Emlabmanual PDF

ROLL NO
N :
NA
AME:
JOG
GINPA
ALLY B.R.EN
B
NGINE
EERIN
NG CO
OLLEG
GE
Yenkapaally(V), Moinabad
M
d(M), R.R
R.Dist.
ELECTIICAL MEASU
M
UREM
MENTS
LAB
BORAT
TORY MANU
M UAL
B.T
Tech IV Year
Y
I Semester
S
r
DEPAR
D
RTMEN
NT OF
ELE
ECTRIICAL & ELEC
CTRON
NICS ENGIN
E
NEERIN
NG
LA
AB INSTR
RUCTOR
HOD
JOGINPALLY BR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB
IV -B.TECH
I- SEM
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. CALIBRATION & TESTING OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY
METER.
2. TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO MEASUREMENT USING
AC- BRIDGE
3. MEASUREMENT
OF
CAPACITANCE
BY
SCHERING
BRIDGE & INDUCTANCE BY ANDERSONS BRIDGE

4. CALIBRATION OF DYNAMO POWER FACTOR METER
5. RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGE-STRAIN MEASUREMENTS
AND CALIBRATION
6. MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS OF CHOKE COIL
USING 3 VOLTMETER AND 3 AMMETER METHOD
7. LVDT AND CAPACITANCE PICK-UP CHARACTERISTICS
AND CALIBRATION
8. KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE
9. CALIBRATION OF PMMC AMMETER & VOLTMETER
USING CROMPTONS DC POTENTIOMETER.
10. MEASUREMENT OF 3- REACTIVE POWER WITH SINGLE
PHASE WATTMETER
JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE
1
1.CALIB
BRATION
N AND TESTING
T
G OF SIN
NGLE PH
HASE
ENERG
GY MET
TER
AIM: Too Calibrate and test thhe given Sinngle phase energy
e
meteer by using Sub-standard or
calibratedd Wattmeterr with direct loading.
APPARA
ATUS:
Sl. NO.
TYPE
E
NAME
RAN
NGE
Q
QTY.
1-Phase
1
Enerrgy meter
AC
230 V/110 A
Wattmeter(S
W
Sub-standardd or calibrateed)
LPF
10A, 3000V
Dynamomete
D
er type
3
Voltmeter
V
MI
300 V
Ammeter
A
MI
10A
Rheostat
R
50 / 15A
1
Single
S
Phasee Variac
0-270V, 10A
Connecting
C
w
wires
Stop
S
watch Digital
D
AM:
CIRCUIIT DIAGRA
THEORY:
Induction type of energy meters are universally used for measurement of energy in
domestic and industrial a.c. circuits. Induction type of meters possesses lower friction and higher
torque/weight ratio. Also they are inexpensive and accurate, and retain their accuracy over a
wide range of loads and temperature conditions.
There are four main parts of the operating mechanism:
(i) Driving system
(ii) Moving system
(iii) Braking system and
(iv) Registering system.
Driving System: The driving system of the meter consists of two electro-magnets. The
core of these electromagnets is made up of silicon steel laminations. The coil of one of the
electromagnets is excited by the load current. This coil is called the current coil. The coil of
second electromagnet is connected across the supply and, therefore, carries a current proportional
to the supply voltage. This coil is called the pressure coil. Consequently the two electromagnets
are known as series and shunt magnets respectively. Copper shading bands are provided on the
central limb. The position of these banks is adjustable. The function of these bands is to bring the
flux produced by the shunt magnet exactly in quadrature with the applied voltage.
Moving System: This consists of an aluminium disc mounted on a light alloy shaft. This
disc is positioned in the air gap between series and shunt magnets.
Braking System: A permanent magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminum disc
forms the braking system. The aluminum disc moves in the field of this magnet and thus
provides a braking torque. The position of the permanent magnet is adjustable, and therefore,
braking torque can be adjusted by shifting the permanent magnet to different radial positions as
explained earlier.
Registering (counting) Mechanism: The function of a registering or counting
mechanism is to record continuously a number which is proportional to the revolutions made by
the moving system. In all induction instruments we have two fluxes produced by currents
flowing in the windings of the instrument. These fluxes are alternating in nature and so they
produce emfs in a metallic disc or a drum provided for the purpose. These emfs in turn circulate
eddy currents in the metallic disc or the drum. The breaking torque is produced by the interaction
of eddy current and the field of permanent magnet.
This torque is directly proportional to the product of flux of the magnet, magnitude of
eddy current and effective radius R from axis of disc. The moving system attains a steady
