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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.O.-14
lekt vkSj Lrjhdj.k
(Society & Stratification)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- u`tkrh;rk ladYiuk dh ppkZ dhft,A

mkjtkrh;rk osQ ledkyhu ifjs{; (Contemporary Perspectives of Ethnicity)ledkyhu fopkj txr esa tkrh;rk osQ
nks izeq[k ifjizs{; mHkjs gSau`oSKkfud o jktuhfrdA budk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gS%
(1) u`oSKkfud ifjs{; (Anthropological Perspective)bls tkrh;rk dk lkaLfrd n`f"Vdks.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g lk>s
lkaLfrd ewY;ksa vkSj izFkkvksa esa fo'okl dks ysdj pyrk gSA bl vFkZ esa] tkrh; lewg dks mlosQ lkaLfrd i{kksa osQ izdk'k ;k lUnHkZ
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] tSlslkewfgd izFkk,a] laLFkk,a] kkfeZd vuq"Bku bR;kfnA tkrh;rk dh bl /kj.kk dk izdk;Zoknh n`f"Vdks.k
;g gS fd yksxksa dks dgha u dgha ,d&nwljs ls yxko dh Hkkouk dh t:jr iM+rh gS] tks mUgsa nckoksa ;k ladVdky esa fVds jgus
dh 'kfDr nsrh gSA ;g 'kfDr mUgsa tkrh; igpku ls izkIr gksrh gSA ekU;rk ;g gS fd euq"; dks fofHkUu dkjdksa] tSls c<+rs uxjhdj.k]
vkfFkZd mUufr] izkS|ksfxd mUufr] tuf'k{kk] tulapkj ek;eksa osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk O;fDr dh viuh ijaijkvksa vkSj vk| igpku
[kks tk,xhA ij bl izfozQ;k esa tkrh; igpku detksj gksus osQ ctk, vf/d l'kDr gksrh gS] D;ksafd ,d cM+s lekt esa O;fDr dks
fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh igpku vrho vko';drk vuqHko gksrh gSA ;g igpku jkT; ls NksVh exj ifjokj ls cM+h gksrh gSA
(2) jktuhfrd ifjs{; (Political Perspective) tkrh;rk dk jktuhfrd ifjizs{; okLro esa tkrh;rk osQ vkkkj ij ,d lewg
dh jktuhfrd psruk vkSj mldh xksycanh gSA ifj.kker% dqN lewg lpsru :i ls viuh tkrh;rk dks izHkkoh <ax ls is'k djrs gSa]
dHkh&dHkh os viuh tkrh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ rjhosQ ls Hkh is'k djrs gSa] rkfd os jktuhfrd Lok;krk ;k laizHkqrk dk
y{; izkIr dj losaQA os izk;% roZQ izLrqr djrs gS fd iwathokn osQ mn; ls vleku fodkl gksus osQ dkj.k yksxksa esa ladh.kZ fu"Bk,
o tkrh; psruk, izcy gks tkrh gSaA tkrh;rk ij v;;u] 'kks/ dk;ks ls ;g Li"V gS fd oafpr lewg lalk/uksa osQ forj.k dks ftl
n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa] og fdl rjg ls muesa tkrh; psruk ykrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lkaLfrd :i ls cgqfo/ lekt esa ;fn cgqla[;d
lewg vius fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dh flf osQ fy, vYila[;d lewg dks nckrk gS] rks vYila[;d lewg jktuhfrd tkrh;rk dk fodYi
pqu ldrk gSA og HksnHkko dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, viuh ,d tkrh; igpku cukus yxrk gS] jktuhfrd dkj.kksa osQ fy, Hkh lewg
vk|fu"Bkvksa dk nksgu Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx os vius jktuhfrd fgrksa dks lk/us vkSj vius lkkf/dkj dh vf/dre o`f
fy, dj ldrs gSaA lewg fgrksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djus vkSj vkxs osQ fy, tkrh;rk dk iz;ksx jktuhfr esa feyrk gSA tkrh; lewg
