Karyu Amawey

Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography 1

Vowels 1
Consonants 2
Lenition 2
Grammar 3
Pronouns 3
Nouns & Prepositions 3-6
Plurals 3
Gender 4
Articles 4
Case 4-5
Adpositions 5-6
Adjectives 6
Numbers 6
Verbs 7
Questions & Demonstratives 9
Derivational Change 10
Phrases 10
Lexicon 11
http://www.learnnavi.org/

Version 3.5
Last updated: 21 January 2010
Sources
 Phonology and orthography

Na‟vi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon
memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the
purpose of humans learning Na‟vi, a standardized form was developed using Latin alphabet
letters coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.

Orthography:

There are 20 consonants and 7 vowels that are written using Latin alphabet characters:

[a ä e i ì o u] [ ʹ f h k kx l m n ng p px r s t ts tx v w y z]
Phonology:
***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.
Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made
upon them.

Vowels:

There are seven simple vowels:

Front Central Back

Close [i]i [u]u
[ì] ɪ
Close-Mid [o]o
Open-Mid [e]ɛ
[ä]æ
Open [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].

These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a
word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables
[mɛ.u.i.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩ ] and rr [r̩] behave as vowels, as in pllte’ [pl̩ .tɛʔ]
"to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩ ]. These
may occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩.ap] "dangerous".

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Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress: túte [ˈtu.tɛ]
"person", tuté [tu.ˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is
not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to
be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on
that vowel: lolú [lo.ˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [lo.læng.ˈu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

Consonants

There are twenty one consonants in Na‟vi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are written
with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px] p‟ [tx] t‟ [kx] k‟
Plosive [p] p [t] t [k] k [„] ʔ
Affricate [ts] ʦ
Fricative [f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z [h] h
Nasal [m]m [n] n [ng] ŋ
Flap [r] ɾ
Trill [rr]r
Liquid/glide [w]w [l] l or [ll] l̩ [y]j

The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the
other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final position
are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by
another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before
vowels, (f ts s) may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the
stops and liquids/glides) apart from(’) making for 39 clusters.

Lenition:

For some Na‟Vi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural
marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought
to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when
found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:

Before plural marker After plural marker

px, tx, kx p, t, k
p, t/ts, k f, s, h
„ Ø (deletion)
Examples:
tsmuk ‘sibling’ kelku ‘home’
aysmuk/smuk ‘siblings’ mehelku/helku ‘two homes/homes’
pxun ‘arm’
mepun/pun ‘two arms/arms’

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 Grammar
Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on
whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of
us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;
although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural

Exclusive oe moe pxoe ayoe
Inclusive — oeng poeng (?) ayoeng
2nd person nga menga pxenga aynga
3rd person po mefo pxefo ayfo

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He"
and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé.

These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they
mean.

me- dual marker oe 1st.singular

pxe- trial marker ng(a) 2nd.singular
ay- plural marker po(an/é) 3rd.singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into “two me‟s (meaning myself
and someone else)” and “me and you”, respectively.

Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)
Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they
not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not
uncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only
found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only
occasionally (and optionally) marked.

Plurals:

The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition
in Na‟vi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be
dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.

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Gender:

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -é, which is stressed:
tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister".

Articles:

There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on
demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).

Case:

Case Vowel Final Marker Consonant Final Marker

Intransitive N/A N/A
Ergative (Transitive Agent) -l -ìl
Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i) -it
Dative -ru -ìru
Genitive -yä - eyä
Topical -ri -ìri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages
spoken by humans, Na‟vi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object
of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with
the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I-ERG you-ACC See‹LAUD›
"I See you" (a greeting)

For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminology
used for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.

Genitive (-yä)

The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In
English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (‟s):
E.g. John’s cheese.
Charlotte’s book.

In the case of Na‟Vi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to
show possession over another noun.
E.g. Oe-yä tìmuntxa.
I-GEN mate
„My mate‟

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 Ayoeng-eyä Kelutrel
Pl.Incl.-GEN Hometree
„Our Hometree‟

Dative (-ru)

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom
something is given, or in other words, the recipient of something.
E.g. John gave Mary the book.
Mary was given the book from John.

Na’Vi: Amhul-ì1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tìng

Amhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC give
„Amhul gives Ralu the treebranch‟

Topic Marker (-ri)

The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent
to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is,
when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix.
***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from a
larger clause onto a single entity.
E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone.
As for John, the play was not enjoyable.

Na’Vi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu tengkrr oe taron

spear-TOP dangerous be while I hunt
„The spear is dangerous while/when I hunt‟

Adpositions:

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition
may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater
degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga
or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian
and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of
them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body".
This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: mì sokx could also be short for mì aysokx
"in the bodies".

5
’em "over, above" ’ìm "behind, in back"
eo "before, in front of" fa "per" (with, by means of)
fpi "for the sake of" ftu "from" (direction)
hu "with, together with" (accompaniment) ìlä "via, along, by"
Eywa ngahu Eywa (Na'vi god) (be) with you
ka "across" ne "to" (direction) Terìran ayoe ayngane we
are walking your way
kip "among" ta "from" (generic)
mì "in"

Adjectives

Na‟vi adjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel –a-,
which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed
either as,

ngim-a kilvan
long-ATTR river

or as,

kilvan a-ngim
river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can
also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom
of expression.

The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives
instead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu
river long be
"The river is long"

Numbers

As the Na‟vi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few
numbers are attested:

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 ’aw 1
mune 2
tsìng 4
onmrr (?) 5
vofu 16
tsìvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is tsì, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as ’awpo "one" (an individual), (nì)’awve
"first", ’awsiténg "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"
(not-one-time), nì’aw "only", and nì’awtu "alone" from "one"; also nìmun "again" and
perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I
was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,
which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is
t‹ol›aron, with the infix ‹ol›.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and
after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Na‟vi verbs have two syllables, these
commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words
like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative
order, as in ts<ol><äng>un [ts‹ol›‹äng›un] "was able to (ugh!)".

 The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes for
tense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense and
aspect when they co-occur.

