 1
Let
1 2 1
(b)
0 1 2 = E3 E2 E1 A
0 0 1
1
1 2 1
1
1 1 1 1
=
0 1 2 = (E3 E2 E1 A) = A E1 E2 E3
0 0 1
1 2 1
E3 E2 E1 = A1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E2 E1 = A1
=
0
1
2
1
2
3
0 0 1
A1
1 2 3
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0
=
0
1
2
0 0
1
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1
11 5 3
=
6
3
2

1

0
(21) det(A) =
0

13
(22) (a)
1 1

4 1

4 8 12 0
=
8 16 24 0

14 15 16 13
2
1 2

4

4 8 12
= 0.
0 0
0

14 15 16
2
1
2
1
2
1 = 5 2 1 1 = 6 .
i. x =
3
8
11
7
3
1 5 7
1
1
1
4
2
2

1 1 3
1 2 3
1 2 3

ii. = 3 8 11 = 2, 1 = 1 8 11 = 2, 2 = 3 1 11 = 12,

1 1 7
1 5 7
1 5 7

1 2 1

3 = 3 8 1 = 8.

1 5 1
2
3
1
= 1, x2 =
= 6, x3 =
= 4.
Therefore, x1 =
25
(b)
0
1
1 1
1 0 1 0
0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1
1
i. A =
= 1 1 1 1
0
0
1
1
1 1
2 1
0 1 1 1

x1
0
1
1 1 1
2

x2
0

0 1 1
1
1 1
x =
x = A b = 1 1 1 1 1 = 1
3

x4
1 1
2 1 0
2

1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0

ii. det A =
= 1, det A1 = 1 0 1 1 = 2,
0
0
1
1

0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0

= 1, det A3 =
det A2 =
0 0 1 1 = 1,

0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1
= 2
det A4 =

0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0
A2
2
1
Therefore, x1 = A
A = 1 = 2, x2 = A = 1, x3 =
x4 =
(c)
A4
A
= 2.
1 1 1 1
1 1
1
0
1 1 0 0
1
0 1 0
1
i. A =
= 2 1 1 1
1
0
1
1
0 1 0 1
1 0
1
1

1
x1
1 1
1
0
1

x2
1

0 1 0
1
1 0
x =
x = A b = 2 1 1 1 1 = 1
3

1
1
x4
1 0
1
1

1

1
ii. A =
1

0

1 1
1 1 1

1 1
1 0 0
= 1, A1 =

0 1 1
1 0

1 1
1 0 1
26

1 1

0 0
= 1
1 1

0 1
A3
A
= 1 and

1

1
A2 =
1

0

1

1
A4 =
1

0

1
1 1 1

1
1 0 0
= 0, A3 =

1 1 1
1

0

1 0 1

1 1 1

1 0 1
= 1
0 1 1

1 0 1
1
1
Therefore, x1 = A
A = 1 = 1, x2
A4
A

1 1 1

1 1 0
=1
0 1 1

1 1 1
A2
A
= 0, x3 =
A3
A
= 1.
= 1 and x4 =
(23) (a) By Kirchoffs Law, one obtains the circuit equations
i1
(R1 + R2 + R3 ) i1
i2
i3
R4 i2
R5 i3
+ R4 i2
0
E1 + E2 .
E2
Cramers rule then yields

i1 =
E1 (R4 + R5 ) E2 R5
E1 R5 E2 (R1 + R2 + R3 + R5 )
, i2 =
and
i3 =
E1 R4 + E2 (R1 + R2 + R3 )
,
where = R1 R4 R1 R5 R2 R4 R2 R5 R3 R4 R3 R5 R4 R5 .
(b) Using Kirchoffs Law, currents in the circuit satisfy
i1
i2
R2 i2
(R + R ) i
1
4 1
i3
+ R3 i3
E0
R3 i3
Using Cramers rule, we obtain

i3 =
E0 R2
E0 R3
E0 (R2 + R3 )
, i2 =
and i1 =
,
R
R
R
where R = R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 + R2 R4 + R3 R4 .
(24) Let x1 , x2 and x3 be the numbers of batches of Milky, Extra Milky and Supreme respec27

tively. We therefore obtain
x1
x1
+ x2
+ x3
=6
+ 2x2
+ 3x3
= 14 .
+ 4x2
+ 9x3
= 36
Therefore x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3.
(25) x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 satisfy
x1
x
1
+ x4
x2
x2
= 100
= 300
x3
+ x4
= 500
x3
= 100
Solving the system, we obtain x1 = x4 100, x2 = x4 400, x3 = x4 500, where x4 is
any integer 500.
"
0.8 0.37
"
0.75 0.15
and
. The combined network is repre(26) (a) The matrices are
0.2 0.63
0.25 0.85
"
#"
# "
#
0.75 0.15
0.8 0.37
0.63 0.372
sented by
=
.
0.25 0.85
0.2 0.63
0.37 0.628
(b)
"
v
w
"
0.75 0.15
0.25 0.85
#"
0.8 0.37
0.2 0.63
#"
x
y
"
0.63x + 0.372y
0.37x + 0.628y
(27) The system may be re-written as
R3 + R4 + R6
R3
R4
R3
R2 + R3 + R5
R5
Using Cramers rule, one has i2 =

coefficient matrix,
R4
i1
E0
i2 = 0 .

R1 + R4 + R5
i3
0
R5
3
2
and i3 =
, where is the determinant of the
2 = E0 (R1 R3 + R3 R4 + R3 R5 + R4 R5 ) ,
3 = E0 (R2 R4 + R3 R4 + R3 R5 + R4 R5 ) .
Therefore, i2 = i3 2 = 3 R1 R3 = R2 R4 .
28

(28) Consider the homogeneous systems in 3 unknowns
a1 b1 c1
x1
c1
a2 b2 c2 x2 = 0

0
x3
a3 b3 c3
and the non-homogeneous system in 2 unknowns
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
"
y1
y2
=
c2
c3
h
iT
iT
is
is a solution of the nonhomogeneous system, then x = 1

a solution of the homogeneous system. Therefore, consistency of the nonhomogeneous
If y =
system implies existence of nontrivial solutions of the homogeneous system, which also
implies the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system has zero determinant, i.e.,
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0.
det
a3 b3 c3
(29) Elementary row operations give

5 0
1 0 1 1 0
4 1 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 .

1 3 4 7 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 3 2
Solutions of the homogeneous system are
s + t s 2t s t
trary scalars. Taking s = 3, t = 1, we have
iT
, where s and t are arbi-
2
4 + 1 + 3 3 + 2 = 0.
1
3
4
7
Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent.
(30) Since ku vk2 = hu v, u vi = hu, ui + hv, vi 2 hu, vi, we deduce that ku + vk2 +
ku vk2 = 2 hu, ui + 2 hv, vi = 2 kuk2 + 2 kvk2 .
29

(31)
w=
hv, ui
kuk2
u=
Furthermore,
hv w, ui =
=
2
7

(4) 1 + 5 (2) + 6 3
2 = 4 .
2
7
12 + (2) + 32
6
3
7
h
h
4 5 6
30
7
iT
39
7
iT
iT h
, 1 2 3
iT
iT h
36
, 1 2 3
7
h
2
7
74
6
7
30 78 108
+
= 0.
7
7
7
(32) The jth row of QT is the same as the transpose of the jth column of Q. Therefore, the
P
entry at the jth row and the kth column of the product QT Q is just ni=1 qij qik . This
implies (a) (b). The equivalence of (a) and (c) may be similarily proved by considering
the product QQT .
2
3

(33) det (A I) = 2
1 6 = 3 2 + 9 + 9 = ( + 3) ( 3) ( + 1)

1
0

Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are = 3, = 1 and = 3.
(34)

2
1
1

det (A I) = 0
3
1 = 3 + 32 + 6 8

0
5
1
= ( 1) ( + 2) ( 4)
Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are = 1, = 4 and = 2.
3 1 2 0
(35) When = 0, (A I) v = 0 =
2 0 2 0
2 1 1 0

1

and v = 1
r, where r R.
1
30
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
2 1
When = 1, (A I) v = 0 =
2 1
2 1

1
1
s+t
1
2

2
and v = s = 1 s + 0
t, where
t
2 0
1 21
2 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
s, t R.
1

1
1
1
2

Thus, the eigenvectors are 1, 1 and 0

.
0
1
1
0 0 0
1 21 1
and P = 1 1 0.
Therefore, D =
0
1
0
1 0 1
0 0 1

0 21 1
3 1 2 1 21 1

AP =
2 0 2 1 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
2 1 1 1 0 1

1 21 1 0 0 0
0 12 1

PD =
1 1 0 0 1 0 = 0 1 0 = AP
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
(36) When = 2, (A I) v = 0 =
1
0
1
0
1 1 2 0
0 0 0 0

1

and v = 1
r, where r R.
1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
When = 1, (A I) v = 0 =
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0

s + t
1
1
and v = s = 1 s + 0
t, where s, t R.
t
Thus, the eigenvectors are 1

,
1
1

1
1

1 and 0.

0
1
31
2 0 0
1 1 1
Therefore, D =
0 1 0 and P = 1 1 0.
0 0 1
1 0 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1
AP =
1 2 1 1 1 0 = 2 1 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
2 0 1

2 1 1
1 1 1 2 0 0

PD =
1 1 0 0 1 0 = 2 1 0 = A
2 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
(37) (a) The characteristic polynomial
f () = det
1
2
2
3
2
6
= + 2 + 20 + 24 = (6 ) ( + 2) .
1
2
2
Eigenvalues are = 6 and = 2(double root).
(i) For = 2, (A I) =
the homogeneous system
2 3
4 6
. We use Gaussian elimination to solve
1 2 3
2 3
T
1
4 6
v = 0 and conclude that v = [3 0 1] and
2
1 2
v2 = [2 1 0] are corresponding eigenvectors.
(ii) For = 6, (A I) =
geneous system
3 2
Finally, P = 0 1
1 0
2 3
2 4 6
. Use Gaussian elimination to solve the homo-
1 2 5
2 3
T
3
4 6
v = 0 to obtain v = [1 2 1] as an eigenvector.
2 5
1
2 0 0
2
diagonalizes A, i.e., P AP = 0 2 0 .
1
32
0 6

(b)
f () = det
2
0
1
2
3
2
2
= + 3 + 6 8 = (1 )( + 2)( 4).
2
Eigenvalues are = 1, = 2, = 4.
1 2 0
(i) For = 1, (A I) =
2 0 2 .
0 2 1
Solving (A I)v = 0, we obtain v1 =
[2 1 2]T as a corresponding eigenvector.
2 2 0
(ii) For = 2, (A I) =
2 3 2 . Gaussian elimination when applied to the
0 2
homogeneous system (AI)v = 0 gives v2 = [2 2 1]T as a corresponding eigenvector.
4 2 0
(iii) For = 4, (A I) =
2 3 2 . We now solve the homogeneous system
0 2 2
3
(A
I)v = 0 and obtain the third eigenvector
v
2 2 1
1 0
1 2 2 diagonalizes A, i.e., P1 AP = 0 2
2 1 2
0 0
(c)
f () = det
4
2
1
4
= [1
0
0
.
2 2]T . Therefore, P =
2
3
2
4
= + 6 + 15 100 = ( + 4) ( 5) .
1
Eigenvalues of A are = 5 (double root), 4.
1 2 2
For = 5, (A I) =
2 4 4 . We thus obtain two linearly independent
eigenvectors v1 = [2
(A I)v = 0.
2 4 4
0 1] and v2 = [2
1 0]T by solving the homogeneous system
3
5 4
. Therefore, v = [1
2 4 5
For = 4, (A I) =
2
33
2]T is a correspond-

ing eigenvector.
2 2 1
5 0 0
Furthermore, putting P = 0 1 2 , we have P AP = 0 5 0

.
1 0 2
0 0 4
(38)

2
3

(i) (a) det (A I) =
= 2 8 + 15 = ( 3) ( 5) = 0
1 6
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are =
" 3 and =
# 5. "
#
1 3 0
1 3 0
When = 3, (A I) v = 0 =
1 3 0
0 0 0
" #
3
and v =
s, where s R.
1
"
#
"
#
3 3 0
1 1 0
When = 5, (A I) v = 0 =
1 1 0
0 0 0
" #
1
and v =
t, where t R.
1
(b) Using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Therefore,
D=
AP =
PD =
"
#"
#
3 3 1
1 1
(c) Dn =
P1 =
"
n1
n2
#1
3 1
0
1 1
#
3 0
0 5
and P =
"
#
3 1
1 1
#
9 5
=
3 5
"
#
9 5
=
= AP
0 5
3 5
#
1 6 1 1
"
#"
#
3 1 3 0
"
"
"
"
1
2
12
21
3
2
A6 6A4 + 11A2

= PD6 P1 6PD4 P1 + 11PD2 P1 = P D6 6D4 + 11D2 P1
#
"
# "
#
"
#
"
#! "
1
1
3 1
36 0
34 0
32 0
2
2
=
6
+ 11
3
12
1 1
0 56
0 54
0 52
2
"
#
5562 17712
=
5904 18054
34

(ii) (a)

1
2
0

det (A I) = 1
1
0 = 3 + 2 + 3 3

0
0
1

= ( 1) 3 + 3 = 0
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are = 1,

=
3, and = 3.
0

When = 1, (A I) v = 0 = v =
0 r, where r R.
1
31
s, where s R.
When = 3, (A I) v = 0 = v =
1

31
t, where t R.
When = 3, (A I) v = 0 = v =
1
(b) Using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Therefore,
31 31
1 0
0
0

D =
and P =
0
1
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
0 0 3
31 31
0 3 3 3+ 3
1 2 0 0

= 0
0
AP =
1
1
1
1
0
3
0
0
0 0 1 1
1
0
0
31 31 1 0
0
0
0 3 3 3+ 3

0
PD =
=
1
1
0
3
0
3
3
1
0
0
0 0 3
1
0
0
35

1
0
0
31 31
1
3
(c) P = 0
1
1
= 6
63
1
0
0
3+ 3
6
3 3
6
A6 6A4 + 11A2

= P D6 6D4 + 11D2 P1

0
31 31 6 0 0
0
= 0
1
1
0 6 0 6
63
1
0
0
0 0 6
6 0 0
=
0 6 0
3+ 3
6
3 3
6
0 0 6
(39)

4

2
0
4

0

2
1
0
= 4 163 + 892 194 + 120
det (A I) =
0
3
3
0

0
4
0
7
= ( 1) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) = 0.
Thus, the fourth eigenvalue of A is = 5.
1 2
0 4
0 3 1 0
When = 5, (A I) v = 0 =
0
0 2 3
0
4
0 2

3
1
2
fore, v =
3 s, where s R. and, the eigenvector
2
1
36
0 3 0
0 12 0
. There1 23 0
0 0 0

6

1
associated with = 5 is
3 .

2
0
1 0
0
0 1
0 0
0
0 0
0

(40)

1
2
0
2

0

2
1
0
= 4 3 72 + + 6
det (A I) =
0
3
3
0

0
0
0
1
= ( 1) ( 3) ( + 2) ( + 1) = 0
Thus, the eigenvalues of A are = 1, = 3, = 1, and = 2.

1
1
7

0
1
3

When = 1, v =
0. When = 3, v = 5. When = 1, v = 3 .

0
0
4

2

3
When = 2, v =
0 .

0
(41) Assume A is a matrix with eigenvalue and eigenvector x, i.e., Ax = x.
A2 x = A (Ax) = A (x) = (Ax) = (x) = 2 x

"
#
0.7 0.4
(42) (a) For A =
, f () = ( 0.3)( 1). Therefore, eigenvalues are 1 = 0.3
0.3 0.6
h
iT
h
iT
respectively.
and v2 = 4 3
and 2 = 1, with eigenvectors v1 = 1 1
"
#
"
#
1 4
0.3 0
Taking P =
, we have A = P
P1 . Therefore,
1 3
0 1
Ak = P
"
1
7
"
0.3k 0
0
P1 =
"
1 3
4 + 3 0.3k 4 4 0.3k
3 3 0.3k 3 + 4 0.3k
#"
#
0.3k 0
0
#"
3
7
1
7
74
1
7
(b) If the Red Party is in power

" #now, the probability that it is to be in power after k
h
i
1
4 + 3 0.3k
=
elections is 1 0 Ak
.
7
0
If the Red Party is not in "power
# now, the probability that it is to be in power after
h
i
0
3 3 0.3k
.
k elections is 0 1 Ak
7
1
37

3
4
and .
7
7
#
# "
an
for n 3.
=
an1
When k , the respective probabilities are

(43) (a)
"
1 2
#"
an1
"
an1 + 2an2
an1
an2
#
" #
2
1 2
has eigenvalues 1 = 2 and 2 = 1, with eigenvectors v1 =
(b) A =
1
1 0
"
#
1
and v2 =
respectively. Therefore, one obtains
1
1 0
"
A=
"
2 1
1
#"
0 1
#"
2 1
1
#1
and
k
A =
"
1
=
3
2 1
1
"
#"
2k
(1)k
#"
1
3
13
1
3
2
3
2k+1 + (1)k 2k+1 2 (1)k

2k (1)k
2k + 2 (1)k
#
#
(c)
"
an
an1
"
1 2
1 0
Therefore, an =
#"
an1
an2
"
1 2
1 0
#2 "
an2
an3
= ... =
2n (1)n
for n 3.
3
Eigenvalues
=3
(44) (a)
=6
=8
Therefore,
Eigenvectors
Orthonormal eigenvectors
iT
h
iT
h
1
1
1
1 1 1
3
3
3
h
iT
h
iT
1
1
2
1 1 2
6
6
h
iT
h 6
iT
1
1
0
1 1 0
2
2
1
1
1
3
0
0
13 16 12
and D = 0 6 0
Q =
3
6
2
1
3
Eigenvalues
(b)
= 7 (double root)
= 2
0 0 8
Eigenvectors
h
iT
iT
and 0 2 1
1 2 0
h
iT
2 1 2
38
"
1 2
1 0
#n2 "
a2
a1

h
iT
are not orthogonal to each other, although each of them
and 0 2 1
h
iT
is orthogonal to 2 1 2 . Using Gram Schmidt Process, one obtains 3 orthonorh
h
iT
iT
h
iT
4
5
2
3 = 2 1
2
mal eigenvectors w1 = 15 25 0 , w2 = 3
.
,
w
3 3 3
5 3 5 3 5
4
2
1
7 0 0
3
5
3
5
2
2
1
Therefore, Q = 5 35
0
3 and D = 0 7
1 2 0
iT
3 5
23
0 0 2
39
Chapter 3
Infinite series, Power series and

Fourier series
(1) (a) Convergent, Comparison with
X
1
n3/2
X
X 1
1
1
p
.
=
n3 + n
n(n2 + 1)
n3
(b) Divergent, Comparison with
1
.
n
X /4
n
(c) Convergent, Comparison with
X tan1 n
n
1
.
n2
X ln n
n3
(d) Convergent, Comparison with
X n
X 1
=
3
n
n2
1
.
n3
1
1
3
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
n
(e) Convergent, ratio test
((n+1)!)2
(2(n+1))!
(n!)2
(2n)!
(2n)!((n + 1)!)2
(n + 1)2
n+1
1
=
=
(2(n + 1))!(n!)2
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
4n + 2
4
41
CHAPTER 3. INFINITE SERIES, POWER SERIES AND FOURIER SERIES

(f) Convergent, ratio test
(n+1)!
(n+1)n+1
n!
nn
(n + 1)!nn
nn
=
=
n!(n + 1)n+1
(n + 1)n
(g) Convergent, ratio test

xn+1
(n+1)n+1
xn
nn
1

n+1 n
n
1
1

1 n
e
1+ n
xn+1 nn
x
xnn
nn
=
=
0
n
n+1
n+1
n
x (n + 1)
(n + 1)
(n + 1) n + 1
(h) Divergent, integral test
dx
= [ln(ln(ln x))]
a
x ln x ln(ln x)
(i) Convergent, integral test

Z

x
en
1
1 e
dx =
tan
9 + e2n
3
3
a
(j) Divergent, integral test

Z
"
#
2ln(ln n)
2ln(ln x)
dx =
n ln n
ln 2
a
(2) (a) Conditionally.

The series is not absolutely convergent because x < sin1 x for 0 < x 1 , i.e.
1
sin1
n

1
.
n
Since sin1 x is an increasing continuous function, we have

1
sin

1
1
n
1
0.
> sin
n
n+1
By Leibniz test, the series converges conditionally.

(b) Absolutely
X (1)n n3 X n3

,
en =
en
which converges by ratio test.
42

(c) Absolutely
X (1)n X
X 1
1

,
2 + 2n + n2 =
2
2 + 2n + n
n2
which converges by Comparison test.

(d) Conditionally
X (1)n X 1

,
n ln n =
n ln n
which diverges by Integral test. Since x ln x is an increasing function for x > 1,

1
1
n
>
0.
n ln n
(n + 1) ln(n + 1)
By Leibniz test, the series converges conditionally.
(3) Consider the k-th partial sum:

k
X
1
1
1
=
sk =
(4n 1)(4n + 3)
4(4n 1) 4(4n + 3)
n=1
n=1

1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
12 28
28 44
4(4n 1) 4(4n + 3)
1
1
=
12 4(4k + 3)
1
12
k
X
(4) (a) [1, 1), 0 < s 1; [1, 1], s > 1

an
= lim
R = lim
n
n an+1
At x = 1, the series becomes
1
ns
1
(n+1)s
1
ns

1 s

=1
= lim 1 +
n
n
which converges if s > 1 and diverges if s 1.

P (1)n
At x = 1, the series becomes the alternating series
ns , which converges
absolutely if s > 1 and conditionally if s 1.

(b) (e, e)

nn!n
an
n+1 n

= lim (n+1)! = lim
R = lim
=e
n
n an+1
n
n
(n+1)n+1
43

At x = e, the series becomes
an =
P n!en
nn
n!
n!en
= n
nn
n
, which diverges because

nn
+ > 1
1 + n + +
n!
and therefore an does not converges to 0.

Similarly, at x = e, the series becomes the alternating series
diverges because bn =
(1)n n!en
nn
does not converge to 0.
P (1)n n!en
nn
, which
(c) (1, 1)

n
an
= lim
=1
R = lim
n n + 1
n an+1
At x = 1 or x = 1, the terms of the series are (1)n n and n respectively, and do

not converge to 0.
(d) (2, 0]

(1)n1
an
= lim n n = lim n + 1 = 1
R = lim
n an+1
n (1)
n n
n+1
Translating to the left by 1 units, we are interested in the interval (2, 0)

P
P (1)2n1
= n1 , which is the negative harmonic
n
series and diverges.

converges.
P (1)n1
n
, which is the alternating harmonic series and
(e) (4, 0)
2

n
an
2n2
= lim 2n 2 = lim
R = lim
=2
n (n+1)
n an+1
n (n + 1)2
2n+1
Translating to the left by 2 units, we are interested in the interval (4, 0).
At x = 4 or x = 1, the terms of the series are (1)2 n2 and n2 respectively, and do
not converge to 0.
(5) The Maclaurin Series of a function f (x) is given by

f (x) = f (0) + f (0)x +
f (0) 2 f (0) 3 f (4) (0) 4

x +
x +
x +
2!
3!
4!
(a) 1 2x + 2x2 43 x3 + 32 x4
Note:
e2x =
X
(2x)n
n=0
44
n!
X
(2)n
n=0
n!
xn

(b) 2x 43 x3
Note
sin(2x) =
X
(1)n (2x)2n+1
(2n + 1)!
n=0
(c) x2 + x3 +
x4
2!
x5
3!
Note
x2 ex = x2
X
xn
n=0
(d) ln 3 + 23 x 92 x2 +
Note
8 3
81 x
n!
X
xn+2
n=0
n!
4 4
81 x
ln(3 + 2x) = ln(1 + 2(1 + x)) =
X
(1)n1
n=1
[2(1 + x)]n
(6) (a) Let z = ax. Then

ez =
X
zn
n=0
n!
X
(ax)n
n=0
n!
(b) Let z = x2 . Then

cos z =
X
(1)n z 2n
n=0
(2n)!
X
(1)n x2n
n=0
4n (2n)!
(c)
x2 x3
+
+ +
2!
3!
x2 x3
ex = 1 x +
+ +
2!
3!
ex + ex X x2n
=
cosh x =
2
(2n)!
ex = 1 + x +
xn
+
n!
xn
+
n!
n=0
(d)
1
1
1
(1)n1 n
ln |1 + x| = x x2 + x3 x4 + +
x +
2
3
4
n
1
1
1
(1)n n
ln |1 x| = x + x2 x3 + x4 + +
x +
2
3
4
n

X
x2n1
1 1 + x 1
=
ln
(ln
|1
+
x|
ln
|1
x|)
=
2
1 x 2
2n 1
n=1
45

(7) (a)
n=1
(1)n+1
(x
n
1)n
ln x = ln(1 + (x 1)) =
(b)
(c)
n=0 (1)(x
n=0
X
(1)n+1
n=1
(x 1)n
+ 1)n
n=0
n=0
X
X
1
1
(1)(x + 1)n
(x + 1)n =
=
=
x
1 (x + 1)
(1)n 2n
(2n)!

1 2n
2
X

(1)n
1 2n
1
=
x
sin x = cos x
2
(2n)!
2
n=0
(8) (a) Since |x| is an even function, all bn = 0.

Z
Z
Z
1
1
1 0
|x| dx =
xdx +
xdx =

0

Z
Z
1
1
2 1 + cos n
2 (1)n 1
an =
|x| cos nxdx = 2
x cos nxdx =
=

0
n2
n2
a0 =
Hence,
2 X (1)n 1
cos nx
f (x) = +
2
n2
n=1
Note: Choose f =
Z
x, g
= cos nx and use integration by parts, we get
x cos nxdx = x
sin nx
sin nx
sin nx cos nx
dx = x
+
n
n
n2
(b)
f (x) = sin2 x 2 cos3 x =

1
(1 cos 2x) 2 cos2 x cos x
2
1
(1 cos 2x) (1 + cos 2x) cos x
2
1
= (1 cos 2x) cos x cos 2x cos x
2
1
1
= (1 cos 2x) cos x (cos 3x + cos x)
2
2
1 3
1
1
= cos x cos 2x cos 3x
2 2
2
2
=
46

Note:
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1
1
cos mx cos nx = [cos (m + n) x + cos (m n) x]
2
(c)
1
a0 =
sin tdt =
For n 6= 1,
Z
1
sin t sin ntdt
0
Z
1 1
=
[cos (1 + n) t cos (1 n) t] dt
2

0
1 sin (1 + n) t 1 sin (1 n) t
+
=
2
1+n
2
1n
0
= 0
bn =
For n = 1,

Z
Z
1
1
1
1
1
=
sin t sin tdt =
(1 cos 2t) dt =
t sin 2t
0
2 0
2
2
2
0
Z
Z
1
1 1
an =
sin t cos ntdt =
[sin (1 + n) t + sin (1 n) t] dt
0
0 2

1 cos (1 + n) t 1 cos (1 n) t
1
2
1+n
2
1n
0
n
1 cos n + 1
1 (1) + 1
=
=
n2 1
n2 1
b1 =
Hence, if n is even, i.e. n = 2m, a2m = 1 4m22 1 if n is odd an = 0
1 1
1 X
2
f (x) = + sin t
cos 2mt
2
2
4m 1
m=1
Note:
1
sin mx sin nx = [cos (m + n) x cos (m n) x]
2
1
sin mx cos nx = [sin (m + n) x + sin (m n) x]
2
47

(9) (a)
Z
2
2
x ( x) dx =
0
3
Z
cos n + 1
2
(1)n + 1
x ( x) cos nxdx = 2
an =
=
2
0
n2
n2
Z
4 cos n 1
4 1 (1)n
2
x ( x) sin nxdx =
=
bn =
0
n3
n3
a0 =
The half range cosine series of f (x) is

f (x) =
=
=
X (1)n + 1
2
2
cos nx
6
n2
2
3
n=1
m=1
(1)2m + 1
cos 2mx
4m2
X
1
cos 2mx
6
m2
m=1
The half range sine series of f (x) is

f (x) =
4 X 1 (1)n
8 X
1
sin nx =
sin (2m 1) x
n3
(2m 1)3
n=1
m=1
(b)
4
a0 =
an =
/2
cos xdx =
/2
cos x cos 2nxdx =

f (x) =
4 cos n
4 (1)n1
=
4n2 1
4n2 1
2
4 X (1)n1
+
cos 2nx

4n2 1
m=1
(10) (a) Since |sin x| is an even function, all bn = 0.

Z
Z
Z
1
1 0
4
1
|sin x| dx =
sin xdx +
sin xdx =

0

Z
Z
1
1
2 cos n + 1
an =
|sin x| cos nxdx = 2
sin x cos nxdx =

0
1 + n2
n
2 1 + (1)
=
n2 1
a0 =
48

Hence,
4 X
1
2
cos 2mx
2

4m 1
f (x) =
m=1
(b)
Z

1 x
1
a0 =
e dx =
e e

Z
1
ex cos nxdx
an =

n2
1
x sin nx
x cos nx
e
e
=
n2 + 1
n
n2

2
1
cos n
cos n
n
=
e
e
n2 + 1
n2
n2

n

1 (1)
=
e e
2
n +1
Z
1 x
e sin nxdx

n2
x cos nx
x
x sin nx
e
= e sin nx 2
e
n 1
n
n2
0

n (1)n
=
e e
n2 + 1
bn =

X

1 (1)n
1
e e
+
e e
cos nx
f (x) =
2
n2 + 1
n=1

X

n (1)n
+
e e
sin nx
n2 + 1
n=1
"
#
n
X

(1)
1
1
e e
=
+
(cos nx n sin nx)
2
n2 + 1
n=1
"
#
2 sinh 1 X (1)n
+
(cos nx n sin nx)
=
2
n2 + 1
n=1
x sin nx
sin nx
ex
dx
n
n
Z

x cos nx
x cos nx
x sin nx
dx
+e
+
e
= e
n
n2
n2
e cos nxdx = e
49

Therefore,
Z
e cos nxdx =
x sin nx
n2
n2 1
x sin nx

x sin nx
cos nx
ex
n2
ex cos nxdx

n
x cos nx
x sin nx
x
e
e
= e sin nx
n2 1
n
n2
dx = e
Note:
sinh x =
ex ex
2
(11)
Z
Z
1 2 2
1
4
1
2
(x ) dx +
dx = 2 + 2 = 2
a0 =
0

3
3
Z
Z 2
1
1
an =
(x )2 cos nxdx +
2 cos nxdx
0

sin nx 2
2 sin n + n
+
n3
n
2
= 2
n
Z
Z
1 2 2
1
2
(x ) sin nxdx +
sin nxdx
bn =
0

1 2 cos n 2 + n2 2 h cos nx i2
=

n3
n
n
n
2 (1) 1 (1)
=
+ +
n3
n n
n
2 (1)n 1 (1)n
+
=
n3
n
n=1
n=1
X 2
X
2
f (x) = 2 +
cos
nx
+
3
n2
50
2 (1)n 1 (1)n
+
n3
n
sin nx

Put x = 0
X 1
2 2
+2
3
n2
2 =
n=1
= 2
n=1
1
n2
n=1
2
1
n2
Put x = ,

2
1
f + f +
=
=
2
2
2
6
X
(1)n1
n2
n=1
Note:
Z
n=1
= 2
=
X
(1)n
n=1
2
n2
12
Z
sin nx
sin nx
(2x 2)
dx
(x )
n
n
Z
cos nx
cos nx
2 sin nx
(x )
dx
+ (2x 2)
2
n
n2
n2
cos nx
sin nx
sin nx
+ (2x 2)
+2 3
(x )2
2
n
n
n
Z

cos
nx
cos
nx
+
dx
(x )2
(2x 2)
n
n
Z
cos nx
sin nx
sin nx
(x )2
+ (2x 2)
2 2 dx
2
n
n
n
sin
nx
cos
nx
cos
nx
+ (2x 2)
2
(x )2
n
n2
n3
(x ) cos nxdx =
=
=
X cos n
2 2
+2
3
n2
(x )2 sin nxdx =
=
=
(12) (a)
1
a0 =
an =
1
bn =
Z 0
1dx = 1
cos nxdx =
sin nxdx =
51
sin n
=0
n
1 cos n
1 (1)n
=
n
n
1 X 1 (1)n
f (x) = +
sin nx
2
n
n=1
(b) Since x2 is an even function, all bn = 0.

a0 =
1
1
2
3
x2 dx =

(1)n 4
cos nx
sin nx 1
2 sin nx
an =
x cos nxdx = x
=
+ 2x 2 2 + 2 3 3
n
n
n
n2 2
1
1
Z
Therefore,
f (x) =
1 X 4
+
(1)n cos nx
3
n2 2
n=1
Note: Choose f =
x2
and
= cos nx,
x2 cos nxdx = x2
sin nx
2x
sin nx
dx.
n
Choose f = 2x and g = sin nx,

Z
Hence,
2x
Z
cos nx
cos nx
sin nx
dx = 2x 2 2
dx
2 2 2
n
n
n
cos nx
sin nx
= 2x 2 2 2 3 3
n
n
x2 cos nxdx = x2
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
+ 2x 2 2 + 2 3 3
n
n
n
52
Chapter 4
Partial Differentiation
(1) f (x, y) =
2x3y
x+y
Suppose that (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the x-axis. Then

lim f (x, y) = lim
x0
y=0
x0
2x
= 2.
x
Suppose that (x, y) approaches (0, 0) along the y-axis. Then

3y
= 3.
x0 y
lim f (x, y) = lim
y0
x=0
Since the limits are not equal, then the limit does not exist.
w
x
p
x2 + y 2

x2 +y 2
=
=
x
w
y
(2) w =
1
2
y
x2 +y 2
x2 + y 2
1
2
(2x) =
x
x2 +y 2
Using polar coordinates of the point (x, y), i.e., x = r cos and y = r sin ,
lim
r0
r cos
x
p
= lim q
= cos
x2 + y 2 r0 (r cos )2 + (r sin )2
lim
r0
r sin
y
p
= lim q
= sin .
2
2
r0
2
2
x +y
(r cos ) + (r sin )
r=
x2 +y 2
and
r=
x2 +y 2
53
CHAPTER 4. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Since both of the limits are dependent on , then there is no unique value for the derivatives
for w at (0, 0). Therefore, the derivatives do not exist.
(3) By the product formula, we have

