1.

Properties ways of sorting materials and describing them as solid, liquid or gas based
on observable properties
1.1. Characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases

describe different objects based on their characteristics (e.g. Shape, Weight,

Volume, Ease of flow);

What makes a state of matter? It's about the physical state of the molecules and atoms.
Think about solids. They are often hard and brittle. Liquids are fluidy, can move around a
little, and fill up containers. Gases are always around you, but the molecules of a gas are
much farther apart than the molecules in a liquid. If a gas has an odor, youll be able to
smell it before you can see it.
matter, material substance that constitutes the observable universe and, together with
energy, forms the basis of all objective phenomena.
At the most fundamental level, matter is composed of elementary particles, known as
quarks and leptons (the class of elementary particles that includes electrons). Quarks
combine into protons and neutrons and, along with electrons, form atoms of the elements
of the periodic table, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and iron. Atoms may combine further
into molecules such as the water molecule, H2O. Large groups of atoms or molecules in
turn form the bulk matter of everyday life
defined by certain characteristics: solids hold their shape, liquids take on the shape of the
container that holds them, and gases fill an entire container.

The Properties of Matter

The general properties of matter result from its relationship with mass and space.
Because of its mass, all matter has inertia (the mass being the measure of its inertia) and
weight, if it is in a gravitational field (see gravitation). Because it occupies space, all
matter has volume and impenetrability, since two objects cannot occupy the same space
simultaneously.
The States of Matter
Matter in the solid state has both a definite volume and a definite shape; matter in the
liquid state has a definite volume but no definite shape, assuming the shape of whatever
container it is placed in; matter in the gaseous state has neither a definite volume nor a

definite shape and expands to fill any container.

Early Theories of Matter
In ancient times various theories were suggested about the nature of matter. Empedocles
held that all matter is made up of four "elements" earth, air, fire, and water. Leucippus
and his pupil Democritus proposed an atomic basis of matter, believing that all matter is
built up from tiny particles differing in size and shape. Anaxagoras, however, rejected any
theory in which matter is viewed as composed of smaller constituents, whether atoms or
elements, and held instead that matter is continuous throughout, being entirely of a
single substance.
Modern Theory of Matter
The modern theory of matter dates from the work of John Dalton at the beginning of the
19th cent. The atom is considered the basic unit of any element, and atoms may combine
chemically to form molecules, the molecule being the smallest unit of any substance that
possesses the properties of that sdefined by certain characteristics: solids hold their shape, liquids
take on the shape of the container that holds them, and gases fill an entire container. ubstance. An
element in modern theory is any substance all of whose atoms are the same (i.e., have
the same atomic number), while a compound is composed of different types of atoms
together in molecules.

classify objects and materials as solid, liquid, and gas based on some observable
characteristics;

solid, one of the three basic states of matter, the others being liquid and gas.
Solids exhibit certain characteristics that distinguish them from liquids and gases. All
solids have, for example, the ability to resist forces applied either perpendicular or
parallel to a surface (i.e., normal or shear loads, respectively). Such properties depend on
the properties of the atoms that form the solid, on the way those atoms are arranged,
and on the forces between them.
liquid, in physics, one of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between gas
and crystalline solid.
Physical properties of liquids
The most obvious physical properties of a liquid are its retention of volume and its

conformation to the shape of its container. When a liquid substance is poured into a
vessel, it takes the shape of the vessel, and, as long as the substance stays in the liquid
state, it will remain inside the vessel. Furthermore, when a liquid is poured from one
vessel to another, it retains its volume (as long as there is no vaporization or change in
temperature) but not its shape. These properties serve as convenient criteria for
distinguishing the liquid state from the solid and gaseous states. Gases, for example,
expand to fill their container so that the volume they occupy is the same as that of the
container. Solids retain both their shape and volume when moved from one container to
another.

gas, one of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from the liquid
and solid states.

Structure
The remarkable feature of gases is that they appear to have no structure at all. They have neither a
definite size nor shape, whereas ordinary solids have both a definite size and a definite shape, and
liquids have a definite size, or volume, even though they adapt their shape to that of the container in
which they are placed. Gases will completely fill any closed container; their properties depend on the
volume of a container but not on its shape..

describe ways on the proper use and handling solid, liquid and gas found at home and in
school; and

2. Changes that Materials Undergo effects of temperature on materials

Its About the Physical

"Phase" describes a physical state of matter. The key word to notice is physical. Things only move from
one phase to another by physical means. If energy is added (like increasing the temperature) or if
energy is taken away (like freezing something), you have created a physical change.

When molecules move from one phase to another they are still the same substance. There is water
vapor above a pot of boiling water. That vapor (or gas) can condense and become a drop of water in
the cooler air. If you put that liquid drop in the freezer, it would become a solid piece of ice. No matter
what physical state it was in, it was always water. It always had the same chemical properties.