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on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
KeywordsCr(VI);
citric
acid;
immobilized
photocatalytic reduction; photocatalytic oxidation.
TiO2;
I. INTRODUCTION
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Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Materials and photocatalysts
Most chemicals, i.e. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7),
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), nitric acid (HNO3), Sodium
hydroxide
(NaOH),
mercury-chloride
(HgCl2),
Iron(III)Chloride Hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O), Degussa P-25
TiO2 powder and citric acid (cit), were purchased from Merck
Chemicals (Pty) Ltd., R.S.A. While sodium alginate and
calcium chloride (CaCl2), were purchased from Sigma
Aldrich. All of the chemicals were analytical grade and
employed as received. High purity water purified by a Milli-Q
water system (Millipore) was used throughout. Synthesized
pure rutile dandelion TiO2 sample, (surface area of 81 m2.g-1,
according to BET analysis), was employed as photocatalyst in
immobilized forms. Details on the procedures used for
preparation and characterization of the pure rutile dandelion
TiO2 sample can be found on the previous work [12].
D. Photocatalytic treatment
Photocatalytic experiments were carried out in a batch type
photoreactor at room temperature (25 2oC). Batch
experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of
initial pH, photo catalyst dosage, initial Cr(VI) concentration,
Fe(III) and citric acid on the reduction of Cr(VI). A desired
amount of photocatalyst was added to a reaction flask
containing 250 mL of an aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7, Fe(III)
and citric acid with defined concentrations (10 to 100 mg/L).
The stock solutions of Cr(VI), citric acid and Fe(III) were
prepared (1000 mg/L) by dissolving K2Cr2O7, citric acid and
FeCl3.6H2O, respectively in 1.0 L of high purity water. The
stock solutions were diluted with high purity water to obtain
the desired concentration range of Cr(VI), citric acid and
Fe(III) solutions. Constant stirring of solution has been
operated continuously by using magnetic stirrer for proper
mixing. The initial pH of solutions was adjusted by HNO3 or
NaOH aqueous solutions. Prior to photocatalytic experiments,
the UV-C lamp was preheated for 30 min to obtain a constant
light intensity. As the reaction progressed, 5 mL samples of
solution were withdrawn from the batch reactors at specific
time intervals for analysis. The absorbance of Cr(VI) was
measured using UV-vis spectrophotometer (HITACHI U2000) at 360 nm wavelength. Performance of the processes
was evaluated by analyzing the responses of Cr(VI).
Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
(1)
(2)
A. Effect of initial pH
The reduction of Cr(VI) at different initial pH over time
under different pH values are shown in Figure. 2. The
variation of pH had an apparent influence on the reduction of
Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) reduction was gradually decline, with
increase of pH values. Higher reduction efficiency was
obtained when experiments were performed in acidic
solutions than that in alkaline solutions. At pH = 2, the
reduction rate was 88.75 %, but, at pH = 12, the reduction
rate was only 8.75 %. The reduction of Cr(VI) in acidic and
148
Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
149
Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
Fe(III) + e-
Fe(II)
8Cr3+ + 6CO2 +
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
TABLE II
THE FIRST ORDER KINETIC PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT TIO2 DOSAGE IN
CR(VI) SOLUTION
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Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15-16, 2014 Johannesburg
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
TABLE IV
THE FIRST ORDER KINETICS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF CR(VI) IN
PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF CITRIC ACID AT OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF PH 2, 20
-1
-1
MG.L INITIAL CONCENTRATION AND 2 G.L T IO2
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
IV. CONCLUSION
[25]