2
w
1 3 x2 5
2w
x4t
=e
t 2 =
.
t 2+
t
2
4
x2
(4) (a)
w
x
ex cos y
(b)
(c)
2y,
2w
y 2
2(y 2 x2 z 2 )
2y
2z
2w
, w
z = x2 +y 2 z 2 , x2 = (x2 +y 2 z 2 )2 ,
x2 +y 2 z 2
2 +y 2 +z 2 )
2
4xy
2w
= (x2 +y4yz
2(x
, w = (x2 +y
, zy
,
2 z 2 )2
2 z 2 )2
(x2 +y 2 z 2 )2 xy
2w
y 2
2w
2w
yx
2x
w
x = x2 +y 2 z 2 ,
2
2(x2 y 2 z 2 )
, zw2
(x2 +y 2 z 2 )2
4zx
.
(x2 +y 2 z 2 )2
w
y
2w
x2
= ex cos y + 2,
w
x
y = e sin y +
2w
ex sin y + 1 = xy
.
= ex cos y + 2x + y,
=
x 2y,
zx
w
= e2x+y cos (x y) + 2e2x+y sin (x y) = e2x+y [cos (x y) + 2 sin (x y)]
x
w
= e2x+y cos (x y) + e2x+y sin(x y) = e2x+y [sin(x y) cos (x y)]
y
2w
x2
= 2e2x+y [cos (x y) + 2 sin (x y)] + e2x+y [ sin (x y) + 2 cos (x y)]
= e2x+y [4 cos (x y) + 3 sin (x y)]
2w
y 2
= e2x+y [sin (x y) cos (x y)] + e2x+y [ cos (x y) sin (x y)]

= 2e2x+y cos (x y)
2w
xy
= 2e2x+y [sin (x y) cos (x y)] + e2x+y [cos (x y) + sin (x y)]

= e2x+y [3 sin (x y) cos (x y)]
2w
yx
= e2x+y [cos (x y) + 2 sin (x y)] + e2x+y [sin (x y) 2 cos (x y)]
= e2x+y [3 sin (x y) cos (x y)]
54

(d)
w
x
x2 +2y 2
w
y
x2 +2y 2
2w
x2
2w
y 2
1
2
x2 + 2y 2
x2 + 2y 2
(x2 +2y2 )x(2x)
(x2 +2y 2 )2
2(x2 +2y 2 )2y(4y)
2w
xy
2w
yx
1
2
1/2
1/2
(2x) =
x
x2 +2y 2
(4y) =
2y
x2 +2y 2
2y 2 x2
(x2 +2y 2 )2
2 4y 2
= (x2x2 +2y
2 )2
(x2 +2y 2 )2
2y(2x)
= (x24xy
(x2 +2y 2 )2
+2y 2 )2
x(4y)
= (x24xy
(x2 +2y 2 )2
+2y 2 )2
(e)
w
2
2
2
= 2e2xy sin(x + y) + e2xy cos(x + y) = e2xy [2 sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)]
x
w
2
2
2
= 2ye2xy sin(x + y) + e2xy cos(x + y) = e2xy [cos(x + y) 2y sin(x + y)]
y
2w
x2
2
2
= 2e2xy [2 sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)] + e2xy [2 cos(x + y) sin(x + y)]
2
= e2xy [4 cos (x + y) + 3 sin (x + y)]
2w
y 2
= 2ye2xy [cos(x + y) 2y sin(x + y)]

2
+e2xy [ sin(x + y) 2 sin(x + y) 2y cos (x + y)]

2
= e2xy 4y cos (x + y) + 4y 2 3 sin (x + y)
2w
xy
2
= 2e2xy [cos(x + y) 2y sin(x + y)] + e2xy [ sin(x + y) 2y cos(x + y)]

2
= e2xy [(2 2y) cos (x + y) (4y + 1) sin (x + y)]

2w
yx
2
= 2ye2xy [2 sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)] + e2xy [2 cos(x + y) sin(x + y)]

2w
2
= e2xy [(2 2y) cos (x + y) (4y + 1) sin (x + y)] =
xy
(f)
w
x
= y x ln y + yexy ln y
55

w
x1 + xexy ln y + 1 exy
y = xy
y
2 x
2w
2
xy
= (ln y) y + y e ln y
x2
2w
= x (x 1) y x2 + x2 exy ln y + 2 xy exy y12 exy
y 2
2w
x1 + xy x1 ln y + exy ln y + xyexy ln y + exy
xy = y
2w
x1 ln y + y x1 + exy (ln y + 1) + xyexy ln y
yx = xy
w
y
(5) (a)
w
x
= sin(2y 3z 2 ),
(b)
w
x
= 2Ax + Dy + F z,
(c)
w
x
(d)
w
x
= yex
(e)
w
x
w
y
1
R1
(6)
1
R
R=
(2y)sin x)
(y+cos x)2
2 +y 2
= 2x cos(2y 3z 2 ),
w
y
2 +y 2
(x2 +2y2 )(xy)(2x)

(x2 +2y 2 )2
1
R2
1
R3
= 2Cz + Ey + F x.
2(y+cos x)(2y)(1)
(y+cos x)2
= xex
2 +y 2
x2 +2y 2 2x2 +2xy

(x2 +2y 2 )2
(x2 +2y2 )(1)(xy)(4y)

(x2 +2y 2 )2
w
y
= 6xz cos(2y 3z 2 ).
w
z
= 2By + Dx + Ez,
2y sin x
, w
(y+cos x)2 y
+ 2x2 yex
w
z
2w
xy
+ 2xy 2 ex
2 cos x
.
(y+cos x)2
2 +y 2
2y 2 x2 +2xy
,
(x2 +2y 2 )2
x2 2y 2 4xy+4y 2
(x2 +2y 2 )2
2y 2 x2 4xy
.
(x2 +2y 2 )2
R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2
R1 R2 R3
R1 R2 R3
R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2
R
R1
(R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2 )(R2 R3 )(R1 R2 R3 )(R3 +R2 )

(R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2 )2
R
R2
(R1 R3 )2
, R
(R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2 )2 R3
(R2 R3 )2
,
(R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2 )2
(R1 R2 )2
.
(R2 R3 +R1 R3 +R1 R2 )2
2
(7) (a) a2 = c2 + b2 2bc cos A = cos A = c +b2bca or A = cos1

2 2 2
c +b a
a
A
(cos
A)
=
= sin A A
a
a
2bc
a = bc = a =
A
b
(b)
(8) (a)
(b)
c2 +b2 a2
2bc
a
bc sin A ,
b2 a2 c2
.
2bc2 sin A
sin B
sin C
b sin A
sin A
a = b = c = a = sin B
a
b cos A a
b sin A cos B
.
A = sin B , B =
(sin B)2
w
2
x = 2xy + 2y sin xy + y cos x,
2w
= 2y + 2y 3 cos xy y sin x,
x2
2w
xy
2w
yx
w
x
2w
xy
(c)
c2 a2 b2 A
,
2b2 c sin A c
w
y
w
x
w
y
+ sin x,
= 2x + 4y sin xy + 2xy 2 cos xy + cos x,
= 2x + 4y sin xy + 2xy 2 cos xy + cos x.
x
, w
x2 +y 2 y
w
2
y = x 2 cos xy + 2xy sin xy
2w
= 4x sin xy 2x2 y cos xy,
y 2
2
y
, w
x2 +y 2 x2
2
2xy
, w
(x2 +y 2 )2 yx
2
y 2 x2
, w
(x2 +y 2 )2 y 2
w
x
x2 y 2
,
(x2 +y 2 )2
2xy
.
(x2 +y 2 )2
2
w
y
y2 , w = (ln x)2 xy
= yxy1 , w
y = x ln x, x2 = y (y 1) x
y 2

2
2
w
w
y1 (1 + y ln x), w = w = xy1 (1 + y ln x).
xy = x y = x
yx
y x
w
x
56

(d) w = x sin2 y + exy = 21 x(1 cos 2y) + exy
w
x
= sin2 y + yexy = 12 (1 cos 2y) + yexy ,
2w
x2
w
x
= x sin 2y + xexy ,
= y 2 exy , yw2 = 2x cos 2y + x2 exy ,

w
2w
xy + xyexy ,
=
xy
x y = sin 2y + e

2w
w
xy + xyexy .
yx = y x = sin 2y + e
(e)
w
y
(y2 +sin x+1)(2y2x)(2xyx2 )(cos x)
(y 2 +sin x+1)2
2w
x2
2w
y 2
2 cos2 x(2xyx2 )
(y 2 +sin x+1)3
8y 2 (2xyx2 )
(y 2 +sin x+1)3
2w
xy
2w
yx
w
y
w
x
(y2 +sin x+1)(2x)(2xyx2 )(2y)
sin x(2xyx2 )+4(xy) cos x

(y 2 +sin x+1)2
4y cos x(2xyx2 )
(y 2 +sin x+1)3
4y cos x(2xyx2 )
(y 2 +sin x+1)3
fx = 2y sin(2xy + z 2 )
(y 2 +sin x+1)2
2
,
y 2 +sin x+1
2x2 12xy
,
(y 2 +sin x+1)2
(9) f (x, y, z) = cos 2xy + z 2
w
y
(4y2 4xy)+2x cos x
(y 2 +sin x+1)2
(4y2 4xy)+2x cos x

(y 2 +sin x+1)2
+
+
2
,
y 2 +sin x+1
2
.
y 2 +sin x+1

fxy = 2 sin(2xy + z 2 ) + 2xy cos(2xy + z 2 ) = 2 sin(2xy + z 2 ) 4xy cos(2xy + z 2 )
fxyz = 4z cos(2xy + z 2 ) + 8xyz sin(2xy + z 2 )

fz = 2z sin(2xy + z 2 )
fzz = 4z 2 cos(2xy + z 2 ) 2 sin(2xy + z 2 )
fzzx = 8yz 2 sin(2xy + z 2 ) 4y cos(2xy + z 2 )
(10)
w
x
w
z
2w
x2
(11) (a)
2w
x2
2w
z 2
3
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
3
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
2w
y 2
w
x
2w
t2
2w
z 2
2x2 y 2 z 2
2z 2 x2 y 2
5
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
2x2 y 2 z 2
5
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
= A (Ct + D),
2w
x2
= 0,
w
y
2y 2 x2 z 2
3
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
5
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
w
t
57
2w
y 2
2z 2 x2 y 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
= C (Ax + B),
c2 xw2 = (0) c2 (0) = 0
2w
t2
=0
2y 2 x2 z 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
=0

(b)

w
= Akekx Bkekx Ceckt + Deckt ,
x

2 w 2 kx
2 kx
ckt
ckt
=
Ak
e
+
Bk
e
Ce
+
De
x2

= k 2 Aekx + Bekx Ceckt + Deckt ,

w kx
kx
ckt
ckt
= Ae + Be
Ccke Dcke
,
t

2w
kx
kx
2 2 ckt
2 2 ckt
= Ae + Be
Cc k e + Dc k e
t2

2 2
kx
kx
ckt
ckt
= c k Ae + Be
Ce + De
,

2w
2w
c2 2 = c2 k 2 Aekx + Bekx Ceckt + Deckt
2
t
x

c2 k 2 Aekx + Bekx Ceckt + Deckt
=0
(c)
(12)
w
x
2w
x2
2w
2w
w
w
x = g (x + ct), x2 = g (x + ct), t = cg (x + ct), t2

2
2w
c2 xw2 = c2 g (x + ct) c2 [g (x + ct)] = 0
t2
2x
2w
y 2
x2 +y 2
w
y
2y
x2 +y 2
2(y 2 x2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2
2w
x2
2(x2 y 2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2
2(y 2 x2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2
2w
y 2
= c2 g (x + ct)
2(x2 y 2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2
=0
(x+3y)(2)(2xy)(1)
(x+3y)2
7y
,
(x+3y)2
7x
fy (x, y) = (x+3y)
2
h
i
h
i
7y
7x
L.H.S. = xfx (x, y) + yfy (x, y) = (x) (x+3y)
+ (y) (x+3y)
= 0 = R.H.S.
2
2
(13) (a) fx (x, y) =
7x21y
14y
42x
, fyy (x, y) = (x+3y)
3 , fxy (x, y) =
(x+3y)3
(x+3y)3
14y
7x21y
42x
x2 (x+3y)
+ y 2 (x+3y)
3 + 2xy
3 = 0 = R.H.S.
(x+3y)3
(b) fxx (x, y) =

L.H.S. =
or
[xfx (x, y) + yfy (x, y)] = 0 = fx (x, y) + xfxx (x, y) + yfyx (x, y) = 0 ... (1)
[xfx (x, y) + yfy (x, y)] = 0 = xfxy (x, y) + fy (x, y) + yfyy (x, y) = 0 ... (2)
x (1) + y (2) :
xfx (x, y) + x2 fxx (x, y) + xyfyx (x, y) + xyfxy (x, y) + yfy (x, y) + y 2 fyy (x, y) = 0
[xfx (x, y) + yfy (x, y)] + x2 fxx (x, y) + xyfyx (x, y) + xyfxy (x, y) + y 2 fyy (x, y) = 0
x2 fxx (x, y) + xyfyx (x, y) + xyfxy (x, y) + y 2 fyy (x, y) = 0
58

(14)
F
u
f x
x u
f y
y u
f
x
(2u) +
F
v
f x
x v
f y
y v
f
x
(2v) +
F
u
2
F
v
2
f
y
f
(2v) = 2u f
x + 2v y
f
y
f
(2u) = 2v f
x + 2u y

f
f
f 2
f 2
=
2u
+ 2v
+ 2v
+ 2u
x
y
x
y
2
2
2
2
2 f
2 f
2 f
2 f
+ 4v
+ 4v
+ 4u
= 4u
x
y
x
y
"
2 #
2

f
f
= 4 u2 + v 2
+
x
y

f
f
f
f
F
If u F
v
=
0,
then
u
2u
+
2v
+
2u
v
2v
u
v
x
y
x
y = 0

f
= 2 u2 + v 2 f
x = 0 = x = 0 or u = 0 or v = 0.
f (x, y) = g (y), which is dependent on y only. Therefore, f (x, y) is independent of x.
(15) Since
w
x
y(y 2 x2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2
w
y
and
x(x2 y 2 )
,
(x2 +y 2 )2
w
therefore x w
x + y y = 0.
Since
2w
2xy (x2 3y 2 ) 2 w
2xy (y 2 3x2 )
x4 y 4 + 6x2 y 2
2w
=
=
=
,
and
,
x2
y 2
xy
(x2 + y 2 )3
(x2 + y 2 )3
(x2 + y 2 )3
2
w
+ y 2 yw2 = 0.
therefore, x2 xw2 + 2xy xy
and v = yz .

= gu (u, v) y1 + gv (u, v) (0) = y1 gu (u, v)

x
z
= gu (u, v) y2 + gv (u, v) y2 = y12 [xgu (u, v) + zgv (u, v)]

= gu (u, v) (0) + gv (u, v) y1 = y1 gv (u, v)
(16) Let w = g (u, v) with u =

w
x
w u
u x
w v
v x
w
y
w u
u y
w v
v y
w
z
w u
u z
w v
v z
(17)
x
y
w
w
x
1
z
w
+y
+z
= gu (u, v) [xgu (u, v) + zgv (u, v)] + gv (u, v) = 0
x
y
z
y
y
y
w
x
w u
u x
w v
v x
w
u
(1) +
w
v
(1) =
w
t
w u
u t
w v
v t
w
u
(c) +
w
v
w
(c) = c w
u c v
2w
x2
w
u
w
v
2
2

w u
w u 2 w v
w
w
w v
=
+
=
+
+
+
x u
x v
u2 x vu x
uv x
v 2 x
2

w
2w
2w
2w
2w
2w
2w
=
+
+
+
=
+2
+
2
2
2
u
vu
v
uv
u
uv
v 2
59

2

2

w u
w u 2 w v
w
w
w v
= c
c
=c
+
+
c
t u
t v
u2 t
vu t
uv t
v 2 t
2

w
2w
2w
2w
2w
2w
2w
= c c 2 c
c 2 = c2 2 2c2
+ c2 2
c c
u
vu
uv
v
u
uv
v
2w
t2
2w
,
t2
If c2 xw2 =
2
w
= 0 =
= 4c2 uv
(18)
then c2
2w
uv
w
x
dw u
du x
= f (u) (2x)
w
y
dw u
du y
= f (u) (2y)
2w
u2
w
+
+ 2 uv
2w
v 2
w
u
= 0.
w
+ c2 vw2
= c2 uw2 2c2 uv
y w
x = 2xyf (u)
w
x w
y = 2xyf (u) = y x
(19)
w
x
w u
u x
w
y
w u
u y
w
x
Thus,
(20)
w v
v x
w
u
+

w v
v y
w
u
w
y
w
u
(1) +
w
v
(1) =
f
u
u
x
f
v
v
x
f
w
w
x
f
y
f
u
u
y
f
v
v
y
f
w
w
y
= f
u +
f
z
f
u
u
z
f
v
v
z
f
w
f
u
f
x
w
x
=g
w
y
=g
Thus,
x

x
y

x
y
f
y
f
z

x xy

y xy
w
v
w
(1) + w
v (1) = u +

w
+ w
w
v
u + v =
f
x
Thus,
(21)
f
u
f
w
w
v

w 2
u

w 2
.
v
f
v
f
= f
v + w

f
f
f
w
+
+ f
u
v + v +
xy x
g
g
xy y
w
z

x
y

x
y
1
2
1
2
y
xg
x
yg

x
y

x
y
x
yg
f
w

x3
g
y3
= 0.
x
y

x
y
w
w
+y
w
x
y
" r s

r r

#
x
1 y
x
x
x x
x3 x
1 x
xyg
= x
g
g
g
g
+
+y
3
2 x
y
y
y
2 y
y
y
y
y
= 0.
(22) With w = g(u) and u = x ct, one has

w
dw u
=
= g (u),
x
du x
60

w
dw u
=
= c g (u),
t
du t

u
d
w
2w
g (u) =
g (u)
=
= g (u)
=
2
x
x x
x
du
x
and
2w
=
2
t
t
w
t
We therefore conclude that

u
d
cg (u) = (c)
g (u)
= (c)2 g (u).
t
du
t
2
2w
2 w
=
c
.
t2
x2
(23) With w = g(u) and u = x2 t, one has

dw u
w
=
= g (u)2x
x
du x
w
dw u
=
= g (u)(1)
t
du
t

2 w w
xg
(u)
=
2g
(u)
+
2x
g
(u)
= 2g (u) + 4x2 g (u)
=
2
x2 x x
x
x
and
2w
=
2
t
t
w
t
g (u) = (1)2 g (u).

t
Hence the result.

(24)
w
s
w x
x s
w y
y s
= 4xy 3 s + 6x2 y 2 s,
w
t
w x
x t
w y
y t
= 4xy 3 t 6x2 y 2 t.
(25) (a) f (x, y) =
+ f
y (x0 ,y0 ) y

1
= 12 9x2 + y 2 2 (9) (2x) =
f
f
x
f
y
p
9x2 + y 2
f
x (x0 ,y0 ) x
1
2
9x2 + y 2
1
(2y) =
9x
9x2 +y 2
y
9x2 +y 2
f (1.95, 8.1) f (2, 8) + f = f (2, 8) +
f
f
x +
y
x (x0 ,y0 )
y (x0 ,y0 )
= 10 + (1.8)(0.05) + (0.8)(0.1) = 9.99

q
Note: 9 (1.95)2 + (8.1)2 = 9.9916.
(b) Let z = f (x, y) =

3
dz =
2(xx+yy)
3(x2 +y 2 )4/3
1
.
x2 +y 2
zx =
2x
3(x2 +y 2 )4/3
2[(2)(0.1)+(2)(0.04)]
3[(2)2 +(2)2 ]
4/3
61
and zy =
= 0.005
2y
.
3(x2 +y 2 )4/3

f (1.9, 2.04) f (2, 2) + dz =
Note:
1
1.92 +2.042
1
2
+ 0.005 = 0.505
= 0.50485.
(c) Let z = f (x, y) =
1
,
(x2 +y 2 )3/2
1
(4.102 + 2.952 )3/2
then
z
x
3x
(x2 +y 2 )5/2
and
z
y
3y
.
(x2 +y 2 )5/2
= f (4.10, 2.95) = f (4 + 0.1, 3 0.05)

z
z
x +
y
x (4,3)
y (4,3)

12
9
1
+
(0.1) +
(0.05) = 0.00776
125
3125
3125
f (4, 3) +
=
1
(4.102 +2.952 )3/2
= 0.0077602.
p
(d) f (x, y, z) = 3 x2 + y 2 + z 2
Note:
fx =
2x
,
3(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2/3
fy =
2y
,
3(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2/3
fz =
2z
3(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2/3
p
3
4.982 + 1.052 + 0.962 = f (4.98, 1.05, 0.96) = f (5 0.02, 1 + 0.05, 1 0.04)
f
f
f
f (5, 1, 1) +
x +
z
y +
x (5,1,1)
y (5,1,1)
z (5,1,1)
= 3+
Note:
2 [(5) (0.02) + (1) (0.05) + (1) (0.04)]

= 2.9933
27
4.982 + 1.052 + 0.962 = 2.9935.
(26) fx (x, y) = 2x + 2y 4
fy (x, y) = 2x
f (0.99, 2.04) f (1, 2) + f = f (1, 2) + fx (x0 , y0 ) x + fy (x0 , y0 ) y
= (1) + (2) (0.01) + (2) (0.04) = 1.06
Note: f (0.99, 2.04) = 1. 0593.
(27) (a)
w
w x w y w z
+
+
x
y
z
= (2x) (sin cos ) + (2y) (sin sin ) + (2z) (cos )
= 2 ( sin cos ) (sin cos ) + 2 ( sin sin ) (sin sin ) 2 ( cos ) (cos )

= 2 sin2 cos2 + 2 sin2 sin2 2 cos2 = 2 cos2 sin2
= 2 cos 2
62

(b)
w
w x w y w z
+
+
x
y
z
= (2x) ( sin sin ) + (2y) ( sin cos ) + (2z) (0)
=
= 2 ( sin cos ) ( sin sin ) + 2 ( sin sin ) ( sin cos )

= 22 sin2 sin cos + 22 sin2 sin cos = 0
(28) Let f (x, y) =
1
1+xy ,
then fx =
1
(1+xy)2
and fx =
1
.
(1+xy)2
f (0, 0) = 1, fx (0, 0) = 1 and fy (0, 0) = 1

Using the Taylors formula,
f (x, y) f (x0 , y0 ) + [(x x0 ) fx (x0 , y0 ) + (y y0 ) fy (x0 , y0 )]
= 1 + [(x 0) (1) + (y 0) (1)] = 1 x + y.
(29) w
w
z
w
x x
w
y y
w
z z.
With w = x2 ye3z , we have
w
x
= 2,
w
y
= 1 and
= 3 at the point (1, 1, 0). When x = 0.01, y = 0.03 and z = 0.02, the linear
approximation formula gives w 0.11.

(30) Let f (x, y) =
p
x2 + y 2 , then fx (x, y) =
x
x2 +y 2
f fx (x, y) x + fy (x, y) y = x(x)+y(y)

x2 +y 2

x(x)+y(y)

f
x(x)+y(y)
f 2 2 21 2 = x2 +y2 =
x +y
x +y
and fy (x, y) =
x2 |x/x|+y 2 |y/y|
x2 +y 2
y
.
x2 +y 2
(0.005)x2 +(0.005)y 2
x2 +y 2
0.005 = 0.5%

T

(31) T dT = T
|l|
+

l (l0 ,g0 )
g (l0 ,g0 ) |g|

q
q

1
1
l
T
, T = 2 l 13/2 =
=
=
2
l
g 2 l
g3
gl g
2g

q

(3.5)
(0.05) + (9.79)
T dT =
3 (0.05) = 0.036428
(3.5)(9.79)
(32)
1
R
1
R1
1
R2
R=
R1 R2
R1 +R2
and
R
R22
R
R12
R1 +
R2 =
R1 +
R2 .
2
R1
R2
(R1 + R2 )
(R1 + R2 )2
When R1 = 3, R1 = 0.2, R2 = 8 and R2 = 0.5, we obtain

R
64
9
0.2 +
(0.5) = 0.0686.
121
121
63

(33) A
=
A
a a
A
b b
b sin
2
a +
a sin
2
b +
ab cos
2
. Therefore, one has
200
150
150 200
sin |a| +
sin |b| +
cos ||
2
3
2
3
2
3
272.1
43.75 3 + 7500 1.5
180
|A|
x
xy ,
(34) Let S = f (x, y) =
then
S
x
y
(xy)2
and
S
y
x
.
(xy)2

|S| |dS| = fx(9,5) |x| + fy(9,5) |y|

5
9

=
2 |0.05| +
2 |0.1| = 0.071875 0.072
(9 5)
(9 5)
(35) Let Q = f (P, R, V, L) =

P R4
V1 5V L
VQ ,
and
Q
L
Q
P R4
5V L , then P
4
Q
R
L1 P
5V L = L
R4
5V L
Q Q
P , R
Q
R
= 4 P
5V L = 4 R ,

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
dQ = 1

P + 4
R +
V +
L
Q Q
Q
P
R
V
L

P

+ 4 R + V + L
=

P
R
V
L
= (0.5%) + 4 (0.25%) + (0.15%) + (0.3%) = 1.95%
(36) (a) fx (x, y) = 2x cos y 2 x2
fx (1, 1) = 2
fy (x, y) = 2y cos y 2 x2
fy (1, 1) = 2
(b)
f (x, y) f (1, 1) + [(x 1) fx (1, 1) + (y 1) fy (1, 1)]
= (0) + (x 1) (2) + (y 1) (2) = 2x + 2y

f 0, 21 2 (0) + 2
1
2
=1

(c) fxx (x, y) = 2 cos y 2 x2 4x2 sin y 2 x2
fxx (1, 1) = 2

fyy (x, y) = 2 cos y 2 x2 4y 2 sin y 2 x2
fyy (1, 1) = 2
fxy (x, y) = 4xy sin y 2 x2

fyx (x, y) = 4xy sin y 2 x2 = fxy (x, y)
64
Q
V

fxy (1, 1) = 0
f (x, y) f (1, 1) + [(x 1) fx (1, 1) + (y 1) fy (1, 1)]
i
1 h
(x 1)2 fxx (1, 1) + 2 (x 1) (y 1) fxy (1, 1) + (y 1)2 fyy (1, 1)
+
2!
i
1h
= (0) + (x 1) (2) + (y 1) (2) +
(x 1)2 (2) + 0 + (y 1)2 (2)
2
2
2
= 2x + 2y (x 1) + (y 1)

f 0, 12 2 (0) + 2 12 (0 1)2 +

Note: f 0, 12 = sin 14 = 0.2474.
1
2
2
1 =
1
4
(37) We calculate the partial derivatives of f (x, y) at (0, 1) as follows:

fx (0, 1) = 41 , fy (0, 1) = 14 , fxx (0, 1) = 41 , fyy (0, 1) = 14 , fxy (0, 1) = 14 .
Since f (0, 1) = 12 , Taylors Formula then yields

1
1 1 2 1
1
1 1
2
x x(y 1) + (y 1) .
f (x, y) = + x (y 1) +
2 4
4
2 4
2
4
(38) (a) Solving the equations fx = 4x3 4y = 0 and fy = 4y 3 4x = 0, one obtains
(0, 0), (1, 1) and (1, 1) as the critical points of the function. Using the second
order derivative test with fxx = 12x2 , fxy = 4 and fyy = 12y 2 , we conclude that
2 = 144x2 y 2 16. At (0, 0), H = 16 < 0. We therefore conclude

H = fxx fyy fxy
that (0, 0) is a saddle point. At (1, 1) and (1, 1), H = 128 > 0 and A = 12 > 0.
As such, both are relative minimum points.
(b) Solving the equations fx = 12x + 6y 6x2 = 0 and fy = 6x + 6y = 0, one obtains

(0, 0) and (1, 1) as the critical points. Since fxx = 12 12x, fxy = 6 and fyy = 6,
2 = 72(1 x) 36. At (0, 0), H = 36 > 0 and

we conclude that H = fxx fyy fxy
fxx = 12 > 0. Thus (0, 0) is a relative minimum. At (1, 1), H = 36 < 0 and
therefore (1, 1) is a saddle point.
(c) f (x, y) = 9x3 4xy + 31 y 3
fx = 27x2 4y
fy = 4x + y 2
fxx = 54x
fyy = 2y
(
2

fx = 0 = y = 27
4 4
4 x
=
(x,
y)
=
(0,
0)
or
,
9 3
fy = 0 = x = 41 y 2
At (0, 0), H = (0) (0) (4)2 = 16 < 0

A = 0.

2
At 49 , 43 , H = (24) 38 (4) = 48 > 0
A = 24 > 0.

Thus, (0, 0) is a saddle point and 49 , 43 is a local minimum.
65
fxy = fyx = 4
(d) Solve
w
x
w
y
3x2 96y
(e) Solve
w
x
w
y
to obtain two critical points (0, 0) and (8, 2) for
= 192y 2 96x = 0
2w
x2
the given function. As
=0
= 6x,
2w
y 2
= 384y and
2w
xy
= 96, one obtains
Conclusion
(0, 0)
48
9216
saddle point
(8, 2)
96
96
768
2x + 4
= 6y +
6y 2
for the given function. As
27648
relative minimum
=0
12 = 0
2w
x2
= 2,
to obtain critical points (2, 2) and (2, 1)
2w
y 2
= 12y 6 and
2w
xy
= 0, one obtains
Conclusion
(2, 2)
18
36
relative minimum
(2, 1)
18
36
saddle point
(f) fx = 3x2 12, fy = 3y 2 3, fxx = 6x, fyy = 6y and fxy = fyx = 0.

"
#
fx = 0 = x = 2
= (x, y) = (2, 1) or (2, 1) or (2, 1) or (2, 1)
fy = 0 = y = 1
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)2 = 96 > 0
A = 12 > 0.
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0) = 96 < 0
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)2 = 96 < 0
At (2, 1), H = (12) (6) (0)2 = 96 > 0
A = 12 > 0.
A = 12 < 0.
A = 12 < 0.
Thus, (2, 1) and (2, 1) are saddle points, (2, 1) is a local minimum, and (2, 1)
is a local maximum.
6xy 6x
=0
fx =
(g) Solve
to obtain four critical points (0, 0), (0, 2) and
f = 3x2 + 3y 2 6y = 0
y
(1, 1) for the given function. As fxx = 6y 6, fyy = 6y 6 and fxy = fyx = 6x,
then
Nature
(0, 0)
36
relative maximum
(0, 2)
36
(1, 1)
36
66
relative minimum
saddle point

(h) fx = y x642 , fy = x
(
fx = 0 = y = x642
x = y272

27
= 32
27
,
y2
fxx =
128
,
x3
16 9
3 ,4
= (x, y) =
54
y3
fyy =
fy = 0 =

2
9
128
At 16
3 ,4 , H
27 (1) = 3 > 0

9
Thus, 16
3 , 4 is a local minimum.
and fxy = fyx = 1
A=
27
32
> 0.
(i) Since
fx = cos x cos(x + y) = 0
,
fy = cos y cos(x + y) = 0

we conclude that cos xcos y = 0, or sin xy
sin x+y
= 0. Therefore, xy = 2n
2
2
or x+y = 2m for some integers m, n. As x, y are required to satisfy 0 < x+y < 2,
the second possibility is ruled out, and we have x = y + 2n for some integer n.
Substituting this into the equation cos x cos(x + y) = 0, one has cos y cos 2y = 0,
or 2 cos2 y cos y 1 = 0. Solving this quadratic equation, one obtains cos y = 12
or cos y = 1.
If cos y = 1, then y = 2k and x = (2k + 2n) where n, k are integers. This however
implies that x + y = (4k + 2n), which is impossible because 0 < x + y < 2.
If cos y = 12 , then y =
2
3
+ 2k or y =
4
3
+ 2l for some integers k and l. Let us
consider the following two cases:

i. When y =
4
3
2
3
+ 2k, one has x =
2
3
+ (2k + 2n) and therefore x + y =
+ (4k + 2n). The condition 0 < x + y < 2 forces 4k + 2n = 0, or n = 2k.
2
As such, the critical points are given by ( 2
3 2k, 3 + 2k) for any integer k.
ii. When y =
8
3
4
3
+ 2k, one has x =
4
3
+ (2k + 2n) and therefore x + y =
+ (4k + 2n). Once again, the condition 0 < x + y < 2 2k
2k
( 4
3
1
3,
4
3
<n<
or n = 2k 1. We therefore conclude that the critical points are
2k 2, 4
3 + 2k) for any integer k.
A simple calculation shows that fxx = sin x + sin(x + y), fyy = sin y + sin(x + y)
2
3 and fxy =
and fxy = sin(x + y). At ( 2
2k,
+
2k),
f
=
f
=
xx
yy
3
3
3
On
2 . Therefore, those critical points are relative maximum.
4
4
( 3 2k 2, 3 + 2k), one has fxx = fyy = 3 and fxy = 23 .
the other hand, at

We thus conclude
that those critical points are relative minimum.
(39) The cost C is given by C = 9xy + 16z(x + y), with xyz = 36. With z =
that the cost is given by C = 9xy +
576
y
576
x .
By solving equations
C
x
36
xy ,
we conclude
= 0 and
C
y
= 0,
one obtains x = 4 and y = 4 as the critical point of C (as a function of two variables x,
y), and second order derivative test confirms that (4, 4) is a relative minimum. As such,
the optimal dimensions of the box are 4m4m9m.
67

(40) Solving the equations fx = y + 2 x2 = 0 and fy = x y1 = 0, we obtain ( 12 , 2) is the only
critical point of the function f (x, y) = xy + 2x ln x2 y. Since fxx = x22 , fyy = y12 and

2
fxy = 1, we have fxx ( 21 , 2) fyy ( 21 , 2) fxy ( 12 , 2) = 8 14 1 = 3 > 0. The point is thus
a relative minimum.

(41) (a) R (2) = 8, 2, 2 6

R (t) = 3t2 , 1, 6t

R (2) = 12, 1, 2 6
x8
12
Equation of the line tangent:
y2
1
z2
6.
2 6
(b)
Arc length =
=
=

R (t) dt =
3p
3
(3t2 )2 + (1)2 +
2
6t dt
9t4 + 6t2 + 1 dt

3
3t2 + 1 dt = t3 + t 0 = 30
(42) (a) 2 (x 1) + 3 (y 2) 1 (z 1) = 0 = 2x + 3y z = 7
(b) 3 (x + 3) 2 (y + 1) + 2 (z 1) = 0 = 3x 2y + 2z = 5
(c) 3 (x 2) (y + 2) 2 (z 3) = 0 = 3x y 2z = 2
(43) (a) Since 22 + 2 12 = 6, P0 = (2, 1, 6) is a point on the surface. Putting
f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 z,
one has f = 2xi + 4yj k. Thus f (2, 1, 6) = 4i + 4j k, and this is a vector
normal to the surface at P0 . Finally, equation of the tangent plane is given by
4(x 2) + 4(y 1) (z 6) = 0,
or 4x + 4y z = 6.
(b) Since z(0, 0, 1) = (0) cos 0 (0) e0 + 1 = 1, P0 = (0, 0, 1) is a point on the surface.
Putting
f (x, y, z) = x cos y yex + 1 z,

one has f = (cos y yex ) i + (x sin y ex ) j k. Thus f (0, 0, 1) = i j k,
and this is a vector normal to the surface at P0 .