Tense:

Future (FUT) <ay>

Immediate Future (IMM) <ìy>
Present (PRES) N/A (unmarked)
Recent Past (REC) <ìm>
Past (PST) <am>

t<am>aron t<ìm>aron taron t<ìy>aron t<ay>aron

“hunted” “just hunted” “hunts” “about to hunt” “will hunt”

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Aspect/Mood:

Perfective (PFV) <ol>

Imperfective (IMFV) <er>
Subjunctive (SJV) <iv>

t<ol>aron t<er>aron t<iv>aron

“has hunted” “was hunting” “hunts?”
The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished,
ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentially
expresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past
Subjunctive of the verb “to be”:

PAST: I was a teacher.

L<am>u karyu.
PAST SJV: If I had been a teacher.
Txo l<a<v>m>u karyu.

Participle/Reflexive:

Participle <us>
Reflexive ?

The participial infix <us> is found in forms such as kérusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "to
live" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand"
(that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group of
infixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable.

 The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or
negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the
greeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See"
is inflected positively as kam‹ei›e to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting.
In the subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya längu "My nose is full (of his smell)",
however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya l‹äng›u to indicate
the speaker's distaste at the experience.

Laudative <ei>
Pejorative <äng>
Evidential ?
Deferential ?

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 t‹ìm›ar‹ei›on [hunt‹REC ›‹LAUD›] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whether
due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt.
t‹ay›ar‹äng›on [hunt‹FUT›‹PEJ›] "will hunt ": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, or
not impressed.

The copular “be” vs. the locational “be”:

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with
adjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of
existence).

Negation:

Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as
conjunctions join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sìk (unquote), sì,
últe "and", fu "or", slä "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak?

Question marker Demonstrative markers

pe- “what?” fì- “this”
fay “these”
tsa- “that”

peú, ’úpe "what? which fì’u "this, this tsa’u "that, that thing"
thing?" thing"
pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"
pefya, fyape "how?" fìfya "like this"
pehem, kempe "what? which fìkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"
action?"
pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"
pelun, lumpe "why?"
peseng, "where?" fìtseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"
tsengpe

These are merely the more common forms that pe, fì, fay and tsa combine with. However,
they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsana’rìng “that forest”). Likewise, other words may
combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while"
('same time'), and ké’u "nothing".

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Derivational Change:

Derivation Rule Example

Adjective→Noun le- + N le- + hrrap(danger) = lehrrap(dangerous)
Noun→Verb N + si kelku(home) + si = kelku si(to live[dwell])
Adjective→Adverb nì- + Adj nì- + ftúe(easy) = nìftúe(easily)
Verb→Abstract Noun tì- + V tì- + rey(to live) = tìrey(life)
Verb→Personified Noun V + -tu spe‟é(to capture) + -tu = spe‟étu(captive)
Verb→Specialised Person V + -yu taron(to hunt) + -yu = taronyu(hunter)
Noun

Phrases

"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltxì. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kaltʼì ngaru lu fpom srak ]
Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION

"It‟s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na‟vi"

Tsun oe nga-hu nì-Na’vi pivängkxo a fì-’u oe-ru prrte’ lu

be.able I you-with ADV-Na‟vi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9] be

"I apologise for this moron"

Fì-skxawng-ìri tsapxalute s‹eng›i oe

this-moron-TOP apology make‹?› I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep fì-tsenge lu kxanì

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l‹äng›u

me-TOP from his smell ATTR-alien nose full be‹PEJ›

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 Lexicon
Na’Vi - English English – Na’Vi
‘ A
'ampi v touch across pr ka
/ʔam.‟pi/
'aw n one number again adv nìmun
/ʔaw/
agree v mllte
'awpo pn one one (person)
/ʔaw.‟po/ alarm cry n rawke
'awsiteng adv together
/ʔaw.si.‟tɛŋ/ alien n ketuwong
'awve adj first
/‟ʔaw.vɛ/ alien n kewong
'e'al adj worst Alien (i.e. non- faketuan
/‟ʔɛ.ʔal/ Na'vi) n
'efu v feel
/ʹ‟ɛ.fu/ all all (of),in to, nìwotx
'eko n attack to,completely pr
/‟ʔɛ.ko/
'ekong n beat (rhythmic) allow v tung
/‟ʔɛ.koŋ/
almost adv stum
'engeng n level
/‟ʔɛ.ŋɛŋ/ alone alone (as one nì'awtu
'eveng n child person) adj
/‟ʔɛ.vɛŋ/
'evi n kid (affectionate form of among pr kip
/‟ʔɛ.vi/ "child")
ancestor n pizayu
'eylan n friend
/'‟ɛj.lan/ and conj sì
'eyng v answer
and conj ulte
/‟ejŋ/
'ewan adj young animal,beast n ioang
/'‟ɛ.wan/
'ì'awn v remain,stay answer n tì'eyng
/‟ʔɪ.ʔawn/
'ìheyu n spiral answer v 'eyng
/‟ʔɪ.hɛ.ju/ apology n tsap'alute
'ìnglìsì n English language
/‟ʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/ arm n pxun
'it n bit a small amount
/ʔit/ arrive v pähem

11
'itan n son arrow n swizaw
/ʔi.‟tan/
'ite n daughter art n tseo
/‟ʔi.tɛ/
as (= same way as) tengfya
'ok n remembrance
pr
/ʔok/
'ong v unfold,blossom as we know i nìawnomum
/ʔoŋ/
'upe n what (thing) ask v pawm
/‟ʔu.pɛ/
'upxare n Message attack n 'eko
/‟ʔu.p‟a.ɾɛ/ avatar; uniltìrantokx
A dreamwalker body
a adj which, that n
/a/
äie n vision awake adj txen
/æ.‟i.ɛ/
alaksì adj ready away (direction) neto
/al.‟ak.sɪ/ pr
alìm adj far away,at a distance away (position) pr mìso
/‟al.ɪm/
Amhul n child's name B
/‟am.hul/
Änsìt n child's name baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di
/‟æn.sɪt/ n
apxa adj large
/ap‟a/ back(direction) pr ne'ìm
atan adj, n light bad,evil adj kawng
/a.‟tan/
atokirina' n Seeds of the great tree badge n pätsì
/a.to.ki.ɾi.‟naʔ/
ätxäle n request be at,occupy a tok
/‟æt‟.æ.lɛ/ space v
atxkxe n land
be (am,is,are) v lu
/‟at‟k‟.ɛ/
au n drum (made of skin) be responsible v kllfriyo', c
/au/
aungia n sign,omen beat (rhythmic) n 'ekong
/‟auŋ.i.a/
ayfo pn they (3rd person plural) become v slu
/‟aj.fo/
beetle larva(e) n teylu

