Beyond the Standard Model

Lecture 3
Bogdan Dobrescu (Fermilab)

Outline:

Electroweak symmetry breaking (Lecture 1)

Quark and lepton masses; vectorlike quarks (Lecture 2)
New gauge bosons (Lecture 3)
WIMPs and cascade decays (Lecture 4)
How to search for new phenomena (Lecture 5)
September 2011 - European School of HEP

Standard Model
Fermion and scalar gauge charges:

quark doublet:

U (1)Y

1/3

4/3

2/3

+1

uiR

right-handed down-type quark:

diR

i = ( i , ei )
lL
L
L

right-handed charged lepton:

Higgs doublet:

SU (2)W

i = (ui , di )
qL
L
L

right-handed up-type quark:

lepton doublet:

SU (3)C

eiR

i = 1, 2, 3 labels the fermion generations.

Anomaly cancellation
Gauge symmetries may be broken by quantum effects.
Cure: sums over fermion triangle diagrams must vanish.
!!
!!
!!
!
"
"
"
""
""

Standard Model: anomalies cancel within each generation

[SU (3)]2U (1):

2(1/3) + (4/3) + (2/3) = 0

[SU (2)]2U (1): 3(1/3) + (1) = 0

!
"
3
3
3
3
[U (1)] : 3 2(1/3) + (4/3) + (2/3) + 2(1)3 + (2)3 = 0

U (1)-gravitational:

2(1/3) + (4/3) + (2/3) = 0

Z " bosons
Z " = any new electrically-neutral gauge boson (spin 1).
Consider an SU (3)C SU (2)W U (1)Y U (1)z gauge symmetry
spontaneously broken down to SU (3)C U (1)em by the VEVs of
a doublet H and an SU (2)W -singlet scalar, .
The mass terms for the three electrically-neutral gauge bosons,

W 3 , BY and Bz , arise from the kinetic terms for the scalars:

2 #
vH

gW 3

gY BY

zH gz Bz

$#

gW3

gY BY zH gz Bz

2
v
+ gz2Bz Bz
8

Mass-square matrix for BY , W 3

and Bz :

0
0
0
0
U
1
zH t(z cos w
U
M2 =
'
2
4 cos w
2 t2 cos2
0 zH tz cos w r + zH
w
z
2
g 2 vH

2 /v 2
where tz gz /g , tan w = gY /g , r = v
H

cos w sin w 0
U = sin w cos w 0
0
0
1

relates the neutral gauge

bosons to the physical states
in the case zH = 0.

The relation between the neutral gauge bosons and the corresponding mass eigenstates can be found by diagonalizing M2 :

BY

W3

Bz

cos "

cos w sin w

= sin w cos w cos "

0
sin "

sin "

sin w

cos w sin " Z

Z "
cos "

A is the photon field

Z is the field associated with the observed Z boson
Z " is a neutral gauge boson, not discovered yet.

The mixing angle /4 " /4 satisfies

"

tan 2 =

2zH tz cos w
2 )t2 cos2 1
(r + zH
w
z

The Z and Z " masses are given by

- #
.1/2
$
gvH
1
zH tz cos w
2
MZ,Z " =
(r + zH
)t2z cos2 w + 1
2 cos w 2
sin 2 "
2 )t2 cos2 > 1.
Z " is heavier than Z when (r + zH
w
z

The mass and couplings of the Z " boson are described

by the following parameters:

gauge coupling gz
VEV v
U (1)z charge of the Higgs doublet, zH
fermion charges under U (1)z constrained by anomaly
cancellation conditions and requirement of fermion
mass generation

Nonexotic Z "

Nonanomalous U (1)z gauge symmetry without new

fermions charged under SU (3)C SU (2)W U (1)Y
Allow an arbitrary number of Rs
Assume:

generation-independent charges,
quark and lepton masses from standard model
Yukawa couplings

Fermion and scalar gauge charges:

