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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_and_moment_diagram
Contents
1 Convention
1.1 Normal convention
1.2 Alternative drawing convention
2 Calculating shear force and bending
moment
2.1 Step 1: Compute the reaction
forces and moments
2.2 Step 2: Break beam into
segments
2.3 Step 3: Compute shear forces
and moments - first piece
2.4 Step 4: Compute shear forces
and moments - second piece
2.5 Step 5: Compute shear forces
and moments - third piece
2.6 Step 6: Compute shear forces
and moments - fourth piece
2.7 Step 7: Compute deflections of
the four segments
2.8 Step 8: Apply boundary
conditions
2.9 Step 9: Solve for Mc and Ra
2.10 Step 10: Plot bending
moment and shear force diagrams
2.11 Relationship between shear
force and bending moment
3 Relationships between load, shear,
and moment diagrams
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4 Practical considerations
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Convention
Although these conventions are relative and any convention can be used if stated explicitly, practicing
engineers have adopted a standard convention used in design practices.
Normal convention
The normal convention used in most engineering applications is to label a positive shear force one that spins
an element clockwise (up on the left, and down on the right). Likewise the normal convention for a positive
bending moment is to warp the element in a "u" shape manner (Clockwise on the left, and counterclockwise
on the right). Another way to remember this is if the moment is bending the beam into a "smile" then the
moment is positive, with compression at the top of the beam and tension on the bottom. [1]
This convention was selected to simplify
the analysis of beams. Since a horizontal
member is usually analyzed from left to
right and positive in the vertical direction
is normally taken to be up, the positive
shear convention was chosen to be up
from the left, and to make all drawings
consistent down from the right. The
positive bending convention was chosen
such that a positive shear force would
tend to create a positive moment.
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diagram and the fourth drawing is the bending moment diagram. For the bending moment diagram the
normal sign convention was used. Below the moment diagram are the stepwise functions for the shear force
and bending moment with the functions expanded to show the effects of each load on the shear and
bending functions.
The example is illustrated using United States customary units. Point loads are expressed in kips (1 kip =
1000 lbf = 4.45 kN), distributed loads are expressed in k/ft (1 k/ft = 1 kip/ft = 14.6 kN/m), moments are
expressed in ft-k (1 ft-k = 1 ft-kip = 1.356 kNm), and lengths are in ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m).
and summing the moments around the free end (A) we have
and
If we sum moments about the first support from the left of the beam we have
If we plug in the expressions for Rb and Rc we get the trivial identity 0 = 0 which indicates that this equation
is not independent of the previous two. Similarly, if we take moments around the second support, we have
Once again we find that this equation is not independent of the first two equations. We could also try to
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This equation also turns out not to be linearly independent from the other two equations. Therefore, the
beam is statically indeterminate and we will have to find the bending moments in segments of the beam as
functions of Ra and Mc.
and
Therefore,
and
Therefore,
Notice that because the shear force is in terms of x, the moment equation is squared. This is due to the fact
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that the moment is the integral of the shear force. The tricky part of this moment is the distributed force.
Since the force changes with the length of the segment, the force will be multiplied by the distance after
10 ft. i.e. (x-10) the moment location is defined in the middle of the distributed force, which is also changing.
This is where (x+10)/2 is derived from.
Alternatively, we can take moments about the cross-section to get
Therefore,
and
Notice that the distributed force can now be considered one force of 15 kips acting in the middle of where it
is positioned.
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and
By plotting each of these equations on their intended intervals, you get the bending moment and shear force
diagrams for this beam. In particular, at the clamped end of the beam, x = 50 and we have
where E is the Young's modulus and I is the area moment of inertia of the beam cross-section.
Substituting the expressions for M1, M2, M3, M4 into the beam equation and solving for the deflection gives
us
Now, w4 = w3 at x = 37.5 (the point of application of the external couple). Also, the slopes of the deflection
curves at this point are the same, i.e., dw4/dx = dw3/dx. Using these boundary conditions and solving for C5
and C6, we get
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Similarly, at the support between segments 2 and 3 where x = 25, w3 = w2 and dw3/dx = dw2/dx. Using these
and solving for C3 and C4 gives
Therefore,
At the support between segments 1 and 2, x = 10 and w1 = w2 and dw1/dx = dw2/dx. These boundary
conditions give us
Therefore,
Also, since w1 = 0 at x = 10, expressing the deflection in terms of Ra (after eliminating Mc) and solving for Ra,
gives
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Free-body diagram
A direct result of this is that at every point the shear diagram crosses zero the moment diagram will have a
local maximum or minimum. Also if the shear diagram is zero over a length of the member, the moment
diagram will have a constant value over that length. By calculus it can be shown that a point load will lead to
a linearly varying moment diagram, and a constant distributed load will lead to a quadratic moment diagram.
Practical considerations
In practical applications the entire stepwise function is rarely written out. The only parts of the stepwise
function that would be written out are the moment equations in a nonlinear portion of the moment diagram;
this occurs whenever a distributed load is applied to the member. For constant portions the value of the
shear and/or moment diagram is written right on the diagram, and for linearly varying portions of a member
the beginning value, end value, and slope or the portion of the member are all that are required.[5]
See also
Bending
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
Bending moment
Singularity function#Example beam calculation
References
1. ^ Livermore, Carol; Henrik Schmidt, James Williams Jr., and Simona Socrate. "2.001 Mechanics & Materials I, Fall
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Further reading
Cheng, Fa-Hwa. "Shear Forces and Bending Moments in Beams" Statics and Strength of Materials.
New York: Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, 1997. Print.
Spotts, Merhyle Franklin, Terry E. Shoup, and Lee Emrey. Hornberger. "Shear and Bending Moment
Diagrams." Design of Machine Elements. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Print.
External links
FREE Online Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram (SFD & BMD) Calculator.
(http://bendingmomentdiagram.com/free-calculator) (Note: only free up to 3 point loads.)
To draw the shear and moment diagrams by writing the shear and moment equations.
(http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/shear-and-momentdiagrams)
Online Calculator for Shear Force and Bending Moment. (http://civilengineer.webinfolist.com
/mech/bmcalc.htm)
To draw the shear and moment diagrams by the relationship between load, shear, and moment.
(http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/relation-between-load-shearand-moment)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org
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Categories: Continuum mechanics Structural analysis Diagrams
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