aynga pn you, plural (2nd person before, in front of eo

/aj.‟ŋa/ plural) pr

12
ayoe pn we, excluding you (1st begin,start v sngä'i
/aj.‟o.ɛ/ person exclusive plural)
beginning,start sngä'ikrr
ayoeng pn we, including you (1st time n
/aj.‟o.ɛŋ/ person inclusive plural)
beloved adj yawne
aylaru conj to the others
/aj.la.‟ɾu/ (contraction of aylaberu) best adj swey

aylì'ufa… i in the words of… big (in stature) adj tsawl

/aj.‟lɪ‟.u.fa/
bind v yìm
aynga pn you
/‟aj.ŋa/ bit a small amount 'it
ayoe pn we (exclusive) n
/aj.o.‟ɛ/
ayoeng pn we (inclusive) bit a small amount nì'it
/aj.o.‟ɛŋ/ adv
E
blue adj ean
ean adj blue
/‟ɛ.an/ blue flower n seze
eltu n brain
/‟ɛl.tu/ Blue Flute Clan n Omatikaya
eltu si v, c listen pay attention,quit
/‟ɛl.tu si/ goofing off body n tokx

eltungawng n brainworm bond (neural Tsaheylu

/‟ɛl.tu.ŋawŋ/ connection) n
emza'u v pass (a test) boom n kxangangang
/ɛm.‟za.ʔu/
eo pr before, in front of bow and arrow n tsko swizaw
/ɛo/
Eyaye n Plant species bow (weapon) n tsko
/ɛ.‟ja.je/ (Warbonnet)
brain n eltu
eyk v lead
/ɛjk/ brainworm n eltungawng
eyktan n leader branch (of a tree) vul
/‟ɛjk.tan/ n
Eywa n World spirit guiding
/‟ɛj.wa/ force and deity brave adj tsteu
(equivalent to Gaia)
bring v zamunge
Eywa ngahu int good-bye (Eywa be with
/‟ɛj.wa „ŋa.hu/ you) brother n tsmukan

burn,consume v nekx

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F but conj slä
fa pr with (by means of)
butt,rear end n txìm
/fa/
faheu v smell by,via,following ìlä (also: ìlä)
/‟fa.hɛ.u/ pr
faketuan n Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)
/fa.‟kɛ.tu.an/ C
fìfya pn this way,like this
/‟fɪf.ja/ call v syaw
fìkem pn this (action)
/‟fɪ.kɛm/ calm adj mawey
fìpo pn this one (person or can,be able v tsun
/‟fɪ.po/ thing)
captive n spe'etu
fìtseng(e) pn this, here,this place
/fɪ.‟ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/ capture v spe'e
fìtxan adv so (“exceedingly”)
/fɪ.‟t‟an/ center (or place in kxamtseng
fì'u pn this (thing) the middle) n
/‟fɪ.ʔu/
challenge fpeio
fkarut v peel
(ceremonial) v
/‟fka.ɾut/
fkeu adj mighty change v latem
/fkɛu/
fko adj one child n 'eveng
/fko/
fmawn n news,something to child's name Amhul
/fmawn/ report
child's name Änsìt
fmetok n test
child's name Ralu
/‟fmɛ.tok/
fmi v try choose v ftxey
/fmi/
fnu v, c quiet ("be quiet!") clan n olo'
/fnu/
fo pn they clan leader n olo'eyktan
/fo/ clear,certain adj law
fpak v hold off,suspend action
/fpak/ clever (thing) adj sìlronsem
fpe' v send
/fpɛʔ/ close, close to adj lok
fpeio v challenge (ceremonial)
/fpɛ.‟i.o/ colleague n lertu
fpi i for the sake of come v za'u
/fpi/

14
fpom n well-being, peace continually adv nìtut
/fpom/
fpxafaw n medusa (animal) cord n telem
/‟fp‟a.faw/
create v ngop
fpxäkìm v enter
/‟fp‟æ.kɪm/ creature n swirä
frapo pn everyone
/fɾapo/ cut v mun'i
fra'u pn everything
/fɾaʔu/ D
ftang v stop
daddy n sempu
/ftaŋ/
fte conj so that dance n sreu
/ftɛ/
fteke conj so that not,lest danger n hrrap
/‟ftɛ.kɛ/
ftia v study dangerous adj lehrrap
/‟fti.a/
daughter n 'ite
ftu pr from (direction)
/ftu/ day n trr
ftue adj easy
/‟ftu.ɛ/ dead adj kerusey
ftxey v choose
/ft‟ɛj/ decide v pe'un
fu conj or demon n vrrtep
/fu/
fya'o n path, way destroy v ska'a
/‟fja.ʔo/
fyape conj how die v terkup
/‟fja.pɛ/
dig up v kllkulat
fyawìntxu n guide
/fjawɪn.‟t‟u/ dim dim (of a snumìna
H person) adj
ha conj so (or "in that case")
/ha/ dinner,served meal wutso
hapxì n part n
/ha.‟p‟ɪ/
Direhorse n pa'li
hasey adj done, finished
/‟ha.sɛj/ dive v tawng
hawnu v protect,shelter
/‟haw.nu/ do not, negative do rä'ä
hì'i adj small v
/‟hɪ.ʔi/
hiyìk adj funny, strange do,make v si
/‟hi.jɪk/