68

Finally, equation of the tangent plane is given by
(x 0) (y 0) (z 1) = 0,
or x y z = 1.
(44) (a) x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 2t.
(b) x = 1 + t, y = 2 + 3t, z = 3 2t.
(c) x = 3 + t, y = 2 2t, z = 2 + t.
(45) (a) Let f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx 11, then f (x, y, z) = hy + z, x + z, x + yi and
f (1, 2, 3) = h5, 4, 3i .
Equation of the tangent plane 5 (x 1)+4 (y 2)+3 (z 3) = 0 i.e., 5x+4y+3z = 22

(b) Let f (x, y, z) = x3 + y 3 + z 3 18, then f (x, y, z) = 3x2 , 3y 2 , 3z 2 and
f (2, 3, 1) = h12, 27, 3i .
Equation of the tangent plane 12 (x + 2)+27 (y 3)+3 (z + 1) = 0 i.e., 4x+9y +z =
18
(c) Let f (x, y, z) = zey sin x 1, then f (x, y, z) = hzey cos x, zey sin x, ey sin xi and
f

2

, 0, 1 = h0, 1, 1i .
Equation of the tangent plane 0 x
+ (y 0) + (z 1) = 0 i.e., y + z = 1
(d) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 xyz 7, then f (x, y, z) = h2x yz, 2y xz, xyi and
f (2, 3, 1) = h1, 4, 6i .
Equation of the tangent plane (1) (x + 2) + 4 (y 3) + 6 (z + 1) = 0 i.e., x + 4y +
6z = 8
(46) Equation of the cone is x2 + y 2 z 2 = 0. At P = (x0 , y0 , z0 ), the normal vector to the

cone is given by n = x2 + y 2 z 2 at P = 2x0 i + 2y0 j 2z0 k.
(a) Equation of the tangent plane at P is n (r r0 ) = 0, or x0 (x x0 ) + y0 (y y0 ) +
z0 (z z0 ) = 0. Since x20 + y02 z02 = 0, the equation is satisfied when x = y = z = 0.
Therefore, the tangent plane passes through the origin.

69

(b) Equation of the normal line is r r0 = tn, where t is any real parameter. This
vector equation also takes the form x = x0 + x0 t, y = y0 + y0 t, z = z0 + z0 t. When

x = y = 0, we have t = 1. This implies z = 2z0 . Hence the normal line intersects
the zaxis at (0, 0, 2z0 ).
(47) The normal vector to the ellipsoid at (1, 1, 3) is given by

n = x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2
at (1,1,3)
= 2i + 4 j+18 k.
As such, equation of the tangent plane is 2(x1)+4(y 1)+18(z 3) = 0, or x+2y +9z =
30.
(48) Tangent vector =

= i+
dr
dt at t= 41
j
2 t at t= 1
4
= i + j. When t = 14 , x =
1
4
and y = 12 .
Vector equation of the normal line is given by T (r r0 ) = 0, where T = i + j is the

tangent vector, r =xi + yj and r0 = 41 i + 12 j.
(49) (a) By (45) b., f (2, 3, 1) = h12, 27, 3i, then the normal line to the surface at
x+2
12
x/2
0
y
1
z1
1
y3
27
z+1
3
or x = 2 + 12t, y = 3 + 27t and z = 1 + 3t.

(b) By (45) c., f 2 , 0, 1 = h0, 1, 1i, then the normal line to the surface at 2 , 0, 1 is
(2, 3, 1) is
or x = 2 , y = t and z = 1 + t.
(c) By (45) d., f (2, 3, 1) = h1, 4, 6i, then the normal line to the surface at
(2, 3, 1) is
x+2
1
y3
4
z+1
6
or x = 2 t, y = 3 + 4t and z = 1 + 6t.

(50) (a) r = t2 , 3t, 0 , r (x, y, z) = h2t, 3, 0i and r (1, 3, 0) = h2, 3, 0i.
x = 1 + 2s, y = 3 + 3s and z = 0.

(b) r = 2t2 , 3t, t3 , r (x, y, z) = 4t, 3, 3t2 and r (2, 3, 3) = h4, 3, 3i.
x = 4 + 4s, y = 3 + 3s and z = 3 + 3s.
(c) r = hcos t, sin t, ti, r (x, y, z) = h sin t, cos t, 1i and r

x=
1
2
3
2 s,
y=
3
2
+ 21 s and z =
+ s.
3
1
,
,
2 2 3
E
D
= 23 , 12 , 1 .

(51) (a) r = t, 1, e2t , r (x, y, z) = 1, 0, 2e2t and kvk = kr (x, y, z)k = 1 + 4e4t .
E
Dq

9 2
3 , r (x, y, z) =
t
,
3t,
t
(b) r =
18t, 3, 3t2 and kvk = 18t2 + 9 + 9t4 =
2

3 t2 + 1 .
(52) Arc length of a curve is given by the integral

Z
s
dx
dt
2
70
dy
dt
2
dz
dt
2
dt.

Rq
R
(a) arc length = 0 ( sin t)2 + (1 + cos t)2 dt = 0 2 + 2 cos tdt = 4.
2
R4q 2
R4
R4
(b) arc length = 0 (t) +

2t + 1 dt = 0 t2 + 2t + 1dt = 0 (t + 1)dt = 12.
R 2 q
(a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 + k 2 dt = 2 a2 + k 2 .
(c) arc length = 0
E
D

b
(53) (a) f (x, y) = 2x, 6y 2 , f (2, 1) = h4, 6i and kbk
= 15 h1, 2i = 15 , 25 .
E
D
8
b
= h4, 6i 15 , 25 =
f (2, 1) kbk
5
D E

b
= 45 , 53 .
(b) f (x, y) = hey cos x, ey sin xi, f 3 , 0 = 21 , 23 and kbk
D E
b

3
f 3 , 0 kbk
= 21 , 23 54 , 53 = 43
10

(c) f (x, y, z) = hyzexy , xzexy , exy i, f (2, 1, 1) = e2 , 2e2 , e2 and
D
E
b
1 , 1 , 1 .
=
kbk
3
3
3
E
D
b
= e2 , 2e2 , e2 13 , 13 , 13 = 23 e2
f (2, 1, 1) kbk
x
y
(54) (a) T (x, y) = he
ex sin y + ey cos xi and T (0, 0) = i + j, then
q cos y e sin x,
kT (x, y)k = (1)2 + (1)2 = 2.
(b) T (0, 0) = i j
(55)
T
y
T
x
= 2x and
dx
T
dt = x = 2x
dy
T
dt = y = 2y
= 2y.
=
x (t) = C1 e2t
y (t) = C2 e2t
With initial condition (2, 1), x (t) = 2e2t and y (t) = e2t .
(56) f (1, 1, 0) = 2i + 2j k. Therefore
Du f (1, 1, 0) = f (1, 1, 0)
u
8
2i 3j + 6k
= .
= (2i + 2j k) p
2
2
2
kuk
7
2 + (3) + 6
The direction along which f increases most rapidly at the point (1, 1, 0) is 2i + 2j k,
and the direction along which f decreases most rapidly is 2i 2j + k.
The rate of
increase/decrease is given by
f (1, 1, 0)
(2i + 2j k)
= 3.
k (2i + 2j k)k
(57) To minimize f (x, y, z) = (x 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 1)2 subject to g = 2x y + 5z 3 = 0, we

71

use Lagrange Multiplier Method:
fx
f
y
fz
= gx
= gy
= gz
=
2(x 1)
2y
2(z + 1)
2x y + 5z =
From the first 3 equations, we conclude that x = + 1, y = 2 and

z = 1 +
5
2 .
Substitution into the last equation yields = 25 , which implies that the
minimum point is ( 57 , 15 , 0). Hence the minimum distance is equal to

s
r
2
7
6
1
( 1)2 +
+ (0 + 1)2 =
.
5
5
5
(58) Label the pentagon as ABCDE where ABE is an isoceles triangle with AB = AE = x,
BE = 2y and BC = ED = z. We wish to minimize P = 2x + 2y + 2z, subject to the

p
constraint g = y x2 y 2 + 2yz 1000 = 0. Lagrange Multiplier Method yields the
equations
2
2
=

xy
x2 y 2
p
2
=
x2 y 2 y2
2
=
p 2
2
y x y + 2yz =
2y
x y 2
+ 2z
1000
The third equation implies that = y1 . Substitution into the first and the second
p
( 3+1)x
and x2 y 2 = x2 . These, together with the
equation yields y = 23x , z =
2
fourth equation, give
x=
4000
,y=
6+3 3

1000
, z = 1+ 3
2+ 3
1000
.
6+3 3
(59) We minimize the function f (x, y) = (x a)2 + y 2 , subject to the constraint g(x, y) =
y 2 4bx = 0, where a > 0, b > 0.
2(x a) = (4b)
Lagrange Multiplier method leads to
2y
=
2y .
y 2 4bx =
0
There are two cases:
y = 0:
The third equation yields x = 0 as well. Therefore, (0, 0) is the point on the
72

parabola which minimizes f (x, y). As such, the shortest distance from (a, 0) to the
p
parabola is given by (0 a)2 + 02 = a.
y 6= 0:
The second equation implies = 1. Substituting = 1 into the first equation,

p
we obtain x = a 2b. Therefore y = 4b(a 2b). To summarize, there are
p
two points on the parabola which minimize f (x, y), i.e., (a 2b, 4b(a 2b)) and
p
(a 2b, 4b(a 2b)). The shortest distance from (a, 0) to the parabola is given
by 4b(a b).
Note: You may prove that case (b) occurs if and only if a > 2b by considering the
intersection of the circle (x a)2 + y 2 = a2 and the parabola y 2 = 4bx.

(60) We apply Lagrange Multiplier Method to the function T = 2x2 + 5y 2 + 11z 2 + 20xy
4xz + 16yz, subject to g = x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 = 0, to obtain the equations
4x + 20y 4z
20x + 10y + 16z
4x + 16y + 22z
x2 + y 2 + z 2
= 2x
= 2y
= 2z
=
The first three equations are equivalent to an eigenvalue problem
20 4
20 10
4 16

16
y = y .
22
z
z

20
4
4

Solving the characteristic equation 20
10
16 = 0, one obtains eigenvalues

4
16
22
= 9,
are
= 9,
9 and 18.
Corresponding
eigenvectors

obtained as follows:
when

x
2t
x
2s
x
r

y = 2t ; when = 9, y = s ; when = 18, y = 2r . We

z
t
z
2s
z
2r
1
1
then substitute these solutions into the constraint and obtain t = 3 , s = 3 , r = 13 .
Therefore, the critical points of the function T on the sphere are ( 32 , 23 , 31 ), ( 23 , 32 , 13 ),
( 23 , 31 , 32 ), ( 23 , 13 , 32 ), ( 31 , 23 , 32 ) and ( 31 , 23 , 32 ). Substituting these points into T ,
we conclude that ( 13 , 32 , 32 ) and ( 13 , 23 , 32 ) are the hottest points on the sphere, with
maximum temperature = 18.
(61) We minimize H = R1 i21 + R2 i22 + R3 i23 + R4 i24 , subject to the constraint g = i1 + i2 + i3 +

i4 I = 0. Lagrange Multiplier Method gives 2Rk ik = for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, from which it
73

follows that ik =
2Rk
for each k. Substitution into the constraint gives
=
2
from which it follows that ik =
R
Rk
1
R1
two equations to obtain 4y 2 = 9x2 .

and y =
I
+
1
R3
1
R4
I for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, where
(62) We maximize A = 4xy, subject

to the
4y
Multiplier Method yields

4x
9x2 + 4y 2
3 .
2
1
R2
1
R
1
R1
1
R2
1
R3
1
R4 .
constraint g = 9x2 + 4y 2 36 = 0. Lagrange

= 18x
= 8y . We may eliminate from the first
=
36
Substitution into the third equation x =
As a result, the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse

3
has vertices at ( 2, 2 ), ( 2, 32 ), ( 2, 32 ) and ( 2, 32 ). Its area is given by
A = 4 2 32 = 12.
(63) We wish to minimize S= 2rh + 2r2 , subject to g = r2 h 1000 = 0. Lagrange
2h + 4r = 2rh
Multiplier Method gives
2r
= r2 . The first two equations together yield
r2 h
= 1000
q
h = 2r. Substituting this into the last equation, we conclude that r = 3 500
5.42 and
q
h = 2 3 500
10.84.
(64) Tx = 2x 1, Ty = 4y, Txx = 2, Tyy = 4 and Txy = Tyx = 0.
Tx = 0 = x = 21

H = fxx 21 , 0 fyy
Ty = 0 = y = 0

2
1
1
,
0
f
,
0
=8>0
xy
2
2
A = fxx = 2 > 0

Thus, f (x, y) has a local minimum (coldest point) at 12 , 0 and f 21 , 0 = 14 .
It is evident that the maximum occurs at the boundary.
Then we have to use the
Lagrange Multipliers method to find the maximum point.

Let f (x, y) = x2 x + 2y 2 and g (x, y) = x2 + y 2 1.
2x 1 = 2x

= (x, y, ) = 1, 0, 12 or 12 , 23 , 2
4y = 2y
x2 + y 2 = 1
For (1, 0), f (1, 0) = 0 and f (1, 0) = 2.

For 12 , 23 , f 12 , 23 = 2.25.

Thus, the maximum (hottest point) is at 12 , 23 and f 12 , 23 = 2.25.
74

P
P
(65) Let f (A, B, C) = 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi )2 , then fA = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ) xi ,
P
P
fB = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ) yi and fC = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ).
P
fA = 0 = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ) xi = 0 = 2A + B + 2C = 0
P
fB = 0 = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ) yi = 0 = A + 2B + 2C + 2 = 0
P
fC = 0 = 2 4i=1 (Axi + Byi + C zi ) = 0 = 2A + 2B + 4C + 1 = 0
Solving the system of linear equations, A = 12 , B = 23 and C = 41 .
Thus, the fitted plane is z = 12 x 23 y 14 .
(66) fx = 2x + 2, fy = 2y + 2, fxx = 2, fyy = 2 and fxy = fyx = 0.
(
(
fx = 0
x=1
=
fx = 0
y=1
H = fxx (1, 1) fyy (1, 1) [fxy (1, 1)]2 = 4 > 0
A = fxx = 2 < 0
Thus, f (x, y) has a maxima at (1, 1) and f (1, 1) = 4.

(67) Let f (x, y, z) = (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 + (z + 2)2 and g (x, y, z) = x 2y + 5z 4, then
fx = 2 (x 1), fy = 2 (y 1), fz = 2 (z + 2), gx = 1, gy = 2 and gz = 5.
fx = gx
2 (x 1) =
x = 12 + 1
2 (y 1) = 2
y = + 1
fy = gy
=
=
z = 25 2
fz = gz
2 (z + 2) = 5
x 2y + 5z = 4
x 2y + 5z = 4
x 2y + 5z = 4

= 21 + 1 2 ( + 1) + 5 52 2 = 15 11 = 4 = = 1
Thus, x = 32 , y = 0, z =
1
2
and f (x, y, z) =
15
2 .
The minimum distance is
30
2 .
(68) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and g (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z 2 1, then fx = 2x, fy = 2y,

fz = 2z, gx = 2x, gy = 2y and gz = 2z.
x ( 1) = 0
2x = 2x
fx = gx
y ( 1) = 0
2y = 2y
fy = gy
=
=
z ( + 1) = 0
2z = 2z
fz = gz
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x + y2 z2 = 1
x +y z =1
x +y z =1
While 6= 0, z = 0 and x2 + y 2 = 1. If x = 0, then y = 1. If y = 0, then x = 1.

Thus, f (0, 1, 0) = 1 and f (1, 0, 0) = 1. The minimum distance is 1.
(69) Let f (x, y, z) = xyz and g (x, y, z) = x + y + z 2 16, then fx = yz, fy = xz, fz = xy,
gx = 1, gy = 1 and gz = 2z.
75
fx = gx
fy = gy
fz = gz
x+y+
z2
= 16
yz = ... (1)
xz = ... (2)
xy = 2z ... (3)
x + y + z 2 = 16 ... (4)
From (1) and (2), yz = xz = z (y x) = 0 = y = x as z 6= 0.
Again, from (1) and (2), x = y = z ... (5).

From (3) and (5), z z = 2z = = 2z 3 ... (6) as 6= 0.

2
2
2
For (4) , z + z + z 2 = 16 = 2
z + z = 16 = 4z + z = 16 = z =
So, =
128
5 5
and x = y =
32
5
Thus, f (x, y, z) =
128
/ 4
5 5
5
32
5

4
5
32
5 .
4096
125
4 .
5
5.
(70) Let f (x, y, z) = x 2y + 5z and g (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 36, then fx = 1, fy = 2,

fz = 5, gx = 2x, gy = 2y and gz = 2z.
1 = 2x
q q
q
6
6
,
2
, 30, 5
2 = 2y
5
q 5 q24
= (x, y, z, ) = q
5
5 = 2z
65 , 2 65 , 30, 24
2
x + y 2 + z 2 = 36
q q
q
q

6
6
6
,
2
,
2
2 65 + 5 30 = 6 30 = 32.863
30
=
f
5
5
5
q
q

f 65 , 2 65 , 30 = 6 30 = 32.863
Thus, the maximum value of f is 32.863 and the minimum value of f is 32.863.
(71) Let x, y and z be respectively the length, the width and the height of the box. We wish
to minimize f (x, y, z) = 2xy + 8[xy + 2xz + 2yz], subject to the constraint g(x, y, z) =
xyz 36 = 0. Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
10y + 16z
10x + 16z
16x + 16y
xyz
to obtain x = y =
q
3
288
5
3.862 and z =
10
16 x
= yz
= xz
= xy
=
5
8
36
q
3
288
5
2.414.
Physical consideration indicates that this must be a minimum. Thus the cost for building
such a box is approximately $447.48.
76

(72) We wish to minimize f (x, y) = x2 + (y + 2)2 , subject to the constraint g(x, y) = x2 2x +
y 2 = 0. Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we simplify the equations
2x
= (2x 2)
2(y + 2)
=
x2 2x + y 2 =
2y
0
to conclude that y = 2x 2 and 5x2 10x + 4 = 0.

Thus x = 1
y = 25 .
1 ,
5
y = 25 or x = 1 +
The shortest distance is given by
r
1 ,
5
1
5
y=
2
2 .
5
For mininum, we have x = 1
1 ,
5

2
+ 25 + 2 = 5 1 1.236.
(73) Using the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
2x
2y
2z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1

to obtain two critical points (x, y, z, ) = 135 , 335 , 535 , 235 . Thus the maximum
value is
1
3
5
, ,
35 35 35
35
and the minimum value is

3
5
1
= 35.
f , ,
35
35
35
(74) We minimize f (x, y, z) = (x + 1)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2 , subject to

(
g(x, y, z) = x + 2y 3z 4 = 0
h(x, y, z) = 2x y + 2z 5 = 0
77

By the Lagrange Multiplier method, we solve the equations
to obtain x =
37
15 ,
y=
49
15 ,
2(x + 1)
+ 2
2(y 2)
2(z 3)
= 3 + 2
x + 2y 3z =
4
2x y + 2z =
5
z=
25
15 .
Physical consideration indicates that this must be a
minimum. Therefore, the shortest distance is given by

s
2
2
2
37
49
25
+1 +
2 +
3 3.9243.
15
15
15
(75) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and g (x, y, z) = xyz 1, then fx = 2x, fy = 2y, fz = 2z,
gx = yz, gy = xz and gz = xy.
(1, 1, 1)
2x
=
yz
(1, 1, 1)
2y = xz
= (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1)
2z
=
xy
(1, 1, 1)
xyz = 1
f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = f (1, 1, 1) = 3
Therefore, the minimum distance is 3 and the maximum distance is .
(76) We differentiate the equation x2 2yw + w3 + 1 = 0 with respect to x to obtain

2x 2y
which implies
w
x
2x
.
3w2 2y
w
w
+ 3w2
= 0,
x
x
(4.0.1)
If we now differentiate (4.0.1) with respect to x, we obtain
2w
2 2y 2 + 6w
x
w
x
2
+ 3w2
2w
= 0.
x2
From this equation, one concludes that

2 + 6w w
2w
x
=
x2
3w2 2y
2
(77) Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z 2 2x (y + z) = 0. Then Fx = 2x 2y 2z, Fy = 2y 2x

and Fz = 2z 2x.
78

Thus,
z
x
= FFxz =
xyz
x+z
2z
y 2
yx
x+z .
(x + z) (y x) yx
x+z
(x + z)2
(y + z) (2x y + z)
(x + z)2 (y x)2
=
.
3
(x + z)
(x + z)3

(x + z) 1
z
=
x

(x + z) 1
z
y
z
(x y z) y
(x + z)2
yx
x+z
(x y z) yx
x+z
(x + z)2
x2 3xy 2xz + y 2 z 2
.
(x + z)3
2z
xy
= Fyz =
(x + z)2
yx
z
y
z
(x + z) (1) (y x) y
2z
and
(x + z) (1) (y x) 1 +

(x + z) (1) (y x) 1 +
=
=
z
y
(x + z)2
xyz
x+z
(x + z)2
z
x
(x + z)2 (1) (y x) (2x y)

(x + z)3
x2 3xy 2xz + y 2 z 2
.
(x + z)3
(78) Let F (x, y, w) = x + y + xyw w3 , then Fx = 1 + yw, Fy = 1 + xw and Fw = xy 3w2 .

w
x
1+yw
= FFwx = xy3w
2 and
2w
x2
=
=
=
=
w
y
1+xw
= Fwy = xy3w
2

(1 + yw) (1 + yw) x
3w2 xy
3w2 xy x
1 + yw
=
3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2

w
3w2 xy y w
x (1 + yw) 6w x y
3w2 xy

(3w2 xy)2

1+yw
1+yw
y 3w
(1 + yw) 6w 3w
2 xy
2 xy y
(3w2 xy)2
2 xy 2 + 3w (wy + 1)
(3w2 xy)3
79

3w2 xy y
(1 + xw) (1 + xw) y
3w2 xy
1 + xw
=
3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2

w
3w2 xy x w
(1
+
xw)
6w
y
y
2w
=
2
y
y
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(3w2 xy)2

1+xw
1+xw
(1 + xw) 6w 3w
x 3w
2 xy
2 xy x
(3w2 xy)2
2 x2 y + 3w (wx + 1)
(3w2 xy)3
3w2 xy

(3w2 xy)2

1+yw
1+yw
w + x 3w
(1
+
xw)
6w
y
2 xy
3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2
2

w 3w2 xy + x 3w2 xy (1 + yw) 6w (1 + yw)2 y 3w2 xy (1 + xw)
(3w2 xy)3

(1 + yw) (1 + yw) y
3w2 xy
3w2 xy y
1 + yw
=
3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2

w
3w2 xy w + y w
(1
+
yw)
6w
y
y
2w
=
yx
y
=
3w2 xy

3w2 xy x
(1 + xw) (1 + xw) x
3w2 xy
1 + xw
=
3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2

w
3w2 xy w + x w
x (1 + xw) 6w x y
2w
=
xy
x
=
3w2 xy

w 3w2 xy
(3w2 xy)2

1+xw
1+xw
(1 + yw) 6w 3w
w + y 3w
2 xy
2 xy x
2
(3w2 xy)2

+ x 3w2 xy (1 + yw) 6w (1 + yw)2 y 3w2 xy (1 + xw)
(3w2 xy)3
(79) Differentiating the equation with respect to x and y, we obtain

3w2
Therefore,
w
x
w
w
w
w
+4
2x + y 2 = 0 and 3w2
+4
+ 2xy + 8 = 0.
x
x
y
y
2xy 2
3w2 +4
and
w
y
2xy8
.
3w2 +4
80
Solving
2x y 2
= 0
2xy 8 = 0
, one obtains

(2, 2) as the only critical point of the function. At (2, 2), further differentiations yield

2 3w2 + 4 2x y 2 (6w w
2w
x )
=
,
2
2
2
x
(3w + 4)

(2x) 3w2 + 4 + (2xy + 8) (6w w
2w
x )
=
,
2
2
y
(3w2 + 4)

2y 3w2 + 4 2x y 2 (6w w
2w
y )
=
.
2
2
xy
(3w + 4)
Since
2w 2w
x2 y 2
= 0 at (2, 2), conclude that xw2 > 0 and yw2 < 0 at that point. Therefore,
2 2
w
< 0 at (2, 2) and therefore the point (2, 2) is a saddle point.
xy
w
x
(80) Differentiating the equation with respect to x and y, we obtain

1 + yw + xy
This imply
w
x
1+yw
ew xy
w
w
w
w
ew
= 0 and 1 + xw + xy
ew
= 0.
x
x
y
y
and
w
y
1+xw
ew xy .
Further differentiation gives

w w
(ew xy) y w
2w
x (1 + yw) e x y
,
=
x2
(ew xy)2

w xy) w (1 + xw) ew w x
x
(e
2
y
y
w
,
=
2
2
w
y
(e xy)

w xy) w + y w (1 + yw) ew w x
(e
2
y
y
w
.
=
2
w
xy
(e xy)
(81) Differentiating the equations with respective to x and y, we obtain
(
(
2u u
x
(v cos uv + 1
6v) u
x
v
4v x
+(u cos uv 3
2u u
y
(v cos uv + 1
6v) u
y
v
4v y
+(u cos uv 3
We may now use Cramers rule to obtain

1
u
=
x
D
u v u
x , x , y
= 2x 5y
v
6u) x
= ex cos y
= 6y 5x
v
6u) y
and
v
y .
For instance, we have

2x 5y
4v

ex cos y u cos uv 3 6u
81
ex sin y

and
v
1
=
x
D
where

2u
2x 5y

v cos uv + 1 6v ex cos y

2u
4v

D=
v cos uv + 1 6v u cos uv 3 6u
(82) (a) If T and are defined as functions of P and V by the equations, we differentiate
the equations to obtain
V
CV T
P
CP
T
= ,
=
,
=
and
=
.
P
R P
P V
R
V
V
Therefore,
T
T
CP CV
=
= 1.
P V
V P
R
(b) If P and V are defined as functions of T and by the equations, we differentiate

the equations with respect to T and to obtain
(
P
T
CV P
P T
+P V
T
+ CVP V
T
= R
=
and
CV P
P
+P V
= 0
+ CVP V
= 1
Cramers rule then yields

CP V
CV P
P
V
V
P
=
,
=
,
= and
= .
T
V
T
P
R
R
Therefore,
P V
V P
= 1.
T
T
82
Chapter 5
Multiple Integrals
(1) (a)
Z
3Z 2
4xydxdy =
4y
x2
2
2
dy =
(b)
Z
4Z 3
4xydxdy =
4y
x2
2
3
dy =
(c)
Z
1Z 1
4xydxdy =
x2
4y
2

1
dy =
4
16ydy = 8y 2 2 = 96
2y 2y
3
8ydy = 4y 2 0 = 36
1
dy = y y 4
2
2
1
0
1
2
(d)
Z
2 Z x+1
4xydydx =
x/2
2
0
1
=
2
x+1
#
(x + 1)2 x2
4x
dx
dx =
2
8
0
x/2

2

1 3 4 8 3
62
3
2
2
3x + 8x + 4x dx =
=
x + x + 2x
2 4
3
3
0
y2
4x
2

"
(e)
Z
1Z
4xydxdy =
y2
=2
(f)
Z
1Z
4xydxdy =
1
0
x2
4y
2

3y
dy = 2
x2
4y
2

83
y
0
y2
3 8/3 1 6
y y
8
6
1
dy =
5
12
1
0
1

y 5/3 y 5 dy
2 3
2y dy =
y
3
2
1
0
2
3
CHAPTER 5. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
(2)
y = x2
= (x, y) = (0, 0) or (1, 1)
y = x3
Z
1 Z x2
x +y
x3
dydx =
(3)
x = y2
1
1
x y + y3
3
4
x2
dx =
x3
4 7 1 8
1
x x x10
21
8
30
1
1

4 6
1 9
7
x x x dx
3
3
9
= 0.032143
280
= (x, y) = (0, 0) or (1, 1)
y=x
1Z y
y2
xydxdy =
2
y x3/2
3
2 1 3 2
y y
3 3
9
y
dy =
y2
1
9/2
2
27

2 2
y y 7/2 dx
3
(4) The parabola and the line intersect each other at (1, 3) and (4, 12).
Hence,
Z
x dA =
R
3x
Z
x2 4
1
4
3

Z
x dy dx =

x 3x x2 + 4 dx

125
x + 3x2 + 4x dx =
.
4
(5) (a)
ZZ
2xydxdy = X + Y
X=
Y =
Thus,
1 Z x+2
0
3 Z 4x
2xydydx =
2xydydx =
Z Z
x+2
x y 2 0 dx =
4x
x y 2 0 dx =
2xydxdy =
1
0
3
1
43 44
73
+
=
12
3
4
(b)
ZZ
2xydxdy = X + Y
84

43
x3 + 4x2 + 4x dx =
12

44
x3 8x2 + 16x dx =
3
X=
Y =
2 Z 62y
y
1 Z 4y
2xydxdy =
2xydxdy =
Thus,
Z Z
2
1
62y
y x2 y
dy =
4y
y x2 y dy =
2xydxdy =
2
1

37
3y 3 24y 2 + 36y dy =
4
15y 3 dy =
15
4
37 15
+
= 13
4
4
(c)
ZZ
2xydxdy = X + Y
Z

2 (9y)/2
1 3
72y 8y 3 dy = 32
y x 3(y1)/2 dy =
2xydxdy =
X=
4 1
1
3(y1)/2
1
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1 Z 3y+1

3y+1
14
8y 3 + 8y 2 dy =
y x2 1y dy =
2xydxdy =
Y =
3
0
0
1y
0
Z
3 Z (9y)/2
Thus,
Z Z
2xydxdy = 32 +
110
14
=
3
3
(d)
ZZ
2xydxdy = X + Y
1 Z x+2

13
12x2 3x3 dx =
4
0
0
22x
0
Z 3
Z 3 Z (7x)/2
Z 3
(7x)/2

1
x y 2 (x1)/2 dx =
2xydydx =
48x 12x2 dx = 22
Y =
4 1
1
1
(x1)/2
X=
2xydydx =
Thus,
ZZ
x+2
x y 2 22x dx =
2xydxdy =
(6)
y
85
101
13
+ 22 =
4
4

(a)
Z
3Z 1
x dxdy =
3
1 3
x
3
1
1
dy =
y
3
0
1
=1
(b)
Z
3Z 1
ex+y dxdy =
3
ex+y
1
dy =
0

e1+y ey dy

3
= e1+y ey 0 = e4 e3 e + 1
(c)
Z
3Z 1
xy dxdy =
3
1 2 2
y x
2
1
dy =

1 2
1 3 3 9
=
y dy =
y
2
6
2
0
(7)
y=1
(a)
Z
1Z 1
x ydxdy =
1
1 4
x y
4
1
dy =
1 2
1
y y6
8
24
1
1

1
1 5
y y dy
4
4
1
12
(b)
Z
1Z 1
xy dxdy =
1
1 2 3
x y
2
1
dy =
1 4
1
y y6
8
12
1
1

1 3 1 5
y y dy
2
2
1
24
(c)
Z
1Z 1
2 2
x y dxdy =
1
1 3 2
x y
3
1
1
1 3
y y6
9
18
86
dy =
1
0
1
18
1

1 2 1 5
y y dy
3
3

(8)
y
x
2
(a)
Z
/2 Z /2
sin (x + y) dxdy
0
/2
/2
[ cos (x + y)]0
dy =
h

i/2
=2
= sin y sin
+y
2
0
/2
cos y cos

2
+y

dy
(b)
Z
/2 Z /2
cos (x + y) dxdy =
/2
/2
/2
[sin (x + y)]0
0
/2 h
dy

i
h

i/2
=0
+ y sin (y) dy = cos
+ y cos (y)
2
2
0
sin
(c)
Z
/2 Z /2
0
/2
(1 + xy) dxdy =
1
x + x2 y
2
/2

1
1
1
1
+ 2 y dy =
y + 2 y 2
2
8
2
16
0
/2
0
dy
1
1
= 2 + 4
4
64

(9) R = (x, y) | 3 y x 2, 0 y 8 = (x, y) |0 x 2, 0 y x3

Z
x4
e dx dy =
y
x3
x4
e dy dx =
ex x3 dx =

1 16
e 1
4

(10) R = (x, y) |0 x 1, 1 y x2 = (x, y) |0 x y, 0 y 1

Z
1 Z 1
x2

Z 1
sin y
dy dx =
y
0
+ y
!
Z 1
sin y
sin y
ydy = 1 cos 1 = 0.4597
dx dy =
y
y
0
87

(11) (a)
1y2
1 3
x2 + 3y dxdy =
x + 3y 3 x
dy
3
1 1y 2
1
1y 2
Z 1 p
Z
Z
2 1p
2 1p
2
2
2
y 3 (1 y 2 )dy
(1 y )dy
(1 y )y dy + 6
=
3 1
3 1
1
Z /2
Z
Z /2
2 /2
2
=
sin3 cos2 d
cos2 d
sin2 cos2 d + 6
3 /2
3 /2
/2
Z /2
Z /2
Z /2
2

2
1 + cos 2
sin 2
2
=
cos2 cos4 d (cos )
d
d 6
3 /2
2
3 /2 4
/2
3

/2
Z /2
1 cos 4
cos cos5
2
2 1

d 6
=
3 2
3 /2
8
3
5
/2

2 1
1
1
+0=
=
3
3 8
4
Z 1y2

3
(b)
Z
1Z y
xydxdy =
y2
1
2 3/2 1/2
x y
3
2 3
4
y y 9/2
9
27
y
dy =
y2
1
0
2
27

2 2
y y 7/2 dy
3
(c)
1 Z y2
ye dxdy =
1 y2
e
2
(d)
88

1
2
yey y dy
dy =
0

1 2 1 1
= e1
y
2
2
0
2
[yex ]y0

y
y2 = 2x
3
2
1
x
1
-1
y2 = 8 - 2x
-2
-3
2
2
Z (8y2 )/2
y 2 /2
4y
dxdy =
2
2
(8y)2 /2
4 y 2 x y2 /2
dy

512
8 3 1 5 2
2
4
=
16 8y + y dy = 16y y + y
3
5
15
2
(e)

3y
1
5
2
4
x +y x
x + y dxdy =
dy
5
0
0
y
y

Z 1
3 8/3
6 5/2
3 10/3 12 7/2 1
1 5/3
7/3
y +y y
dy =
y + y
y
=
5
5
40
10
35
0
0
9
=
= 0.03214
280
1Z

2
1
(f)
y
1.0
y=x
0.5
x
-1.0
-0.5
0.5
1.0
-0.5
y = -x
-1.0
x

3xy 2 y dydx
3xy y dydx +
1 x
x
0
x
Z 1
Z 0
Z 1
3 2 2
4
=
2x4 dx = 0
2x dx
dx =
x y xy
2
0
1
0
x
1Z x
(g)
89

y
2y = x
x
0
2 Z x/2
ex dydx =
ex y
2h
ix/2
0
dx =

1 x2
1 x2 2 1 4 1
xe dx =
e
= e
2
4
4
4
0
(h)
y
1
0.5
0
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
1 Z x3
(x + y) dydx +
x4
x4
(x + y) dydx
x3
x3
x 4
Z 0
1 2
1 2
dx +
dx
x + yx
x + yx
=
2
1 2
0
x4
x3

Z 1
Z 0
1 6
1 8
1 6
1 8
4
5
4
5
=
x + x x x dx +
x + x x x dx
2
2
2
2
0
1
1

1 7 1 6
1 9
1 9 1 5
1 7 0
1 6
1 5
+ x + x x x
x + x x x
=
5
14
6
18
6
18
5
14
0
1
241
1
31
=
=
630 630
3
Z
1
(i)
y
2y = x
1
x
0
90
1 Z 2y
y 2 /2
dxdy =
1h
y 2 /2
xe
i2y
0
dy =
2yey
2 /2
dy
h
i
1 2 1
1
= 2e 2 y
= 2 2e 2
0
(12)
Boundaries: u = 0, u = 1, v = 0, v = 1
Jacobian:

(x, y)
=
(u, v)
y
u
y
v
x
u
x
v
1 Z 1x

(uuv)
u
(uuv)
v
(uv)
u
(uv)
v

1v v

=u
=
u u
1Z 1
uv (x, y)
eu
dydx =
dudv
(u, v)
0
0
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1Z 1
(ue u) du
[uev ]10 du =
uev dvdu =
=
(13)
0
2
u e
y/(x+y)
u2
2
1
0
e1
2
R1
f (x) dx = A = 0 f (y) dy = A
i
hR
R1
R1
R1
R1R1
1
dy = 0 Af (y) dy = A 0 f (y) dy = A2
f
(x)
dx
f
(x)
f
(y)
dxdy
=
f
(y)
0
0
0 0
R1R1
R1R1
R1Rx
2
0 0 f (x) f (y) dydx + 0 x f (x) f (y) dydx = 0 0 f (x) f (y) dxdy = A
R1
0
Let A = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y x} and B = {(x, y) |0 x 1, x y 1}.

