Nutrition Tools Standards

and Guidelines
Chapter 2

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Nutrient Recommendations
Standards for healthy peoples energy
and nutrient intakes
n Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
n

n Standards
n Set

used in the U.S. and Canada

values

n Vitamins

and minerals
lipids, and proteins
n Fiber, water, and energy
n Carbohydrates,

Daily Values

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Nutrient Recommendations
n

DRI values
n Recommended

Dietary Allowances
adequacy
n Adequate Intakes adequacy
n Tolerable Upper Intake Levels safety
n Estimated Average Requirements
research and policy
n Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution
Ranges healthy ranges for energyyielding nutrients
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Nutrient Recommendations
n

Calorie percentage ranges

n Intake

ranges for energy-yielding nutrients

as percentage of total
n Carbohydrate: 45-65 percent
n Fat: 20-35 percent
n Protein 10-35 percent

n Expressed

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Understanding the DRI Intake

Recommendations
n

Differences between individuals

Adequate intake over time

n Recommendations

n Attempt

for populations

to get 100% of DRI recommended

intake
n
n

Characteristics of the DRI

DRI are designed for healthy people

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

How the Committee Establishes

DRI Values An RDA Example
n

Individual
requirements
n Balance

study

Accounting
population needs
n The decision
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Setting Energy Requirements

n

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)

n Not

generous
a balancing act
n Energy to support health and life
n Energy derived from foods
n Reflect

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Daily Values
n
n

Found on food labels

Apply to the average person
n Eating

2,000 to 2,500 calories a day

Allow for comparisons among foods

n Not

nutrient intake goals

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Science-based advice
n Promote health
n Reduce risk of major
chronic disease
n Maintain healthy
body weight
n Apply to most people
age 2 and older
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Dietary Guidelines 2010 Selected

messages for consumers
Balance calories
Enjoy your food, but eat less
Avoid oversize portions
n Foods to increase
Half your plates fruits and vegetables
Switch to low-fat or fat-free dairy
n Foods to decrease
Compare foods and choose lower sodium
foods; Drink water instead of sugary drinks
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

2010 Key Recommendations

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

2010 Key Recommendations

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

U.S. Diet and Dietary Guidelines

Compared
Americans need
to choose more
n Americans need
to choose fewer
n Alcohol intake
n Joys of eating
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

MyPlate Educational Tool

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

MyPlate Educational Tool

n

Online educational tool

n www.choosemyplate.gov

n
n

Guides users through diet planning

Flexibility of the USDA Food Patterns
n Mixed

dishes
n National and cultural foods
n Vegetarians

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

USDA Food Patterns Food

Groups & Subgroups

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

USDA Food Patterns Food

Groups & Subgroups

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

USDA Food Patterns Food

Groups & Subgroups

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

USDA Food Patterns Food

Groups & Subgroups

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

MyPyramid: Steps to a
Healthier You

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Choosing Nutrient-Dense Foods

Nutrient density
Solid fats

Added sugars

n Examples

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

How Solid Fats and Added Sugars

Add Calories to Nutrient-Dense
Foods

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Concept of Discretionary Calories

n

Discretionary
calorie allowance
n Weight

maintenance vs.
nutrient supplies
n
n

Sources
Nutrient-dense
foods

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

USDA Food Patterns

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Weekly Amounts from Vegetable

and Protein Food Subgroups

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

A Sample Diet Plan

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Ethnic Food Choices

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

A Note About Exchange Systems

Focus on energyyielding nutrients
n Differences from
USDA:Cheese is a
meat exchange,
nuts a fat
exchange
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Controlling Portion Sizes at

Home and Away
Portion sizes may
be difficult to judge
n U.S. trend
n

Larger portion
sizes
n More fat and sugar
n

Tips on weights and

measures
n Dining out trends
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

A Shift Toward Colossal Cuisine

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

10

Checking Out Food Labels

n

Requirements for food labels

n Common

or usual name
packer, or distributor
contact information
n Net contents
n Nutrient contents (Nutrition Facts panel)
n Ingredients
n Descending order by weight
n Essential warnings
n Manufacturer,

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Nutrition Facts Panel

n

Serving size
n Common

measures allow for comparison

Servings per container

Calories/calories from fat
n Nutrient amounts and percentages of DVs
n
n

n Total

fat, cholesterol, sodium, total

carbohydrate, protein

Vitamins and minerals

n Vitamin

A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Whats on a Food Label?

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

11

More About Percentages of Daily

Values
% Daily Value is based on 2,000 calorie
diet
n Daily Values greatest use
n

n Comparing

foods

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

What Food Labels May Include

n

Nutrient claims
n Food

must meet specified criteria

n Examples

source of a nutrient
n High in a nutrient
n Good

Health claims
n Standards
n Qualified

claims

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Reliable Health Claims on Labels

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

12

What Food Labels May Include

n

Structure/function claims
n Requires

no prior approval
of FDA is sufficient
n Required label disclaimer
n Examples
n Notification

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Label Claims

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Are Some Foods

Superfoods for Health?
Controversy 2

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

13

Phytochemicals
Nonnutrient components of plants
n Emerging as potential regulators of health
n

n Antioxidants
n Regulate

protein synthesis
n Mimic hormones
n Alter blood chemistry

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Phytochemicals
n

Blueberries

Chocolate

Flaxseed

n Flavonoids

n Flavonoids

n Lignans

and antioxidants

and phytoestrogens

Garlic
n Antioxidant

organosulfur compounds

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

Phytochemicals
n

Soybeans and soy products

n Chronic

diseases

n Downsides

Tomatoes
n Antioxidant

lycopene

Tea
n Grapes and wine
n Yogurt
n Supplements
n

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 13th edition, Sizer & Whitney

14