15
hrrap n danger doctor n toktor
/hrap/
hu adj with (accompaniment) done, finished adj hasey
/hu/
dream n unil
hufwe n wind
/‟huf.wɛ/ Dream Hunt n Uniltaron
hum v leave, depart
/hum/ dreamwalker n uniltìranyu
I
drive out v kurakx
i'en n stringed instrument
/i.‟ʔɛn/ drum (made of au
Iknimaya n Thundering skin) n
/ik.ni.ma.‟ja/ rocks,Stairway to
Heaven (floating duck n tawng
mountains)
E
ikran n mountain banshee
/ik.‟ɾan/ ear n mikyun
ìlä pr by,via,following
/‟ɪ.læ/ or /‟ɪl.æ/ easily adv nìftue
ioang n animal,beast easy adj ftue
/‟i.o.aŋ/
irayo n, i thank you eat v yom
/i.‟ɾa.jo/
iveh k'nivi s'di n baby carrier/sling elbow n pxuntil
/‟i.vɛh „k‟ni.vi
English language 'ìnglìsì
s‟di/
K enough adj nìtam
ka pr across
/ka/ enter v fpxäkìm
kä v go
everyone pn frapo
/kæ/
kaltxì n hello everything pn fra'u
/kal.‟t‟ɪ/
kämakto v ride out evil n tìkawng
/kæ.‟mak.to/
kame v See (spiritual sense) examine v steftxaw
/‟ka.mɛ/
example n tìkenong
kangay adj valid
/‟kaŋ.aj/ eye n nari
karyu n teacher
/‟kaɾ.ju/ eyes (two) n menari
kato n rhythm
/‟ka.to/

16
kawkrr adv never F
/kaw.‟kr/
kawng adj bad,evil false adj tsleng
/kawŋ/
kawtu pn no one far away,at a alìm
/kaw.‟tu/ distance adj
ke adv not fast adj nìwin
/kɛ/
kea adj no (before a noun) father n sempul
/‟kɛ.a/
kehe adv no fear n txopu
/‟kɛ.hɛ/
feed v yomtìng
kelku n home
/‟kɛl.ku/ feel v „efu
kelku si v live,dwell
/‟kɛl.ku si/ female (person) n tuteé,
Kelutrel n Hometree (tree for
/‟kɛl.u.tɾɛl/ living in) finger n zekwä

kempe pn what (action) fire n txep

/‟kɛm.pɛ/
first adj 'awve
kenong v model,represent,exempli
/‟kɛ.noŋ/ fy first adj nì'awve
kerusey adj dead fly v tswayon
/‟kɛ.ɾu.sɛj/
ketuwong n alien for the sake of i fpi
/‟kɛ.tu.woŋ/
ke'u n nothing forbidden adj kxanì
/‟kɛ.ʔu/ na'rìng
forest n
kewong n alien
/‟kɛ.woŋ/ forgiveness n txoa
keye'ung n insanity
/kɛ.‟jɛ.ʔuŋ/ four adj tsìng,
kifkey n world (physical,solid)
/kif.‟kɛj/ fresh,appealing as pxasul
Pandora (lit. “Children food adj
kifkey
Eywa'evengä n of Eywa‟s world” friend n 'eylan
/ kif.‟kɛj
ɛj.wa.'’ɛ.vɛŋ.æ/ from above pr ta'em
kìm v spin
/kɪm/ from (direction) ftu
kin v need pr
/kin/
from (various uses) ta
kinä n, adj seven
pr
/‟ki.næ/

17
kinam n leg full adj teya
/‟ki.nam/
kinamtil n knee funny, strange adj hiyìk
/‟ki.nam.til/
kìng n thread G
/kɪŋ/ get down! ne kllte!
kì'ong n species of fruit or (literally,"to the
/‟kɪ.ʔoŋ/ vegetable ground!") i
kip pr among give v tìng
/kip/
kìte'e n service go v kä
/kɪ.‟tɛ.ʔɛ/
kìyevame n good-bye,see you again good adj sìltsan
/kɪ.jɛ.‟va.mɛ/ soon
good-bye,see you kìyevame
kllfriyo' v, c be responsible again soon i
/kl:.‟fri.jo/
good-bye (Eywa be Eywagahunt
kllkulat v dig up
with you) i
/kl:.‟ku.lat/
kllkxem v stand Got it. I tslolam
/kl:.‟kɛm/ understand. i
kllpxìltu n territory
/kl:.‟p‟ɪl.tu/ grab v niä
kllte n Ground
/kl:.‟tɛ/ grant v teswotìng

great leonopteryx toruk

koren n rule last shadow n
/ko.ʹɾɛn/
krr n time great,much,many txan
/kr/ (in quantity) adj
krrnekx v take/consume time great,noble adj nawm
/kr.‟nɛk‟/
krrpe adv when ground n kllte
/kr.‟pɛ/
kunsìp n gunship group of pongu
/‟kun.sɪp/ people,party pn
kurakx v drive out
/ku.‟ɾak‟/ guide n fyawìntxu
Kx gunship n kunsìp
kxam n middle,midpoint
/k‟am/ H
kxamtseng n center (or place in the
/‟k‟am.ʦɛŋ/ middle) halt v txey

18
kxangangang n boom he pn poan
/‟k‟aŋ.aŋ.aŋ/
kxanì adj forbidden he,she (3rd person po
/k‟anɪ/ singular) pn
kxawm adv perhaps,maybe
heart n txe'lan
/k‟awm/
kxener n species of fruit or hello n kaltxì
/‟k‟ɛ.nɛɾ/ vegetable
help,assistance n srung
kxetse n tail
/‟k‟ɛ.ʦɛ/ hexapede,hexapod Yerik
L n
lahe adj, pn other
hold off,suspend fpak
/‟la.hɛ/
action v
lam v seem,appear
/lam/ home n kelku
lapo pn other one (person or
/‟la.po/ thing) Hometree (tree for Kelutrel
living in) n
latem v change
/‟la.tɛm/ honor n meuia
law adj clear,certain
/law/ hope v sìlpey
lehrrap adj dangerous hot adj som
/ lɛ.‟hrap/
Lenay'ga n Slinger Slinger how conj fyape
/‟lɛ.naj.ʔga/ (predatory creature)
how adv pefya
lertu n colleague
/‟lɛɾ.tu/ hunt v taron
lì'u n word
/‟lɪ.ʔu/ hunter n taronyu
lok adj close close to I
/lok/
lonu v release,let go I (1st person oe
/‟lo.nu/ singular) pn
lrrtok v smile
/‟lr.tok/ I (deferential or ohe
lu v be (am,is,are) ceremonial form)
/lu/ pn
lumpe adv why
/‟lum.pɛ/ if conj txo
M if not,or else conj txokefyaw
makto v ride
/mak.‟to/ in pr mì