(
v (x, y) = x
Consider the following transformation that transforms the space in A to B,
.
u (x, y) = y

u v 0 1
x x

Then J = u v =
= 1.

1 0
y
y
91
Thus,
1Z x
f (x) f (y) dydx =
R1Rx
0
Therefore,
f (x) f (y) dydx +
R1R1
1Z 1
f (u) f (v) dvdu =
R1R1
f (x) f (y) dydx =
f (x) f (y) dydx = 2
A2
2 .
1Z 1
R1R1
0
f (x) f (y) dydx
f (x) f (y) dydx = A2 .
(14) Let u = xy and v = xy 3 , where 4 u 8 and 5 v 15.

Jacobian:

(u, v)
=
(x, y)
u
x
u
y
v
x
v
y
(xy 3 )
x
(xy 3 )
y
(xy)
x
(xy)
y

y
y3
=
x 3xy 2

= 2xy 3 = 2v

ZZ
Z 8 Z 15
(x, y)
1
1
dudv =
dvdu
dudv
=
(u,v)
(u,
v)
2v
D1
D
D1
5
4
(x,y)

15

Z 8
Z 8
Z 8
ln v
ln 15 ln 5
1
=
du =
ln 3 du = 2 ln 3
du =
2 5
2
2
2
4
4
4
ZZ
dxdy =
ZZ
(15) (a)
Z Z
(x + y) dxdy
Z 2
Z
Z 2
r2 dr
(cos + sin ) d
(r cos + r sin ) rdrd =
=
0
0
0
0

2
8
1 3
16
= [sin cos ]0
= (2)
r
=
3
3
3
0
(b)
Z Z
=
(x + y) dxdy
Z /2
/2
2
/2
= [sin cos ]/2
1 3
r
3
3
= (2)
92
/2
(cos + sin ) d
/2
27 8
3
38
3
3
2
r2 dr

(c)
Z Z
=
(x + y) dxdy
Z /2
/2
/2
2 cos
(r cos + r sin ) rdrd
(cos + sin )
/2
Z /2
2 cos
r2 drd =
/2
(cos + sin )
/2
/2
1 3
r
3
2 cos
Z
Z
8 /2
8
4
cos d +
cos3 sin d
cos + cos sin d =
3 /2
3 /2
/2
/2

Z /2
Z
8 /2
16 3
8
1
8
cos4 d +
cos3 sin d =
+
cos4
= (2)
3
3 /2
3 16
3
4
0
/2
8
=
3
=+0=
(d)
Z Z
(x + y) dxdy
3
Z /2 Z
/2
(cos + sin )
1 3
r
3
3

d =
1
3
Z
Z
/2
(cos + sin )
0
r2 drd
/2
(cos + sin ) d3
0
/2
[cos + sin + sin cos ]0 =
3
6
2
q
3 =2
(16) Distance from (0, 0) to 1, 3 = (1)2 +
sec = 2 = =
Z Z p
x2 + y 2 dxdy
R
/3 Z sec
/3
(r) rdrd =
0
0
0

3
ln
2
+
3
+
= 0.79684
=
3
6
=
1 3
r
3
sec
0
d =
1
3
/3
sec3 d
n
o
2
(17) R = (x, y) | 2 x 4, x 26 y x + 1
Z Z
xydA =
x+1
x2 6
2
xydydx =
1
8
93
(x5 + 16x3 + 8x2 32x)dx = 36

(x,y)
(r,)
(18) Let x = r cos and y = r sin . Jacobian J =
= r.
R = {(r, ) |0 r 4 sin , 0 }
4 sin
r2 sin drd =
64
3

R = (r, ) |2 cos r 4 cos , 2 2
4 cos
2 cos
56
r cos drd =
3
2
sin4 d = 8
(x,y)
(r,)
(19) Let x = r cos and y = r sin . Jacobian J =
= r.
cos4 d = 7
(20) A sketch will convince you that

Z
!
Z 4y2 p
Z p
2
2
x + y dx dy =
x2 + y 2 dxdy,
where R is the region given by {(x, y) : x 0, y 0 and x2 + y 2 4.

The above integral is therefore equal to
Z
r r dr d =
4
.
3
(21) (a)
ZZ
=
cos x + y
x2 +y 2 1
2
1
sin r2
2
1
d =
d =
dxdy =

cos r2 rdrd

1
sin 1 d = sin 1
2
(b)
ZZ
=
cos x + y
1x2 +y 2 4
2
1
sin r2
2
2
1

0
dxdy =
94

cos r2 rdrd

1
1
sin 4 sin 1 d = sin 4 sin 1
2
2

(22) (a)
ZZ
=
sin
x2 +y 2 1
Z 2
p
[sin r
Z

x2 + y 2 dxdy =
r cos r]10 d
(sin r) rdrd
(sin 1 cos 1) d = 2 sin 1 2 cos 1
(b)
ZZ
=
1x2 +y 2 4
Z 2

sin x2 + y 2 dxdy =
[sin r r cos r]21 d =
(sin r) rdrd
(sin 2 2 cos 2 sin 1 + cos 1) d
= 2 sin 2 4 cos 2 2 sin 1 + 2 cos 1
(23) (a)
y
1
ZZ
(x + y) dxdy =
0x2 +y 2 1
Z /2 Z 1
/2
/2
1
1 3
r (cos + sin ) d
3
0
1
1
2
/2
(cos + sin ) d = [sin cos ]0 =
3
3
3
y
2
1
(b)
/2 Z 1
r (cos + sin ) drd =
95
ZZ
(x + y) dxdy =
1x2 +y 2 4
Z /2 Z 2
/2 Z 2
r (cos + sin ) drd =
/2
8 1
3 3
(cos + sin ) d =
/2
2
1 3
r (cos + sin ) d
3
1
14
7
/2
[sin cos ]0 =
3
3
(24)
y
y = 3x
ZZ p
Z
x2 + y 2 dxdy =
=
=
=
=
=
=
/3 Z sec
0
/3
r drd =
/3 Z sec
0
/3
0
/3
q
(r cos )2 + (r sin )2 rdrd
1 3
r
3
sec
Z

1
1
sec 1 + tan2 d
sec3 d =
3
3 0
0
Z /3
Z
1
1 /3
sec d +
sec tan2 d
3 0
3 0
Z
1
1 /3
/3
tan d (sec )
[ln (sec + tan )]0 +
3
3 0
Z /3
1
1
/3
sec3 d
ln 2 + 3 + [tan sec ]0
3
3
0
1
1
3
ln 2 + 3 +
6
3
(25) (a)
1
x
1
96
Z 1y2 p
Z
2
2
x + y dxdy =
0
/2
/2
/2
1
1
1
=
d =
3
3 /2 3
/2
/2
r drd =
/2
/2
1 3
r
3
1
(b)
y
2
1 3
r
3
2
1 5
r
r drd =
1
5
1/2 0
0
sec
0
2

Z /3

11
1 sec5
1
3
3
ln 2 + 3
d =
=
5
160
15
640
1280
0
1
2Z
4x2
0
/2
Z
p
2
2
x + y dxdy =
/2
8
4
8
=
d =
3
3 0
3
/2 Z 2
r drd =
/2
(c)
y
1
3
x
1
2
1x2
Z
p
3
2
2
x + y dxdy =
/3 Z 1
/3
Note: For n 2,
Z
n2
1
secn2 tan +
sec d =
n1
n1
n
97
secn2 d.
1
2
d
sec

(d)
y
x
1
2
1/2 Z
1x2
xy
0
/2 Z 1
/2
/3
x2 + y 2 dxdy
Z
r4 cos sin drd +
/3
1
=
5
1 5
r cos sin
5
/2
1
/2
d +
cos sin d +
/3
/3
/3 Z
1
2
sec
r4 cos sin drd
/3
1 5
r cos sin
5
1 sec
2
1
sec5 cos sin d
160
/3
1
sin 2
d
sec4 d (cos )
2
160
0
/3
/2
/3

7
19
1
1
1
1
1
3
+
=
cos 2
cos
=
=
5
4
160
3
40 480
480
/3
0
1
5
(26)
ZZ
(y + b) dxdy =
x2 +y 2 b2
2
0
b
(r sin + b) rdrd
0
1
1
(sin ) r3 + br2 d =
=
3
2
0
0

2
1
1
= b3
= (cos ) b3 + b3
3
2
0
Z

1
1 3
3
(sin ) b + b d
3
2
(27)
ZZ
=
x2 +y 2 1
2

1 x2 + y 2 dxdy =
1
1
r4 + r2
4
2
1
d =
98
1
0

1 r2 rdrd
2
1
1
d =
=
4
4 0
2

(28)
s

Z 2 Z 2 s
2
2
x +y
r2
3 1
3 1
2
dxdy = 2
rdrd
4
4
x2 +y 2 4
0
0
2
Z 2
Z 2

2
1
2 3/2
12 d
12 3r
d = 2
=2
18
3
0
0
0
2

2
16
12
= 3
=2
3
3
0
ZZ
(29)
ZZ
x2 +y 2 5
2
5 x2 y

2 1/6
7/6
3
5 r2
=
7
0
30
6
= 5 = 17.6
7
Z
5
dxdy =
d =
5 r2
1/6
rdrd

2
15
15
6
6
5 d =
5
7
7
0
(30)
ZZ
x2 +y 2 1
Z 2
Z
p
2
2
4 x y dA =
1p
4 r2 rdrd
1

Z 2

1
8
2 3/2
4r
3+
=
d =
d
3
3
0
0
0

16
8 2
2 3
=
= 3+
3 0
3
(31)
99
ZZ
1x y
dA =
/2
/2
cos

1 r2 rdrd

Z /2
/2
1
1
1 4 1 2 cos
4
2
d =
cos + cos d
r + r
=
4
2
4
2
/2
/2
0
5
=
32
Z
Note:
and
cos d =
1
1
1 + cos 2
d = + sin 2
2
2
4
1
n1
cos d =
cosn1 sin +
n1
n
cosn2 d
(32)
ZZ
=
2xdA =
/2
/2
/2
/2
2 cos
2r cos drd =
0
/2
/2
2 3
r cos
3
2 cos

16
4
cos d = 2
3
(33)
ZZ p
Z
x2 + y 2 dA =
/2
/2
/2
2a cos
Z /2
8 3
8 3
3
=
a cos d =
a
/2 3
/2 3

/2

32
1
8 3
= a3
a sin sin3
=
3
3
9
/2
Z
(34)
100

1 3 2a cos
d
r
/2 3
0

2
1 sin d (sin )
r2 drd =
/2
ZZ r
Z Z a sin r
2
b
r2
b2 2 (x2 + y 2 )dA = b
1 2 rdrd
a
a
0
0
#
a
sin

Z
Z "
3/2

2a2 b /2
1
r2
d =
1 cos3 d
=b
a2 1 2
3
a
3
0
0
0
Z
Z
/2
/2
2
2

2a b
2a b
=
d
1 sin2 d (sin )
3
3
0
0
4 2
1 2
= a b a b
3
9
(35)
x=-y
Ix =
ZZ
y (x, y) dA =
2
2 Z yy 2
y (x + y) dxdy =
2
1
1
2
1
2y + y 6 + 2y 4 dy = y 6 + y 7 + y 5
2
3
14
5
5
(36)
x=y
y=2-x
101
2
0
yy2
1 2 2
3
dy
x y +y x
2
y
64
105
M=
=
ZZ
Z
(x, y) dA =
R
1
1 Z 2y
(6x + 3y + 3) dxdy
2y
3x2 + 3xy + 3x y dy

1
6y 2 12y + 18 dx = 2y 3 6y 2 + 18y 0 = 10
0
Z 1 Z 2y
ZZ
y (6x + 3y + 3) dxdy
x (x, y) dA =
My =
x
0
R
Z 1

22 24y + 6y 2 4y 3 dx
=
=

1
= 22y 12y 2 + 2y 3 y 4 0 = 11
Mx =
ZZ
Z
y (x, y) dA =
R
1
1 Z 2y
y (6x + 3y + 3) dxdy

18y 12y 2 6y 3 dx
0

3 4 1 7
2
3
= 9y 4y y
=
2
2
0
Hence,
x
=
My
11
=
M
10
y =
Mx
7/2
7
=
=
M
10
20
1Z 6
(x + y + 1) dxdy
and
(37)
M=
=
ZZ
(x, y) dA =
R
1
1
0
6
1 2
x + yx + x
2
dy

1
(24 + 6y) dy = 24y + 3y 2 0 = 27
Z 1Z 6
y (x + y + 1) dxdy
y (x, y) dA =
0
0
R
6
Z 1
1 2
2
x y + y x + xy dy
=
2
0
0
Z 1

1
24y + 6y 2 dy = 12y 2 + 2y 3 0 = 14
=
Mx =
ZZ
102
My =
ZZ
x (x, y) dA =
R
1
1Z 6
x (x + y + 1) dxdy
0
6
1 3 1
x + (y + 1) x2 dy
3
2
0
0
Z 1

1
(90 + 18y) dy = 90y + 9y 2 0 = 99
=
Hence,
My
99
11
=
=
M
27
3
x
=
and
y =
Mx
14
=
M
27
Z 1Z 6
x2 (x + y + 1) dxdy
x2 (x, y) dA =
0
0
R
6
Z 1
Z 1
1 4 1
=
(396 + 72y) dy = 432
x + (y + 1) x3 dy =
4
3
0
0
0
Iy =
ZZ
(38)
x=4-y
Let k be the constant density,

M=
ZZ
(x, y) dA =
=k
My =
2
ZZ
y2
4y
2
x (x, y) dA =
=k
2 2 4y
x
y 2 /2
2 Z 4y
kdxdy
y 2 /2
1
1
dy = k 4y y 2 y 3
2
6
2 Z 4y
1
= k
8
14k
3
kxdxdy
y 2 /2

64 + 32y 4y 2 + y 4 dy
1
4
1
= k 64y + 16y 2 y 3 + y 5
8
3
5
103
2
2
0
128k
15
Mx =
ZZ
y (x, y) dA =
1
1
= k 2y 2 y 3 y 4
3
8
2 Z 4y
0
2
ykdxdy = k
y 2 /2
2
4y y 2
y3
2
10k
3
Hence,
x
=
My
128k/15
64
=
=
M
14k/3
35
and
y =
Mx
10k/3
5
=
=
M
14k/3
7
(39)
a
-a
Density = kr
Z
ZZ
kr rdrd
(x, y) dA =
0
0
R
3 a
Z Z a
kr
1
2
kr dr =
d
=
= ka3
3 0
3
0
0
M=
Z Z a
y (x, y) dA =
kr (r sin ) rdrd
R
0
0
4 a
Z a
Z
kr
1
2
3
= ka4
kr dr = [ cos ]0
sin d
=
4 0
2
0
0
Mx =
ZZ
Hence,
ka
Mx
3a
y =
= 1 2 3 =
M
2
3 ka
and by symmetry, x
= 0.
(40) (a)
104
dy
M=
ZZ
(x, y) dA =
1 Z 1y
dxdy =
1 Z 1y
ZZ

1 2 1 1
(1 y) dy = y y
=
2
2
0
ydxdy =
y (x, y) dA =
0
0
R

Z 1

1 2 1 3 1 1
2
y y dy =
=
=
y y
2
3
6
0
0
Mx =
My =
=
ZZ
Z
x (x, y) dA =
R
1 2 1y
x
My
=
M
x
=
1
6
1
2
dy =
1
(1 + y)3
=
6
Hence,
1
3
1
0
1
1 Z 1y
[yx]01y dy
xdxdy
1
(1 + y)2 dy
2
1
=
6
and
y =
Mx
=
M
1
6
1
2
1
3
(b)
a
M=
ZZ
My =
ZZ
(x, y) dA =
x (x, y) dA = 2
Hence,
105
rdrd =
My
=
x
=
M
1
3
a2
4
(r cos ) rdrd =
2a3
a2
4
4 2a
=
3
1 3
2a
3

and by symmetry, y = 0.
(41) (a)
ZZZ
=
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
D
Z 2Z 1Z 1
0
[x]11
yz dx dy dz =
1 2
y
2
1
0
1 2
z
2
2
0
dx
y dy

1
= (2)
(2) = 2
2
z dz
(b)
ZZZ
1
1 2
dy dz
x + xy + xz
(x + y + z) dx dy dz =
=
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
1

Z 2
Z 2
Z 2Z 1
1 2
1
y + yz
+ z dz = 6
(2y + 2z) dy dz = 2
dz = 2
=
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
Z
2Z 1Z 1
2Z 1
(42) (a)
ZZZ
Z 1 Z 1x Z 1xy
1 Z 1x
(1 x y) dy dx
dz dy dx =
0
0

Z 1
Z 1
1 2 1x
1
1 2
1
y xy y
=
dx =
x+ x
dx =
2
2
2
6
0
0
0
(b)
ZZZ
Z 1 Z 1x
Z 1 Z 1x Z 1xy

y xy y 2 dy dx
x
xy dz dy dx =
=
0
0
0
0
0
1x
Z 1
Z 1

1
1
1
1
1
x y 2 xy 2 y 3
=
dx =
x 3x2 + 3x3 x4 dx =
2
2
3
6 0
120
0
0
D
106

(43) (a)
ZZZ
=
=
2 Z 1x2
1 0
1 Z 2
(x + y) dz dy dx =
1
1
x x3 + y x2 y dy dx =
2
0

(x + y) 1 x2 dy dx

8
2x 2x3 + 2 2x2 dx =
3
(b)
ZZZ
=
=
1
1
1 3
y
3
2 Z 1x2
y dz dy dx =
y dy
2 Z
1x
1
1

1
8
dx =
x x3
3
3
1x2
0
1
dz dx
=
32
9
(44) (a)
ZZZ
yz dxdydz =
=
=
1Z 1Z 1
1Z 1
1
0
yz dzdydx =
1
ydydx =
3
1
1
dx =
6
6
(b)
107
1
1 2
y
6
1Z 1
0
1
0
dx
1 3
yz
3
1
0
dydx
ZZZ
1 Z 1y
1xy
1 Z 1y
[yz]01xy dxdy
0
0
0
0
0

Z 1
Z 1 Z 1y
1 2 1y
(y (1 y x)) dxdy =
y x yx x
=
dy
2
0
0
0
0

Z 1
1
1
y y 2 + y 3 dy
=
2
2
0

1 2 1 3 1 4 1
1
=
y y + y
=
4
3
8
24
0
ydxdydz =
ydzdxdy =
(c)
0.75
0.5
0.25
0 0
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.25
0.5
0.75
ZZZ
xydxdydz =
=
=
1 Z 1 Z 1y
0

2 1
x
2

xydzdydx =
xdx
[yz]01y dy =
1 1 2 1 3
y y
2 2
3
1
1
12
1
2
1 Z 1y
ydzdy

y y 2 dy
(45) (a)
ZZZ

x2 + y 2 dx dy dz =
0
2
1 Z r cos +r sin +2
r3 dz dr d

r4 cos + r4 sin + 2r3 dr d
0
0

Z 2
1 5
1 5
1 4 1
=
d
r cos + r sin + r
5
5
2
0
0

Z 2
1
1
1
cos + sin +
=
d
5
5
2
0

1
1 2
1
sin cos +
=
=
5
5
2 0
=
108

(b)
ZZZ
Z Z 1+cos Z r cos +r sin +2
r3 dz dr d
1+cos

r4 cos + r4 sin + 2r3 dr d

1 5
1 5
1 4 1+cos
=
d
r cos + r sin + r
5
2
5
0

Z
1
1
1
5
5
4
=
(1 + cos ) cos + (1 + cos ) sin + (1 + cos ) d
5
2
5

1 35
1
1 105
+ (0) +
= 7
=
5
8
5
2
4
Z

(46) D = (x, y, z) | 0 x2 + y 2 + z 2 1
R = {(, , ) | 0 1, 0 , 0 2}
ZZZ
(x, y, z) dx dy dz
Z Z Z
=
( sin cos , sin sin , cos ) 2 sin d d d
R
Z 2 Z Z 1
Z 2
Z
Z 1
4
=
sin d d d =
d
sin d
4 d
0
0
0
0
0
0

1

1
4
2
1 5
= (2) (2)
=
= []0 [ cos ]0
5
5
5
0
D

(47) D = (x, y, z) | 1 x2 + y 2 + z 2 4
R = {(, , ) | 1 2, 0 , 0 2}
ZZZ
(x, y, z) dx dy dz
Z 2 Z Z 2
Z 2 Z
Z 2
3
=
sin d d d =
d
sin d
3 d
0
0
1
0
0
1

2
15
2
1 4
= []0 [ cos ]0
= (2) (2)
= 15
4
4
1
D
(48)
z=
x2
p
x2 + y 2
y2
z2
=1
= x2 + y 2 =
1
2
(The intersection of the surface is a cycle centred at the origin and radius is
109
2
2 .)

n
o
p
p
D = (x, y, z) | 0 x2 + y 2 12 , x2 + y 2 z 1 x2 y 2

R = (, , ) | 0 1, 0 4 , 0 2
ZZZ
(x, y, z) dx dy dz
/4 Z 1
2 sin d d d
0
0
0

1
Z /4
Z 2 Z /4
Z
1
1
1 2
/4
sin d = []2
sin 3 d d =
d
=
0 [ cos ]0
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0

!
2 2
2
1
(2) 1
=
=
3
2
3
=
(49) S = {(r, , z) |0 r 4, 0 2, 0 z 4 r},

V =
2
0
4 Z 4r
r dz dr d =
2
0
4r r
64
dr d = (2) 32
3
64
(50)
z
h
y
x
R
(a) Let = kz.

Mass = M =
ZZZ
dV =
2
0
RZ h
0
2
rkzdzdrd
h
Z
Z RZ
1
1
2
drd =
rkz
rkh2 drd
=
2
2
0
0
0
0
0

Z 2
Z 2
1 2 2 R
1 2 2
1 2 2 2
1
=
d =
r kh
R kh d =
R kh
= kR2 h2
4
4
4
2
0
0
0
0
Z
R
110

(b) By symmetry, x
= y = 0
M z =
ZZZ
zdV =
= (2)
z =
1 2
r
2
1
2 3
3 kR h
1
2 2
2 kR h
R
2
0
2
= h
3
RZ h
rkz dzdrd =
1 3
kz
3
h
rdr
kz 2 dz
1
1
1
= (2) R2 kh3 = kR2 h3
2
3
3
(c)
Iz =
ZZZ
x +y
dV =
r dr
1
kzdz = (2) r4
4
1
1
1
1
= (2) R4 kh2 = R4 kh2 = M R2
4
2
4
2
R
0
1
kz 2
2
h
0
(51) (a) Since = constant

M =
ZZZ
dV =
rdr
h
0
1
dz = (2) r2
2
R
0
[z]h0 = R2 h
and
Iz =
ZZZ
x +y
dV =
r dr
1
M 2
1
R
= (2) R4 h = R4 h =
4
2
2
h
0
1
dz = (2) r4
4
R
0
(b)
ZZZ
y + z dV =
T
Z
Z R
Z 2
3
2
r dr
sin d
=
Ix =

r2 sin2 + z 2 dz
0
0
0
Z h
Z 2 Z R
h
z 2 dz
rdr
d
dz +
d
rdr

1 2
1 3 h
dz + (2) r
r dr
sin d
=
z
2
3
0
0
0
0
0

2
R
1
1 4
1
sin 2
=
r
[z]h0 + (2) R4 h
2
4
4
4
0
02

2
1
R
1
h
= R4 h + R2 h3 = M
+
4
3
4
3
Z
111
R
[z]h0

(c) By part (b), the moment of inertia is
M
R2 h2
+
4
3
2

2
h2
h
R
+
M
=M
2
4
12
(52)
z
z
h
r =R
y
x
(a)
V =
ZZZ
dV =
rdr
= (2)
1 2 1 3
hr hr
2
3
(b)
R
0
h
hr
R
dz =

hr
r h
dr
R
2
1
= hR2 hR2 = hR2
3
3
1
M = V = hR2
3
zM =
ZZZ
zdV =
rdr
0
h
hr
R
zdz =
1
1 2 2
h R d = h2 R2
8
4
Hence,
3
z = h
4
By symmetry, x
= y = 0.
112
d
0
h2 h2 r2
2
2R2
dr

(c)
Iz =
ZZZ
x +y
dV =
r dr
h
hr
R
dz

hr
r h
d
=
dr
R
0
0
Z 2
1
3
1
hR4 d = hR4 = M R2
=
20
10
10
0
Z
(d)
Ix =
ZZZ

y 2 + z 2 dV =
sin d
r dr
0
2
hr
R
dz +
rdr
0
h
hr
R

r2 sin2 + z 2 dz
rdr
hr
R
z 2 dz

Z 2 Z R
hr
1
h3 r3
3
r h
sin d
=
d
r h 3 dr
dr +
R
R
0
0
0 3
0
Z 2
Z 2
1
1 3 2
1
1
=
hR4 sin2 d +
h R d = hR4 + R2 h3
20
10
20
5
0
0
Z
(53)
(a)
V =
ZZZ
dV =
1
d =
4
2
d
0
rdr
1r 2
dz =
1
0

r 1 r2 dr
(b) Note that = kz

Z 1r2
Z 2 Z 1
ZZZ
zdz
rdr
d
zdV = k
dV = k
0
0
0
T
T
Z 2 Z 1
Z 2

1
1
k
2 2
d
=k
r 1r
dr = k
d =
12
6
0 2
0
0
M=
ZZZ
113

(c) Note that = k r2 + z 2
M=
ZZZ
Z
dV = k
T
2
ZZZ

r2 + z 2 dV
T
1r 2

r2 + z 2 dz
rdr
0
0
0

Z 2 Z 1
1

2
2
2 3
r r 1r +
d
=k
1r
dr
3
0
0
Z 2
k
1
d =
=k
8
4
0
=k
(54)
V =
=
ZZZ
dV =
/2
/2
2a cos
rdr
r 2 /a
dz =
/2
/2
2a cos
/2
r3
dr
a
3
4a3 cos4 d = a3
2
/2
(55)
V =
=
2a cos
dV =
8 3
32
a cos3 d = a3
3
9
/2
/2
/2
ZZZ
rdr
/2
dz =
/2
2a cos
r2 dr
/2
(56)
V =
ZZZ
Z
/2
ZZZ
/2
dV =
dV =
/2
/2
2 cos
2 cos
rdr
1
(4+r cos )
2
dz
1
r (4 + r cos ) dr
2
0
/2

Z /2
4
5
4
2
cos + 4 cos d =
=
2
/2 3
d
(57)
V =
=
/2
/2
/2
a cos
rdr
ar
dz =
/2
/2

1 3
1 3
1
4
3
2
a cos + a cos d = a3 a3
3
2
4
9
114
a cos
r (a r) dr

(58)
z=r+1
z=
52 - r2
Where the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 intersects the cone z =

r2 + (r + 1)2 = 25, thus, r = 3.
V =
rdr
25r 2
dz
r+1
p
x2 + y 2 + 1, we have

3 p
r
d
25 r2 (r + 1) dr
0
0

Z 2

1 3 1 2 3
1
2 3/2
d
r r
=
25 r
3
3
2
0
0
Z 2
41
41
d =
=
6
3
0
=
(59)
z = x2 + y2
z=x
x
x
1
The surfaces intersect at x2 + y 2 = x, thus r = cos .

V =
=
ZZZ
dV =
d
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
cos
0
cos
rdr
r cos
dz
r2

r r cos r2 dr

1
1
1
4
4
cos + cos d =
=
4
3
32
/2
Z
115

(60)
cone
hyperbola
Where the hyperboloid intersects the cone, we have r2 + a2 = 2r2 , thus r = a.
Z 2 Z a p
a2 +r 2

r
d
dz =
a2 + r2 2r dr
rdr
d
0
0
2r
0
0
#a

Z 2
Z 2 "

1 3
1 2
1 3
2 3
2 3/2
d =
a +r
r
a 2 a d
=
3
3
3
3
0
0
0

2
2
2
= a3 2 a3 = a3
21
3
3
3
V =
(61)
z
Sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
Cone: z =
3(x2 + y2)
y
x
1
2
1
2
The cone z =
3 (x2 + y 2 ) has equation z = 3r. It intersects the sphere z 2 + r2 = 1 at
3r2 + r2 = 1 or r = 12 .
V =
=
Z
Z
d
0
2
0
1
2
rdr
1r 2
dz =
3r
1
2
p

1 r2 3r dr

1
Z 2

1
1 3 2
1
1
2
1
2 3/2
1r
3+
r 3 d =
d = 3
3
3
6
3
3
3
0
0
116

(62)
Z
V =
rdr
9 r4
dz
2
Z 2

1
1 p
2 3/2
2
36 r
d
=
d
r (36 r )dr =
6
0
1 2
0
1

Z 2
35
128
35
16
32 +
35 d =
2 + 35 = 27.273
=
3
6
3
3
0
Z
(63) (a) r = 1. Cylinder of radius 1, with the z-axis as its axis.

= 2 . The xy-plane.
=
3
4 .
The cone shown in diagram.

z
=
3
4
y
= 4 . A plane prependicular to the xy-plane with the angle between this plane and
the xz-plane is
4.
z = 1. The plane parallel to the xy-plane through (0, 0, 1) .

= cos . The sphere with centre at (x, y, z) = 0, 0, 12 and radius 12 .
(64)
V =
sin ddd =
0
2
0
1 3
R sin dd =
3
2 3
4
R d = R3
3
3
(65) r = sin , = , z = cos .
(66)
n
o
p
p
p
(x, y, z) | 2 x 2, 4 x2 y 4 x2 , 0 z 4 (x2 + y 2 )
n
o
=
(, , ) |0 2, 0 , 0 2
2
R =
117

Z
=
=
=
=
=
4x2
Z 4(x2 +y2 )
z2
4x2 0
Z 2 Z /2 Z 2
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dzdydx

3 cos2 2 sin ddd
0
0
0

Z 2 Z /2
1 6 2
cos2 sin dd
6
0
0
0
Z 2 Z /2
32
cos2 sin dd
3 0
0
/2
Z 2
32
1
3
cos
d
3 0
3
0
Z
64
32 2
d =
9 0
9
(67) Substituteqx = sin cos , y = sin sin , z = cos into z =
cos = 3 ( sin cos )2 + 3 ( sin sin )2 = 3 sin = tan =
p
3x2 + 3y 2 , then
1
3
= = 6 .

S = (, , ) |0 4, 0 6 , 0 2

2 sin d d d = (2) 1
R 2 R /6 R 4
V =
3
2
64
3
64
3

3 = 17.958
(68)
Z
3Z
9z 2
xy dydxdz =
=
=
Z Z 9z 2
1 3
x3 dxdz
dxdz =
2 0 0
0
0
0
Z 9z 2
Z
2
1 3
1 3 x4
dz =
9 z 2 dz
2 0
4 0
8 0
Z 3

81
1
81 18z 2 + z 4 dz =
8 0
5
3Z
9z 2
y2
x
2

x
(69)
V =
Z
0
sin ddd =
118
1 3
R sin dd =
3
2 3
2
R d = R3
3
3

(70) Now, = k (R ) , the mass is
M=
=
Z Z Z
2
dV =
k (R ) 2 sin ddd

1 4 1 3 R
k (sin ) + R
dd
4
3
0
1 4
R k sin dd
12
0
1 4
1
R kd = R4 k
6
3
(71)
Base
y
R
h.
Now, = k, tan =
M=
Z Z Z
On the base, cos = h. The mass is
kdV =
Z h sec
k3 sin ddd
h sec
Z 2 Z
1 h4
1 4
k sin
k sin dd
dd =
=
4
4
0
0 4 cos
0
0
0
Z 2

1
1 4
h k sec3 1 d = h4 k sec3 1
=
12
6
0
!

