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Background
Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System)
Support for packet data services
IP data in core network
Wireless IP
IMT 2000
ITU IMT-2000
compliant standards
common name(s)
IMT-SC
(Single-Carrier)
EDGE (UWC-136)
IMT-MC
(Multi-Carrier)
TDMA
FDD
CDMA2000
IMT-DS
(Direct Spread)
description
Areas
evolutionary upgrade to
GSM/GPRS
worldwide, except
Japan and South
Korea
evolutionary upgrade to
cdmaOne
CDMA
W-CDMA
UMTS
IMT-TC
(Time Code)
duplex channel
worldwide
family of revolutionary upgrade
s to earlier GSM family.
TD-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
IMT-FT
(Frequency Time)
DECT
IP-OFDMA
WiMAX
Europe
China
TDD
FDMA/
TDMA
short-range;
standard for cordless phones
OFDMA
IEEE 802.16
worldwide
Spread Spectrum
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
Benefits
More secure communication
Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing
gain
Classification
Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
Spread Spectrum
Where does spread spectrum come from
First publications, late 40s
First applications: Military from the 50s
Rake receiver patent 1956
Cellular applications proposed late 70s
Investigations for cellular use 80s
IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
1997/1998 3G technology choice
2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
Direct Sequence
User bits are coded with unique binary sequence
The bits of the channelization code are called chips
Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other
WCDMA System
W-CDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the
carriers
Codes in W-CDMA
Channelization Codes (=short code)
Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal
Length is dependent on the spreading factor
Used for
channel separation from the single source in downlink
separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
UTRAN Architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
RAKE receiver
Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more than one
Transmitted
symbol
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
Received
symbol at
each time slot
Phase modified
using the
channel
estimate
Combined
symbol
Without PC received
power levels would
be unequal
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE1
UE2
Both in UL and DL
Both in UL and DL
Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC) defines SIR
target for the BS.
Diversity
Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance
degradation due to fading
As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is
reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the
probability of a deep fade
The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of
them have a poor energy level
Macro
Different Node Bs send the same information
WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer
and hard handover supported
Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the same
system
E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another
Only hard handover supported
Inter-system handover
Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA to
GSM
Only hard handover supported
Soft Handover
Handover between different Node Bs
Several Node Bs transmit the same signal to the UE which
combines the transmissions
Hard handover
The source is released first and
then new one is added
Short interruption in data flow
This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load
of the cell changes.
HSDPA features
Agreed features in Release 5
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
QPSK or 16QAM
Multicode operation
Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
Channel quality
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
16QAM3/4
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
16QAM2/4
UE
QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4
QPSK1/4
160
HSDPA functionality
Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B
Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is
dynamic and fast
Support for several parallel transmissions
HSDPA channels
User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
DSCH)
Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel
(HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled
UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HSDSCH
Schedule in 3GPP
Part of Release 6
First specifications version completed 12/04
In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)
Uplink HSUPA