LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

STEP 7
1. What are causes environment pollution ?
a. Site Specific Environmental Factors
The environmental factors are the key determinants for differentiating
coastal communities from other types of communities. These factors,
which include the condition of surface water and soil conditions of the
coastal areas, have a direct bearing on the options for sanitary means of
disposing of human waste for the community.
b. Community Physical Factors
Community density, circulation and access networks, and available
services within the community influence the selection of sanitation
technologies. The implications of these factors are discussed below.
c. Social and Cultural Factors
Sanitation systems, even when they are properly designed, may not be
appropriate when social and cultural factors affecting sanitation and
hygienic practices of the community members are not considered. For
instance, technologies involving re-use of excreta are unfeasible in
communities where sight or handling of waste is culturally and socially
unacceptable. In the same way, dry technologies are inappropriate for
communities which prefer water for toilet hygiene. For the analysis of
attitude in sharing toilet facilities, the level of privacy required by the
community is essential. Cultural attitudes towards defecation vary; but
generally, it is regarded as a private personal act. In communities that
require a high level of privacy, the design of communal facilities should
provide for these requirements.
Source: http://www.mcgill.ca/mchg/student/sanitation/chapter6
2. What kinds of environment pollution ?
Air Pollution
Air pollution is caused of ill health and death by natural and man-made
sources, major man-made sources of ambient air pollution include tobacco
smoke, combustion of solid fuels for cooking, heating, home cleaning
agents, insecticides industries, automobiles, power generation, poor
environmental regulation, less efficient technology of production,
congested roads, and age and poor maintenance of vehicles. The natural
sources include incinerators and waste disposals, forest and agricultural
fires (European Public Health Alliance, 2009).
Water Pollution
Polluted water consists of Industrial discharged effluents, sewage water,
rain water pollution (Ashraf et al, 2010) and polluted by agriculture or
households cause damage to human health or the environment. (European
Public Health Alliance, 2009). This water pollution affects the health and
quality of soils and vegetation (Carter, 1985).
Solid/Land Pollution
Improper management of solid waste is one of the main causes of
environmental pollution (Kimani, 2007). Land pollution is one of the major
forms of environmental catastrophe our world is facing today (Khan,

LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

2004). much of the solid industrial waste containing heavy metals is
disposed of, without pre-treatment, in open dumps (Rushbrook, 1994).
Source: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: ITS EFFECTS ON LIFE AND
ITS REMEDIES BY Dr. Mashhood Ahmad Khan. Journal of Arts,
Science & Commerce E-ISSN 2229-4686 ISSN 2231-4172. Link :
http://www.researchersworld.com/vol2/issue2/Paper_23.pdf
3. What are the health effects on environment pollution ?
Examples of impacts of environmental pollution on childrens
health include:
cancer (e.g. skin cancer from exposure to UV radiation or leukaemia
resulting from exposure to pesticides while still in the womb)
asthma (exacerbated by outdoor air pollution)
birth defects (from drinking-water contaminants ingested by the
pregnant mother)
neurodevelopmental disorders (resulting from lead poisoning)
Source
http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/40396531.pdf

4. How to protect the environment ?

Dont drop litter birds and animals can mistake litter for food. Litter
can end up in rivers and block drains, or in the sea and be eaten by
fish. Also, some litter will stay around for thousands of years!
On your bike Instead of taking the car get your bicycle out or take
the shoelace express - also known as walking.
Pleasing products
Many household cleaning products contain
harmful chemicals which are washed down the drain. Encourage
your parents to buy eco-friendly products or even make your own
from natural substances like vinegar and lemon juice.
Detectives If you spot pollution, such as oil on the beach, report it
to the local council. If you suspect a stream is polluted, report it to
the Environment Agency.
Source
http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/environment-howcan-you-help-protect-it-/81

5. What are the government programs to prevent environment pollution ?

1. Regulate industrial waste disposal systems that do not pollute the
environment
2. Putting industrial or factory apart from the settlements
3. Exercise supervision over the use of some pesticides, insecticides
and other chemicals that could potentially be the cause of
environmental pollution.
4. Going green.
5. Impose sanctions or penalties against the perpetrators expressly
activities that pollute the environment
6. Conduct outreach and environmental education to raise public
awareness about the meaning and the real environmental benefit.

LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

7. Give an award or reward to the clean environment
Source: http://lh.banglikab.go.id
6. What indicator of health environmental sanitation ?
Several indicators of environmental health as follows:
1. The use of Clean Water: Water is the source of life / basic human needs,
but in terms of its use as well as varying quality and disease transmission
media kwantitasnya.Air is the fastest because it is flexible for breeding or
transmission of a variety of diseases, and therefore need maintain the
quality and quantity of water in order to create health.
2. Healthy Homes: For most people, home is a gathering place for all
members of the family and spent most of his time, so that the health
condition of housing can serve as a medium of transmission of the disease
among
family
members
or
neighbors
nearby.
From the existing data then disseminate the program to build a healthy
society needs to be done so that the prevention of progression of disease
vectors can be reduced, as well as cause other diseases around the house.
3. Family With Basic Sanitation Facilities Ownership: Families with
ownership of basic sanitation includes water supply, ownership of
household toilets, bins and waste water management that the whole
family is indispensable in improving the health of the environment.
From the above data show that in 2007 ownership of basic sanitation in
Kab.Tangerang slightly increased compared to 2006, it can be assumed
that this condition showed an increase in public awareness of the
importance
of
basic
sanitation.
4. Public Places and Food Processing (TUPM): Food, including beverages, is
a basic requirement and a major source for human life, but the food is not
managed properly it will be a very effective medium in the transmission of
gastrointestinal illness (Food Borne deseases). Occurrence of acute
poisoning and disease that often leads to death many sources of food
derived from food processing (TPM), particularly jasaboga, restaurants,
and street food that management is not qualified environmental health or
sanitation.
So the supervision of food sanitation efforts is essential to maintain the
health of consumers or the public.
7. What the characteristic of good environment ?