19
mawey adj calm in the words of… i aylì'ufa
/ma.‟wɛj/
mefo pn they/those two (3rd insanity n keye'ung
/‟mɛ.fo/ person dual)
interpret v ralpeng
menari n eyes (two)
/mɛ.‟na.ɾi/ J
menga pn you two (2nd person joint,hinge n til
/mɛ.ʹŋa/ dual)

meuia n honor
K
/mɛ.‟u.i.a/ kid (affectionate 'evi
meyp adj weak form of "child") n
/mɛjp/
mì pr in kill v tspang
/mɪ/
mikyun n ear knee n kinamtil
/mik.‟jun/
know v omum
mìn adj turn
/mɪn/ L
mìso pr away (position)
/‟mɪ.so/ land n atxkxe
mllte v agree
/ml:.‟tɛ/ large adj apxa
st
moe pn we two (1 person
lead v eyk
/‟mo.ɛ/ exclusive dual)
leader n eyktan
mokri n voice
/‟mok.ɾi/ learn v nume
muiä adj proper,fair,right
/mu.‟i.æ/ leave, depart v hum
mune n, adj two
/‟mu.nɛ/ leave,abandon v txìng
munge v take,bring
leg n kinam
/‟mu.ŋɛ/
mun'i v cut level n 'engeng
/mun.‟ʔi/
muntxa adj mated life n tìrey
/mun.‟t‟a/
light n atan
N
na conj like,as like us adj Nìayoeg
/na/
nang i particle for surprise or like,as conj na
/naŋ/ exclamation
like,as pr pxel

20
nantang n viperwolf Caniferratus lip n seyri
/‟nan.taŋ/ costatus or “striped
armored wolf.” listen v tìng mikyun

nari n eye listen pay eltu si

/‟na.ɾi/ attention,quit
nari si c, v watch out,be careful goofing off v
/‟na.ɾi si/
live v rey
na'rìng n forest
/‟na.ʔ.ɾɪŋ/ live,dwell v kelku si
Na'vi n the People (name for
/naʔ.‟vi/ themselves) long (period of yol
time) adj
nawm adj great,noble
/nawm/ longer (time) adj nulkrr
ne kllte! i get down! (literally,"to
/nɛ kl:.‟tɛ/ the ground!") look v tìngari

ne pr to (direction) look (at) v nìn

/nɛ/
love v tìyawn
ne'ìm pr back (direction)
/nɛʔɪm/ M
nekx v burn,consume
/nɛk‟/ male (person) n tutean
neto pr away (direction)
/‟nɛ.to/ many adj pxay
neu v want
marker for yes-no srak(e)
/‟nɛ.u/
questions i
nì'aw adj only
/nɪ.‟ʔaw/ mated adj muntxa
nì'awtu adj alone alone (as one
/nɪ.‟ʔaw.tu/ person) matriarch n Tsahìk

nì'awve adj first matter (subject) v txele

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.vɛ/
niä v grab matter,be of tsranten
/‟ni.æ/ importance v
nìawnomum i as we know meaning n ral
/nɪ.aw.ʹno.mum/
nìayoeg adj, i like us medusa (animal) n fpxafaw
/nɪ.‟aj.o.ɛg/
nìftue adv easily meeting n ultxa
/nɪ.‟ftu.ɛ/
passionately,with all message n 'upxare
nìftxavang adv
/nɪ.‟ft‟a.vaŋ/ heart middle,midpoint n kxam

21
nìhawng adv too,excessively mighty adj fkeu
/nɪ.‟hawŋ/
nì'it n bit a small amount mind n ronsem
/nɪ.‟ʔit/
model,represent, kenong
nìltsan adv well
exemplify v
/nɪl.‟ʦan/
nìmun adv again moment n swaw
/nɪ.‟mun/
nìn v look (at) mommy n sa'nu
/nɪn/
nìngay adv truly more adj nì'ul
/nɪŋ.‟aj/ moron n skxawng
nìtam adj enough
/nɪ.‟tam/ mother n sa'nok
nìteng adv too/as well
/nɪ.ʹtɛŋ/ mountain banshee ikran
nìtut adv continually n
/nɪ.‟tut/
move,shift position rikx
nìtxan adj much
v
/nɪ.‟t‟an/
nì'ul adj more much adj nìtxan
/nɪ.‟ʔul/
nìwin adj fast music n pamtseo
/nɪ.‟win/
nìwotx pr all all (of),in to, must v zene
/nɪ.‟wot‟/ to,completely
N
nulkrr adj longer longer (time)
/nul.‟kr/ need v kin
nume v learn need n tìkin
/nu.‟mɛ/
Ng never kawkrr
nd
nga pn you (2 person singular)
/ŋa/ news,something to fmawn
ngawng n worm report n
/ŋawŋ/ night n txon
ngay adj true
/ŋaj/ no i kehe

ngenga pn you (honorific form) no (before a noun) kea

/‟ŋɛ.ŋa/ adj
ngop v create
no one pn kawtu
/ŋop/
nose n ontu

22
O not adv ke
st
oe pn I (1 person singular)
nothing n ke'u
/‟o.ɛ/
oeng pn We two, including you now adv set
/‟o.ɛŋ/ (1st person inclusive
dual) O
ohe pn I (deferential or offence,insult n zoplo
/‟o.hɛ/ ceremonial form)
one adj fko
olo’ n clan
/‟o.loʔ/ one (number) n 'aw
olo'eyktan n clan leader
/‟ol.o.‟ʔɛjk.tan/ one (person) pn 'awpo
Omatikaya n Blue Flute Clan only adj nì'aw
/om.a.ti.‟kaj.a/
omum v know or conj fu
/‟o.mum/
ontu n nose other adj lahe,
/‟on.tu/
other one (person lapo
P or thing) pn
pähem v arrive
/‟pæ.hɛm/ outside adj wrrpa
pak i particle for surprise or
/pak/ exclamation P
pa'li n Direhorse Pandora (lit. kifkey
/‟paʔ.li/ “Children of Eywa'evengä
palulukan n Thanator Dry Mouth Eywa’s world”
/‟pa.lu.‟lu.kan/ Bringer of Fear
(Thanator) part n hapxì

pam n sound particle for nang

/pam/ surprise or
pamtseo n music exclamation
/‟pam.ʦɛ.o/
particle for pak
pänutìng v promise (a thing to
surprise or
/pæ.‟nu.tɪŋ/ someone)
exclamation
pätsì n badge
particle used in te pa
/pæ.‟ʦɪ/
fullames
pawm v ask
/pawm/ pass (a test) v emza'u
pe'un v decide
/ʹpɛ.‟un/ passionately,with nìftxavang
all heart adv