2
3/2

1
1
R + h2
2
2 3/2
3
= h4 k
R
+
h
h
hk
1
=
6
h2
6
Z
(72)
V =
ZZZ
cone
2 Z
dV =
h3
2
0
Z h sec
sin ddd =
1
1 3
sin dd =
h
3
6
0 3 cos
0
0
1
1
1
= h3 sec2 1 = h3 tan2 = R2 h
3
3
3
=
119

sec3 1 d
h sec
1 3
dd
sin
3
0

(73) (a)
i.
ZZZ
2 sin2 2 sin ddd

x + y dV =
0
0
0
ball
Z 2 Z 5
Z 2 Z Z R
R
4 sin3 ddd =
sin3 dd
=
5
0
0
0
0
0
Z 2
4 5
8
2
=
R d = R5 = M R2
15
15
5
0
Iz =
By parallel axis theorem,

I=
2
M R2 + M R2
5
/2 Z R
7
= M R2
5
(b)
Mxy =
ZZZ
zdV =
T
2
0
2
/2 Z R
2 sin cos ddd
sin cos ddd =
R4 sin 2
dd =
4
2
Thus
z =
/2
/2
R4
sin cos dd
4
1 4
1
R d = R4
8
4
1
R4
Mxy
3
= 42
= R
3
M/2
8
3 R
and by symmetry x
= y = 0.
(74) (a)
Iz =
ZZZ
T
2
x +y
Z
R2
dV =
2
0
sin ddd =
R2
R1
R1
2 sin2 2 sin ddd
R25 R15
5
5
sin3 dd

2 R5 R15
4
8
R25 R15 d = R25 R15 = M 23
15
15
5 R2 R13
(b) Setting R2 = R and R1 R in part (a), we get

2 R5 R15
2
2
2
R5 R15
5R14
=
=
= M R2
M 3
M
lim
M
lim
3
3
2
3
R1 R 5
5 R1 R R R1
5 R1 R 3R1
3
R R1
Iz = lim
120

(c) By parallel axis theorem,
5
2
I = M R2 + M R2 = R2 M
3
3
(d)
Mxy =
ZZZ
=
=
T
2
0
2
0
2
zdV =
Z
/2 Z R2
2
0
/2 Z R2
R1
2 sin cos ddd
3 sin cos ddd
R1
/2 4
R2
R4
1
4
4
/2
sin cos dd

R24 R14 sin 2
dd
=
4
4
2
0
0

Z 2 4

1
R2 R14
d = R24 R14
=
8
8
4
0
Z
and
M=
ZZZ
Thus
dV =
/2 Z R2
R1

2
2 sin ddd = R23 R13
3

1
4 R4
R
Mxy
3 R24 R14
2
1

= 42
z =
=
3
3
M
8 R23 R13
3 R2 R1
and by symmetry x
= y = 0.
(e) Setting R2 = R, R1 R in part (a), we get

3 R4 R14
1
3 = 2R
R1 R 8 R3 R1
z = lim
(75) (a) R sec 2R cos , 0 4 , 0 2.
(b) Sphere: 2 sin2 + ( cos R)2 = R2 , therefore = 2R cos

121

(76) (a) = k
M=
=
ZZZ
Z
=k
dV =
Z
2
0
/2
2
0
/2 Z 2R cos
0
2R cos
1 4
k sin
4
/2
2 sin kddd
dd
4R cos sin dd = k
0
4 4
8
R d = kR4
5
5
(b) = k sin
ZZZ
M=
dV =
=k
=k
/2
2
0
/2 Z 2R cos
0
2R cos
1 4 2
k sin
4
2 sin k sin ddd
dd
4R4 cos4 sin2 dd
/2
1 4
1
R d = 2 kR4
8
4
(c) = k cos2 sin

M=
ZZZ
=k
dV =
=k
=k
/2
/2
/2 Z 2R cos
0
1 4 2
k sin cos2
4
2R cos
dd
4R4 cos4 sin2 cos2 dd
2 sin k cos2 sin ddd
1
1 4
R cos2 d = 2 kR4
8
8
(77)
z
4
x
122
Where the sphere = 2 2 cos intersects the sphere = 2, we have 2 = 2 2 cos giving
= 4 .
V =
2
0
/4 Z 2
sin ddd +
0
/2
/2 Z 2 2 cos
/4
2 sin ddd
8
16
2 cos3 sin dd
sin dd +
3
0
0
0
/4 3

Z 2
Z 2
1
8 4
2 d +
2d
=
3 3
3
0
0
2
16
16
8
= 2 + 2 = 2 2
3
3
3
3
=
/4
(78)
z
V =
=
2
0
2
0
Z 2 Z
1
2 sin ddd =
(1 cos )3 sin dd
3
0
0
0
0
Z 2
i
1 h
4
8
(1 cos )4 d =
d =
12
3
3
0
0
1cos
123
Chapter 6
Vector Calculus
(1) Let be the angle the two vectors a and b. Since (a b) = kak kbk cos ,
ka bk2 = (kak kbk sin )2 = kak2 kbk2 sin2 = kak2 kbk2 1 cos2
= kak2 kbk2 kak2 kbk2 cos2 = kak2 kbk2 (a b)2
(2) AB = b1 i + b2 j (a1 i + a2 j) = (b1 a1 ) i + (b2 a2 ) j
AC = c1 i + c2 j (a1 i + a2 j) = (c1 a1 ) i + (c2 a2 ) j

The area of the triangle is

1

AB AC sin
2

i
j
k

1 1
= AB AC = det (b1 a1 ) (b2 a2 ) 0

2
2

(c1 a1 ) (c2 a2 ) 0

!
!
1
(b1 a1 ) (b2 a2 )
(b1 a1 ) (b2 a2 )
1

k = det
= det

2
2
(c1 a1 ) (c2 a2 )
(c1 a1 ) (c2 a2 )
where is the angle between AB and AC.
(3) Let x be the position vector of the point (x, y, z) .

125
CHAPTER 6. VECTOR CALCULUS

x
B
0
2

(XB)2 = (OX)2 (OB)2 = kxk2 OB = kxk2 (kxk cos )2

(x a)2
xa 2
2
2
.
= kxk
= kxk kxk
kxk kak
kak2
(4) (a)
f |(2,1)
(b)

(y 3x)
(y 3x)
=
= 3i + j
i+
j
x
y
(2,1)
f |(2,1,1)

2x2 + z
=
i + 2yj + (4z + ln x) k
x
(2,1,1)
7
= i + 2j + (4 + ln 2) k
2
(5) (a)

(b)

F=
i+
j+
k x2 y i + (4z) j + x2 k
x
y
z

x2 y +
x2 = 2x
(4z) +
=
x
y
z

i
j
k

= 4i2xj + k
F =
x
y
z

2

x y (4z) x2
F=

F =

i+
j+
k ((yz) i + (xz) j + (xy) k) = 0
x
y
z

i
j
k

=0
x
y
z

(yz) (xz) (xy)
126

(c)
F=
(d)

F =

F=

F =

i+
j ((y) i + (x) j) =
(y) +
(x) = 0
x
z
x
y

i
j
k

= 2k
x
y
z

(y) (x) 0

i+
j+
k (2xz) i + (xy) j + z 2 k = x
x
y
z

i
j
k

= 2xj yk
x
y
z

(2xz) (xy) 0
(6) (a) div F (x, y, z) = F (x, y, z) = 2x + 6y 4z

div F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 2x0 + 6y0 4z0

i

curl F (x, y, z) = F (x, y, z) = x

2
x
y
3y 2

k

=0
z

2z 2
(b) div F (x, y, z) = 0

j
k
i

= hxexy xezx , yeyz yexy , zezx zeyz i

curl F (x, y, z) = x
y
z
yz zx xy
e
e
e
2

curl F (0, 1, 2) = 0, e 1, 2 2e2
(c) div F (x, y, z) = 0

j
k
i

y
z

sin yz cos zx xy

curl F 0, 1,

2
= hx x sin zx, y cos yz y, z sin zx z cos yzi

= h0, 1, 0i
(d) div F (x, y, z) = 2xy 6xy 2 z 2 + 1

div F (2, 1, 1) = 4 12 + 1 = 7
127

i
j
k

= x + 4xy 3 z, 2z y, 2y 3 z 2 x2
y
z
2

x y z 2 2xy 3 z 2 xy + z
curl F (2, 1, 1) = h10, 3, 6i
(7) (a)
2 f = f

!
ln x2 + y 2
ln x2 + y 2
=
i+
j
x
y

2x
2y
i+
j
i+ 2
j
=
x
y
x2 + y 2
x + y2

x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
2x
2y
=
+
=
2
2
=0
x x2 + y 2
y x2 + y 2
(x2 + y 2 )2
(x2 + y 2 )2
(b)
2 f = f

=
i+
j 3Ax2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 i + Bx2 + 2Cxy + 3Dy 2 j
x
y

3Ax2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 +
Bx2 + 2Cxy + 3Dy 2
=
x
y
= 6Ax + 2By + 2Cx + 6Dy
(c)
2 f = f
1

r
r1
r1
=
i+
j+
j
x
y
z

x
y
z
=
i+
j+
k r2 i r2 j r2 k
x
y
z
r
r
r

=
r3 x
r3 y
r3 z
x
y
z
y2
z2
x2
= r3 + 3r4 r3 + 3r4 r3 + 3r4
r
r
r

3
3
2
2
2
3
5
x + y + z = 3r + 3r = 0
= 3r + 3r
128

(8)
(f (r) r)

i+ j+ k (f (r) xi+f (r) yj+f (r) zk)

=
x y z

x
f (r)
f (r)
f (r)
y
z
= f (r)
+x
+y
+z
+ f (r)
+ f (r)
x
x
y
y
z
z

r
r
r
= f (r) + xf (r)
+ f (r) + yf (r)
+ f (r) + zf (r)
x
y
z

2
2
2
x
y
z
= f (r) + f (r)
+ f (r) + f (r)
+ f (r) + f (r)
r
r
r
2
2
2
x +y +z
= 3f (r) + rf (r)
= 3f (r) + f (r)
r
(9) (a) To find a such that = A,
x
x = e cos y + yz =
x
(ex cos y + yz) dx = ex cos y + xyz + f (y, z)
y = xz e sin y = (xz ex sin y) dy = ex cos y + xyz + g (x, z)

Z
1
z = xy + z + 2 = (xy + z + 2) dz = xyz + z 2 + 2z + h (x, y)
2
Thus, = ex cos y + xyz + 12 z 2 + 2z + C.
(b) To find a such that = A,
x = y + z =
y = x + z =
z = x + y =
(y + z) dx = xy + xz + f (y, z)
(x + z) dy = xy + yz + g (x, z)
(x + y) dz = xz + yz + h (x, y)
y sin zdx = xy sin z + f (y, z)
Thus, = xy + yz + xz + C.
(c) To find a such that = A,
x = y sin z =
y = x sin z =
x sin zdy = xy sin z + g (x, z)

Z
z = xy cos z = xy cos zdz = xy sin z + h (x, z)
Thus, = xy sin z + C.
129

(10)

i
j
k

F =
x
y
z

2x2 3 (4z) cos z

2
2x 3 j
(cos z)
(4z) i
(cos z)
=
y
z
x
z

2
2x 3 k
(4z)
+
x
y
= 4i 6= 0
Hence, F is not a conservative vector field.

(11) Let r (t) = 4 t2 , t , 3 t 2, then r (t) = [2t, 1].
Z
y dx + x dy =
Z
h
i
2
2
(t) (2t) + 4 t (1) dt =
2
3

245
4 t2 2t3 dt =
6
(12) Let r (t) = [cos t, sin t, t], 0 t 2, then r (t) = [ sin t, cos t, 1].
Z
q
Z 2 2
2
2
2
(sin t) sin (t) ( sin t) + (cos t) + (1) dt = 2
sin t dt
0
0 Z 2
2
(1 cos 2t) dt = 2
2 0
y sin z ds =
(13) Let x (t) = 1 + 2t, y (t) = 2, z (t) = 3 2t and 0 t 1.

f (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) = (1 + 2t) + 2 (3 2t) = 7 2t
r
2

dx 2
+
+ dy
x (t) = 2, y (t) = 0, z (t) = 2 and
dt
dt
(x + yz) ds =

(14) F = x4 , xy
R1
0
(7 2t)
8 dt = 12 2

dz 2
dt
R = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y x}

Z 1Z x
4
y dydx
x
(xy)
dydx =
F dr =
x dx + xy dy =
x
y
0
0
0
0
Z 1 2 x
Z
y
1
1 1 2
=
x dx =
dx =
2
2
6
0
0
0
1Z x

(15) F = y 2 , 3xy
130

R = {(r, ) |1 r 2, 0 }
Z

Z Z 2
Z Z 2
y rdrd
y 2 rdrd =
(3xy)
F dr =
x
y
1
0
1
0
Z Z 2
Z
7
14
r2 sin drd =
=
sin d =
3 0
3
1
0
y 2 dx + 3xy dy =
(16) (a) Let x = t, y = t, z = 0, 0 t 1, then

Z
f (x, y, z) ds =
AB
1
0
dx
dt
= 1,
dy
dt
= 1,
dz
dt
= 0.
p
Z
2
2
2
1 + 1 + 0 dt = 2
(t) (t)
2
t dt =
2
4
dy
dz
(b) Let x = 2t, y = 3t, z = 6t, 0 t 1, then dx
dt = 2, dt = 3, dt = 6.
h
i
R1
R
R1
2
22 + 32 + 62 dt = 294 0 t2 dt = 98
AB f (x, y, z) ds = 0 (2t) (3t) + (6t)
(17) (a) Let x = cos t, y = sin t, where 0 t 2 .

Z
s

d (cos t) 2
d (sin t) 2
xyds =
cos t sin t
+
dt
dt
dt
C
0
Z
Z
2
1 2
=
cos t sin tdt =
sin 2tdt
2 0
0
/2

1
1
=
= cos 2t
4
2
0
Z
(b) Let x = t, y = 2t, z = t where 0 t 1.

Z
(xy + y + z) ds
=
=
(t 2t + 2t t)
2t2 + t
Z
6
1
0
s
d (t)
dt
2
d (2t)
dt
2
d (t)
dt
2
dt
6dt

7
2t2 + t dt =
6
6
(c) Let x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t where 0 t 2.

Z
yds =
sin t
0
2
s
d (cos t)
dt
2 sin tdt = 0
131
2
d (sin t)
dt
2
d (t)
dt
2
dt

(18) (a) Let x = cos , y = sin , 0 , then
Z
(cos + sin )
Z0
= sin ,
f (x, y) ds =
dx
d
dy
d
= cos .
q
( sin )2 + (cos )2 d
(cos + sin ) d = [sin cos ]0 = 2
(b)
Z
q
2
2
(cos ) sin ( sin ) + (cos ) d =
f (x, y) ds =
cos2 sin d
0
C
0

1
2
= cos3 =
3
3
0
Z
dy
dz
(19) x = t cos t, y = t sin t, z = t, 0 t 1, then dx
dt = cos t t sin t, dt = sin t + t cos t, dt = 1
r
q
2

dy
dz 2
dx 2
+
and
+
=
(cos t t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 + 12 = t2 + 2.
dt
dt
dt
(a)
C f (x, y, z) ds =
R1
0
3/2 i1
(t) t2 + 2 dt = 31 t2 + 2
= 3 32 2
0
(b)
p

1
p
t

2
2
f (x, y, z) ds =
+ 2 dt =
t + 2 + ln t + t + 2
2
0
C
0

1
3 + 1 ln 2 +
3
= ln
2
h

i
1
ln
= 1.5245 =
3+2 + 3
2
Z
1p
t2
(20) (a) x = cos t + t sin t, y = sin t t cos t, 0 t 2, then

r
2

dy
dx 2
= t.
+
dt
dt
Arc length =
R 2
0

dx 2
dt
dy
dt
2
dt =
R 2
0
t dt =
(b) x = sin , y = 1 cos , 0 , then

r
2

dy
dx 2
= 2 2 cos .
+
d
d
Arc length =
R
0
2 2 cos d =
R
0
dx
dt
= t cos t,
= t sin t and
dy
dt
= sin and
1 2 2
2
2 t 0 = 2
dx
d
= 1 cos ,

2 sin 2 d = 4 cos 2 0 = 4
132
dy
dt

(21) (a)
curl F

i
j
k

= x
y
z

3 + 2xy x2 3y 2 0

2
2
2
2
= 0
x 3y ,
x 3y
(3 + 2xy) 0,
(3 + 2xy)
z
z
x
y
= [0, 0, 0] = 0
Since curl F = 0, the F is conservative.
(b) Since F is conservative, then the potential function f exists.
R
fx = 3 + 2xy = f (x, y) = (3 + 2xy) dx = 3x + x2 y + g (y)

3x + x2 y + g (y) = x2 + g (y) = x2 3y 2
fy = y

R
So, g (y) = 3y 2 = g (y) =
3y 2 dy = y 3 + C.
Thus, f (x, y) = 3x + x2 y y 3 + C.
r () = [e sin , e cos ] = [0, e ]

r (0) = e0 sin 0, e0 cos 0 = [0, 1]
By the Foundamental Theorem of Line Integrals,

Z
h
i h
i
F dr =f (0, e ) f (0, 1) = (e )3 (1)3 = e3 + 1.
(22) Let f (x, y, z) = 3x 6yz, g (x, y, z) = 2y + 3xz and h (x, y, z) = 1 4xz 2 .

(a) Let x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 , 0 t 1, then
f
dx
dy
dz
+g
+h
dt
dt
dt
dx
dt
= 1,
dy
dt
= 2t,
dz
dt
= 3t2 .
= (3x 6yz) + 2t (2y + 3xz) + 3t2 1 4xz 2

= 3t 6t5 + 2t 2t2 + 3t4 + 3t2 1 4t7
= 12t9 + 4t3 + 3t2 + 3t

R
AB
F dr =
R1
0

12t9 + 4t3 + 3t2 + 3t dt =
23
10
dy
dz
(b) Let x = t, y = t, z = t, 0 t 1, then dx
dt = dt = dt = 1.

dy
dz
2 + 2t + 3t2 + 1 4t3 = 4t3 3t2 + 5t + 1
f dx
dt + g dt + h dt = 3t 6t

R
R1
3 3t2 + 5t + 1 dt = 3
y F dr =
4t
2
0
AB
(c) From A to C, let x = 0, y = 0, z = t, 0 t 1, then

f dx
dt +
g dy
dt
+ h dz
dt = 0 + 0 + (1) = 1
133
dx
dt
dy
dt
= 0,
dz
dt
= 1.

R
AC
F dr =
R1
0
dt = 1
From C to B, let x = s, y = s, z = 0, 0 s 1, then
dx
ds
dy
ds
= 1,
dz
ds
= 0.
dy
dz
f dx
ds + g ds + h ds = (3s 6s) + (2s + 3s) + 0 = 2s
R
R1
y F dr =
0 2s ds = 1
RCB
R
R
y F dr =
y F dr +
y F dr = 1 + 1 = 2
AB
AC
CB

(23) Let x (t) = t and y (t) = t3 , 2 t 3. Then r (t) = t, t3 , F (r (t)) = (t) t3 , t3 t

= t4 , t3 t and r (t) = 1, 3t2 .

R
R3
R3
Work done = C F dr = 2 t4 , t3 t 1, 3t2 dt = 2 t4 + 3t5 3t3 dt = 1355
4
(24) r (t) = [cos t, sin t], 0 t , then r (t) = [ sin t, cos t].
h
i

F (r (t)) = (sin t)2 , (cos t) (sin t) = sin2 t, sin t cos t
Work done
=
=
Z0

sin2 t, sin t cos t [ sin t, cos t] dt =
sin t dt = 2

sin3 t + sin t cos2 t dt
(25) (a) Let x = 1 + t, y = 2 t and 0 t 1, then
dx
dt
= 1 and
dy
dt
= 1.
F (r (t)) = h2 (1 + t) (2 t) + 4, 3 (1 + t) + 5 (2 t) 6i = h3t + 4, 7 2ti
r (t) = h1, 1i
R
R
R
(t) dt = 1 [(3t + 4) (7 2t)] dt = 1 (5t 3) dt = 1
F
dr
=
F
(r
(t))
r
2
0
0
D
2 3 E
5 4 3
2
3
2
t , t ,t = t ,t ,t
(b) F (r (t)) = t

r (t) = 1, 2t, 3t2

R
R1
R 1 5
t (1) + t4 (2t) + t3 3t2 dt = 0 6t5 dt = 1
F dr = 0
(c) From (0, 0) to (1, 0), let x = t, y = 0 and 0 t 1, then
R
Then F (r (t)) = h0, 0i and 1 F dr = 0.
dx
dt
= 1and
dy
dt
= 0.
dy
From (1, 0) to (1, 1), let x = 1, y = s and 0 s 1, then dx
ds = 0 and ds = 1.
R
R1
Then F (r (s)) = h6s, 2si, r (s) = h0, 1i and 2 F dr = 0 2s ds = 1.
dy
dx
= 1, du
= 0.
From (1, 1) to (0, 1), let x = 1 u, y = 1 and 0 u 1, then du
D
E
R
R
1
F (r (u)) = 6 (1 u)2 , 2 , r (u) = h1, 0i and 3 F dr = 0 6u2 du = 2.
dy
From (0, 1) to (0, 0), let x = 0, y = 1 v and 0 v 1, then dx
dv = 0 and dv = 1.
R
R
1
F (r (v)) = h0, 2 (1 v)i, r (v) = h0, 1i and 4 F dr = 0 2 (v 1) dv = 1.
R
R
R
R
R
Therefore, F dr = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 + 1 2 1 = 2.
134

(26) (a) Let x = t, y = t and z = t, where 0 t 1.
Z
Fdr =
=
=
ZC
C
1

x2 y i+ y 2 z j+ z 2 x k [dxi+dyj+dzk]

x2 y dx+ y 2 z dy+ z 2 x dz
=3
1
0

t2 t dt+ t2 t dt+ t2 t dt

1
t2 t dt =
2
(b) Let x = t, y = t2 and z = t3 , where 0 t 1.

Z
Fdr =
=
=
=
=
ZC
C
1
0
1
0
1
0

x2 y i+ y 2 z j+ z 2 x k [dxi+dyj+dzk]

x2 y dx+ y 2 z dy+ z 2 x dz

2
2
t2 t2 dt+ t2 t3 dt2 + t3 t dt3

t2 t2 dt+2t t4 t3 dt+3t2 t6 t dt

29
2t5 2t4 + 3t8 3t3 dt =
60
(27) (a) Let x = cos t and y = sin t, where 0 t 2,

I
ydx + xdy =
=
sin td (cos t) + cos td (sin t)

sin2 t + cos2 t dt = 2.
(b) Let x = 1 t and y = t, where 0 t 1

Z
Z 1

(1) d (1 t) +
(1 t)2 + t2 dt
0
0
Z 1

1
2t2 + 1 2t dt = .
= 1 +
3
0

(x + y) dx + x2 + y 2 dy =
135

(28) Since

i
j
k

F = x

y
z

y sin z x sin z xy cos z

(xy cos z)
(x sin z) i+
(xy cos z)
(y sin z) j
=
y
z
x
z

+
(x sin z)
(y sin z) k
x
y
=0
Therefore, F is conservative and there exists a function such that = F. In this case,
= xy sin z+ constant and
Z
(1,2,3)
(0,0,0)
[(xy sin z) i + (x sin z) j + (xy cos z) k] dr

(1,2,3)
= xy sin z|(0,0,0) = (1) (2) sin (3) (0) (0) sin 0 = 2 sin 3
(29) Since cos2 t + sin2 t = 1, so, let x 1 = cos t and y = sin t, then x = cos t 1, y = sin t.
(30) (a) F = h3y, 5xi, P = 3y, Q = 5x and R = {(r, ) |0 r 1, 0 2}.

R
F dr =
R R Q
R
P
y
dA =
R 2 R 1
0
(5 3) r dr d = 2 []2
0
1
2r

2 1
0
= 2

(b) F = y 2 , x2 , P = y 2 , Q = x2 and R = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y 1}.
Z
F dr =
=
1Z 1
0
1
0
(2x 2y) dx dy =
1
x2 2xy
1

(1 2y) dy = y y 2 0 = 0
1
0
dy
(c) F = hxy, x yi, P = xy, Q = x y, and R = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 1 x y 1}.

R
F dr =
R1R1
0
1x (1 x) dy dx =
R1
136

1
x x2 dx = 12 x2 31 x3 0 =
1
6

(31) (a) Let x = a cos t and y = a sin t, where 0 t 2.
I

x2 y dx + xy 2 dy
2

a2 cos2 t a sin t d (a cos t) + a2 cos t a sin2 t d (a sin t)

a4 cos2 t sin2 t + a4 cos2 t sin2 t dt
0

Z 2
Z 2

sin 2t 2
2
2
4
4
dt
cos t sin t dt = 2a
= 2a
2
0
0
Z
1 4 2 2
= a
sin 2tdt
2
0

Z
1
1 4 2 1 cos 4t
dt = a4
= a
2
2
2
0
=
and
ZZ
x2 +y 2 a2

!
ZZ

xy 2
x2 y
y 2 + x2 dxdy
dxdy =
x
y
x2 +y 2 a2
Use polar coordinates, x = r cos and y = r sin , we have

ZZ
x2 +y 2 a2
!

x2 y
xy 2
dxdy
x
y

r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 rdrd
0
0
Z 2
Z 2 Z a
1 4
1
3
r drd =
=
a d = a4
4
2
0
0
0
=
(b)
y
(0,1)
(1,0)
x
(-1,0)
(0,-1)
137

On C1 the line x + y = 1, x = 1 t and y = t, where 0 t 1.
Z
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C1
(t) d (1 t) + (1 t) dt
0
1
tdt + (1 t) dt =
dt = 1
On C2 the line x + y = 1, x = t and y = 1 t, where 0 t 1.

Z
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C2
(1 t) d (t) + (t) d (1 t)
0
1
(1 t) dt + tdt =
dt = 1
0
On C3 the line x y = 1, x = t 1 and y = t, where 0 t 1.

Z
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C3
(t) d (t 1) + (t 1) d (t)
0
1
tdt (t 1) dt =
dt = 1
0
On C4 the line x y = 1, x = t and y = t 1, where 0 t 1.

Z
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C4
(t 1) dt + td (t 1)
0
1
(t 1) dt + tdt =
dt = 1
0
Hence,
I
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C1
C2
C3
(y) dx + (x) dy = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
C4
and
ZZ
square
(x) (y)
x
y
dxdy =
ZZ
square
=2
2dxdy = 2 area of square
2=4
Therefore,
I
(y) dx + (x) dy =
C
ZZ
square
138
(x) (y)
x
y
dxdy.

and the Greens Theorem is true in this case.
(32) By Greens Theorem,

I

xy 2 dx + x2 y + 2x dy =
=
ZZ
Region
ZZ
!

xy 2
x2 y + 2x
dxdy
x
y
2dxdy
Region
= 2 area of the region

(33) (a)
X = cos u sin v,
Y = sin u sin v,
Xu = sin u sin v,
Xv = cos u cos v,
Z = cos v
Yu = cos u sin v,
Yv = sin u cos v,
Zu = 0
Zv = sin v
and
E = (Xu )2 + (Yu )2 + (Zu )2 = sin2 v
G = (Xv )2 + (Yv )2 + (Zv )2 = 1
F = Xu Xv + Yu Yv + Zu Zv = 0
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =
/2 Z /2
cos u sin v sin u sin v cos v
/2
cos u sin udu
1
=
8
(b)
z
O
y
139
/2
p
sin2 vdudv
cos v sin3 vdv

On S1 , the plane x = 0
Z
f (x, y, z) dS =
S1
1 Z 1z
(y + z) dydz =
1
3
On S2 , the plane y = 0
Z
f (x, y, z) dS =
S2
1Z 2
(z) dxdz = 1
On S3 , the plane x = 2
Z
f (x, y, z) dS =
S3
1 Z 1z
(y + z) dydz =
1
3
On S4 , the plane z = 0
Z
f (x, y, z) dS =
S4
1Z 2
ydxdy = 1
On S5 , the plane y + z = 1
Z
Hence,
f (x, y, z) dS =
S5
1Z 2
(1)
f (x, y, z) dS = 1 +
(34)
z=
1 + (0)2 + (1)2 dxdy = 2 2
8
1
1
+1+ +2 2= +2 2
3
3
3
p
y
x
2 x2 y 2 , zx = p
, zy = p
.
2
2
2x y
2 x2 y 2
140

Let x = r cos , y = r sin , 0 r 1 and 0 2.
ZZ
q
1 + zx2 + zy2 dxdy
x2 +y 2 1
s
ZZ
x2
y2
=
1+
+
dxdy
2 x2 y 2 2 x2 y 2
x2 +y 2 1
Z 2 Z 1 r
r2
drd
r 1+
=
2 r2
0
0
r
Z 2 Z 1
2
r
=
drd
2
r2
0
0
Z 2 h p
i1
2 2 r2 d
=
0
0
Z 2

2 2 d = 2 2 2
=
0
(35)
Let X = a cos u, Y = a sin u, Z = v, where 0 u 2 and 0 v 10 a cos u 2a sin u.

Then Xu = a sin u, Yu = a cos u, Zu = 0 and Xv = 0, Yv = 0, Zv = 1.
E = (a sin u)2 + (a cos u)2 + (0)2 = a2
G = (0)2 + (0)2 + (1)2 = 1
F = (a sin u) (0) + (a cos u) (0) + (0) (1) = 0
and
p
p
EG F 2 = a2 cos2 u + a2 sin2 u = a
Z 2
Z 2 Z 10a cos u2a sin u
(10 a cos u 2a sin u) du = 20a
advdu = a
A=
0
141

(36) z = 2x, zx = 2, zy = 0.
ZZ
x2 +y 2 1
ZZ
q
2
2
1 + zx + zy dxdy =
x2 +y 2 1
ZZ
= 5
q
1 + (2)2 + (0)2 dxdy
dxdy =
x2 +y 2 1
(37)
z = 4x2 y 2 , zx = 2x, zy = 2y. Let x = r cos , y = r sin , 1 r 2 and 0 2

ZZ
1x2 +y 2 4
ZZ
q
2
2
1 + zx + zy dxdy =
Z
1x2 +y 2 4
2 Z 2 p
p
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dxdy
1 + 4r2 drd
2
Z 2

1
2 3/2
1 + 4r
=
d
12
0
1

Z 2

17
5
1
=
17
5 d = 17 17 5 5
12
12
6
0
=
(38) (a) Let f (x, y, z) = 1, z = (x, y) = 1 x y, and
z
x
z
y
= 1.
R is the region inside x2 + y 2 = a2 or R = {(r, ) | 0 r a, 0 2}.

S =
=
Z Z
Z
f (x, y, z) dS =
S
2 Z a
0
Z Z
f (x, y, (x, y))
3 r dr d = 3a2
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = 1, z = (x, y) =
2
3
s
z
x
2
z
x

x3/2 + y 3/2 , and
142
x,
z
y
2
z
y
+ 1 dx dy
y.

R = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 1}
Z 1Z 1q
2
f (x, y, z) dS =
x + ( y)2 + 1 dx dy
0
0
S
1
Z 1
Z
i
2
2 1h
=
(x + y + 1)3/2 dy =
(y + 2)3/2 (y + 1)3/2 dy
3
3 0
0
0

1

i
2
4 h 5/2
2 2
5/2
5/2
(y + 2) (y + 1)
=
3 25/2 25/2 15/2
=
3 5
5
15
0

4
=
35/2 27/2 + 1 = 1.4066
15
S =
Z Z
(39) (a) (x, y, z) = z, let z = (x, y) =
p
4 x2 y 2 , and
z
x
R = {(r, ) | 0 r 2, 0 2}
= xz ,
z
y
= yz .
r
x 2 y 2
+
+ 1r dr d
(z)
(x, y, z) dS =
S =
z
z
0
0
S
Z 2 Z 2 p
Z 2
Z 2
2 2
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 r dr d =
r 0 = 8
2r dr = []2
d
0
Z
Z Z
0
(b) Find the equation for the area, a plane, within ABC:

AB = OB OA = h0, 1, 0i h1, 0, 0i = h1, 1,

0i and AC = h1, 0, 1i.

i j k

normal vector = n = AB AC = 1 1 0 = h1, 1, 1i

1 0 1
Equation for the plane with normal vector n and passing through A (1, 0, 0):
(x 1) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 = x + y + z = 1
(x, y, z) = xyz, let z = (x, y) = 1 x y, and
z
x
R = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x}
Z Z
1 Z 1x
z
y
= 1.
q
(1)2 + (1)2 + 1 dy dx
0
0
S

Z 1 Z 1x
Z 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1x
3
dx
xy x y xy
=
xy (1 x y) dy dx = 3
2
2
3
0
0
0
0

Z 1
3
1 4 1 3 1 2 1
3
=
x + x x + x dx =
6
2
2
6
120
0
S =
(x, y, z) dS =
(xyz)
(c) (x, y, z) = z 2
On the surface S1 , z = 0 and (x, y, z) = 0, thus
RR
S1
(x, y, z) dS1 = 0.
On the surface S2 , z = 1 and (x, y, z) = 1 and S2 = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y 1},

RR
RR
R1R1
thus
(x,
y,
z)
dS
=
dS
=
2
2
S2
0 0 dx dy = 1.
S2
143

On the surface S3 and S4 , x = 0 and 1, and S3 = S4 = {(y, z) |0 y 1, 0 z 1},
RR
RR
R1R1 2
1
thus
S3 (x, y, z) dS3 =
S4 (x, y, z) dS4 = 0 0 z dy dz = 3 .
On the surface S5 and S6 , y = 0 and 1, and S5 = S6 = {(x, z) |0 x 1, 0 z 1},
RR
RR
R1R1 2
1
thus
S5 (x, y, z) dS5 =
S6 (x, y, z) dS6 = 0 0 z dx dz = 3 .
Therefore,
RR
(x, y, z) dS =
RR
S1
RR
S2
+... +
RR
S6
= 73 .
(40) (a) The equation for the plane that including ABC:
unit normal vector =
h6,3,2i
62 +32 +22
3 2
7, 7, 7
6 (x 1) + 3 (y 0) + 2 (z 0) = 0 = 6x + 3y + 2z = 6

Let z = (x, y) = 3 3x 32 y, then F = hxy, y, zxi = xy, y, 3x 3x2 23 xy
Using the formula
Z Z

Z Z
z
z
F n dS =
P
Q
+ R dx dy
x
y
R
F n = xy, y, 3x 3x2 32 xy 76 , 73 , 72 = 67 x + 37 y + 37 xy 76 x2
R = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 2 2x}
dS =
1
|n k|
7
2
dx dy =
dx dy
1 Z 22x
6
3
3
6
x + y + xy x2
F n dS =
7
7
7
7
0
0
S
22x
Z 1
3
dx
3xy 3x2 y xy 2
=
4
0
0
Z
Z Z
7
7
dy dx =
2
4
or using the formula

ZZ
F n dS =
ZZ
F (r (u, v)) (ru rv ) dudv
Let r (x, y) = x, y, 3 3x 23 y and D = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y 2 2x}, then

rx = h1, 0, 3i and ry = 0, 1, 32 .

i j k

rx ry = 1 0 3 = 3, 32 , 1

0 1 23
144

F (r (x, y)) = xy, y, 3x 3x2 32 xy

ZZ
F (r (x, y)) (rx ry ) dx dy

Z 1 Z 22x
3
3
2
xy, y, 3x 3x xy 3, , 1 dy dx
=
2
2
0
0

Z 1 Z 22x
3
3
xy + y + 3x 3x2 dy dx
=
2
2
0
0
Z 1

7
=
9x3 15x2 + 3x + 3 dx =
4
0
D
(b) Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 a2 and z = (x, y) =

E
D
p
F = hx, y, zi = x, y, a2 x2 y 2
Z Z
Using the formula
n=
f
kf k
Fn=
x2
a
h2x,2y,2zi
2 x2 +y 2 +z 2
y2
a
1
a
p
a2 x2 y 2 .