jktuhfrd eap ls viuh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ykus] vius vkfFkZd dY;k.k] 'kSf{kd voljksa] ukxfjd vf/dkjksa bR;kfn osQ fy, viuh
tkrh;rk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl izdkj tkrh;rk fgrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS rFkk tkrh; lewg fgr lewg gSaA bu nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa dks lkekU;
rFkk mnh;eku tkrh;rk dh laKk nsrs gSaA
(1) lkekU; vFkZ (General Meaning)vius lkekU; vFkZ esa tkrh;rk ,d igpku gS] ftldk vk/kj dqN oLrqfUk"B lkaLfrd
fpd gksrs gSa] tks ,d lewg osQ lnL;ksa dks vius dks nwljksa ls i`Fkd djus vkSj nwljs lewgksa }kjk Hkh mUgsa vyx igpkuus esa lgk;d

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gksrs gSaA bl vFkZ esa] tkrh; lewg ,d ifjc lkaLfrd lewg gS] ftlesa dfri; foHksnh y{k.k gksrs gSa] tks mUgsa vU; lewgksa ls i`Fkd~
j[krs gSaA ;g fofHkUu lewgksa dh lkaLfrd fofokrk dh psruk dh |ksrd gSA
(2) mnh;eku vFkZ (Current Meaning)tc psruk jktuhfrd foHksnu cu tkrh gS] rks mnh;eku tkrh;rk tUe ysrh gS]
ftldh fo'ks"krk lkkfkdkj dh izfozQ;k gSA
iz'u 2- ySafxd (tsaMj)] izfLFkfr vkSj 'kfDr dh ladYiukvksa osQ lacak dks foLrkj ls fyf[k,A
mkj lkekftd laLFkk, rFkk lkekftd fyax&lksp (Social Institutions and Social Gender Thinking)Hkkjrh; ukjh osQ
lacak esa fl bfrgkldkj jksfeyk Fkkij dk er gS fd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ vanj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa vla[; varj fo|eku
gSa tks lkaLfrd ifjos'k] ifjokfjd <kaps] oxZ] tkfr] laifk vfkdkjksa vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ vuqlkj vyx&vyx fn'kk esa fc[kj tkrs
gSaA
Hkkjr esa ukjh dks 'kfDrghu j[kus dk ;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl fn'kk esa ;Ru ;qfDr osQ :i esa tkfr] varfoZokg tSlh fo'ks"krk]
lewgksa dks i`Fkd~ djus osQ lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa dh xfr'khyrk dks fu;af=kr djus okyh 'kqf vkSj v'kqf dh kkj.kk, blesa cgqr
ego j[krh gSaA dfri; mnkgj.k fuEu dkj gSa%
1. efgykvksa dks oqQN fof'k"V dkj osQ dke] rks iq#"kksa dks oqQN [kkl rjg osQ dke djus gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] [ksrh&ckM+h
esa efgyk,a ikuh yxkus] jksikbZ djus] xqM+kbZ&fujkbZ tSls dke rks dj ldrh gSa] ysfdu os gy ugha pyk ldrh gSA
2. ifjokj dk lkekftd Lrj apk gksus ij efgykvksa dks ckgjh dke ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
3. efgykvksa dks oqQN [kkl f;k&dykiksa ls jksdus vkSj mUgsa oqQN fo'ks"k vfkdkjksa ls oafpr djus okys vR;{k fu;e Hkh
pyu esa gSaA
4. fofHk fdaonafr;ksa vkSj vkuq"Bkfud jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ek;e ls rhdokn fL=k;ksa dh ghurk dk lans'k pkfjr djrk gSA
5. fdaonafr;ksa esa ukjh dh vkReksRlxhZ ifo=k Nfo dks dV fd;k tkrk gS] tks ukjh dh Nfo dks fu"Bkoku iRuh vkSj leir
eka osQ :i esa LFkkfir djrs gSaA
6. fL=k;ksa vkSj 'kwksa dks ,d gh ntkZ nsuk lekt esa efgykvksa dh fuEu fLFkfr dk ek.k gSA bl lacak esa dfri; rF; fuEu
dkj gSa
(i) efgykvksa vkSj 'kw nksuksa dks ;Kksiohr laLdkj (tus kkj.k) ls frcafkr j[kukA
(ii) 'kw vkSj ukjh dh gR;k djus ij leku naMA
(iii) nksuksa dks kked fo'ks"kkfkdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk tkukA