23
pe pn, adv what (before a noun) path, way n fya'o
/pɛ/
pehem pn, adv what (action) pattern n renu
/‟pɛ.hɛm/
peel v fkarut
pehrr adv when
/‟pɛ.hr/ the People (name Na'vi
pelun adv why for themselves) n
/‟pɛ.lun/
peng v tell perhaps,maybe kxawm
/pɛŋ/ adv
peseng adv where
/‟pɛ.sɛŋ/ person n tute
pesu pn who place n tseng(e)
/‟pɛ.su/
peu pn, adv what what (thing) Plant species Eyaye
/‟pɛ.u/ (Warbonnet) n
pey c, v wait
/pɛj/ please v rutxe
pefya adv how
poison n txum
/‟pɛf.ja/
pizayu n ancestor pretty adj sevin
/‟pi.za.ju/
plltxe v speak promise (a thing to pänutìng
/pl:.‟t‟ɛ/ someone) promise
po pn he,she (3rd person (a thing to
/po/ singular) someone) v

poan pn he proper,fair,right muiä

/‟po.an/ adj
poé pn she
/po.‟ɛ/ protect,shelter v hawnu
poeng pn we three, including you protection n tìhawnu
/‟po.ɛŋ/ (1st person trial
inclusive) pull v za'ärìp
pongu pn group of people,party Q
/‟poŋu/
Px quiet ("be quiet!") fnu, c
pxan adj worthy v
/p‟an/
pxasul adj fresh fresh,appealing as
/‟p‟a.sul/ food
R
pxay adj, pn many
/p‟aj/ rain n tompa

24
pxel pr like,as ready adj alaksì
/p‟ɛl/
pxi adj sharp receive v tel
/p‟i/
release,let go v lonu
pxoe pn we three, excluding you
/ʹp‟o.ɛ/ (1st person exclusive remain,stay v 'ì'awn
trial)
remembrance n 'ok
pxenga pn you three (2nd person
/ʹp‟ɛŋ.a/ trial) request n ätxäle

pxefo pn they/those three (3rd rhythm n kato

/ʹp‟ɛ.fo/ person trial)
ride v makto
pxun n arm
/p‟un/ ride out v kämakto
pxuntil n Elbow
rock,stone n tskxe
/‟p‟un.til/
R rule n koren
rä'ä v do not negative (do not)
/‟ɾæ.ʔæ/ run v tul
ral n meaning
/ɾal/ S
ralpeng v interpret sacred n swok
/‟ɾal.pɛŋ/
Ralu n child's name sacred place n swotu
/‟ɾa.lu/
rawke n alarm cry safe place,refuge n zongtseng
/ɾaw.‟kɛ/
save v zong
renu n pattern
/‟ɾɛ.nu/ saying; quote n san
rey v live
/ɾɛj/ see (physical sense) tse'a
rikx v move,shift position v
/ɾik‟/
rim adj yellow See (spiritual kame
/ɾim/ sense) v
rina' n seed rina'
seed n
/‟ɾi.naʔ/
riti n stingbat Seeds of the great atokirina'
/ɾiti/ tree n
rol v sing
/ɾol/ seem,appear v lam
ronsem n mind
/‟ɾon.sɛm/ send v fpe'

25
rutxe v please service n kìte'e
/ɾu.‟t‟ɛ/
S seven n kinä
san n saying; quote sharp adj pxi
/san/
sa'nok n mother she pn poe
/‟saʔ.nok/
sa'nu n mommy show v wintxu
/‟saʔ.nu/
sibling n tsmuk,tsmuktu
sänume n teaching,instruction
/sæ.‟nu.mɛ/ sign,omen n aungia
sat pn that (after ftu only)
/sat/ sing v rol
sempu n daddy
/‟sɛm.pu/ sister n tsmuke
sempul n father sixteen n vofu
/‟sɛm.pul/
set adv now sky n taw
/sɛt/
sevin adj pretty Sky Person n Tawtute
/sɛvin/
Slinger (predatory Lenay'ga
seyri n lip
/sɛjɾi/ creature) n
seze n blue flower small adj hì'i
/‟sɛ.zɛ/
sì conj and smell v faheu
/sɪ/
si v do,make smile v lrrtok
/si/
so (“exceedingly”) fìtxan
sìk v unquote
adv
/sɪk/
sìlpey v hope so ("in that case") ha
/sɪl.ʹpɛj/ conj
sìlronsem adj clever (thing)
/sɪl.‟ɾon.sɛm/ so that conj fte
sìltsan adj good
/sɪl.‟ʦan/ so that not,lest fteke
ska'a v destroy conj
/‟ska.ʔa/ son n 'itan
skxawng n moron
/skʔawŋ/ song n tìrol
slä conj but
/slæ/ song n way
slu v become
songchord n waytelem
/slu/

26
sngä'i v begin,start soon adv ye'rìn
/‟sŋæ.ʔi/
sngä'ikrr n beginning,start time sound n pam
/‟sŋæ.ʔi.kr/
speak v plltxe
snumìna adj dim (of a person)
/‟snu.mɪ.na/ spear n tukru
som adj hot
/som/ species of fruit or kì'ong
spaw v believe vegetable n
/spaw/
spe'e v capture species of fruit or kxener
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ/ vegetable n
spe'etu n captive spin v kìm
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ.tu/
srak(e) marker for yes-no spiral n 'ìheyu
/sɾak(ɛ)/ questions
spirit n tirea
srane adv yes
/‟sɾa.nɛ/ spirit animal n tireaioang
sreu v dance
spirit path n tireafya'o
/‟sɾɛ.u/
srung n help,assistance spread,proliferate virä
/sɾuŋ/ v
stawm v hear
/stawm/ stand v kllkxem
steftxaw v examine
/stɛf.‟t‟aw/ star n tanhì
stum adv almost
still/not yet (used vay set
/stum/
with negated verb)
sutx v track,lock up i
/sut‟/
swaw n moment stingbat n riti
/swaw/
swey adj best stop v ftang
/swɛj/
swirä n creature stopping n tìftang
/‟swi.ɾæ/ straight adj yey
swizaw n arrow
/‟swi.zaw/ strength n tìtxur
swok n sacred
/swok/ strike v takuk
swotu n sacred place
stringed i'en
/‟swo.tu/
instrument n
syaw v call
/sjaw/ strong adj txur