Z Z
z
z
F n dS =
P
Q
+ R dx dy
x
y
R
2x,2y,2
a2 x2 y 2
2a
x y 1
a, a, a
E
p
a2 x2 y 2

a2 x2 y 2 = a
R = {(r, ) | 0 r a, 0 2}
dS =
RR
2a3
1
|n k| r dr d
F n dS =
a
ar
=p
dr d
r dr d =
2
2
2
2
a r2
a x y
R 2 R a
0
(a)
ia
R 2 h
R 2
ar
2
2
2
dr d = a 0 a r
d = a3 0 d =
0
a2 r2
Z Z
F n dS =
Z Z
F (r (u, v)) (ru rv ) du dv
Let
n
o
r (, ) = ha sin cos , a sin sin , a cos i and D = (, ) |0 , 0 2

2
then r = ha cos cos , a cos sin , a sin i and r = ha sin sin , a sin cos , 0i.
145

i
j
k

r r = a cos cos a cos sin a sin

a sin sin a sin cos
0

= a2 sin2 cos , a2 sin2 sin , a2 sin cos
F (r (, )) = ha sin cos , a sin sin , a cos i
F (r (, )) (r r ) = a3 sin
Therefore,
ZZ
F (r (, )) (r r ) d d =
/2
a3 sin d d = 2a3
(c) On the surface S1 , z = 0, F = hx, 2y, 0i and n = h0, 0, 1i, thus

ZZ
S1
F ndS =
ZZ
(0) dS = 0.
S1
On the surface S2 , z = 1, F = hx, 2y, 3i, n = h0, 0, 1i, dS =

and S2 = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y 1}, thus
ZZ
S2
F ndS =
ZZ
(3) dS = 3
S2
1Z 1
1
|n k|
dx dy = dx dy,
dx dy = 3.
On the surface S3 , x = 0, F = h0, 2y, 3zi, n = h1, 0, 0i, thus

ZZ
S3
F ndS =
ZZ
(0) dS = 0.
S3
On the surface S4 , x = 1, F = h1, 2y, 3zi, n = h1, 0, 0i, dS4 =

and S4 = {(y, z) |0 y 1, 0 z 1}, thus
ZZ
S4
F ndS =
ZZ
(1) dS =
S4
1Z 1
1
|n i|
dx dy = dy dz,
dy dz = 1.
On the surface S5 , y = 0, F = hx, 0, 3zi, n = h0, 1, 0i, thus

ZZ
S5
F ndS =
ZZ
(0) dS = 0.
S5
On the surface S6 , y = 1, F = hx, 2, 3zi, n = h0, 1, 0i, dS6 =

146
1
|nj|
dx dy = dx dy, and

S6 = {(x, z) |0 x 1, 0 z 1}, thus
ZZ
S6
Therefore,
F ndS =
ZZ
ZZ
(2) dS = 2
S6
F n dS =
ZZ
S1
ZZ
1Z 1
+... +
S2
dx dz = 2.
ZZ
= 6.
S6
(41) For the top end-face of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4, 0 z 3, n = h0, 0, 1i. Using the
formula
ZZ

ZZ
z
z
Q
+ R dx dy
P
F n dS =
x
y
R

F = 4x, 2y 2 , z 2 x2 = 4x, 2y 2 , 9x2
F n = 9x2
R = {(r, ) | 0 r 2, 0 2}
dS =
1
|n k| r dr d
ZZ
= r dr d
Z 2 Z 2
r3 cos2 dr d
9 (r cos )2 r dr d = 9
0
0
0
0
Z 2
Z 2
1 + cos 2
r3 dr
= 9
d
2
0
0
2

1 4 2
1
= 36
+ sin 2
r
= 9
2 4
4
0
0
F n dS =

ZZ
F n dS =
Z Z
F (r (u, v)) (ru rv ) du dv
Let
r (r, ) = hr cos , r sin , 3i and D = {(r, ) |0 r 2, 0 2}
then r = hcos , sin , 0i and r = hr sin , r cos , 0i.

j
k
i

rr r = cos
sin 0 = h0, 0, ri

r sin r cos 0

F (r (r, )) = 4r cos , 2r2 sin2 , 9r2 cos2
F (r (r, )) (rr r ) = 9r3 cos2

RR
R 2 R 2 3
2
F
(r
(r,
))
(r
r
)
dr
d
=
r
0 9r cos dr d = 36
D
0
147

(42) (a)
z
O
x
i + 2j + k
=
Let f = x + 2y + z 3 = 0, then n = f = q
(1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2
Z
F ndS =
(i + 2j + 3k)
Z
= 6
27
=
2
3Z
3x
2
1
6
(i + 2j + k)

Z
1
(i + 2j + k) dS =
6dS
6
S
q
1 + (1)2 + (2)2 dydx
(b)
z
ex i j
ex i j
=
Let f = ex y = 0, then n = f = q
e2x + 1
(ex )2 + (1)2
Z
F ndS =
(2i + 2yj + zk)
ex i j
e2x + 1
dS =
(2ex 2y)
dS
e2x + 1
Let Z = v, X = u, Y = eu , where 0 v 1 and 0 u ln 2.
Note that Xu = 1, Yu = eu , Zu = 0 and Xv = 0, Yv = 0, Zv = 1

E = (Xu )2 + (Yu )2 + (Zu )2 = (1)2 + (eu )2 + 02 = 1 + e2u
G = (Xv )2 + (Yv )2 + (Zv )2 = (0)2 + (0)2 + (1)2 = 1
F = Xu Xv + Yu Yv + Zu Zv = (1) (0) + (eu ) (0) + (0) (1) = 0
1 Z ln 2
(2eu 2eu ) p
(1 + e2u ) (1) 02 dudv

e2u + 1
0
0
Z 1
Z 1 Z ln 2
u
dv = 4
e dudv = 4
= 4
F ndS =
148

(43) (a)
Z

Fdxdydz =
i+ j+ k x3 i+y 3 j+z 3 k dxdydz
y z
D
D x

Z 3
Z

x y 3 z 3
=
+
+
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
dxdydz = 3
x y z
D
D
Z /2 Z 2 Z 1
6
r4 sin drdd =
=3
5
0
0
0
On S1 the surface of the hemi-sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and n = r.

Z
S1
F ndS =
=
ZS1
F rdS =
x4 +y 4 +z
S1
S1

4
dS

x3 i+y 3 j+z 3 k (xi+yj+zk) dS
Let X = sin v cos u, Y = sin v sin u, Z = cos v, then

Z
S1
EG F 2 =
sin2 v = sin v.
F ndS
0
/2
/2
/2
0
2

(sin v cos u)4 + (sin v sin u)4 + (cos v)4 sin vdvdu

sin4 v cos4 u + sin4 v sin4 u + cos4 v sin vdvdu

sin4 v cos4 u + sin4 u + cos4 v sin vdvdu

/2
2
1
1
du
cos5 v cos3 v + cos v + cos5 v
5
3
5
0
0

Z 2
1
8
=
cos4 u + sin4 u +
du
15
5
0

!
Z 2
1 + cos 2u 2
2
1 cos 2u 2
8
du +
+
=
15 0
2
2
5

Z 2
1 + 2 cos 2u + cos2 2u 1 2 cos 2u + cos2 2u
8
2
=
+
du +
15 0
4
4
5
Z 2

2
4
1 + cos2 2u du +
=
15 0
5

Z 2
4
1 + cos 4u
2
=
1+
du +
15 0
2
5

2
6
4 3u sin 4u
2
+
=
+ =
15 2
8
5
5
0
=
cos4 u + sin4 u
149

On S2 the bottom surface (z = 0) and n = k
Z
S2
F ndS =
x i+y j+z k (k) dS =
S2
z 3 dS = 0
S2
(b)
Z
Fdxdydz =
=
=
Z
D

i+ j+ k 2xzi+yjz 2 k dxdydz
x y z
!
2xz y z 2
dxdydz
+ +
x
y
z
(2z + 1 2z) dxdydz

ZZ
Z y
Z Z
dzdxdy =
x2 +4y 2 16
ydxdy
x2 +4y 2 16
Let x = 4r cos , y = 2r sin and |J| = 8r

Z
Fdxdydz =
On the plane z = y : n =
Z
S1
/2 Z 1
16r2 sin drd =
j + k
j + k
1
2xzi+yjz 2 k dS =
2
2
S1
ZZ
q

1
1 + zx2 + zy2 dxdy
=
y + y2
2 R1
ZZ

1
=
y + y2
1 + 1dxdy
2 R1
ZZ

=
y + y 2 dxdy
F ndS =
= 8
16
3
R1
/2 Z 1
0
16
= 2
3
S1

y z 2 dS

2r2 sin + 4r3 sin2 drd
On the plane z = 0 : n = k
Z
S2
F ndS =
S2

2xzi+yjz 2 k (k) dS =
150
S2
z 2 dS = 0

xi + 4yj
On the plane x2 + 4y 2 = 16 : n = p
x2 + 16y 2
Z
S3
F ndS =
S3
S4
2xzi+yjz 2 k
2x2 z + 4y 2
p
dS
x2 + 16y 2
xi + 4yj
p
x2 + 16y 2
dS
Let X = 4 cos u, Y = 2 sin u and Z = v Then Xu = 4 sin u, Yu = 2 cos u, Zu = 0,

and Xv = 0, Yv = 0, Zv = 1.
E = Xu2 + Yu2 + Zu2 = 16 sin2 u + 4 cos2 u, G = 1, F = 0
S3
=
=
F ndS
Z
Z
/2 Z 2 sin u
0
/2 Z 2 sin u
2 (4 cos u)2 (v) + 4 (2 sin u)2 p

q
16 sin2 u + 4 cos2 udvdu
2
2
(4 cos u) + 16 (2 sin u)
/2
= 2 +

16v cos2 u + 8 sin2 u dvdu

32 sin2 u cos2 u + 16 sin3 u du
32
3
On the plane x = 0 : n = i
Z
S4
F ndS =
S2
2xzi+yjz k (i) dS =
2xzdS = 0
S4
Hence,
Z
F ndS =
S1
F ndS +
S2
F ndS +
(44) (a) F = hx, y, zi

F =
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 3
x
y
z
151
S3
F ndS +
S4
F ndS =
16
3

D = {(, , ) |0 a, 0 , 0 2}
Z Z
F n dS =
Z Z Z
( F) dV =
(3) 2 sin d d d
= 3 (Volume of a sphere with radius a) = 4a3
(b) F = hx, y, zi
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 3
x
y
z
F =
D = {(x, y, z) |0 x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1}
Z Z
F n dS =
Z Z Z
( F) dV =
1Z 1Z 1
0
(3) dx dy dz
= 3 (Volume of a unit cube) = 3

(c) F = x2 , y 2 , z 2

x2 +
y2 +
z 2 = 2x + 2y + 2z
x
y
z
F =
D = {(, , ) |0 1, 0 , 0 2}
ZZ
=
=
=
=
=
F n dS
Z Z Z
(2x + 2y + 2z) 2 sin d d d

( F) dV =
0
0
0
D
Z 2 Z Z 1
2 ( sin cos + sin sin + cos ) 2 sin d d d
0
0
0
Z Z 2
Z 1

2 sin2 cos + sin2 sin + sin cos d d
3 d
0
0
0

Z
2
1 4 1 2
2 sin sin sin2 cos + sin cos 0 d d
4
0

Z 0
1
1
2
4 sin cos d =
sin = 0
4 0
2
0
152

(45) The total force acting on D is
gzkdxdydz
gzk ndS =
D

Z
i+ j+ k zkdxdydz
= g
x y z
ZD
z
= g
dxdydz
z
ZD
dxdydz
= g
gzndS k =
= g volume of D
(46) (a) F = h2z, y, xi

j
k
i

= h0, 1, 0i
F = x
y
z

2z y x
The equation for the area within ABC:
D
E
1 , 1 , 1
unit normal vector = n = 1h1,1,1i
=
2 +12 +12
3
3
3
(x 2) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 = x + y + z = 2
find the integral by using surface integral

S = {(x, y) |0 x 2, 0 y 2 x}
dS = |n 1 k| dx dy = 3 dx dy
Z
F dr =
=
( F) n dS =
S
2
2 Z 2x
0

1 2 2
=2
(2 x) dx = 2x x
2
0
Find the integral by using line integral

1 (AB) : r (t) = h2 2t, 2t, 0i, 0 t 1
F (r (t)) = h0, 2t, 2 2ti
r (t) = h2, 2, 0i
F (r (t)) r (t) = h0, 2t, 2 2ti h2, 2, 0i = 4t

R
R1
1 F (r (t)) r (t) dt = 0 (4t) dt = 2
2 (BC) : r (s) = h0, 2 2s, 2si, 0 s 1

F (r (s)) = h4s, 2s 2, 0i
r (s) = h0, 2, 2i
153
3 dy dx =
[y]02x dx

F (r (s)) r (s) = h4s, 2s 2, 0i h0, 2, 2i = 4 4s
R
R1
2 F (r (s)) r (s) ds = 0 (4 4s) ds = 2
3 (CA) : r (u) = h2u, 0, 2 2ui, 0 u 1

F (r (u)) = h4 4u, 0, 2ui
r (u) = h2, 0, 2i
F (r (u)) r (u) = h4 4u, 0, 2ui h2, 0, 2i = 8 12u

R
R1
3 F (r (u)) r (u) du = 0 (8 12u) du = 2

R
R
R
R
Therefore, S F dr = 1 + 2 + 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2.
(b) F = hxz, y,

xyi

j
k
i

= hx, x y, 0i
F = x
y
z

xz y xy
The equation for the plane that including ABC:
D
E
1 , 1 , 1
=
unit normal vector = n = 1h1,1,1i
2 +12 +12
3
3
3
(x 1) + (y 0) + (z 0) = 0 = x + y + z = 1
Find the integral by using surface integral.
S = {(x, y) |0 x 1, 0 y 1 x}
dS = |n 1 k| dx dy = 3 dx dy
1
(2x y)
( F) n dS =
F dr =
3 dy dx
3
0
0
S
S

Z 1
Z 1
1 2 1x
1 5 2
1
2xy y
=
3x x
dx =
dx =
2
2 2
6
0
0
0
1 Z 1x
Find the integral by using line integral

1 (AB) : r (t) = h1 t, t, 0i, 0 t 1

F (r (t)) = 0, t, t t2
r (t) = h1, 1, 0i

F (r (t)) r (t) = 0, t, t t2 h1, 1, 0i = t
R
R1
1
1 F (r (t)) r (t) dt = 0 (t) dt = 2
2 (BC) : r (s) = h0, 1 s, si, 0 s 1

F (r (s)) = h0, s 1, 0i
r (s) = h0, 1, 1i
F (r (s)) r (s) = h0, s 1, 0i h0, 1, 1i = 1 s

R
R1
1
2 F (r (s)) r (s) ds = 0 (1 s) ds = 2
3 (CA) : r (u) = hu, 0, 1 ui, 0 u 1

F (r (u)) = u u2 , 0, 0
154

r (u) = h1, 0, 1i

F (r (u)) r (u) = u u2 , 0, 0 h1, 0, 1i = u u2

R
R1
2 du = 1
6
3 F (r (u)) r (u) du = 0 u u
Therefore,
F dr =
= 12 +
1
2
1
6
= 16 .
(47) (a)

i

F = x
2
x
By Stokes Theorem,
I
F dr =
ZZ
=2
= 2k
y
z

2x z 2
j
F ndS =
ZZ
4x2 +y 2 4
ZZ
4x2 +y 2 4
2k kdS
dS = 2 2 = 4
(b)

i

F = x

y
By Stokes Theorem,
I
F dr =
ZZ
= xi 2xj+ (z 1) k
y
z

zx x2
j
F ndS

ZZ

1
1
1
i + j+ k dS
3
3
3
(xi 2xj+ (z 1) k)
ZZ
1
(3x + z 1) dS
=
3 S
Z 1 Z 1x
q
1
=
(3x x y) 1 + (zx )2 + (zy )2 dydx
3 0 0
Z 1 Z 1x
q
1
=
(4x y) 1 + (1)2 + (1)2 dydx
3 0 0

Z 1 Z 1x
1 2 1x
(4x y) dydx = 4xy y
=
2
0
0
0

Z 1
1
7
=
3x + x2
dx
2
2
0
5
=
6
=
155

(48) By Stokes Theorem,
ZZ
(yi) ndS =
=
(yi) (dxi + dyj + dzk) =

Z 2
sin2 tdt =
sin td (cos t) =
(yi) dr =
C
Z 2
156
ydx
Chapter 7
Differential Equations

4y
dx
3
dx
= (y3)dy
= x(y3)
=
4
=
1
y
x
y dy = 4 x

R
R
1 y3 dy = 4 dx
x = y 3 ln |y| = 4 ln |x| + C

3 +4y
(y2 +2y+4)dy
dy
dx
1
2
=
=
dy =
(b) dx
= x(yy2 +2y+4)
=
+
3
2
x
y
y +4y
y +4

R
R 1
2
dx
1 y = ln |x| + C
y + y 2 +4 dy =
x = ln |y| + tan
2
(1) (a)
(c)
dy
dx
dy
dx
1
x2
dx
x
p (x) = x2
2 y = x12
(x) = e p(x)dx = e x dx = e2 ln|x| =
x

R 1
dy
d
1
1
2
1
1
dx = 3x13 + C
dx x y = x4 = dx x2 y = x4 = x2 y =
x4
y=
1
3x
+ Cx2
dy
= y + 2 (x 2)3 =
(d) (x 1) dx
1
p (x) = x1
R
dy
dx
y
x1
2(x2)3
x1
dy
dx
y
x1
2(x2)3
x1
1
(x) = e x1 dx = x1

2(x2)3
dy
y
y
1
d
2
6
=
=
2
x1 dx
x1
dx x1 = 2x 8 + x1 (x1)2
(x1)
i
Rh
y
2
2
6
dx = x2 8x + 6 ln |x 1| + x1
=
+C
2x
8
+
2
x1
x1
(x1)

2
+ C (x 1)
y = x2 8x + 6 ln |x 1| + x1

(23x2 )
dy
dy
(e) x3 dx
+ 2 3x2 y = x3 = dx
+ x3 y = 1
(23x2 )
p (x) = x3

R (23x2 )
1
3 ln x 12
dx
3
x
x
(x) = e
=e
= x13 e x2

1
1
1
(23x2 )
d
1 x2
1 x2 dy
1 x2
=
y
=
e
y
=
e
e
+
3
3
3
3
dx
dx x
x
x
x
1
1 x2
y
e
x3
(f)
dy
dx
1
1 x2
dx
e
x3
1
1 x2
e
x3
1
= 12 e x2 + C = y = 12 x3 + Cx3 e x2
+ (2 cos x) y = sin2 x cos x

157
1
x2
CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

p (x) = 2 cos x
R
(x) = e 2 cos xdx = e2 sin x

i
h

dy
d
+ (2 cos x) y = e2 sin x sin2 x cos x = dx
e2 sin x y = e2 sin x sin2 x cos x
e2 sin x dx
R
R
e2 sin x y = e2 sin x sin2 x cos xdx = e2 sin x sin2 xd (sin x)
Let u = sin2 x and dv = e2 sin x d (sin x), then du = 2 sin x cos xdx and v = 12 e2 sin x .
2 sin x

Z
1 2 sin x
1 2 sin x 2
(2 sin x cos xdx)
e
sin x
e
2
2
Z
1 2 sin x 2
e
sin x e2 sin x sin x cos xdx
2
Z
1 2 sin x 2
e
sin x e2 sin x sin xd (sin x)
2
Z
1 2 sin x 2
1
1
e
sin x e2 sin x sin x +
e2 sin x cos xdx
2
2
2
1
1
1 2 sin x 2
e
sin x e2 sin x sin x + e2 sin x + C
2
2

4
1
1
1
e2 sin x
sin2 x sin x +
+C
2
2
4
y =
=
=
=
=
=
y=
1
2
sin2 x 12 sin x +
1
4
+ Ce2 sin x or y = Ce2 sin x 14 cos 2x 21 sin x +
1
2
(2) (a) The substitution y = xv(x) reduces the differential equation to

v+x
2+v
dv
2 3v 2
dv
=
, or x
=
.
dx
1 + 3v
dx
1 + 3v
R 1 + 3v
R dx
dv
=
. Integration yields
2 3v 2
x
!
!
66
6
6+6
6
y
y
= ln Cx,
ln
+
ln
12
x
3
12
x
3
Therefore, one has
where C is an arbitrary constant.

3
2
(b) Re-writing the equation as y +

y = 4 + 2 and multiplying both sides of this
x
x
R 3
equation by = e x dx = x3 , we obtain
Integration yields

d
x3 y = 4x3 + 2x.
dx
x3 y = x4 + x2 + C, or y = x +
158
1
C
+ 3.
x x

dy
dy
dv
dv
= x1 dx
xy2 = dx
= x dx
+ xy2 .
(c) Let v = xy , then dx

dv
dv
+ xy2 y + 3x3 y x4 = 0 = x2 dx
+ 3x3 y x4 = 0 =
x2 dx
dv
dx
+ 3x2 v = x2
p (x) = 3x2
R
(x) = e
ex
(e)
(f)

3
+ 3x2 v = x2 ex =
1
3
d
dv

R
3
3
3
3
3
ex v = x2 ex = ex v = x2 ex dx = 13 ex + C
+ Cex =
y
x
dv
= x dx
=v+
3 dv
v 4 +1
= vv4 +1
= dx
x
v3

1
dx
4
= ln |x| + C = 1 ln y 4 + 1 =

v
+
1
=
ln
x
4
4
x
1
1
1
2
Let v = y , then dv = y2 dy = dy = y dv = v2 dv.
dv
dv
= v 1 = v1
= dx
v2dvdx + v1 = v12 = v2dvdx = v1 v12 = dx

R dv
R

dx = ln |v 1| = x + C = ln y1 1 = x + C
v1 =
Let v = y14 , then dv = y45 dy = dy = 14 y 5 dv.
1
dv
dv
dv
2x
y = y 5 = dx
+ xy2 4 = 4 = dx
+ 2v
14 y 5 dx
x =4
2
p (x) = x
R 2
(x) = e x dx = e2 ln x = x2
dv
=
= x dx
R v3 dv
R
=
v 4 +1
2v
d
dv
2
2
2
2
dx + x = 4x = dx x v = 4x = x v =
v = 43 x + C x12 = y14 = 34 x + C x12
dy
dy
dv
dv
Let v = y 4x, then dx
= dx
4 = dx
= dx
+ 4.
dv
dv
dv
2
2
dx + 4 = v = dx = v 4 = v 2 4 = dx

R dv
R
R dv
R
v+2
1
ln
=
dx
=
=
dx
=

2
2
4
v2
v 4
4v
x2
(g)
= ex
1
x3 = y = 1 x + Cxex3
3 + Ce
3

y
dy
y
dv
1 dy
dv
+ xy2 .
Let v = x , then dx = x dx x2 = dx = x dx
3

dv
dv
x dx
+ xy2 = 2 xy + xy = 2v + v13 = x dx
+ v = 2v + v13
v=
(d)
dv
dx
3x2 dx
Use the formula
(h) Putting v =
du
a2 u2
1
v3
ln |x| + C
4x2 dx = 43 x3 + C
=x+C

u+a
1
ln ua
= 2a
+ C.
1
, the equation is then transformed into
y
1 dv
1
x
dv
1
+
= 2 , or
v = x,
v 2 dx xv
v
dx x
which is a linear equation with

v. Multiplying the equation by =
unknown

R 1
d
1
1
1
1
v = 1, which implies v = x + C, or
=
e x dx = , one obtains
x
dx x
x
xy
x + C.
1
(i) Substituting y = w 3 into the differential equation, we obtain

4
1
x3 4 dw
w 3
+ x2 w 3 = w 3 cos x,
3
dx
159

dw
3
3 cos x
or
+
, which is a linear equation with unknown w. Multiplying
w=
dx
x
x3
d 3
(x w) = 3 cos x. Integration then gives w =
the equation by = x3 , we have
dx
x
3 sin x + C
, or y =
.
3
x3
3 sin x + C
(3) (a) The equation is separable and may be written as y dy = ex dx, which may be integrated to give y 2 = 2ex + C, where C is a constant of integration.
Applying the
initial condition y(0) = 1, we conclude that C = 1 and that the solution to the
initial value problem satisfies y 2 = 2ex 1.
(b) The change of variable y = xv(x) reduces the equation to

dv
dx
=
= tan v dv,
x
cot v
R dx R
= tan v dv, which implies ln x = ln cos v + ln C. Therefore, the solution
x
of the differential equation satisfies
y
x cos = C. By the initial condition y() = 0, we have C = . Therefore,
x
y
x cos = .
x
(c) The differential equation is separable, which may be integrated to give
or
(1 y )dy =
x ex dx,
y6
2
= 21 ex + C. Since y(0) = 0, we conclude that C = 12 . As such, the
6
solution of the initial value problem satisfies
or y
y 6 6y + 3ex = 3.
(d)

2 yy
y (x2 1)
2 1 dx = 1 + 1 dy = x2 1 dx
= xy+1
= y+1 = y+1
dy
=
x
y
y

R
R 2
3
1 + y1 dy =
x 1 dx = y + ln |y| = x3 x + C
dy
dx
x = 3, y = 1 = 1 + ln |1| = 9 3 + C = C = 7
y + ln |y| =
(e)
dy
dx
x3
3
x7
+ 2xy = 0 =
dy
dx
= 2xy =
x = 0, y = 2 = ln |2| = C
ln |y| = x2 + ln 2 = y = ex
dy
y
2 +ln 2
= 2xdx = ln |y| = x2 + C
= 2ex

dy
dy
dv
dv
= x1 dx
xy2 = dx
= x dx
+ xy2 .
(f) Let v = xy , then dx
2

2
dv
dv
1+v 2
dv
= 1+v
x dx
+ xy2 = 1+(y/x)
2v = x dx + v = 2v = x dx =
2(xy/x2 )
160
1v 2
2v
2v
dv
1v 2
dx
x

2

= ln 1 v 2 = ln |x| + C = ln 1 xy = ln |x| + C

2

x = 1, y = 2 = ln 1 2
= ln |1| + C = C = ln 3
1

2

ln 1 xy = ln |x| ln 3
R
(g)
2v
dv
1v 2
dx
x

dy
dy
1
= xdx = y1
+ xy = xy 2 = dx
= xy (y 1) = y(y1)
y1 dy = xdx

R
R 1
y1 x2
1
x2
+
C
=
ln
dy
=
xdx
=
ln
|y
1|
ln
|y|
=
y = 2 +C
y1
y
2
21
x = 0, y = 2 = ln 2 = C = C = ln 2

x2
ln y1
y = 2 ln 2
dy
dx
(4) (a) With M = 2xy+cos x and N = x2 +sin y, a simple calculation gives

So the equation is exact. Integrating the equation
in
f (x, y) =
N
M
=
= 2x.
y
x
f
= M with respect to x results
x
(2xy + cos x) dx = x2 y + sin x + g(y),
where g(y) is an arbitrary function of f . If we substitute this into the second equation
dg
f
= N , we obtain
= sin y, or g(y) = cos y. We therefore conclude that the
y
dy
solution of the equation satisfies f (x, y) = C, or x2 y + sin x cos y = C.

(b) Since
y + 2xy 3 =
1 + 3x2 y 2 + x = 1 + 6xy 2 , the equation is exact. We
y
x
consider the equations
= y + 2xy 3
= 1 + 3x2 y 2 + x
Integrating the first equation with respect to x, we obtain

f (x, y) =
(y + 2xy 3 )dx = xy + x2 y 3 + g(y).
Substituting this into the second equation, we conclude that

x + 3x2 y 2 +
dg
= 1 + 3x2 y 2 + x.
dy
dg
= 1 and g(y) = y. Therefore, f (x, y) = xy + x2 y 3 + y, which implies that
dy
the solution of the equation satisfies
Thus
xy + x2 y 3 + y = C.
161

(5) Let y (t) be the number of bacteria at time t (hour) and
bacteria. So
dy
dt
dy
dt
= ay =
be the growth rate of the
= ay, where a is a constant.
dy
y
constant.
dy
dt
= adt = ln |y| = at + C = y (t) = eat eC = A0 eat , where A0 is a
Let y (0) = A0 , then y (6) = A0 e6a = 2A0 .

= e6a = 2 = a =
1
6
ln 2
Thus, y (t) = A0 e(t ln 2)/6 .

y (24) = A0 e(24 ln 2)/6 = 16A0
So the number of bacteria is 16 times as much as the number at the beginning.
(6) Let x (t) be the weight of the radioactive material at time t (year) and
change of the weight. So
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
be the rate of
= bx, where b is a constant.
= bx = x (t) = B0 ebt , where B0 is a constant.
Let x (0) = 100 = B0 , then x (2) = B0 e2b = 0.95 100.

= e2b = 0.95 = b = 21 ln 0.95
Thus, x (t) = 100e(t ln 0.95)/2 .
0.9
= 4.1082
x (t) = 100e(t ln 0.95)/2 = 0.9 100 = e(t ln 0.95)/2 = 0.9 = t = 2 lnln0.95
So it takes 4.11 years for 10% of the original mass to decay.

(7) Let z (t) be the amount of the deposit at time t (year) and
the deposit. So
dz
dt
dz
dt
be the rate of change of
= 0.07z and z (t) = C0 e0.07t , where C0 is a constant.
Let z (0) = C0 = 10000, then z (t) = 10000e0.07t .

z (2) = 10000e0.07(2) = 11503
So there will be $11503 in the account after 2 years.
(8) Let w (t) be the temperature of the bar at time t (hour) and
the temperature. So
temperature.
dw
w(t)S
dw
dt
dw
dt
be the rate of change of
= d (w (t) S), where d is a constant and S is the surrounding
= (d) dt = ln |w (t) S| = dt + c = w (t) = S + Do edt , where D0 is a constant.
Let w (0) = 100 and S = 20, then 20 + D0 = 100 = D0 = 80.

w 13 = 20 + 80ed/3 = 50 = ed/3 = 83 = d = 3 ln 38
3
Thus, w (t) = 20 + 80e(3 ln 8 )t .
162

(9) Let T (t) be the temperature of the copper ball at time t. By Newtons Law of Cooling,
we have
dT
= k(T 30),
dt
where k is a physical constant, with initial condition T (0) = 100.
The equation is
ekt
separable, and an integration gives T (t)30 = C

for any t > 0. T (0) = 100 C = 70,
40
3k
and T (3) = 70 e =
70

1
7
k = 31 ln 74
= 0.187. Thus T (t) = 30 + 70 e 3 ln( 4 )t for any t > 0. If T (t) = 40, a
ln 7
simple calculation shows that t = 3
= 10.4 minutes.
ln(7/4)
(10) Dividing the equation by L and then multiplying both sides by
R
= e L t , we obtain
i E R
d h Rt
0
eL i =
e L t cos t.
dt
L
R
E0 R R t
e L cos t dt, which implies
Integration yields e L t i =
L
i(t) =
R2
R
E0
(R cos t + L sin t) + C e L t ,
2
2
+ L
where C is an arbitrary constant. Using the initial condition i(0) = 0, we conclude that
E0 R
. Therefore,
C= 2
R + 2 L2
i(t) =
i
h
E0
t
R
L
.
R
cos
t
+
L
sin
t
R
e
R2 + 2 L2
(11) Let S(t) be the amount of pollutants at any instant t, S(0) = S0 be the initial amount
of pollutants, V be the volume of water in the tank and r be the rate of influx / outflux.
Since the influx has no pollutants at all, we have
dS
=
dt
dS
dt
in
dS
dt
out
rS
V
Integration gives S(t) = S0 e( V )t for any t > 0.

r
r
1
V
1
(a) If S(t50% ) = S0 , then e( V )t50% = , or
ln 2.
t50% = ln 2. Thus t50% =
2
2
V
r
r
r
1
1
t
= ln 10. Thus t10% =
S0 , then e( V )t10% =
, or
(b) If S(t10% ) =
10
10
V 10%
V
ln 10.
r
As V = 5000 and r = 4000, t50% =
5000
ln 2
= 0.866 hours (or 52 minutes) and
4000
163

5000
ln 10
= 2.88 hours (or 2 hours 53 minutes).
4000
(12) The equation of motion is m
y = mg, or y = g, where g
= 9.8 m/sec2 is the acceleration
t10% =
due to gravity. The general solution is y(t) = 21 gt2 +c1 t+c2 , where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
constants. Using the initial conditions y(0) = 0 and y(0)
= 5, we obtain c2 = 0 and
c1 = 5 and therefore y(t) = 21 gt2 5t. Since y(t)
= 0 if and only if t =
25
the minimum value of y(t) is equal to 2g
= 1.276.
5
g
= 0.51 sec,
As such, the maximum height
reached by the stone is 1.276 meters above the point from which the stone was released.
5 + 25 + 1300g
1 2
When y(t) = 650, we solve 2 gt 5t 650 = 0 to obtain t =
= 12.04
g
sec, meaning that the stone will strike the ground approximately 12.04 seconds after
release. Since y = gt 5, the velocity when the stone strikes the ground is given by
25 + 1300g
= 112.98 m/sec.
(13) (a) Auxiliary equation: m2 + 4m + 4 = 0. m1 = m2 = 2.
The general solution is: y = e2x (c1 + c2 x)
(b) Auxiliary equation: m2 7m + 12 = 0. m1 = 3, m2 = 4.

The general solution is: y = c1 e3x + c2 e4x .
(c) Auxiliary equation: m2 + 4m + 9 = 0. m = 2 5i.
The general solution is: y = e2x (c1 cos 5x + c2 sin 5x)

(d) Auxiliary equation: m2 2m + 10 = 0. m = 1 3i.
The general solution is: y = ex (A cos 3x + B sin 3x).
(e) Auxiliary equation: m2 2m + 1 = 0. m = 1, 1.

The general solution is: y = c1 ex + c2 xex .
(f) Auxiliary equation: m2 + 2m + 2 = 0. m = 1 i.