SU (3)C

SU (2)W

U (1)Y

U (1)z

i
qL

1/3

zq

uiR

4/3

zu

diR

i
lL

2/3

2zq zu

eiR

3zq

k , k = 1, ..., n
R

2zq zu

zk

+1

zq + zu

[SU (3)C ]2U (1)z , [SU (2)W ]2U (1)z , U (1)Y [U (1)z ]2 and
[U (1)Y ]2U (1)z anomalies cancel

Gravitational-U (1)z and [U (1)z ]3

anomaly cancellation conditions:

n
1/
zk = 4zq + zu
3
k=1

n
/

k=1

zk = 9

n
/

zk3

k=1

For n 2:
z1 = z2 zu = 4zq trivial or Y -sequential U (1)z -charges
For n 3:
U (1)BL charges: z1 = z2 = z3 = 4zq + zu
or z1 = z2 = (4/5)z3 = 16zq + 4zu = 4

masses: three LH Majorana,

two dimension-7 and one dimension-12 Dirac operators,
RH Majorana ops. of dimension ranging from 4 to 13
or ...

LEP I requires " <

103 MZ " >
2 TeV
Special case:

SU (3)C SU (2)W U (1)Y U (1)BL

zq = zu = zd =

zl
3

ze
3

z
3

= zH = 0

No ZBL-Z mixing at tree level ( " = 0)!

Best bounds on zl gz come from limits on direct production
at the LHC, Tevatron and LEP II.

Initial state radiation at LEP for a narrow ZBL

resonance at MZ " < s:

e
e

f
f

0
1
2 + M4
s
s
Z " $ ln
e+e ZBL Br ZBL +
(zl gz )2 #
2
2
74
m
s2 s MZ
e
"
#

LEPII has run at

s 130, 136, 161, 172, 183, 189, 192 209 GeV

For a ZBL with MZ " 140 GeV:

Number of + events at s 161 GeV due to ZBL:

N (ZBL) 3 104 (zlgz )2

Main background: e+e , Z +
( 6.4 events in an energy bin of 5 GeV)
2
At the 95% confidence-level: zl gz <
10

s = MZ " : no need for initial state radiation.

Strongest bound for MZ " 189 GeV: zl gz < 103
If

p
Z " searches at the Tevatron

10

-1

e,

+ -

Z' e e (MZ'=600GeV, gz=0.2)

QCD Background
, WW, WZ, tt

, Z + Z "

Data
Drell - Yan

Events / 5 (GeV/c )

10

CDF Run II Preliminary (200 pb

d/dM (pb/GeV)

10

"
"
"
"
"
!
!
!
!
!

e+, +

!
!
!
!
"
"
"
"

10

Central - Central
10

10
10

-2

-3

-4

1
10

10

-5

-1

100

200

300

400
2

Dielectron Mass (GeV/c )

500

10

-6

400

500

600

700

800

Mll (GeV)

More general charges are allowed in the presence of new fermions:

SU (3)

SU (2)

U (1)Y

U (1)BxL

U (1)q+xu

U (1)10+x5

U (1)dxu

qL

1/3

1/3

1/3

1/3

uR

4/3

1/3

x/3

dR

1/3

(2 x)/3

x/3

x/3

lL

2/3

1/3
x/3

(1 + x)/3

eR

R
R"
Ll
l
R
Le
e
R

Ld
d
R

x
x

(2 + x)/3

1/3

x/3

(4 + x)/3

(2 + x)/3

x/3

1 x/3

(1 + x)/3

2x/5

2/3

(1 + x/5)/3

2/3

(1 4x/5)/3

(1 + x)/3

x/15

1
2
2/3

1/3

Homework 3.1:
Identify the couplings of the Z " arising from the SO(10) SU (5) GUT breaking.

A user-friendly parametrization (hep-ph/0408098):

#
$

"
+

pp Z X l l X =
48 s

cu wu

2
MZ
"
,M

Z"

+ cd wd

All the information about charges is contained in:

2
cu,d = gz2 (zq2 + zu,d
) Br(Z " l+l)

10

-2

2 fb

-1

B-xL

cu

10

-3

10

-4

10

MZ'=600 GeV

-4

10

-3

cd

MZ'=700 GeV

10

-2

MZ'=800 GeV

10

-1

2
MZ
"
,M

Z"

45

#
$

"
+

pp Z X l l X =
48 s

"
cu wu

2
MZ
"
,M

Z"

+ cd wd"

2
MZ
"
,M

Z"

" and w " contain all the information about QCD:

wu
d

values at the LHC are different than at the Tevatron

cu and cd can be determined independently if a Z " is

observed at both the Tevatron and the LHC.
More information about Z " couplings (U (1)z charges) can be extracted from angular distributions, etc.