27
T study v ftia
ta pr from (various uses)
sturmbeest n talioang
/ta/
ta'em pr from above suffice,"do" v tam
/‟ta.ʔɛm/
täftxu v weave sun n tsawke
/tæ.‟ft‟u/
täftxuyu n weaver T
/tæ.‟ft‟u.ju/
takuk v strike tail n kxetse
/‟ta.kuk/ take,bring v munge
talioang n sturmbeest
/‟tal.i.‟o.aŋ/ take/consume time krrnekx
tam v suffice,"do" v
/tam/
tangek n trunk (of a tree) teacher n karyu
/‟taŋ.ɛk/
teaching,instructio sänume
tanhì n star
n
/tan.‟hɪ/
taron v hunt tell v peng
/‟ta.ɾon/
taronyu n hunter territory n kllpxìltu
/‟ta.ɾon.ju/
taw n sky test v fmetok
/taw/
test n tìfmetok
tawng n duck
/tawŋ/ than; comparative to
tawng v dive mark conj
/tawŋ/
Tawtute n Sky Person Thanator Dry palulukan
/‟taw.tu.tɛ/ Mouth Bringer of
te pa particle used in full Fear (Thanator) n
/tɛ/ names
thank you i irayo
tel v receive
/tɛl/ that pn tsnì
telem n cord that (action) pn tsakem
/‟tɛ.lɛm/
tengfya adj, conj as (= same way as) that (after ftu only) sat
/‟tɛŋ.fja/ pn
tengkrr conj, pr while (= same time as)
/tɛŋ.‟kr/ that (as object) pn tsat
terkup v die
that (thing) pn tsa'u
/‟tɛɾ.kup/
teswotìng v grant that person pn tsatu
/tɛ.‟swo.tɪŋ/

28
teya adj full then,at that time tsakrr
/tɛja/ pn
teylu n beetle larva(e)
/tɛj.‟lu/ there,that place tsatseng
tì'eyng n answer pn
/tɪ.ʹ ɛjŋ/
they pn ayfo, fo
tìfmetok n test
/tɪf.‟mɛ.tok/ they, those two (3rd mefo
tìftang n stopping person dual) pn
/tɪ.‟ftaŋ/
tìhawnu n protection they (those three) pxefo
/tɪ.‟haw.nu/ pn
tìkangkem n work
/tɪ.ʹkaŋ.kɛm/ thirty-two thirty- tsìvol
evil two (octal: 40) n
tìkawng n.
/tɪ.‟kawŋ/ this (action) pn fìkem
tìkenong n example
/tɪ.‟kɛ.noŋ/ this (thing) pn fì'u
tìkin adj necessary
/tɪ.‟kin/ this one (person or fìpo
til n joint,hinge thing) pn
/til/
this way,like this fìfya
tìng mikyun v listen
pn
/tɪŋ „mik.jun/
tìng nari v look this here,this place fìtseng(e)
/tɪŋ „na.ɾi/ pn
tìng v give
/tɪŋ/ thread n kìng
tìngay n truth
/‟tɪŋ.aj/ Thundering Iknimaya
tìran v walk rocks,Stairway to
/tɪ.‟ɾan/ Heaven (floating
mountains) n
tirea n spirit
/ti‟ɾɛ.a/ time n krr
tireafya'o n spirit path
/tiɾ.‟ɛ.a.‟fja.ʔo/ to (direction) pr ne
tireaioang n spirit animal
/ti.‟ɾɛ.a.i.‟o.aŋ/ to the others aylaru
tìrey n life (contraction of
/tɪ.‟ɾɛj/ aylaberu) conj
tìrol n song
together adv 'awsiteng
/tɪ.‟ɾol/
tìtxur n strength too, as well adv nìteng
/tɪ.‟t‟uɾ/
tìyawn v love too much, nìhawng
/tɪ.ʹjawn/

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to conj than; comparative mark excessively adv
/to/
tok v be at,occupy a space touch v 'ampi
/tok/
track,lock up v sutx
toktor n doctor
/tok.‟tor/ training,exercise n tskxekeng
tokx n body
/tok‟/ tree n utral
tompa n rain
/‟tom.pa/ Tree of voices n Utral Aymokriyä
toruk n great leonopteryx last true adj ngay
/‟to.ɾuk/ shadow (great
leonopteryx) truly adv nìngay
trr n day trunk (of a tree) n tangek
/tr/
tukru n spear truth n tìngay
/tuk.‟ɾu/
tul v run try v fmi
/tul/ turn adj mìn
tung v allow
/tuŋ/ two n mune,
tupe adv who
/tu.‟pɛ/ U
tute n person
/‟tu.tɛ/ understand v tslam
tutean n, adj male (person) 'ong
unfold,blossom v
/tu.tɛ.‟an/
tuteé n, adj female (person) unquote v sìk
/tu.tɛ.‟ɛ/
Ts up to i vay
tsaheylu n bond (neural
/ʦa.‟hɛj.lu/ connection) V

tsahìk n matriarch, spiritual valid adj kangay

/‟ʦa.hɪk/ guide viperwolf nantang
tsakem pn that (action) Caniferratus
/‟ʦa.kɛm/ costatus or
“striped armored
tsakrr conj then, at that time
/ʦa.‟kr/ wolf.” n
tsam n war vision n äie
/ʦam/
tsampongu n war party voice n mokri
/‟ʦam.poŋ.u/