The general solution is: y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x).
(14) (a) Let yp (x) = Ke3x , then yp (x) = 3Ke3x .

y 5y = e3x = 3Ke3x 5 Ke3x = e3x = 2K = 1 = K = 12
Therefore, yp (x) = 12 e3x
(b) Let yp (x) = Ke5x , then yp (x) = 5Ke5x .

y + 6y = 4e5x = 5Ke5x + 6 Ke5x = 4e5x = K = 4
Therefore, yp (x) = 4e5x
(c) Let yp (x) = (Ax + B) e2x , then

yp (x) = Ae2x + 2 (Ax + B) e2x = [2Ax + (A + 2B)] e2x .
164
y 5y = xe2x

[2Ax + (A + 2B)] e2x 5 (Ax + B) e2x = xe2x
[3Ax + (A 3B)] = x
Comparing the coefficients of the polynomial,

(
(
3A
=1
A = 31
=
B = 91
A 3B = 0

Therefore, yp (x) = 13 x 91 e2x .
(d) Let yp (x) = (Ax + B) e2x , then yp (x) = [2Ax + (A + 2B)] e2x .
y + 6y = (2x 1) e2x = [2Ax + (A + 2B)] e2x + 6 (Ax + B) e2x = (2x 1) e2x
= [8Ax + (A + 8B)] = 2x 1
Comparing the coefficients of the polynormial,
(
(
8A
= 2
A = 41
=
5
A + 8B = 1
B = 32

5
e2x .
Therefore, yp (x) = 41 x 32

(e) Let yp (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C e2x , then

yp (x) = (2Ax + B) e2x + 2e2x Ax2 + Bx + C

= 2Ax2 + (2A + 2B) x + (B + 2C) e2x .

y 5y = 9x2 + 6x e2x

= 2Ax2 + (2A + 2B) x + (B + 2C) e2x 5 Ax2 + Bx + C e2x = 9x2 + 6x e2x

= yp (x) = 3Ax2 + (2A 3B) x + (B 3C) e2x = 9x2 + 6x e2x
Comparing
the coefficients
of the polynormial,
3A = 9
A=3
2A 3B = 6 =
B=0
B 3C = 0
C=0
Therefore, yp (x) = 3x2 e2x .
(15) (a) Putting yp = Ax2 + Bx + C, where A, B and C are coefficients to be determined, we

obtain yp = 2Ax + B and yp = 2A. Substituting into the equation and comparing
coefficients, we have
1
A= ,
2
Therefore, yp = 14 (2x2 + 6x + 7).

165
3
B= ,
2
C=
7
4

(b) Putting yp = A cos 4x + B sin 4x into the equation, we have
yp = A sin 4x + 4B cos 4x and yp = 16A cos 4x 16B sin 4x. Comparing coefficients, we obtain A =
2
25 ,
1
B = 25
. Therefore, yp =
1
25 (2 cos 4x
(c) Solve for yh : m 5 = 0 = m = 5 = yh = c1 e5x .
sin 4x).
Let yp = Ax2 + Bx + C, then yp = 2Ax + B.

(2Ax + B) 5 Ax2 + Bx + C = 5Ax2 + (2A 5B) x + (B 5C) = 8x2 2
Comparing
the coefficients
of the polynormial,
8
5A = 8
A = 5
B = 16
2A 5B = 0 =
25
B 5C = 2
C = 34
Therefore, yp =
(d) yh = c1 e5x
58 x2
16
25 x
125
34
125
and y = c1 e5x 58 x2 + 16
25 x +
34
125 .
Let yp = Ke3x , then yp = 3Ke3x .

3Ke3x 5Ke3x = e3x = K = 12
Therefore, yp = 21 e3x and y = c1 e5x 21 e3x .
(e) yh = c1 e5x
Let yp = A sin x + B cos x, then yp = A cos x B sin x.
(A cos x B sin x) 5 (A sin x + B cos x) = (A 5B) cos x + (B 5A) sin x = cos x

Comparing the coefficients of sine and cosine,
(
(
1
A 5B = 1
A = 26
=
5
B 5A = 0
B = 26
Therefore, yp =
1
26
sin x
5
26
cos x and y = c1 e5x +
1
26
sin x
5
26
cos x.
(f) Let yp = Ae3x + Bx2 + Cx + D, where A, B, C and D are constants to be determined. Substituting yp into the equation y + 3y + 2y = 10e3x + 4x2 and comparing
coefficients, we obtain
1
A = , B = 2, C = 6 and D = 7.
2
Hence yp = 21 e3x + 2x2 6x + 7.
(g) Putting yp = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + Cex , we obtain yp = 2B cos 2x 2A sin 2x + Cex

and yp = 4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x + Cex . By comparing coefficients, we have
3A + 4B = 2, 4A 3B = 0, 4C = 3.
6
,B=
Solving the equations, we conclude that A = 25
6
yp = 25
cos 2x +
8
25
sin 2x + 43 ex .
166
8
25
and C = 34 . Therefore,

(h) yh = c1 e5x
Let yp = A sin x + B cos x + Ce3x , then yp = A cos x B sin x + 3Cex .

(A cos x B sin x + 3Cex ) 5 A sin x + B cos x + Ce3x = e3x + cos x
= (A 5B) cos x (5A + B) sin x 2Ce3x = e3x + cos x

Comparing the coefficients of each function term,
5B
=
1
A = 26
5
5A + B = 0 =
B = 26
C = 1
2C = 1
2
Therefore, yp =
1
26
5
1
5
sin x 26
cos x 12 e3x and y = c1 e5x + 26
sin x 26
cos x 21 e3x .
(i) Solve for yh : m2 + 4m + 8 = 0 = m = 2 2i.

With = 2 and = 2, yh = e2x (c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x).
Let yp = Ax2 + Bx + C, then yp = 2Ax + B and yp = 2A.

2A + 4 (2Ax + B) + 8 Ax2 + Bx + C = 8Ax2 + (8A + 8B) x + (2A + 4B + 8C) =
8x2 + 8x + 18
Comparing the coefficients of the polynormial,
8A
=
8
A=1
=
8A + 8B = 8
B=0
2A + 4B + 8C = 18
C=2
Therefore, yp = x2 + 2 and y = e2x (c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x) + x2 + 2.
(j) Solve for yh : m2 + 4m + 5 = 0 = m = 2 i.

With = 2 and = 1, yh = e2x (c1 sin x + c2 cos x).
Let yp = A sin x + B cos x, then yp = A cos x B sin x and yp = A sin x B cos x.
4 (A B) sin x + 4 (A + B) cos x
= (A sin x B cos x) + 4 (A cos x B sin x) + 5 (A sin x + B cos x)
Comparing the coefficients of the sine and cosine,
(
(
4 (A B) = 2
A=0
=
4 (A + B) = 2
B = 12
Therefore, yp =
1
2
cos x and y = e2x (c1 sin x + c2 cos x) + 12 cos x.
(k) Solve for yh : m2 2m = 0 = m = 0, 2. Then yh = c1 + c2 e2x .

167

Let yp = Aex sin x + Bex cos x, then
yp = Aex cos x + Aex sin x + Bex cos x Bex sin x
= [(A B) sin x + (A + B) cos x] ex
yp = [(A B) sin x + (A + B) cos x] ex + ex [(A B) cos x (A + B) sin x]

= ex (2A cos x 2B sin x) .
and
ex (2A cos x 2B sin x) 2 [(A B) sin x + (A + B) cos x] ex = ex sin x
ex (2A sin x 2B cos x) = ex sin x
Comparing the coefficients of the sine and cosine,

(
(
2A = 1
A = 21
=
2B = 0
B=0
Therefore, yp = 21 ex sin x and y = c1 + c2 e2x 21 ex sin x.
(l) Solve for yh : m2 m + 2 = 0 = m = 12 27 i.

x
With = 12 and = 27 , yh = e 2 c1 sin 27 x + c2 cos 27 x .

Let yp = Ax2 + Bx + C ex , then

yp = Ax2 + (2A + B) x + (B + C) ex

yp = ex Ax2 + (4A + B) x + (2A + 2B + C) .
Substituting into the differential equation and simplifying yield

ex 2Ax2 + (2A + 2B) x + (2A + B + C) = 6x2 + 8x + 7 ex
Comparing the coefficients of polynomial,
A=3
=
2A + 2B = 8
B=1
2A + B + 2C = 7
C=0
2A = 6

x
Therefore, yp = 3x2 + x ex and y = e 2 c1 sin 27 x + c2 cos 27 x + 3x2 + x ex .
(m) Solve for yh : m2 + 2m + 3 = 0 = m = 1 2i.
With = 1 and = 2, yh = ex c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x .

168

Let yp = Ax2 + Bx + C + D sin x + E cos x, then
yp = 2Ax + B + D cos x E sin x
yp = 2A D sin x E cos x.
Substituting into the differential equation and simplifying yield

3Ax2 +(4A + 3B) x+(2A + 2B + 3C)+(2D 2E) sin x+(2D + 2E) cos x = x2 +sin x
Comparing the coefficients of each function term,
A = 31
4A + 3B = 0
B = 9
2
C = 27
2A + 2B + 3C = 0 =
D = 14
2D 2E = 1
E = 1
2D + 2E = 0
4
3A = 1

2
+ 14 sin x 14 cos x and y = ex c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x
Therefore, yp = 31 x2 49 x+ 27
+ 31 x2 49 x +
2
27
+ 14 sin x 41 cos x.
(16) Substitution of yp = K(x) ekx , where K(x) is a function to be determined, into the
differential equation yields
K (x) + (2k + p)K (x) + (k 2 + pk + q)K(x) = A.
Since k 2 + pk + q = 0, one has K (x) + (2k + p)K (x) = A.
Ax
(i) If 2k + p 6= 0 (distinct roots), then K(x) =
.
2k + p
Ax2
(ii) If 2k + p = 0 (repeated root), we have K(x) =
.
2
(17) Putting yp = w(x) ekx ,where w(x) is a function to be determined, we obtain
w + (2k + p)w + (k 2 + pk + q)w = f (x).
(a) Substitution of y = ex w into the equation y + 2y + y = 3x2 ex yields w = 3x2 .
x4
x4 x
Therefore, w =
and thus yp =
e is a particular solution.
4
4
(b) Substitution of y = e4x w into the equation y 8y = 2e4x sin 3x yields w 16w =
2 sin 3x. Putting w = A cos 3x + B sin 3x and using the method of undetermined
2
sin 3x.
coefficients, we conclude that w = 25
particular solution of the equation.
169
2
Therefore yp = 25
sin 3xe4x is a

(18) (a)
t
W e sin t, e cos t
= det
"
et sin t
et cos t
et (sin t + cos t) et (cos t sin t)

et sin t et (cos t sin t) et cos t et (sin t + cos t)
= e2t
(b)
1
sin 2t
cos 2t

W (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = det
(1) (sin 2t) (cos 2t) = det 0 2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
(1) (sin 2t) (cos 2t)
0 4 sin 2t 4 cos 2t
"
#
2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
= det
= 8 cos2 2t 8 sin2 2t = 8
4 sin 2t 4 cos 2t
1
sin 2t
cos 2t
(c)
0
W (y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 ) = det
0
x x2
x3
1 2x 3x2
= 12
0 2 6x
0 0
6
(19) (a) The homogeneous equation has two independent solutions

y1 = e2x cos 2x and y2 = e2x sin 2x. Therefore,

e2x cos 2x
e2x sin 2x

W (x) =
2e2x (cos 2x + 2 sin 2x) 2e2x ( sin 2x + cos 2x)
= 2e4x .
Using variation of parameters, one has a particular solution of the form yp =

v1 e2x cos 2x + v2 e2x sin 2x, where
v1
v2
Z 2x
e
sin 2xe2x
cos 2x
y2 R(x)
dx =
dx =
,
=
4x
W (x)
2e
4
Z
Z 2x
y1 R(x)
e
cos 2xe2x
sin 2x
=
dx =
dx =
.
W (x)
2e4x
4
Z
Therefore,
yp =
sin 2x 2x
cos 2x 2x
e
cos 2x +
e
sin 2x.
4
4
170

(b) The homogeneous equations has independent solutions y1 = ex and y2 = e2x .
Therefore, W (x) = 3ex .
v1
ex
+ v2
e2x ,
v1 =
The equation has a particular solution of the form yp =
where
1
e2x sin 2x
dx =
x
3e
3
ex sin 2x dx =
1
(ex sin 2x + 2ex cos 2x)
15
e2x sin 2x dx =
e2x
( cos 2x sin 2x) .
12
and
ex sin 2x
1
dx =
x
3e
3
v2 =
Therefore,
yp =
1
1
3
1
( sin 2x + 2 cos 2x) +
( sin 2x cos 2x) = sin 2x +
cos 2x.
15
12
20
20
(c) We have y1 = ex , y2 = e3x and W (x) = 2e4x . The equation has a particular solution
of the form yp = v1 ex + v2 e3x , where
v1 =
and
e3x
1
1
x
dx = ln(1 + ex )
4x
x
2e 1 + e
2
2
1
1
1
1
ex
dx = e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ).
4x
x
2e 1 + e
4
2
2

x
1
x
3x 1 e2x + 1 ex 1 ln(1 + ex ) .
2 ln(1 + e ) 2 + e
4
2
2
v2 =
Then yp = ex
dy
y
dy
dx
dx = x = y = x =
= yh = eC e ln|x| = c1 x1 .
Let yp = v (x) yh = v (x) x1 , then yp = x1 v (x)
(20) (a) For y + x1 y = 0,
Thus, v (x) =
(b) yh = c1
e5x
yp = 85 x2
(c) yh = c1 e5x
1
v (x)
x2
and v (x) =
ln xdx = x (ln x 1) and yp = ln x 1. Therefore, y

v (x) = e5x 8x2 2

R
v (x) = e5x 8x2 2 dx = e5x 58 x2
y = c1 e5x
ln |y| = ln |x| + C
16
34
25 x + 125
16
34
8 2
5 x 25 x + 125

v (x) = e5x e3x = e2x
R
v (x) = e2x dx = 12 e2x
yp = 12 e3x
y = c1 e5x 12 e3x
171
16
25 x
34
125
ln x 1
x yh
= c1 x1
= ln x.
+ ln x 1.

(d) yh = c1 e5x
v (x) = e5x (cos x)
R
v (x) = e5x (cos x) dx =
yp =
1
26
1 5x
(sin x
26 e
5 cos x)
(sin x 5 cos x)
y = c1 e5x +
1
26
sin x
5
26
cos x
(e) Solve for yh : m2 m 2 = 0 = m = 1, 2.

Thus, yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x .
Let y1 = ex and y2 = e2x , then W (y1 , y2 ) = 3ex .

R e2x (4x2 )
v1 = 3ex dx = 34 ex x2 2x + 2

R ex (4x2 )
v2 =
dx = 31 e2x 2x2 + 2x + 1
3ex

yp = 43 ex x2 2x + 2 (ex ) 31 e2x 2x2 + 2x + 1 e2x = 2x2 + 2x 3
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x 2x2 + 2x 3
(f) yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x
R
2x
2 x
1 x
v1 = e 3esinx 2x dx = 15
e cos 2x 15
e sin 2x
R ex sin 2x
1 2x
dx = 12
e
(cos 2x + sin 2x)
v2 =
3ex
yp =
1
15
(2 cos 2x sin 2x)
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x +
1
20
1
12
(cos 2x + sin 2x) =
cos 2x
3
20
1
20
cos 2x
3
20
sin 2x
sin 2x
(g) yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x
R e2x (e2x )
v1 = 3ex dx = 91 e3x
R ex (e2x )
dx = 31 x
v2 =
3ex
yp = 19 e2x + 31 xe2x
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x 19 e2x + 13 xe2x
(h) Solve for yh : m2 2m + 1 = 0 = m = 1, 1. Then yh = c1 ex + c2 xex .

Let y1 = ex and y2 = xex . Then W (y1 , y2 ) = e2x .
x
R xex ex
v1 = e2x dx = x
x
R ex ex
dx = ln x
v2 =
e2x
yp = xex + xex ln x
y = c1 ex + c2 xex xex + xex ln x

(i) Solve for yh : m2 + 4 = 0 = m = 2i. Then with = 0 and = 2, yh =
c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x.
172

Let y1 = cos 2x and y2 = sin 2x, then W (y1 , y2 ) = 2.
R sin 2x(4 sec2 2x)
v1 =
dx = sec 2x
2
R cos 2x(4 sec2 2x)
dx = ln |sec 2x + tan 2x|
v2 =
2
yp = 2 sin 2x ln |sec 2x + tan 2x| 2
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + sin 2x ln |sec 2x + tan 2x| 1

(21) By Hookes Law, the spring constant k satisfies the equation 98 = k(0.7), so that
k = 140 N/m Then with m = 10 kg, y0 = 0.05 m, and v0 = 0.1 m/s, the motion of
the mass is given by
y = 0.05 cos
14x + 0.0267 sin 14x
(22) Kirchoffs loop law gives i (t)+20i (t)+200i(t) = 0, and the solution is i = e10t (c1 cos 10t+
c2 sin 10t).
12
0.5
The initial conditions are i(0) = 0 and i (0) =
10
0.5
0.5 (0) 102 (0)
= 24. This yields c1 = 0 and c2 =
12
5 ;
E(0)
L
q(0)
LC
12 10t
sin 10t
5 e
for
R
L i(0)
thus i(t) =
any t > 0.
(23) (a) Let A =
"
8 2
, then 1 = 2, v1 =
" #
1
2
, 2 = 4 and v2 =
"
#
1
4
y = c1 e2x v1 + c2 e4x v2
(
y1 = c1 e2x c2 e4x
Therefore,
.
y2 = 2c1 e2x + 4c2 e4x
"
#
" #
" #
0 1
1
1
(b) Let A =
, then 1 = 2, v1 =
, 2 = 4 and v2 =
.
8 2
2
4
#
"
#
"
1
1
1
4
4
P= 2
and P1 = 34 32 .
1 1
3 3
" #
"
#
1 x
0
3e
1
f (x) = x and g (x) = P f (x) = 2 x .
e
3e

R x
R 2x 1 x
1
2x
2x
e dx + c1 = 13 ex + c1 e2x
e
w1 = e
3 e dx + c1 = e
3

R 4x 2 x
R
2 x
e 3 e dx + c2 = e4x 32 e5x dx + c2 = 15
w2 = e4x
e + c2 e4x
#"
"
# "
#
1
1 x
1
1
2x
2x 1 ex 1 c e4x
e
+
c
e
c
e
1
1
2
4
3
y = Pw = 2
= 2 2x 15 x 4 4x .
2 x
4x
c1 e 5 e + c2 e
1 1
e
+
c
e
2
15
1 1 2
2 0 0
(c) With P =
1 3 4 and D = 0 4 0 , we have
2 4 5
173
0 1
5 15 21
A = PDP1 , where A =
3
0
. Putting
y
u
1
1
y2 = P u2 into the equation, one concludes that
y3
u3
u1
u1
u1
d
u2 = P1 AP u2 = D u2 .
dt
u3
u3
u3
This implies u1 = 2u1 , u2 = 4u2 and u 3 = u3 . Integration yields u1 = c1 e2t ,
u2 = c2 e4t and u3 = c3 et , where c1 , c2 and c3 are arbitrary constants.
We thus
conclude that
c1 e2t
c1 e2t + c2 e4t + c3 et
4t = c e2t + 3c e4t + 4c et .
y = Pu = P
c
e
1
2
3
2
2c1 e2t + 4c2 e4t + 5c3 et

c3 et

1 3 3
1
1
(d) Let A = 3 5 3, then 1 = 2, v1 = 1, 2 = 2, v2 = 0

, 3 = 4 and
6 6 4
0
1

1
2
1
v3 =
2 .
1
1 1
P = 1 0
12 32 21
.
and P1 =
1
1
0
1 1 1
0 1 1
0
21 x2 52
0
12 32 12
0 =
.
and g (x) = P1 f (x) = 1 1
f (x) =
0
0
0
1 1 1
x2 + 5
x2 + 5
x2 + 5
w1 = e2x
R
1
2
1
2
e2x 21 x2
5
2

dx + c1 = 18 2x2 2x + 11 + c1 e2x
w2 = c2 e2x

R 4x 2
1
8x2 + 4x + 41 + c3 e4x
w3 = e4x
e
x + 5 dx = 32
174
3
x
16
y = Pw =
+ c1 e2x c2 e2x + 21 c3 e4x 83 x2

3
16 x
+ c1 e2x + 12 c3 e4x 83 x2
129
64
41
32
129
64
c2 e2x 81 x + c3 e4x 14 x2
"
#
1 2
(e) Diagonalize A =
to obtain AP = PD, where
2 4
P=
"
2 12
1
and D =
Substituting y = Pz into the system y = Ay +
z = Dz + P1
"
1
t
, or
"
z1
z2
"
"
"
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 5
1
t
conclude that z1 =
t2
10
2t
5
or z2 = C2 e5t
z1
z2
z2 =
1 5t
e (4t 2)dt + C2 ,
5
6
4
t+
. Finally, using y = Pz, one has
25
125
t2 22
3
1
,
y1 = C2 e5t + + t + 2C1
2
5
25
125
t2
6
6
y2 = C2 e5t +
+ t + C1 +
.
10 25
125
175
"
1
5 (t + 2)
1
5 (4t 2)
Solving these equations, we
+ C1 and
5t
, one obtains
#"
We thus have z1 = 15 (t + 2) and z2 = 5z2 + 51 (4t 2).
Chapter 8
Laplace and Fourier Transformations

(1) (a)

3t

1
1 3t
2
3t 1
3t 1
L e cos 2t = L e
+ cos 4t
=L e
+ e cos 4t
2 2
2 2

1 1
= L e3t + L e3t cos 4t
2
2
s3
1
1 1
.
+
=
2 s 3 2 (s 3)2 + 16
(b)

d2
3
18 (s2 3)
d
6s
L t sin 3t = 2 2
=
.
=
ds s + 9
ds
(s2 + 9)2
(s2 + 9)3
(2) (a) L1
(b) L1
(c)
s2 2s+9
3
s2 +4s+6
= L1
= L1
1
(s1)2 +8
3
(s+2)2 +2
1 L1
8
3 L1
2
h
h
8
(s1)2 +8
2
(s+2)2 +2
1 et sin
8
3 e2t sin
2
8t
2t

s+4
L
s2 + 4s + 8

s+4
4
s
1
1
= L
+
=L
(s + 2)2 + 4
(s + 2)2 + 4 (s + 2)2 + 4

2
s
1
1
+ 2L
= L
(s + 2)2 + 4
(s + 2)2 + 4
= e2t (cos 2t sin 2t) + 2e2t sin 2t = e2t (sin 2t + cos 2t)
1
(d) L1
3s+7
s2 2s3
= L1
3s+7
(s3)(s+1)
= 4L1
177
1
s3
L1
1
s+1
= 4e3t et
CHAPTER 8. LAPLACE AND FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS

(e)

3s + 1
L
(9s 1) (s2 + 1)

54
6s 13
1
1
= L
L
41 (9s 1)
41 (s2 + 1)

1
s
1
6 1
6 1
13 1
=
L
L
+ L
41
s 1/9
41
s2 + 1
41
s2 + 1
6
13
6 t/9
e
cos t +
sin t
=
41
41
41
1
(f) L1
s+1
s2 +s
= L1
1
s
=1
(3) (a)
1

1
1
1
1
1
1 1
=L
+
= et + e2t .
2
s (s 3s + 2)
2s s 1 2 (s 2)
2
2
(b) If a 6= b, then

s +
L
(s2 + a2 ) (s2 + b2 )

s
1
1
1
= L
+ L
(s2 + a2 ) (s2 + b2 )
(s2 + a2 ) (s2 + b2 )

sin at sin bt
= 2
(cos at cos bt) + 2
.
b a2
b a2
a
b
1
If a = b, then
1

s +
s
1
1
1
= L
+ L
(s2 + a2 ) (s2 + b2 )
(s2 + a2 )2
(s2 + a2 )2
=
(c) Since q
L1
p2
4
t sin at (sin at at cos at)

+
.
2a
2a3
> 0, we may put 2 = q

s +
(s2
+ ps + q)
p2
4
and complete square to obtain
(s + p/2) + ( p/2)
= L1
2
(s + p/2)2 + 2

p/2
pt/2
=e
cos t +
(sin t t cos t) .
2 3/2
178

(4) (a)

L y 5y = L 8t2 2

L y 5L [y] = 8L t2 2L [1]
1
2!
2
s3
s
2
16 2s
(s 5) Y (s) 1 =
s3
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) = 8
Y (s) =
y (t) =
=
91
34
16
16
s3 2s2 + 16
=
+
3
3
2
s (s 5)
125 (s 5) 125s 25s
5s

91 1
1
34 1 1
16 1 1
8 1 2
L
L
+
L
L
125
s5
125
s
25
s2
5
s3
91 5t
34
16
8
e +
t t2
125
125 25
5
(b)

L y 5y = L e3t
1
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =
s3
s2
3
1
Y (s) =
=
(s 3) (s 5)
2 (s 5) 2 (s 3)

3 1
1
1
1
1 1
3
y (t) = L
L
= e5t e3t
2
s5
2
s3
2
2
(c)

L y 5y = L [cos t]
s
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) = 2
s +1
s2 + s + 1
31
5s 1
Y (s) = 2
=
(s + 1) (s 5)
26 (s 5) 26 (s2 + 1)

31 1
1
s
1
5 1
1 1
y (t) = L
L
+ L
26
s5
26
s2 + 1
26
s2 + 1
5
1
31
cos t +
sin t
= e5t
26
26
26
179

(d)

L y 5y = L e3t + cos t
s
1
+
[sY (s) y (0)] 5Y (s) =
s 3 s2 + 1
1
5s 1
22
Y (s) =
13 (s 5) 2 (s 3) 26 (s2 + 1)
y (t) =
=

1
1
s
1
22 1
1 1
5 1
1 1
L
L
L
+ L
13
s5
2
s3
26
s2 + 1
26
s2 + 1
22 5t 1 3t
5
1
e e
cos t +
sin t
13
2
26
26
(e)

L y y 2y = L 4t2
2

8
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) [sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) = 3
s

8
2
s s 2 Y (s) = 3 + 1
s
7
2
3
2
4
Y (s) =
+
+ 2 3
3 (s + 1) 3 (s 2) s s
s
y (t) =
=

1
1
2 1
7 1
1 1
1 1
1 2
L
+ L
3L
+ 2L
2L
3
s+1
3
s2
s
s2
s3
7 t 2 2t
e + e 3 + 2t 2t2
3
3
(f)

L y y 2y = L [sin 2t]
2

s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) [sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =
2
+4

2
2
s s 2 Y (s) = 2
+1
s +4
s6
7
5
Y (s) =
+
2
20 (s + 4) 15 (s + 1) 12 (s 2)
y (t) =
=
s2

s
2
1
1
1 1
3 1
7 1
5 1
L
L
L
+ L
20
s2 + 4
20
s2 + 4
15
s+1
12
s2
1
3
7 t
5 2t
cos 2t
sin 2t e + e
20
20
15
12
180

(g)

L y y 2y = L e2t
2

1
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) [sY (s) y (0)] 2Y (s) =
s2

1
s2 s 2 Y (s) =
+1
s2
2
2
1
Y (s) =
+
9 (s 2) 9 (s + 1) 3 (s 2)2
y (t) =
=

2 1
1
1
1
2 1
1 1
L
L
+ L
9
s2
9
s+1
3
(s 2)2
2 2t 2 t 1 2t
e e + te
9
9
3
(h)

L y + 4y + 8y = L 8t2 + 8t + 18
2

16
8
18
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) + 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 8Y (s) =
+ 2+
3
s
s
s

16
8
18
2
s + 4s + 8 Y (s) =
+ 2+
+1
s3
s
s
2
2
2s + 7
+ + 3
+ 4s
+ 8 s s

s
7 1
2
1
1 1
1 2
y (t) = 2L
L
+ 2L
+L
2
s
s3
(s + 2)2 + 4
(s + 2)2 + 4
7
= 2e2t (cos 2t sin 2t) e2t sin 2t + 2 + t2
2
3
= t2 + 2 e2t sin 2t 2e2t cos 2t
2
Y (s) =
s2
(i)

L y + 4y + 5y = L [2 cos t 2 sin t]
2

2
2s
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) + 4 [sY (s) y (0)] + 5Y (s) = 2

s + 1 s2 + 1

2s
2
s2 + 4s + 5 Y (s) = 2
2
+1
s +1 s +1
s
1 s
1
1
Y (s) =
2
2
2
2 s + 1 2 s + 4s + 5 s + 4s + 5
181
y (t) =
=

1
1 1
s
s
1 1
1
L
L
L
2
s2 + 1
2
(s + 2)2 + 1
(s + 2)2 + 1
1
1
1
1
cos t e2t (cos t 2 sin t) e2t sin t = cos t e2t cos t
2
2
2
2
(j)

L y + 2y + 3y = L t2 + sin t
2

2
1
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) + 2 [sY (s) y (0)] + 3Y (s) = 3 + 2
s
s +1

2
1
2
s + 2s + 3 Y (s) = 3 + 2
+1
s
s +1
19s + 167
s1
2
4
2
+
108 (s2 + 2s + 3) 4 (s2 + 1) 27s 9s2 3s3

s
1
s
19 1
167 1
1 1
L
L
y (t) =
+
L
108
108
4
s2 + 1
(s + 1)2 + 2
(s + 1)2 + 2

1
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
+ L1 2
+ L1
L1 2 + L1 3
4
s +1
27
s
9
s
3
s
!
2
19 t
1
167 2 t
e
sin 2t +
e sin 2t cos t
cos 2t
=
108
2
108 2
4
Y (s) =
1
2
4
1
+ sin t +
t + t2
4
27 9 3
1
2
4
1
19 t
37 2 t
1
e cos 2t +
e sin 2t cos t + sin t +
t + t2
=
108
27 2
4
4
27 9
3
(k)

L y 2y = L et sin t
2

1
s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) 2 [sY (s) y (0)] =
(s 1)2 + 1

1
s2 2s Y (s) =
+1
(s 1)2 + 1
1
3
3
Y (s) =
4 (s 2) 2 (s2 2s + 2) 4s

3 1
3 1 1
1
1
1 1
y (t) = L
L
L
4
s2
2
4
s
(s 1)2 + 1
1
3
3
= e2t et sin t
4
2
4
182

(l) Apply Laplace transform to the equation, i.e. L [y y + 2y] = L
Then

6t2 + 8t + 7 et .
2

s Y (s) sy (0) y (0) [sY (s) y (0)] + 2Y (s)
1
1
2
=6
3 +8
2 + 7s 1
(s 1)
(s 1)
Thus
1
1
2
3 +8
2 + 7s 1 + 1
(s 1)
(s 1)
1
6
Y (s) =
2 +
(s 1)
(s 1)3

1
2
1
1
y (t) = L
+ 3L
(s 1)2
(s 1)3

s2 s + 2 Y (s) = 6
= tet + 3t2 et .
(5) (a) Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of the differential equations and making use
of the initial conditions, we have
As
Y (s) =
(s2
2 )(s2
k2 )
B
(s2
2 )(s2
+ k2 )
i. If = k, then
1
y (t) = L
As
(s2 +
2 )2
B
(s2 +
2 )2
= At
sin t t cos t
sin t
+B
.
2
2 2
ii. If 6= k, then

B
As
+
y (t) = L
(s2 + 2 ) (s2 + k 2 ) (s2 + 2 ) (s2 + k 2 )

A
B
sin kt sin t
= 2
(cos
t
cos
kt)
+
.
k 2
k2 2
k

(b) Since L 5e2t sin 2t =
10
, we obtain
(s + 2)2 + 4
s2 Y (s) s + sY (s) 1 + Y (s) =

183
10
.
(s + 2)2 + 4

Therefore,
1
10
s+1
+
s2 + s + 1 s2 + s + 1 (s + 2)2 + 4
s+1
10 3s 4
10 3s + 5
= 2
+
2
s + s + 1 37 s + s + 1 37 (s + 2)2 + 4
77
7
s
1
+
=
37 (s + 1/2)2 + 3/4 37 (s + 1/2)2 + 3/4
s
1
30
50
+
+
,
2
37 (s + 2) + 4 37 (s + 2)2 + 4
Y (s) =
from which it follows that

y (t) = et/2
!

