Lecture Outlines

1. Slip and Rotor Frequency

2. Induced Voltage
3. Induction Motors and Transformers
4. Armature Windings

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Slip and Rotor Frequency

Let Nm is the rotor speed at a certain load.
With respect to the rotor, the revolving field is moving
a head at a relative speed of
Nr = Ns- Nm , rpm
This speed is called slip speed, and can be expressed in
terms of slip (s), which is the ratio of the slip speed and
synchronous speed s = N r = N s N m

Ns

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

Ns

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Slip and Rotor Frequency

At starting or blocked rotor, S=1, the rotor appears
exactly like a short circuited secondary winding of the
transformer
Hence, the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor
windings is the same as that of the revolving field.
However, when the rotor rotates, it is the relative speed
of the rotor (Nr) that is responsible for the induced emf
in its coils.
Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Slip and Rotor Frequency

Thus, the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor is

PN r P( N s N m )
fr =
=
120
120
PN s ( N s N m )
=
120
Ns
=sf
Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Slip and Rotor Frequency

What would be the frequency of the rotors induced
voltage at any speed Nm?

fr = s fs
When the rotor is blocked (s = 1) , the frequency of
the induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous
speed (s = 0), the frequency will be zero
Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Induced voltage
a flux linkage of phase a
a = N p cos(t)
By Faradays law, induced voltage in a phase coil aa is

d
ea =
= N p sin t
dt
E rms =

N p

= 4 . 44 f N p

In actual machine with distributed and short-pitch windings

induced voltage is LESS THAN this by a winding factor Kw

E rms =
Tanta University

N p
2

= 4 . 44 f N p K w

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Induction Motors and Transformers

Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced
voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the
secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the
IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Armature Windings
Example:
No of stator slots, S =12
No of phases, m = 3
No of poles, P = 4
No of stator slots per pole = 3
electrical slot angle = (360/S)* (P/2) = 60

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Phase- A

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Phase- A and phase-B

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Phase- A and phase-B and phase-C

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

At = 0
Ia
+ve
Ib & Ic -ve

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ia

Tanta University

+ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ib

Tanta University

-ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ic

Tanta University

-ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Pattern of four pole at = 0

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

At = 60
Ia & Ib
Ic

Tanta University

+ve
-ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ia

Tanta University

+ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ib

Tanta University

+ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Ic

Tanta University

-ve

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Pattern of four pole at = 60

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering

Pattern of four pole at = 0 and 60

= 0

= 60

Tanta University

Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department

EPM3215 Electrical Machines (3)

Dr. Said M. Allam

Faculty of Engineering