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tsamsiyu n warrior W
/‟ʦam.si.ju/
tsap'alute n apology wait v pey
/ʦa.‟p‟a.lu.tɛ/
tsat pn that (as object) walk v tìran
/ʦat/ want v neu
tsatseng adv there,that place
/‟ʦa.ʦɛŋ/ war n tsam
tsatu pn that person
/‟ʦat.u/ war party n tsampongu
tsa'u pn that (thing
warrior n tsamsiyu
/ʦa.‟ʔu/
tsawke n sun wash v yur
/‟ʦaw.kɛ/
tsawl adj big (in stature) watch out,be nari si c,
/ʦawl/ careful v
tse'a v see (physical sense)
/‟ʦɛ.ʔa/ we, excluding you ayoe
tseng(e) n place (1st person
/ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/ exclusive plural)
tsengpe conj where pn
/‟ʦɛŋ.pɛ/ we, including you ayoeng
tseo n art (1st person
/‟ʦɛ.o/ inclusive plural)
tsìng n, adj four pn
/ʦɪŋ/
tsìvol n, adj thirty-two thirty-two we two (1st person moe
/‟ʦɪ.vol/ (octal: 40) exclusive dual) pn
tsko n bow (weapon) we two, you and I oeng
/ʦko/ (2nd person
tsko swizaw n bow and arrow inclusive dual) pn
/ʦko „swi.zaw/
tskxe n rock,stone
/ʦk‟ɛ/
we three, excluding pxoe
tskxekeng n training,exercise
you (1st person
/‟ʦk‟ɛ.kɛŋ/
exclusive trial) pn
tslam v understand
/ʦlam/ we three, including poeng
tsleng adj false you (1st person
/ʦlɛŋ/ inclusive trial) pn
tslolam i Got it. I understand.
/‟ʦlo.lam/ weak adj meyp
tsmuk,tsmuktu n sibling
/ʦmuk/ /‟ʦmuk.tu/ weave v täftxu

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tsmukan n brother weaver n täftxuyu
/‟ʦmuk.an/
tsmuké n sister well adv nìltsan
/ʦmuk.‟ɛ/
well-being, peace fpom
tsnì pn that
n
/ʦnɪ/
tspang v kill what (thing) pn 'upe
/ʦpaŋ/
tsranten v matter,be of importance what (action) adv kempe
/‟ʦɾan.tɛn/
tsteu adj brave what (action) adv pehem
/‟ʦtɛ.u/ what (before a pe
tsun v can,be able noun) pn
/ʦun/
tswayon v fly what (thing) pn peu,
/‟ʦwaj.on/
tsyal n wing when adv krrpe
/ʦjal/
when adv pehrr
Tx
txan adj great,much, (in quantity where adv peseng
/t‟an/
txantslusam adj wise,much-knowing where conj tsengpe
/‟t‟an.ʦlu.sam/
Subordinate clause a
txe'lan n heart
marker
/‟t‟ɛʔ.lan/
txele v matter (subject) while (= same time tengkrr
/‟t‟ɛ.lɛ/ as) conj
txen adj awake
/t‟ɛn/ who pn pesu
txep n fire
/t‟ɛp/ who adv tupe
txey v halt lumpe
why adv
/t‟ɛj/
txìm n butt,rear end why adv pelun
/t‟ɪm/
txìng v leave,abandon wind n hufwe
/t‟ɪŋ/
txo conj if wing n tsyal
/t‟o/ wise,much- txantslusam
txoa n forgiveness knowing adj
/‟t‟o.a/
txokefyaw conj if not,or else with hu
/‟t‟o.kɛ.fjaw/ (accompaniment)
txon n night conj
/t‟on/

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txopu n fear with with (by fa
/‟t‟o.pu/ means of) pr
txum n poison
/t‟um/ work n tìkangkem
txur adj strong
word n lì'u
/t‟uɾ/
U World spirit Eywa
ulte conj and guiding force and
/‟ul.tɛ/ deity (equivalent to
ultxa n meeting Gaia); Eywa n
/‟ul.t‟a/
unil n dream world kifkey
/‟un.il/ (physical,solid) n
Uniltaron n Dream Hunt worm n ngawng
/‟un.il.ta.ɾon/
uniltìrantokx n avatar; dreamwalker worst adj 'e'al
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.tok‟/ body
worthy adj pxan
uniltìranyu n dreamwalker
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.ju/ Y
Utral Aymokriyä Tree of Voices
n year n zìsìt
/‟u.tɾal
yellow adj rim
aj.‟mok.ɾi.jæ/
utral n tree yes i srane
/‟u.tɾal/
V you, plural (2nd aynga
vay set i still/not yet (used with person plural) pn
/vaj sɛt/ negated verb)
you (2nd person nga
virä v spread,proliferate singular) pn
/‟vi.ɾæ/
you (honorific ngenga
vofu n, adj sixteen
form) pn
/vo.‟fu/
vrrtep n demon you two (2nd menga
/‟vr.tɛp/ person dual) pn
vul n branch (of a tree)
/vul/
W you three (2nd pxenga
way n song
person trial) pn
/waj/
waytelem n songchord young adj 'ewan
/‟waj.tɛ.lɛm/
wintxu v show
/win.‟t‟u/

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wrrpa adj outside
/‟wr.pa/
wutso n dinner dinner,served
/‟wut.so/ meal

Y
yawne adj beloved
/ʹjaw. ɛ/
Yerik n hexapede,hexapod
/‟jɛ.ɾik/
ye'rìn adv soon
/‟jɛʔ.ɾɪn/
yey adj straight
/jɛj/
yìm v bind
/jɪm/
yol adj long (period of time)
/jol/
yom v eat
/jom/
yomtìng v feed
/‟jom.tɪŋ/
yur v wash
/juɾ/
Z
za'ärìp v pull
/zaʔ.‟æ.ɾɪp/
zamunge v bring
/za.‟mu.ŋɛ/
za'u v come
/‟za.ʔu/
zekwä n finger
/zɛk.‟wæ/
zene v must
/‟zɛ.nɛ/
zìsìt n year
/‟zɪ.sɪt/
zong v save
/zoŋ/
zongtseng n safe place,refuge
/zoŋ.‟ʦɛŋ/
zoplo n offence,insult
/‟zo.plo/

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