Homework # 3.2:
"
What are the analytical formulas for wu,d
at LO in s?

45

Gluon-prime: a heavy spin-1 color-octet particle

Gauge extension of QCD (Topcolor, C. Hill 1991):

SU (3)1 SU (3)2 SU (3)c

spontaneously broken by the VEV

of a scalar transforming as (3,
3)

6h1h2
Ga
massless
gluon
of
QCD,
with
g
=
s

h21+h22

(h1,2 are the SU (3)1,2

gauge couplings)

G"a
- massive gluon-prime

(topgluon or coloron depending on its couplings to t, b)

Interactions:

T aq where r = h1/h2.
gsr G"a
q

G" production (in the narrow width approximation):

#

pp G"X

7 1
/
16 sr
2

9s

dx
M 2 /s x

q(x) q

M
xs

+ q (x) q

M
xs

1.
-1

CDF Run II Preliminary, 1.13 fb

#
#
#!
$
$
$
$

G"

"
""
""
"
!
!
!!
!!
!

q, b
q,
b

Limit on dijet resonance of

300 GeV: r 2B(G" jj) < 0.04

95% CL limits (for R-S G, Technirho)

95% CL limits (for the others)

102

Br Acceptance (|y

q##

jet1,2

|<1) (pb)

10

Technirho
R-S G (k/Mpl=0.1)

10

Excited quark
Axigluon/Coloron
E6 diquark

10-1

10-2

400

600

800

1000

1200
1400
2
Mass [GeV/c ]

[pb]

Dijet resonance searches at the LHC 7:

103
102

s8
Observed 95% CL upper limit
Expected 95% CL upper limit
68% and 95% bands

10

ATLAS
-1

L dt = 1.0 fb

s = 7 TeV

10-1
10-2
1000

2000

3000

4000

Mass [GeV]

My wishes: extend the search to lower masses;

show theory predictions for several choices of the coupling (r );

Model independent search for Gluon-prime

work with KC Kong and Rakhi Mahbubani

hep-ph/0709.2378

G" couplings to quarks are model dependent: if they are small

enough, the mass limits from dijet resonance searches are evaded.
G" couplings to gluons are fixed by gauge invariance. G" couples
only in pairs to the gluon.
Pair production of heavy gluons from gluon-gluon initial state:

G!

g
g

G!

G!

G!

G!

G!
G!

A pair of gluon-primes decays to 2 pairs of dijets (or jjb

b, b
bb
b).
Dominant background: QCD 4-jet production.
Background simulated at tree level using MadGraph (checked with NJETS),
taking the b-tagging efficiency to be 50%.
Production and decay of gluon-primes (G" ) at the LHC:
The jets reconstruct (in pairs)
resonances of equal mass.
Cutting around the resulting
peak decreases the background
dramatically.

A spin-0 color octet (GH ) has

similar properties, except it decays
into the heaviest quarks.
Signal: pp
GH GH (b
b)(b
b)
LHC mass reach for a G" is
MG ! 1 TeV with 1 fb1

Could there exist

massless gauge bosons
other than the photon?

U (1)BL is the only global symmetry of the standard

model that can be gauged and unbroken.

ZBL coupling to ordinary matter: Nn gz

(Nn = number of neutrons)
To avoid deviations from Newtons law:

gz .

mn
MPl

1019

Tests of the equivalence principle: gz < 1024

But even when zq = zu = zd = zl = ze = 0

there can still be interactions of the standard
model fields with the new massless gauge boson:

higher-dimensional operators!