lkekftd fyax&lksp vkSj keZ (Social Gender Thinking and Religion)vfkdka'k keks esa ekuo fr dh vfuok;Z lekurk
ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd L=kh vkSj iq#"k lHkh esa ,d gh vkRek gksrh gS vkSj lHkh esa ijekRek okl djrk gSA ij ;g egku~ n'kZu
O;ogkj esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrkA
ifo=k xzaFkksa esa efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh vis{kk fuEu Lrj nku fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa dh fuEu fLFkfr dks oSkrk nku djus
osQ fy, ;qxksa ls bu ifo=k xzaFkksa dk gokyk nsdj mls vk;kfRed vkkkj dh nksgjh vokkj.kk gSA
1. ,d vksj L=kh dks tuuh] dY;k.kdkjh] le`fnk=kh dk Lrj nku fd;k tkrk gSA
2. nwljh vksj mls mxz] vidkjh vkSj fooald ekuk tkrk gSA
ukjh dk ;g nksgjk pfj=k gesa nsfo;ksa esa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA tSls ,d vksj dkyh vkSj nqxkZ eka tSlh fodjky] mxz] vidkjh
nsfo;ka gSa rks ogha y{eh] ljLorh] efj;Eek tSlh dY;k.kdkjh eerke;h nsfo;ka Hkh gSaA
lkekftd fyax&lksp vkSj fookg fu;eu (Social Gender Thinking and Marriage Regulation)
1. vuqykse vkSj frykse fookg dh kkj.kk efgykvksa osQ fy, viekutud gSA
(i) vuqykse fookg,sls fookg ftlesa ph tkfr dk oj fuEu tkfr dh okw ls fookg djrk gS] mls vuqykse fookg osQ
:i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) frykse fookgvuq"Bku dh n`f"V ls ifo=k lewgksa dh L=kh osQ fuEu vkuq"Bkfud fLFkfr okys iq#"k ls fookg dks frykse
fookg dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
2. kphudky esa fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus ij cfg"dkj vkSj e`R;qnaM tSlk dBksj naM fn;k tkrk FkkA
3. lekt esa ukjh dh fuEu fLFkfr dk ,d egoiw.kZ rhd ;g gS fd fuEu tkfr;ksa dh fL=k;ka rks aph tkfr osQ iq#"kksa osQ fy,

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lqyHk gSa] ij aph tkfr lewgksa dh fL=k;ksa ls .k; dk nqLlkgl djus okys fuEu tkfr osQ iq#"kksa dks dBksj naM fn;k tkrk gSA
4. dPph mez esa fookg dks vVwV cUku dh Nfo nku djuk ySafxdrk osQ fu;a=k.k dks dV djrk gSA
fLFkfr vkSj lkkfkdkj ,d&nwljs ls Lora=k ugha gksrs (Status and Authority are not independent of each-other)n~;qeksar
osQ flkar dk vkkkj ;g vokkj.kk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkuq"Bkfud e&ijaijk lkkfkdkj vkSj laink osQ vkkkj ls Lora=k
gksdj dke djrh gSA csjseSu dk roZQ gS fd lkkfkdkj&fLFkfr dk fojksk tkfr osQ lanHkZ esa ,d xyr f}Hkktu gSA mudk er gS
fd lkkfkdkj vkSj fLFkfr ,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyww gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] xksaM yksxksa dks o.kZ&O;oLFkk esa k;% vNwrksa osQ :i esa feyk;k
x;k FkkA exj ftl txg muosQ ikl Hkwfe osQ :i esa 'kfDr ;k lkkfkdkj Fkk] ogk mUgsa vNwrksa esa u feykdj LFkkuh; o.kZ e&ijaijk
esa mUgsa dkiQh mQpk ntkZ fn;k x;k vkSj mUgss ^jkt xksaM* dgdj lacksfkr fd;k x;kA bl dkj o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk fu;e mlh le;
ekuk tkrk Fkk] tc mlosQ lkFk lkkfkdkj dk fu;e Hkh dke dj jgk gksA
iz'u 3- tkfr O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjvkUnzs csVhyh us Hkkjrh; lekt osQ tkfr ekWMy dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh gSA bl tkfr ekWMy dh eq[k fo'ks"krk, fuEu dkj