Air around the neighborhood feel fresh and clean

The water looks clean and clean
No garbage strewn

Source :
http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw/BSE:Kesehatan_Lingkungan_3.1_
%28BAB_4%29

LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

8. What are the differences between rubbish and garbage ?
Garbage consists of substances that are easily decomposed and can
decompose quickly, especially if the weather is hot. decay process often
creates a foul odor. This type of waste can be found in residential,
restaurant, hospital, market, and so on.
Rubbish is divided into two:
Combustible rubbish consists of organic substances, such as Kerta,
wood, rubber, dry leaves, and so on.
Not combustible rubbish consists of inorganic substances, such as
glass, cans, etc.
Source: Budiman Chandra-Pengantar Kesehatan Lingkungan: EGC
9. How to manage the waste of household and industry ?

There are a number of ways to help keep the environment clean and
help improve people's overall health status:

Individuals should avoid wasting water. They can do this by

taking shorter showers, not leaving the water running, and
using only what water is needed.
People should recycle as much as possible to reduce waste.
Many major cities offer recycling for plastic, paper, and glass
products.
Individuals can walk, ride a bike, or carpool to reduce air
pollution.
Each person can educate others on ways to help improve the
environment.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-environmentalsanitation.htm
Source:

10.What are the benefits of health promotion ?

Health promotion improves the health status of individuals, families,

communities, states, and the nation.
Health promotion enhances the quality of life for all people.
Health promotion reduces premature deaths.
By focusing on prevention, health promotion reduces the costs (both
financial and human) that individuals, employers, families, insurance
companies, medical facilities, communities, the state and the nation
would spend on medical treatment.
Source
:
http://www.publichealth.uga.edu/hpb/what-healthpromotion-behavior

LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

11.What is the obstacles of environmental of sanitation management ?

The main obstacle is the low level of public awareness about
importance of environmental sanitation. To change attitudes and behaviors
Indonesian people who love the environment seems still takes a relatively
long time. Indonesian culture is still difficult to change except for the lack
of awareness due to the low national discipline nation. Meaning that weak
enforcement accompanied by moral values and morals are still lacking
support, led to efforts to improve the quality of health care difficult.
education semangkus will never be anything to solve the problem of
environmental sanitation and without the support of public health
awareness and behavior change all components.
Source:
http://staff.ui.ac.id/internal/130520622/material/WebDosen0011.pdf

12.What kinds of environment ?

1. The Physical environment
It is also known as a-biotic environment and natural environment.
The meaning of a-biotic or physical is non living like land water air
conditions atmosphere which constitutes of soil. So we can say that
physical or a-biotic environment is the environment which includes non
living or physical things which are constitutes of soil and affect the
living things.
The physical or a-biotic environment also includes the climatic factors
such as sunbeams, rainwater, precipitation, moisture, pressure and wind
speed.
2. Biotic environment
It is also known as biological environment and organic environment.
In the opposite side of the physical environment, the biotic or biological
environment is responsible for the living beings.
You have already understood that the meaning of biological is living
things. So,
the biological environment is the environment which involves the living
part of the earth.
3. Social or cultural environment
This type of environment involves the culture and life style of the
human beings.
The social or cultural environment means the environment which is
created by the man through his different social and cultural activities
and thinking.
The historical, cultural, political, moral, economic aspects of human life
constitute to the social or cultural environment
Source
environment

http://www.bukisa.com/articles/255515_types-of-

LBM 2-SGD 21/Kinanthi Asih Martyarifki-Modul 5

13.How to balance the number of host, rodent, and environment ?
14.What are the ways to eradicate the rodents ?
Use of Rodenticides
Rodent control using chemicals.
There are two types of rodenticides:
Type of single dose (acute)
Acute dose is lethal nature. mice will die after eating it one time
only rodenticides.
Type of multiple dose (cumulative)
Such rodenticides require repeated administration for 3 days or
more.
Fumigation
an effective way to eradicate rats and pinjalnya. fumigant used in anti-rat
is calcium cyanide (often called sianogas or cymag), carbon disulfide,
methyl bromide, sulfur dioxide, and so on.
Kemosterilant
is a chemical that can be temporary or permanent sterility mnyebabkan
both the rat (male or female)
Rat proofing
anti-rat building quite effective as a method of control. anti-rat building
both outside and inside the building is a construction that has no open
space at all for the mice in the building. anti-rat is the material of
hardwood, metal and sement porthland gaalvanic martyr, which could
prevent rat entry melauli hole size 1/2 inch or more.
Source: Budiman Chandra-Pengantar Kesehatan Lingkungan: EGC