 " couplings to leptons:

'
(

P lL FeHeR + h.c.
2
M
1

Fe: 3 3 matrix in flavor space,

dimensionless parameters

" couplings to quarks: similar dimension-6 operators

eF U
In the mass eigenstate basis Fe Fe" = UL
e R

e and U e are the unitary matrices that diagonalize the masses

UL
R

of the electrically-charged leptons.

Interactions of the mass-eigenstate leptons with P

(chirality-flip operators vh 174 GeV)

'
( "

"
"
"
ReFe + i ImFe 5 e
P e
2
M
vh

magnetic-like and electric-like dipole moments

Re(Fe" )ij , Im(Fe" )ij could have any value <

4 , but:

8
8
8 8
8 ij 8 < 8 ij 8
chirality-flip operators probably 8Fe 8 8e 8
=

8
8
8 "ij 8 < m
102
8Fe 8
vh

8 "118
8F 8 may naturally be below me/vh 3 106
e

Kinetic mixing of U (1)Y U (1)z gauge bosons:

c0B P

dimension-four operator!

Holdom 1985:
Kinetic terms can be diagonalized and canonically normalized by a SL(2, R) transformation.
Global SO(2) symmetry: linear combination of U (1) fields
that couples to hypercharge is the real B .
Orthogonal combination (paraphoton= ") does not have
any renormalizable couplings to standard model fields.
Conclusion:
kinetic mixing has no effect on the standard model fields other
than a renormalization of the hypercharge gauge coupling.

Bosonic interactions of the paraphoton:

#
$
1
H c B

9
9
H
+
c

B
+
c
P
+
c

P
P
1
1
2
2
M2
renormalize the U (1) gauge couplings
include vertices with two U (1) gauge bosons and Higgs bosons.

These are all operators of d 6 involving both

" and SM fields

The strength of the " interaction with the electrons

depends on

vh 88' " ( 88 <

ce
Ce 11 O(1)
me
Similar parameters defined for interactions
such as + ", e ", ...

Various measurements set limits on these parameters.

Spin-dependent long-range forces:

V (r) =

c2e m2e 1
M 4

r3

[3(1 r)(2 r) 1 2]

Measurements of e e long range forces impose that

M >
3 GeV

ce

Primordial Nucleosynthesis
Constraints on new particles with mass below several MeV.
Maximum number of new relativistic degrees of freedom:

gmax

7
8

N max ;

at the 2 level:

Nmax 0.6

" must go out of equilibrium at TP > TBBN 1 MeV

!!

"

"

"
"
"

Measurements of light element abundances set a limit on the

effective mass scale:

M >
1.5
TeV

Star cooling
Effective coupling of " to electrons:

g " e =

ce
M

2
m
2 e

Red giant stars: " emission via Bremsstrahlung & Compton-like

processes

g2 "e/4 < 2.5 1027

For supernovae:

M
>
3.2 TeV
ce

emission rate / " emission rate

no useful bound on electron- " coupling

(strong bound on quark- " couplings)

Flavor-changing neutral currents

'

Chirality-flip transition:

Standard model:

'

Br

(
"
e

( e
) =

<3

105

"(

= c2e

m5
8M 4

m5G2F

10eV

3.2

10
192 3

M >
15 TeV

ce

An UV origin of the dimension-6 operators:

lL

eR

NL

NR

SU (2)W

U (1)Y

+1

U (1)D

+1

+1

Yukawa interaction:

eRNL + h.c.

Contribution to the iP eR eR operator ( P lL eRH ):

%
%

"
%&
&

eR%% N

&

&

eR

&

"
% &
% &
%
&

N
eR%

%
%

N
&
&

eR

&

$
gp / # i k kj
j
ik k

(Ce)ij =
e
e

192 2
k

Conclusions so far
The LHC explores the TeV scale (= terra incognita).
Many possibilities for what can be discovered:

extended Higgs sectors (Lecture 1)

Vectorlike fermions (Lecture 2)
New gauge bosons (Z ", G", ...) (this lecture)

New very light (even massless) particles may also exist.

E.g., a " may couple to quarks and leptons via dimension-6
operators suppressed by the TeV scale!

Bogdan Dobrescu (Fermilab) - ESHEP 2011