gSa%
(i) ;g ekWMy yksxksa osQ dqN fo'ks"k oxks }kjk ekus vkSj O;Dr fd, tkus okys fopkjksa ij vkkkfjr gS] vkpj.k ij vkkkfjr ugha
gSA ;|fi blosQ v;;u osQ fy, f}rh;d vuqHkotU; lkexzh Hkh ;ksx dh xbZ gSA
(ii) ;g Hkkjr esa 'kkL=kksa osQ vuqlkj tkfr dks lkoZHkkSfed ego nsrk gSA
(iii) ;g Li"Vr% jfpr fuf'pr flkar ;k [ksy osQ fu;eksa ls lapkfyr gSA
(iv) vkUs csVhyh bl ekWMy ls mRiUu gksus okyh nks tksf[keksa dh vksj Hkh b'kkjk djrs gSaFke] ;g flkar bruk lkekU; gS fd
;g fdlh Hkh lekt osQ fy, ;qDr gks ldrk gSA f}rh;] ;g vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou dh ckjhfd;ksa dks ysdj ugha
pyrkA
ikjaifjd :i ls tkfr esa ,d fo'ks"k y{k.k gksrk gS] ftls ^fLFkfr dk lkj* flkar dgk tkrk gSA vkuq"Bkfud ('kqf&v'kqf)
e&ijaijk esa tkfr dh fLFkfr fuEu gksus ij vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr rd ml tkfr dh igqp Hkh mruh gh fuEu
jgrh gSA bl dkj tkfr esa ,d rjg ls oxZ dh fo'ks"krk Hkh 'kkfey jgrh gSA tkfr ,d lao`r lewg gS] bldh lnL;rk tUe ls
feyrh gS] blfy, tkfr&fLFkfr nk gksrh gSA bls ge vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd xfr'khyrk osQ }kjk vftZr ugha dj ldrsA nwljh vksj
oxZ ,d [kqyk ;k foo`r lewg gS] ftldh lnL;rk dk vkkkj vtZu ;k miyfCk dh dlkSVh gSA
iz'u 4- vU; fiNM+s oxks ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
mkjvU; fiNM+h tkfr;k (vkschlh) ,d laoSkkfud Js.kh gS] ftuesa lo.kks o vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ e; osQ leqnk; vkrs
gSaA oLrqr% buesa lkekftd :i ls oafpr 'kw tkfr;k 'kkfey gSaA bl dkj os f}t vkSj vNwrksa osQ chp dh e;orhZ lkekftd ijr
gSaA blls ijh Lrj Hkwkj d`"kdksa dk gSA muosQ uhps Hkwfeghu] cVkbZnkj fdlku] dkjhxj rFkk lsoknkj tkfr;k vkrh gSaA
vU; fiNM+h tkfr;k&vfHkk; (Other Backward CastesMeaning of)^vU; fiNM+k oxZ* dh ifjHkk"kk esa lekfgr oxZ
le:i ugha gSA muesa Li"V Hksn dj ikuk dfBu gSA lo.kks vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ e; dk gksus osQ dkj.k lekt osQ bu rcdksa
esa fofok lkekftd&vkfFkZd leqnk; lfEefyr gSaA bl fofokrk osQ dkj.k bldh lkekftd lajpuk cM+h <hyh&<kyh gSA bl Js.kh
dh tkfr;ka Lrjhdj.k O;oLFkk esa ,dleku u gksdj vyx&vyx jgrh gSaA os vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh fo"ke ikbZ tkrh gSaA buesa ls dqN
tkfr;ka HkwLokeh gSaA vfkdka'k tkfr;ksa osQ yksx xjhc vkSj oafpr gSA vkthfodk vftZr djus gsrq os vU; yksxksa osQ fy, cVkbZnkjh djus]
[ksfrgkj etnwj cuus vkSj ikjaifjd dk;kZRed lsok,a nku djus osQ fy, ck; gSaA dgha&dgha rks budh fLFkfr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
ls Hkh cnrj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blesas ijh Lrj Hkwkj "kdksa dk gSA muosQ uhps Hkwfeghu] cVkbZnkj fdlku dkjhxj vkSj lsoknkj tkfr;k
vkrh gSaA ;s tkfr;ka vrhr esa mu yksxksa osQ fy, csxkj] cakqvk etnwjh] ?kjsyw ukSdj vkSj dgkj dk dke djrh jgh gaS] ftu ij os
vius thou&fuokZg osQ fy, vkfJr FkhaA vU; fiNM+s oxks osQ fy, xfBr fd, x, igys vk;ksx osQ vuqlkj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
dh tula[;k 3.8 fr'kr Fkh] ij eaMy vk;ksx osQ vuqlkj mudh dqy tula[;k 52 fr'kr gSA