3
3
70
5
7
2t 30
cos
t sin
t +e
cos 2t
sin 2t .
37
2
2
37
37
37 3
(c) Take Laplace Transform to obtain sY (s) + 4Y (s) =

Y (s) =
Since
5s
. Thus
+4
s2
5s
.
(s + 4)(s2 + 4)
1
1+s
5s
=
+ 2
, we conclude that
2
(s + 4)(s + 4)
s+4 s +4
y(t) = e4t +
sin 2t
+ cos 2t.
2
(6) The circuit equation is given by

di
1
2 + 20i +
dt
0.08
i ( ) d = 200 et .
Denoting L [i (t)] by I (s), we obtain 2sI (s) + 20I (s) +

I (s) =
=
=
25 I (s)
200
=
, which implies
2 s
s+1
400s
(s + 1) (4s2 + 40s + 25)
100s

(s + 1) s + 5 + 52 3 s + 5 25 3
!
36
100
100
400
11 (s + 1)
33 s + 5 + 25 3
33
184
3+6
s + 5 25 3

Taking inverse Laplace Transform, we obtain

400 t 100 3 6 (5+ 5 3)t 100 3 + 6 (5 5 3)t
2
2
e +
e
e
.
i (t) =
11
33
33
(7) (a)
(f g) (t) =
1 a
e
e d =
a
a
t
eat 1
.
a
(b)
Z
sin d
sin d
(t ) sin d = t
0
0
0

Z t
cos
cos t 1 t h cos it
sin t + t

=t
.
d =
2
0
0
0
(f g) (t) =
(c)
2
t Z t

2 a(t )
a(t )
e
e
d = e
(f g) (t) =
d
a
a
0
0
0
2
t

Z t
2 a(t ) t
2 a(t )
a(t )
2e
+
= e
e
d
2
a
a
0 a
0
0
Z
(8) (a) f (t) =
2 a(t )
2at + 2 + a2 t2 2eat
.
a3
2t if 0 < t 1
t
if t > 1
and f (t) =
Z
2 if 0 < t 1
1 if t > 1
f (t) est dt
F (s) = L [f (t)] =
0
Z 1
Z
Z
Z 1
=
2test dt +
test dt =
test dt +
test dt
0
1
0
0

1
Z x
Z
1 st 1
1
1 1 st
st
st
= te
e dt + te
e dt
+ lim
+
s
s x 0
s
s 0
0
0

1
1 st x 1 s 1
1 st 1
=
e +
lim e
e
s x
s
s
s
s
0
0
1
1 s
1 s
1
= 2 e 2e + 2
s
s
s
s
1 s
1 s
2
= 2 e 2e
s
s
s
185
f (t) est dt
Z 1
Z
Z
Z 1
st
st
st
est dt
e dt +
e dt =
2e dt +
=
0
0
1
0

1 st
1 st 1 2 1 s
= lim e
+ e
= e
x
s
s
s s
0
0

L f (t) =
(b) f (t) =
f (t)
t2 if 0 < t 1
0
, f (t) =
if t > 1
2 if 0 < t < 1
0 if t > 1
2t if 0 < t < 1
0
if t > 1
2est dt
f (t) e dt =
0
0

2
2
2
2 st 1
= es + =
1 es
= e
s
s
s
s
0

L f (t) =
st
(9) (a)
1
s2
(s2 + 4)2
= L
=
=
=
Z t
s
s
cos 2x cos 2 (t x) dx
=
(s2 + 4) (s2 + 4)
0
Z
1 t
[cos (2t) + cos (4x 2t)] dx
2 0
Z t
Z
1
1 t
dx +
cos (4x 2t) dx
cos (2t)
2
2 0
0
1
1
sin 2t + t cos 2t
4
2
(b)
1
=
=
=
=
(s2 + 1)3

Z t
1
1
sin x x cos x
1
sin (t x) dx
L
2 (s2 + 1) =
2
2
(s + 1)
0
Z
1 t
(sin x x cos x) (sin t cos x cos t sin x) dx
2 0
Z t
Z t

1
1
2
sin x cos x x cos x dx + cos t
x sin x cos x sin2 x dx
sin t
2
2
0
0
1 2
3
3
sin t t sin t t cos t
8
8
8
186

(c)
1
=
=
=
(s2 + 4)3
Z t

sin 2x 2x cos 2x
s
1
1
cos 2 (t x) dx
=
2
L
2
s +4
16
(s2 + 4)
0
Z t
1
(sin 2x 2x cos 2x) (cos 2t cos 2x + sin 2t sin 2x) dx
16 0
Z t

1
cos 2t
sin 2x cos 2x 2x cos2 2x dx
16
0
Z t

1
sin2 2x 2x sin 2x cos 2x dx
+ sin 2t
16
0
1
1
t sin 2t t2 cos 2t
64
32
(10) (a) We take Laplace Transform of the equation of motion to obtain

Y (s) = sG(s) + ( +
1
c
)G(s) +
F (s)G(s),
M
M
where F (s) = L [f (t)] and

G(s) =
1
s2 +
c
Ms
k
M
1
(s +
c 2
2M )
4kM c2
4M 2
Suppose g(t) = L1 [G(s)].
i. If c2 < 4kM , define
4kM c2
4M 2
= 2 . Then g(t) = e 2M t
y(t) = e 2M t (cos t
sin t
and
c
1
c
sin t) + ( +
)g(t) +
(f g)(t).
2M
M
M
c
ii. If c2 = 4kM , then g(t) = t e 2M t and therefore

c
1
c c t
t e 2M + ( +
)g(t) +
(f g)(t).
y(t) =
2M
M
M
iii. If c2 > 4kM , put
c
t
2M
y(t) = e
4kM c2
4M 2
= 2 . Then g(t) = e 2M t
et + et
ck et et
2
4M
187
et et
and therefore
2
+ ( +
1
c
)g(t) +
(f g)(t).
M
M

(11) Taking Laplace Transform, we obtain
2sI1 + 2sI2
=

20
4sI1 + 5s + 20 +
I2 =
s
E0
s .
0
A simple calculation shows that
E0
E0

1 = 2 (s2 + 20s + 20)
s s + 20 + 20 s

5E0
2E0
1
1

=

=
.
20
s + 10 + 4 5 s + 10 4 5
s + 10 + 4 5 s + 10 4 5
I2 = 2
Therefore,
i2 (t) =
Similarly, I1 =
E0
I2 implies
2s2
1
i1 (t) = L
5 E0 (10+45)t
e
e(104 5)t .
20

E0
5E0 (10+45)t
E0 t
(104 5)t
e
i
(t)
=
e
.
2
2s2
2
20
h
i
Rt
(12) (a) L [3 sin 2t] = L y (t) + 0 (t ) y ( ) d .
Let G (s) = L [g (t )] and g (t) = t, so G (s) =
3
1
s2

2
= Y (s) + Y (s) G (s)
s2 + 22

6
1
=
1 + 2 Y (s)
s2 + 4
s
6s2
8
2
Y (s) =
= 2
2
2
2
(s + 4) (s + 1)
s +4 s +1

2
8
1
1
y (t) = L [Y (s)] = L
s2 + 4 s2 + 1
= 4 sin 2t 2 sin t
h
i

Rt
(b) L et = L y (t) + 2 0 cos (t ) y ( ) d .
188

Let G (s) = L [g (t )] and g (t) = cos t, so G (s) =
s
.
s2 +1
1
s+1
1
s+1
= Y (s) + 2Y (s) G (s)

2s
=
1+ 2
Y (s)
s +1
s2 + 1
2
1
2
Y (s) =
3 = s+1
2 +
(s + 1)
(s + 1)
(s + 1)3

2
1
2
1
1
y (t) = L [Y (s)] = L
+
s + 1 (s + 1)2 (s + 1)3
= et 2tet + t2 et
(13) Since m = 1, c = 2 and k = 15, the spring mass-system after the blow is given by
y (t) + 2y (t) + 5y(t) = (t)
with initial conditions y(0) = y (0) = 0.
Apply Laplace transform to the system, we have s2 Y (s) + 2sY (s) + 5Y (s) = 1 or
1
1
=
s2 + 2s + 5
(s + 1)2 + 22
Y (s) =
Therefore, y(t) = 21 et sin(2t).
(14) Apply Laplace transform to the equation y(t) = 41 e3t sin(2t) to obtain
Y (s) =
2
1
1
= 2
.
2
2
4 (s + 3) + 2
2s + 12s + 26
Therefore, m = 2, c = 12, k = 26.
(15)
G() =
ix
g(x)e
dx =
f (kx)eix dx
Let kx = t, then kdx = dt

G() =
1
=
k
k
i( kt ) dt
f (t)e
189
f (t)ei( k )t dt =
1 w
F( )
k
k

(16) Determine the Fourier transform of the function f (x) = ex
Z
F (w) =
ix
f (x)e
dx =
ex eix dx
t2
2 2
By table, if f = e 22 , then F (w) = 2e 2 . Set 2 = 12 , then
F (w) =
x2 ix
dx =
1 2
2
1 2
1
2e 2 = e 4
2
(17) Considering delta function, (t), with continuous g(t) and t0 (a, b), then
Z
b
a
g(t)(t t0 )dt = g(t0 )
where (t) = lim0 f (t), f (t) =
1
,
0t
0, otherwise
lim0 f (t) = 0 for t 6= 0 and (0) = lim0 f (0) = . So,
Z
b
a
g(t)(t t0 )dt
So,
Rb
a
(t)dt = 1, (t) =
g(t) lim f (t t0 )dt = g(t0 )

0
Z b
lim
g(t)f (t t0 )dt = g(t0 )
=
0 a
190
Chapter 9
Partial Differential Equations

(1) Differentiation yields
2
2

2 u1
2 u1
=
cos
x
c
cos
ct
=
c
.
t2
x2
Similar calculations for u2 . Since u = cos(x ct) = cos ct cos x sin ct sin x, we conclude
by the previous calculations and by the Principle of superposition that u satisfies the wave
equation.
(2) Write u (x, t) = X (x) T (t) and substitute into the partial differential equation:
X (x) T (t) = c2 X (x) T (t)
Hence, the two differential equations are:

X (x) + X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)
T (t) = c2 T (t)
(DET)
Follow the same way as in Example 9.2.1,

n0 = 1, n =
n 2
L
, Xn (x) = n sin
n
x
L
Solving the DET,

2
T (t) = aec t , and hence Tn (t) = an e(nc/L)

191
CHAPTER 9.
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The solution u (x, t) now becomes:

u (x, t) =
Bn e(nc/L) t sin
n=1
n
x
L
By the initial condition,

u (x, 0) = f (x) =
Bn e(nc/L)
(0)
sin
n=1
n X
n
Bn sin
x =
x
L
L
n=1
n
L
x dx =
and
L
2
0

RL
Z
n
n
f
(x)
sin
x
dx
2 L
L
0
f (x) sin
x dx
=
Bn = R L

L 0
L
sin2 n x dx
Z
sin2
For different function f (x) in part (a) to (f), find the corresponding Bn :
(a) f (x) = 1

Z
n
n
n L
2 L
2 L
sin
x dx =
x dx =
cos
x
L
L 0
L
L n
L
0
0
(
4
2
2
n , n is odd,
[cos (n) 1] =
[(1)n 1] =
n
n
0,
n is even.
2
L
Bn =
=
(1) sin
Therefore, the solution is u (x, t) =

(b) f (x) = x
Bn =
=
4 (nc/L)2 t
sin
n odd n e
n
L x

.

n
n L 2 Z L L
n
2 L
x dx =
x cos
x
cos
x dx
L
L n
L
L 0 n
L
0
0

n L
L
2L
2
2
2
=
L cos (n) +
sin
x
(1)n+1 +
(0)
n
n n
L
n
n
0
2
L
x sin
Therefore,
u (x, t) =
X
2L (1)n+1
n=1
192
e(nc/L) t sin
n
x .
L
CHAPTER 9.
(c) f (x) = A +
BA
L x
L
Therefore, u (x, t) =

(d) f (x) = sin 3
x
L

n
BA
A+
x sin
x dx
L
L
0
Z L
n B A 2 Z L
n
2
A
sin
x sin
x dx +
x dx
L 0
L
L
L 0
L
i B A 2L
2 h
(1)n+1
(1)n+1 + 1 +
A
n
L n
i
2 h
A + B (1)n+1 (by (a) and (b))
n
2
L
Bn =
=
=
=
Bn =
B3 =
=
n=1
2[A+B(1)n+1 ] (nc/L)2 t
e
sin
n
n
L x

.
(

n
0,
n 6= 3,
3
sin
x sin
x dx =
R L 2 3
2
L
L
0
L 0 sin
L x dx n = 3.

Z L
Z L
3
6
2
1
1 cos
sin2
x dx =
x
dx
L 0
L
L 0
L

L

1
6
L
=1
sin
x
x
L
6
L
0
2
L
Therefore,
(3c/L)2 t
u (x, t) = e
(e) f (x) = cos
Bn =
=
=
=
=
=
=
sin

3
x .
L
3
Lx
2
L
1
L
cos
Lh
sin

n
3
x sin
x dx
L
L
(3 + n) x sin (3 n) x dx
L
L
L
1
L
cos (3 + n) x
cos (3 n) x
L (3 + n)
L
(3 n)
L
0
1
1
[cos (3 + n) 1]
[cos (3 n) 1]
(3 + n)
(3 n)

(1)n+4 + 1 (1)n2 + 1
(3 + n)
(3 n)
n
[(1) + 1] (3 n) [(1)n + 1] (3 + n)
(9 n2 )
(
0,
n is odd,
2n [(1)n + 1]
=
2
4n
(n 9)
, n is even.
(n2 9)
193
(n 6= 3)
CHAPTER 9.
Therefore,
u (x, t) =
(f) f (x) =
x,
L x,
0x
L
2
n
4n
(nc/L)2 t
e
sin
x .
(n2 9)
L
n even
L
2,
x L.
Bn
=
=
=
=
L
2
Z
n
n
2 L
x dx +
x dx
(L x) sin
x sin
L
L L
L
0
2
Z
Z
n
n
2 L
2 L
(L 2x) sin
x sin
x dx +
x dx
L 0
L
L L
L
2
Z L
n
h
n iL
2
2
2L
n+1
(2) cos
(L 2x) cos
(1)
x L+
x dx
n
n
L
n L
L
2
2

n L
n
2L
4
4L
2L
L
n+1
n
(1)
+
(1)
sin
x
= 2 2 sin
n
n
n n
L
n
2
L
2
4L(1)k , where n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,

(2k+1)2 2
0,
otherwise.
2
L
Therefore,

4L
(2k + 1)
k [(2k+1)c/L]2 t
x .
u (x, t) =
sin
2 2 (1) e
L
(2k
+
1)
k=0
(3) Write u (x, t) = v (x, t) + l (x) and substitute into the partial differential equation:

vt (x, t) = c2 vxx (x, t) + l (x)
The boundary conditions imply that
u (0, t) = v (0, t) + l (0) = A, u (L, t) = v (L, t) + l (L) = B, 0 t .
Furthermore, the initial condition also implies that
u (x, 0) = v (x, 0) + l (x) = f (x) , 0 x L.
Note that l (x) = A +
BA
L x, l (x)
= 0, l (0) = A and l (L) = B.

194
CHAPTER 9.
Then v (x, t) should satisfy the following initial boundary value problem
v
t
v
= c2 x
2,
v (0, t) = 0, v (L, t) = 0, 0 t < ,
v (x, 0) = f (x) l (x) , 0 x L.
Solve the initial boundary value problem in question 2:
Write v (x, t) = X (x) T (t) and substitute into the partial differential equation:
X (x) T (t) = c2 X (x) T (t)
X (x) + X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0
T (t) = c2 T (t)
(DET)

n0 = 1, n =
n 2
L
, Xn (x) = n sin
n
x
L
Solving the DET,T (t) = Aec t , and hence

Tn (t) = An e(nc/L)
The solution v (x, t) now becomes:

v (x, t) =
Bn e(nc/L) t sin
n=1
n
x
L

v (x, 0) = f (x) l (x) =
Since
RL
0
sin2
Bn =
n
L x
RL
0
dx =
n=1
Bn sin
n
x
L
L
2,

Z
n
[f (x) l (x)] sin n
2 L
L x dx
[f (x) l (x)] sin
x dx
=
R L 2 n
L 0
L
L x dx
0 sin
195
(SLP)
CHAPTER 9.
For different function f (x) in part (a) and (b), find the corresponding Bn :
3
Lx
(a) f (x) = sin
L

n
3
BA
sin
x A
x sin
x dx
L
L
L
0

Z
Z
n
n
3
BA
2 L
2 L
sin
A+
x sin
x dx
x sin
x dx
L 0
L
L
L 0
L
L
Bn =
=
2
L
By (2) (d),
2
L
sin
0

Z
n
n
3
3
2 L
sin
x sin
x dx =
x sin
x dx
L
L
L 0
L
L
(
0, n 6= 3,
=
1, n = 3.
By (2) (c)
2
L
L

n
i
2 h
BA
x sin
x dx =
A+
A + (1)n+1 B
L
L
n
Therefore,
2
t
( 3c
L )
v (x, t) = e
sin
X
i
n
nc 2
3
2 h
x
x
A + (1)n+1 B e( L ) t sin
L
n
L
n=1
and
X
i
n
nc 2
2 h
3
u (x, t) = e
A + (1)n+1 B e( L ) t sin
x
x
sin
L
n
L
n=1

BA
x .
+ A+
L
2
( 3c
t
L )
(b) f (x) = Q (x) =
Bn =
=
x,
L x,
0x
L
2
L
2,
x L.
L

n
BA
Q (x) A
x sin
x dx
L
L
0

Z
Z
n
n
2 L
2 L
BA
Q (x) sin
x dx
A+
x sin
x dx
L 0
L
L 0
L
L
2
L
196
CHAPTER 9.
By (2) (f)
2
L
By (2) (c)
4L(1)k , n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,
n
(2k+1)2 2
Q (x) sin
x dx =
0,
L
otherwise.
2
L
L
A+

n
i
BA
2 h
x sin
x dx =
A + (1)n+1 B
L
L
n
Therefore,
v (x, t)
h
i

2 A + (1)2k+3 B
X
k
X
4L (1)
(2k + 1)
[(2k+1)c/L]2 t
=
e
sin
x
(2k + 1)
L
(2k + 1)2 2
k=0
k=0
and
u (x, t)
h
i
2k+3

X
k
2
A
+
(1)
B
X
4L (1)
(2k + 1)
[(2k+1)c/L]2 t
x
=
e
sin
2 2
(2k + 1)
L
(2k
+
1)
k=0
k=0

BA
+ A+
x .
L
(4) (a) Separation of variables yields
u(x, t) =
n=1
with
2
bn =
bn e4n t sin nx,
x( x) sin nx dx =
Thus
u(x, t) =
4[1 (1)n ]
.
n3
2
8 X e4n t
sin nx.
n3
n odd
(b) The function w(x) = 30 + 70x satisfies w(0) = 30, w(1) = 100 and w (x) = 0. It is
now clear that v(x, t) = u(x, t) w(x) would satisfy the equation vt = c2 vxx , with
boundary conditions v(0, t) = v(1, t) = 0 and initial condition v(x, 0) = 20 70x.

197
CHAPTER 9.
We may now solve for v(x, t) to obtain

u(x, t) = (30 + 70x) +

X
100 (1)n + 40
n
n=1
2 2 c2 t
en
sin nx.
(5) We substitute u(x, t) = (t) w(x, t) into ut = c2 uxx ku to obtain

(t) w + (t) wt = (t) c2 wxx kw
If w(x, t) satisfies the standard heat equation wt = c2 wxx , then (t) = k (t), or
(t) = ekt . For the given IBVP, we let u(x, t) = et w(x, t) to obtain
wt = wxx
for 0 < x < 1, t > 0;
w(0, t) = 0 and w(1, t) = 0 for
w(x, 0) = sin x + 1 sin 3x for

2
It follows that
t 0;
0x1
1
2
2
w(x, t) = e t sin x + e9 t sin 3x
2
and therefore
u(x, t) = et w(x, t) = e(
2 +1)t
1
2
sin x + e(9 +1)t sin 3x.
2
(6)
2
sin pn x sin pm x dx =
[cos(pn pm )x cos(pn + pm )x] dx.
For n 6= m, we have
2
sin(pn pm ) sin(pn + pm )
.
pn pm
pn + pm
Since pn is a positive root of the equation tan p = p , it follows that sin pn =

Therefore,
2
1
0
pn
cos pn .
sin pn cos pm cos pn sin pm sin pn cos pm + cos pn sin pm
= 0.
pn pm
pn + pm
Similarly, we have
Z
1
0
1
sin pn x dx =
2
2
[1 cos 2pn x ] dx =
198
1 sin 2pn
1 sin pn cos pn
1 cos2 pn
=
= +
.
2
4pn
2
2pn
2
2
CHAPTER 9.
(7) (a) Solving the S-L Problem, one has n = (n 12 )2 as eigenvalues and Xn (x) = sin(n
1
2 )x
as the corresponding eigenfunctions . Therefore,

u(x, t) =
bn ec
2 (n 1 )2
2
n=1
1
sin(n )x.
2
Using the initial condition x( x) = u(x, 0), one has

x( x) =
where
bn =
R
0
Therefore,
n=1
1
bn sin(n )x,
2

x( x) sin(n 12 )x dx
8 4 + (1)n (2n 1)
R 2
=
1
(2n 1)3
0 sin (n 2 )x dx

1
8 X 4 + (1)n (2n 1) c2 (n 1 )2 t
2
sin(n )x.
u(x, t) =
e
3
(2n 1)
2
n=1
P
P
16n2 t cos nx, where a + a cos nx = u(x, 0) =
(b) (
We have u(x, t) = a0 +
0
n=1 an e
n=1 n
2x
if
0
2
2
(
x) if
The arbitrary constants a0 and an s may now be calculated by Eulers Formula. The
result is

8 X cos n
1
2
2 1
u(x, t) = + 2
e16n t cos nx.
2 n even
n2
(c) We substitute
u(x, t) =
Tn (t) sin nx,
n=1
where Tn (t)s are to be determined, into the p.d.e. to obtain Tn (t)+n2 2 c2 Tn (t) = 0
for n 6= 3 and T3 (t) = 9 2 c2 T3 (t)+1. Initial conditions on u(x, t) imply Tn (0) = 0
for every n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., T1 (0) = 3, T4 (0) = 2, and Tn (0) = 0 whenever n 6= 1, 4.
Solving the ODE, we obtain Tn (t) = 0 when n 6= 1, 3, 4; T1 (t) = 3 cos ct, T3 (t) =
1
9 2 c2
[1 cos 3ct] and T4 (t) = 2 cos 4ct. Therefore,

1 cos 3ct
sin 3x 2 cos 4ct sin 4x.
u(x, t) = 3 cos ct sin x + 1
9 2 c2

199
CHAPTER 9.
(d) We substitute
u(x, t) =
Tn (t) sin pn x
n=1
into the equation to obtain
T1 (t)
= p21 T1 (t) + 1 and Tn (t) = p2n Tn (t) for n > 1,
with Tn (0) = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. Here, pn s are positive roots of the equation

2
1 ep1 t
. Hence
tan p = p. Thus Tn (t) = 0 whenever n > 1 and T1 (t) =
p21
2
1 ep1 t
p21
u(x, t) =
sin p1 x.
(e) We put u(x, t) = v(x, t) + x cos t into the equation to obtain

v
2v
= c2 2 + x sin t,
t
x
with boundary conditions v(0, t) = 0 and v(1, t) = 0 and initial condition v(x, 0) = 0
for 0 x 1.
Substituting v(x, t) =
that
n=1 Tn (t)
x sin t =
sin nx into the equation and bearing in mind
X
2(1)n+1 sin t
n=1
we obtain
Tn (t) + c2 n2 2 Tn (t) =
sin nx,
2(1)n+1 sin t
.
n
Solving for the equation, with initial condition Tn (0) = 0, we have

2 (1)n+1
Tn (t) =
n
2 2 2
cos t
c2 n2 2 sin t
ec n t
+
c4 n 4 4 + 1 c4 n 4 4 + 1
c4 n 4 4 + 1
Hence
2X
(1)n+1
u(x, t) = x cos t +
n=1
ec
2 n2 2 t
cos t + c2 n2 2 sin t
n(c4 n4 4 + 1)
sin nx.
X (x) T (t) = c2 X (x) T (t)
200
CHAPTER 9.

T (t) + c2 T (t) = 0
X (x) + X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0 (SLP)

n0 = 1, n =
n 2
L
n
x
L

n 2
,
L
Solving T (t) + c2 T (t) = 0 with n =

Tn (t) = an cos
, Xn (x) = n sin
nc
nc
t + bn sin
t
L
L

u (x, t) =
h
nc
nc i
n
X
An cos
t + Bn sin
t sin
x
L
L
L
n=1

u (x, 0) = f (x) =
n
x
L
An sin
n=1
ut (x, t) = g (x) =
ut (x, 0) = g (x) =
Since
RL
0
sin2
n
L x
An =
Bn =
dx =
RL
0
nc
nc i
n
nc X h
An sin
t + Bn cos
t sin
x
L
L
L
L
nc
L
n=1
X
n=1
n
x
L
L
2,
f (x) sin
RL
Bn sin
n
L x
dx

n
L x dx
2
=
L
f (x) sin
n
x dx and
L
sin2
0

RL
Z L
n
L 0 g (x) sin n
2
L x dx
g (x) sin
x dx
=
R L 2 n
nc
nc 0
L
sin
x
dx
L
0
0
For different function f (x) in part (a) to (e), find the corresponding An and Bn :
201
CHAPTER 9.
(a) f (x) sin
3
Lx
and g (x) 0. By (2) (d)
(

n
0, n 6= 3,
3
sin
x sin
x dx =
L
L
1, n = 3.
0
Z L

n
2
(0) sin
Bn =
x dx = 0
nc 0
L
2
An =
L
3c
L t
Therefore, the solution is u (x, t) = cos

(b) f (x) 0 and g (x) sin
sin
3
Lx
3
Lx

. By (2) (d)
n
x dx = 0
L
0
(

Z L
n
0,
n 6= 3,
3
2
Bn =
sin
x sin
x dx =
L
nc 0
L
L
3c , n = 3.
2
An =
L
(c) f (x) sin
3
Lx
(0) sin
L
3c
sin
3c
L t
and g (x) sin
3
Lx
sin
3
Lx
. By (2) (d)
(

n
0, n 6= 3,
3
sin
x sin
x dx =
L
L
1, n = 3.
0
(

Z L
n
0,
n 6= 3,
2
3
Bn =
sin
x sin
x dx =
L
nc 0
L
L
3c , n = 3.
2
An =
L

Therefore, u (x, t) = cos
(d) f (x) sin
3
Lx
3c
L t
and g (x) sin
L
3c
sin
4
Lx
3c
L t
sin
3
Lx
. By (2) (d)
(

n
0, n 6= 3,
3
sin
x sin
x dx =
L
L
1, n = 3.
0
(

Z L
n
0,
4
2
sin
x sin
x dx =
Bn =
R L 2 4
2
nc 0
L
L
4c 0 sin
L x dx,

L

Z L
1
8
8
1
L
B4 =
=
1 cos
x
dx =
sin
x
x
4c 0
L
4c
8
L
0
2
An =
L
Therefore, u (x, t) = cos
3c
L t
sin
3
Lx
202
L
4c
sin
4c
L t
sin
4
Lx

.
n 6= 4,
n = 4.
L
4c
CHAPTER 9.
(e) f (x) = Q (x) =
x,
0x
L
2
(L x) ,
L
2,
x L.
and g (x) = 0. By (2) (f)
4L(1)k , where n = 2k + 1, k = 0, 1, 2, ...,

n
2
(2k+1)2 2
Q (x) sin
x dx =
An =
0,
L 0
L
otherwise.
Z L

n
2
(0) sin
x dx = 0
Bn =
nc 0
L
Z
P n
k=0
4L(1)k
(2k+1)2 2
cos
(2k+1)c
t
L
io
sin
i
.
(2k+1)
x
L
X (x) T (t) = c2 X (x) T (t)

T (t) + c2 T (t) = 0
X (x) + X (x) = 0, X (0) = 0, X (L) = 0

n0 = 0, n =
n 2
L
Solving T (t) + c2 T (t) = 0 with n =

Tn (t) = an cos
, Xn (x) = n cos
n
x
L

n 2
,
L
nc
nc
t + bn sin
t
L
L

u (x, t) =
h
X
n=0
An cos
nc
nc i
n
t + Bn sin
t cos
x
L
L
L
203
(SLP)
CHAPTER 9.

u (x, 0) = A0 +
An cos
n=1
n
x
L
nc i
n
nc
nc X h
t + Bn cos
t cos
x
An sin
ut (x, t) = B0 +
L
L
L
L
ut (x, 0) = B0 +
n=1
nc
L
Bn cos
n=1
n
x
L
Since
Z
n
x dx =
cos2
L
L, n = 0,
L
2,
n 1.
We have
A0 =
An =
B0 =
Bn =
RL
0
RL
0
f (x) dx
1
=
L
L
f (x) cos
RL
0
n
L x
n
L x
cos2
RL
f (x) dx and
0
dx
dx
Z L
2
L
f (x) cos
n
x dx and
L
g (x) dx
1
g (x) dx and
=
L
L 0

RL
Z L
n
L 0 g (x) cos n
2
L x dx
=
g (x) cos
x dx.

RL
nc
nc 0
L
cos2 n x dx
0
Thus,
nc i
n
nc
nc X h
t + Bn cos
t cos
x
ut (x, t) = B0 +
An sin
L
L
L
L
n=1
and
u (x, t) = A0 + B0 t +
h
X
An cos
n=1
nc i
n
nc
t + Bn sin
t cos
x .
L
L
L
(10) Separation of variables and the superposition principle give

u(x, t) =
[n cos nt + n sin nt] sin nx
n=1
Initial conditions are

u(x, 0) =
0.02x
if 0 x
0.02(1 x) if
204
1
2
1
2
x1
and ut (x, 0) = 0
CHAPTER 9.
Therefore, we have
n = 0 and n = 2
"Z
1/2
0.02x sin nx dx +
1
1/2
0.02(1 x) sin nx dx .
This implies (see Ex. 3 of Revision with L = 1 and K = 0.01)

n1
0.08 X (1) 2
cos nt sin nx.
u(x, t) = 2
n2
n odd
(11) We substitute u(x, t) =
n=1 Tn (t) sin nx
into the wave equation
utt = uxx + sin 100x sin 100t
to obtain ordinary differential equations
Tn (t) + n2 Tn (t) = 0 when n 6= 100 and T100

(t) + 10000 T100 (t) = sin 100t,
with initial conditions

T1 (0) = 2, T1 (0) = 0, T4 (0) = 3, T4 (0) = 0 and Tn (0) = Tn (0) = 0 for n 6= 1, 4
Solving these ODE, we obtain
T1 (t) = 2 cos t,
T4 (t) = 3 cos 4t,

100
sin 100t 100t cos 100t
T100 (t) = L1
=
.
(s2 + 1002 )2
20000
Therefore,

sin 100t 100t cos 100t
u(x, t) = 2 cos t sin x 3 cos 4t sin 4x +
sin 100x
20000
(12) Differentiating E(t) with respect to t, one obtains
E (t) =
[ ut (x, t) utt (x, t) + T ux (x, t) uxx (x, t)] dx

L

ut (x, t) c2 uxx (x, t) + T ux (x, t) uxt (x, t) dx
0

Z L
Z L
ux (x, t) uxt (x, t) dx
ut (x, t) uxx (x, t) dx +
= T
=
205
CHAPTER 9.
Integrating the second integral by parts, we have

Z
ux (x, t) uxt (x, t) dx

Z
uxx (x, t) ut (x, t) dx

= [ux (L, t) ut (L, t) ux (0, t) ut (0, t)]
0
Z L
uxx (x, t) ut (x, t) dx because ut (0, t) = ut (L, t) = 0
=
0
Therefore, E (t) = 0, and the total energy is conserved.
(13) Let u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y).

Solving the following two ODEs:
1) X (x) + X(x) = 0 where 0 < x < 2;
2) Y (y) Y (y) = 0 where 0 < y < 1.
So, with the given boundary conditions,
n =
n
n
n2 2
nx
, Xn = sin
, Yn = [e 2 y e 2 y ], n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .
4
2
Therefore,
un (x, y) = n [e
n
y
2
n
y
2
] sin
nx
, n = 1, 2, 3....
2
By Principle of Superposition,
u(x, y) =
n [e
n
y
2
n=1
n
y
2
] sin
nx
2
For boundary condition: u(x, 1) = x(2 x), 0 < x < 2,

Z 2
2
nx
n =
dx, n = 1, 2, 3....
x(2 x) sin
n
n
2
2[e 2 e 2 ] 0
8(2 + 2 cos n + n sin n)
1
= n
n
n3 3
[e 2 e 2 ]
1
16(1 (1)n )
= n
n
n3 3
[e 2 e 2 ]
206
CHAPTER 9.
Finally,

X

n
n
16(1 (1)n )
1
nx
[e 2 y e 2 y ] sin
u(x, y) =
n
n
3
3
n
2
[e 2 e 2 ]
n=1
!
n
n
32 X 1 e 2 y e 2 y
nx
= 3
sin
n
n
3
n
2
e 2 e 2
n=odd
(14) Set Solution of uxx + uyy = 0 as u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y). Then
Y X + X Y
Y
Y
= 0
=
X
=
X
Solving the following two ODEs:

(1) Y (x) + Y (x) = 0 where 0 < y < 1;
(2) X (y) X(y) = 0 where 0 < x < 1.
So, with the given boundary conditions,
n = n2 2 , Yn = sin ny, X(x) = enx + enx
Since u(1, y) = 0,
X(1) = en + en = 0 = e2n
Therefore,
Xn = n [enx e2n enx ] = n [enx en(2x) ], n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
and
un (x, y) = n [enx en(2x) ] sin ny, n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .
By Principle of Superposition,
u(x, y) =
n=1
n [enx en(2x) ] sin ny, n = 1, 2, 3....
From boundary condition, u(0, y) = 3 sin y 4 sin 6y for 0 y 1, we have

1 =
3
4
, 6 =
and n = 0, n 6= 1, 6
(1 e2 )
(1 e12 )
207
CHAPTER 9.
Hence
u(x, y) =
4
3
[ex e(2x) ] sin y
[e6x e6(2x) ] sin 6y.
(1 e2 )
(1 e12 )
(15) Using polar coordinates, we substitute u(r, ) = R(r)S() into the equations and proceed
as in the lecture notes. Since S( + 2) = S(), we have
S() = an cos n + bn sin n when n 1 and S() = a0 when n = 0,
R(r) = cn rn + dn rn when n 1 and R(r) = c0 ln r + d0 when n = 0

Consequently, the Principle of Superposition implies that
u(r, ) = (A0 ln r + B0 ) +
rn [An cos n + Bn sin n] + rn [Cn cos n + Dn sin n] ,
n=1
where A0 , B0 , An , Bn , Cn and Dn s are arbitrary constants.

(a) To ensure that u(r, ) is finite as r 0, we must choose A0 = Cn = Dn = 0.
Furthermore, the boundary condition implies that
B0 +
[An cos n + Bn sin n] =
n=1
for 0 ;
0 for < < 2
Therefore,
X 2
1
u(r, ) = +
rn sin n.
2
n
n odd
(b) The requirement for limr u(r, ) to be finite implies that

A0 = An = Bn = 0
Therefore,
u(r, ) = B0 +
rn [Cn cos n + Dn sin n].
n=1
Since u(1, ) = 1 + cos 2 3 sin 4, we may compare coefficients to obtain B0 = 1,
C2 = 1, D4 = 3 and all other coefficients = 0. Therefore,

u(r, ) = 1 +
208
cos 2 3 sin 4
.
r2
r4

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Solutions Manual for Basic Engineering Mathematics

C. K. Chan, C. W. Chan and K. F. Hung

3 Infinite series, Power series and Fourier series

8 Laplace and Fourier Transformations

Partial Differential Equations

Moreover, observe that

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

|z + w|2 |z|2 + |w|2 + 2 |z| |w| = (|z| + |w|)2 .

+ i lies inside the circle.

lies outside the circle.

lies inside the circle.

Thus, 12 + 3i lies inside the circle.

(c) (3 2i)(x + iy) = 2(x 2iy) + 2i 1 x + 2y = 1 and 2x + 7y = 2. Solving

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

cosk x (i sin x)5k

Therefore, comparing the real and imaginary parts yields

Adding these equations yields

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

(16) Using the identity

(1 + sin x + i cos x)2

(1 + sin x)2 cos2 x + 2i cos x(1 + sin x)

= cos n( x) + i sin n( x).

From these equations we obtain

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 2 and sgn b = 1 implies

Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 2 and sgn b = 1 implies

(b) Let w = z 3 . Then the equation becomes w2 + 2w + 2 = 0. Solving the equation

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

(c) Let w = z 2 . Then the given equation becomes w2 + 4w + 16 = 0. The quadratic

Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 4 and sgn b = 1 implies

Equivalently, the square root formula with r = 4 and sgn b = 1 implies

(d) z 4 = 1 = cos + i sin . Therefore,

(19) (a) ei 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2 = i

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

(b) 4ei 2 = 4 cos 2 + i sin 2 = 4i

(20) Let z = x + iy and define ez = ex (cos y + i sin y).

(a) If z = x + 0i, ez = ex (cos 0 + i sin 0) = ex

(d) |ez | = ex 6= 0 for any z C. Therefore, ez 6= 0. Furthermore,

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

Comparing the real part of this equation yields

(1 cos(n + 1))(1 cos ) + sin(n + 1) sin

Simplifying the right hand side of the equation, we have

Finally, by letting = 2t, we have

Integrating this result yields

(22) Suppose w is a root of the polynomial P (z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + + an z n , i.e., P (w) = 0.

CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS

= |(x 3) + yi| = 2 |(x + 3) + yi|

(25) If z = a + bi and |z| = 1, then a2 + b2 = 1.

Therefore, w is a purely imaginary number.

CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA

(4) (a) Let A =

2x1 x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 1 (1)

x2 2x3 + 3x4 = 2 (2)

4x3 + 3x4 = 3 (3)

CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA

Therefore,(the augmented matrix [A |0 ] of Ax = 0 is reduced to [R |0 ]. Rx = 0 is of

(9) (a) With A =

CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA

, where t is an arbitrary scalar.

(c) In this problem, A =

There are 3 cases:

CHAPTER 2. LINEAR ALGEBRA