iz'u 5- e; oxZ dh ladYiuk dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
mkje; oxZ (Middle Class)oxZ lajpuk osQ f}[kaMh; :i esa e; oxZ dh fLFkfr osQoy lae.kkRed gksrh gSA e; oxZ
esa Lo jkstxkj okys fdlku gSa rFkk NksVs cqtqZvk yksx gSaA muosQ vius mRiknu osQ lkku gSa vkSj os fcuk fdlh Jfed osQ Lo;a ifjJe

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djrs gSaA dkykUrj esa mRiknu dh iwthoknh O;oLFkk osQ fodkl ls e; oxZ vn`'; gks tk,xkA ml le; osQoy nks eq[k oxZ&loZgkjk
oxZ vFkok Jfed oxZ vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ;k iwthoknh oxZ&gh eq[k gksaxsA
vU; fopkjd (Other Thinkers)vU; lekt'kkL=kh; oxZ flkarokfn;ksa us e; oxZ dks egoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k gSA buesa eq[k
gSaeSDl oscj] MkgjsaMksiQZ rFkk ykWdoqMA
eSDl oscj us ekDlZ osQ oxZ flkar lanHkZ easa vR;ar vko';d Lohdkj fd;k gS] rFkkfi os ladYiuk osQ ekeys esa ekDlZ ls lger
ugha gSaA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k gS fd cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa gh oxks dk fodkl gksrk gS] ftlesa vfFkZd ykHk vftZr djus gsrq O;fDrxr
fr;ksfxrk gksrh gSA mUgksaus oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk yksxksa osQ lewgksa osQ :i esa dh gSA
muosQ vuqlkj oxZ os lewg gSa] tks cktkj O;oLFkk esa leku fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa rFkk okLro esa leku :i ls vkfFkZd ykHk dekrs
gSaA vr% oscj dh ifjHkk"kk esa ,d O;fDr dk oxZ Lrj mldh ^cktkj fLFkfr* gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlh O;fDr ossQ oxZ dk Lrj tkuus
osQ fy, mldh ; 'kfDr dk vkdyu djuk gksxkA fdlh O;fDr osQ oxZ dk Lrj mlosQ ^thou voljksa* dks Hkh fukkZfjr djrk
gSA mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vFkok ^oxZ fLFkfr* osQ }kjk ;g fukkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd og vius lekt esa fdruh okaNuh; oLrq,
[kjhn ldrk gSA
oscj us Hkh oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk djus gsrq lEifk LokfeRo dks ,d dlkSVh Lohdkj fd;k gSA
iwthoknh lekt esa fuEufyf[kr nks oxZ gSa%
(i) zFke] og oxZ tks lEifk ls ;qDr gSA
(ii) f}rh;] og oxZ tks lEifk foghu gS rFkkfi oscj us leLr lEifkfoghu yksxksa dk loZgkjk oxZ tSlk ,d oxZ Lohdkj ugha
fd;kA lEifkfoghu yksxksa dks loZgkjk oxZ tSlk ,d oxZ Lohdkj ugha fd;kA lEifkfoghu yksxksa dh ^oxZ fLFkfr* muosQ dkS'ky osQ
vkkkj ij vyx&vyx gksrh gSA (1) ftuosQ ikl dkS'ky gksrk gS] mudk ^cktkj ewY;* (mnkgj.k osQ fy,] MkWDVj] bathfu;j rFkk
vU; O;olk;h) vfkd gksrk gSA (2) vdq'ky Jfedksa dk de gksrk gSA mudh ^oxZ fLFkfr* dkexkj Js.kh osQ yksxksa ls ghu gksrh
gSA ekDlZ dh rjg oscj lekt osQ nks Hkkxksa esa kzqohdj.k gksus dh o`fk ugha ekursA oju~ rdZ nsrs gSa fd iwthokn fodflr gksus osQ
lkFk&lkFk lisQniks'k ^e; oxZ* osQ kl esa gh vis{kkd`r foLrkj jgsxkA
iz'u 6- oxZ ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjHkkjr esa uxjh; lekt osQ foijhr xzkeh.k oxhZ; lajpuk esa eq[;r% rhu oxZ ik, x, gSatehankj] fdlku vkSj etnwj oxZA
xkaoksa esa nLrdkj vkSj vgydkj ;k o`fkewyd tkfr;ka Hkh NksVh la[;k es ,d vyx vkfFkZd fgr&lewg osQ :i esa fo|eku jgrh
gSaA ekDlZoknh Jsf.k;ksa osQ vuqlkj xzkeh.k oxhZ; <kaps dks bu oxks esa ckaVk x;k gS
(i) cqtqZvk oxZ (cM+s tehankj)]
(ii) NksVk cqtqZvk oxZ (e>ksys vkSj NksVs tehankj rFkk O;kikjh vkSj nLrdkj) vkSj
(iii) xzkeh.k loZgkjk ;k Jfed oxZ (ftuosQ ikl dksbZ tehu ugha gksrh vkSj os fngkM+h etnwjksa osQ :i esa thou&;kiu djrs gSa)A
o.kZ O;oLFkk osQ Lrjhdj.k esa ifjorZu dh f;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ubZ lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh f;k dk tUe gqvkA
blosQ ifj.kke fuEu dkj fudys(1) blus lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks jkT; dh uhfr;ksa ls tksM+kA (2) blus lkekftd vkanksyuksa esa
jktuhfrdj.k osQ roksa dks 'kkfey fd;kA (3) ;g f;k Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkh o`f ij gSA ;g oSpkfjd :i ls Hkkjr esa tkfr] keZ
;k tkrh;rk osQ vkkkj ij fdlh Hkh dkj osQ HksnHkko osQ fo# FkhA bldh uhao iaFk&fujis{krk vkSj leku ukxfjd vfkdkjksa osQ
flkarksa ij j[kh xbZ FkhA Lora=krk oQs ckn xzkeh.k vkSj var%'kgjh ukxfjd laLFkkvksa ls tkfr dks vekU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k] rFkkfi
Hkkjrh; lafokku us tudY;k.k uhfr osQ n`f"Vxr mu tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, tkfrxr&fLFkfr dks ekU;rk nh] tks lfn;ksa ls
'kksf"kr jgh FkhaA ifj.kker% os vU; tkfr;ksa osQ lkku&laiUu oxks ls LikkZ djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkhaA bu tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa
dks lafokku dh vuqlwph eas ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa vkSj fuokZfpr jktuhfrd inksa esa e'k% lwphc djosQ bUgsa 15.0
vkSj 7.5 fr'kr vkj{k.k fn;kA
iz'u 7- laLrhdj.k vkSj if'pehdj.k osQ varj dks Li"V dhft,A
mkjlaLfrdj.k dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ (Literal Meaning of Sanskritization)laLfrdj.k dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] og f;k
ftlosQ ek;e ls mu {ks=kksa ;k lewgksa esa laLfr dk lkj gksrk gS] tgk laLfr dk vHkko gSA
laLfrdj.k dk lekt'kkL=kh; vFkZ (Sociological Meaning of Sanskritization)lekt'kkL=k esa bl vokkj.kk dk ;ksx

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i;kZIr fHk vFkZ esa gqvk gSA lekt'kkL=k esa laLfrdj.k lkekftd&lkaLfrd ifjorZu dh ,d f;k gS] tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd
Lrjhdj.k dks Hkkfor djrh gSA ;g f;k fofHkUu fuEu tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa rFkk vU; lewgksa esa lf; gSA bl izf;k osQ vUrxZr
fofHk fuEu tkfr;k vius lkekftd& lkaLfrd thou dks mPp tkfr;ksa osQ thou osQ vuqowQy ifjofrZr djrh gSaA
if'pehdj.k lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk okgd fuEu izdkj gSa%
if'pehdj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Westernisation)'kkfCnd vFkZ esa if'pehdj.k lkekftd
ifjorZu dh og f;k gS tks if'peh Hkko ls Hkkjr esa lEi gqbZ gSA ijUrq ;gk ^if'peh lekt* vLi"V ,oa foLr`r vFkZ dk
friknu djus okyk 'kCn rhr gksrk gSA
vusd if'peh ns'kksa dh lkekftd ,oa lkaLfrd ekU;rk,a i;kZIr fHk gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr esa lEi gksus okys fdlh
ifjorZu dh f;k dh O;k[;k osQoy ^if'peh lekt* osQ Hkko osQ :i esa ugha dh tk ldrhA blh lafnXk fLFkfr dks Li"V djus
osQ fy, MkW- Jhfuokl us Li"V :i ls dgk gS] eSaus if'pehdj.k 'kCn dks vU; LFkku ij fczfV'k jkT; osQ Ms<+ lkS o"kZ osQ 'kklu
osQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLfr esa mRi gq, ifjorZuksa osQ fy, ;ksx fd;k gS] vkSj ;g 'kCn kS|ksfxdh] laLFkkvksa]
fopkjkkjk rFkk ewY;ksa ij fofHk Lrjksa ij miyCk gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr djrk gSA MkW- Jhfuokl osQ Lrqr dFku ls
if'pehdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V gks tkrk gSA loZFke ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^if'pehdj.k* ls vk'k; mu lkekftd ifjorZuksa ls
gS] tks Hkkjrh; lekt esa fczfV'k 'kklu&dky esa ?kfVr gq, gSaA fuLlansg ;s ifjorZu fczfV'k lkaLfrd la?kkr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ?kfVr
gq, gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr if'pehdj.k osQ vUrxZr os lHkh ifjorZu fufgr gSa ftudk lEcUk Hkkjrh; kS|ksfxdh] lkekftd laLFkkvksa]
fopkjkkjkvksa rFkk fofHk uSfrd ewY;ksa ls gSA Hkkjr esa if'pehdj.k dk kjEHk fczfV'k 'kklu&dky ls kjEHk gqvkA
iz'u 8- tkfr vkSj o.kZ osQ varj dks Li"V dhft,A
mkjmkj&ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt dh lajpuk dk vkkkj eq[; :i ls tkfrxr Lrjhdj.k FkkA thou osQ leLr i{kksa]
tSlsdk;Z O;oLFkk] jkT; O;oLFkk rFkk laLfr esa tkfr dh vge~ Hkwfedk FkhA
tkfr o o.kZ (Caste and Varna)o.kZ oxhZdj.k osQ fy, ,d lanHkZ vkkkj ;k ekWMy gSA blosQ foijhr tkfr lkekftd fLFkfr
osQ e esa Js.khc fof'k"V tkfr lewgksa dk lacksku gSA Hkkjrh; lekt pkj o.kks esa caVk gqvk Fkkczk.k (iqjksfgr)] {kf=k; (;ksk)]
oS'; (O;kikjh) vkSj 'kwnz (Jfed oxZ)A dkykarj esa ikapok o.kZ iapek Hkh cukA blesa os O;fDr&lewg lfEefyr Fks] ftUgsa lekt
osQ vkkkjHkwr fu;eksa osQ mYya?ku osQ pyrs cfg"r dj fn;k x;k FkkA o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh eq[k fo'ks"krk, Fkha
tUe ij vkkkfjr lnL;rk] vkuqoaf'kd is'kk] oxZ&e ijaijk esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dks nk vifo=krk vkSj ifo=krk] varfoZokg
vkSj ijLij i`Fkd~rkA Hkkjr eas o.kZ ;k tkfr dh tulkaf[;dh ls fofokrk gSA ;gk yxHkx 4,635 leqnk; ;k tkfr tSls lewg fo|eku
gSaA yxHkx lHkh kkfeZd lewg vyx&vyx leqnk;ksa esa foHkDr gSa] ftuesa tkfr&fo'ks"krk,a gSaA tkfr;ka tks LFkkuh;] {ks=kh; ;k
lkaLfrd] ikfjfLFkfrd] LFkkuh; bfrgkl ;k ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ij vkkkfjr fpd Hkh kkj.k fd, jgrh gSaA tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr fuEu
izdkj Fkh(1) os xkao vkSj 'kgj nksuksa txg ysu&nsu osQ O;oLFkkxr lacak ;k dk;Z vkSj vkfFkZd fofue; ;k lsokvksa osQ fofue; esa
cakh jgrh FkhaA (2) os o.kZ&O;oLFkk] ikjLifjd lg;ksx vkSj ijLij fuHkZjrk osQ vkkkj ij dke djrh FkhA (3) xkao vkSj 'kgj nksuksa
esa tkfr;ksa dh viuh iapk;rsa FkhA xkao vkSj 'kgj esa buosQ vius osQUnz FksA bu iapk;rksa ;k ('kgjh) la?kksa osQ ikl 'kgj ;k xkao ls
ckgj Hkh laxBuksa dk ,d usVodZ FkkA (4) vartkZrh; la?k"kZ mB [kM+k gksus dh fLFkfr esa] ftlls tkfr osQ ysu&nsu osQ fu;eksa dk
mYy?kau gks jgk gks] tc&rc og fookn ;k la?k"kZ tkfr iapk;rksa osQ le{k mBk;k tkrk FkkA

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