speed when the driving torque equals braking torque.
The term testing includes the checking of the actual registration of the meter as well as
the adjustments done to bring the errors of the meter with in prescribed limits. AC energy meters
should be tested for the following conditions:
1. At 5% of marked current with unity pf.
2. At 100% (or) 125% of marked current.
3. At one intermediate load with unity pf.
4. At marked current and 0.5 lagging pf.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With load DPST open and with variac in minimum (or) zero output position, close the
supply DPST switches.
3. Gradually vary the variac to apply the rated voltage (230 volts).
4. Close the load DPST and apply a suitable load (5A).
5. Note down the readings of the meters and time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter
disc.
6. Increase the load in steps and in each step note down the readings of the meters and
also the time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter aluminum disc. Tabulate the
readings.
7. Gradually reduce the load in steps and open the load DPST.
8. Vary the variac gradually to minimum or zero output position and open the supply
DPST.
9. Evaluate observed reading, actual reading, %error, %correction.
10. Draw the graph between Load current (vs) percent Error.
TABULA
AR FORM::
S.No.
Voltmeter Ammeterr Wattmeter
Time for
f
Theoretical
Praactical
I(Amps)
Readingg
10 revv
WH
kW
W*t
W(Wattss)
t(hrs))
(O.R
R)
(A
A.R)
errror
V(Volts)
BSERVED READING
R
O.R=OB
A.R=ACTU
UAL READ
DING
MODEL
L CALCULA
ATIONS:
O
Observed
reaading = 1/ (ennergy meter constant (k))/no. of revolutions)
Wheree, no. of revoolutions = 10
E
Energy
meterr constant k=
=600 rev/kw
wh
A
Actual
readin
ng = W *t
%erro
or = [(O.R-A
A.R)/A.R] *1100
%correctio
on = - % erroor = [(A.R-O
O.R)/A.R] *100
L GRAPH:
MODEL
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid lose connections.
2. Careful while observing the revaluation with stop watch.
3. Do not apply more current, more than the rated energy meter current.
4. Take readings without error.
5 Keep variac at their minimum position initially
6 Vary the variac such that the current and voltage are within the rated value
7. Meter readings should not exceed their ratings.
8. Live terminals should not be touched.
9 If any wattmeter reads, reading, change either current coil or pressure coil connections.
10 Load current should not exceed rated current value.
11 Load should be varied very smoothly.
12 Take proper care, such that the ammeter reading, should not exceed the current rating
of LPF wattmeter.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. What is an energy meter?
2. What are the types of energy meter?
3. Which type of energy meters are used in dc circuits?
4. Energy meter is a _____________ (i) integrating instrument (ii) indicating instrument
5. Can the measured percentage error be negative?
6. What do you mean by torque adjustment?
7. What is operating torque?
8. Define braking torque?
9. When does the disc on the spindle rotate with a constant speed?
10. The operating torque is directly proportional to speed, state true or false.
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO MEASUREMENT USING AC- BRIDGE

AIM:
To measure transformers ratio of transformer using A.C Bridge
APPARATUS:
S.NO
NAME
TYPE
RANGE
QTY
AC Bridge circuit kit
Patch cards
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Transformer is a device working on statically induced emf principle. If A.C. input is
applied to primary winding of transformer, certain voltage is induced in secondary winding of
transformer by induction. The ratio of primary volts is applied to the secondary volts induced is
known as transformation ratio K. This ratio depends on physical number of turns provided in
primary and secondary coils of transformer.As such turns ratio
K=
Where Np and Ns are number of turns in primary and secondary. Also Inductance of winding is
proportional to the square of number of turns. Hence L N2
Or K =
Where Lp and Ls are primary and secondary inductances. Therefore by measuring self inductance
of primary and secondary windings of transformer using A.C. bridge ,the transformer ratio is
calculated.
A.C.BRIDGE:
It consists of four arms of impedance, a sine wave generator, Detector or Headgear set.
The sine wave
generator is provided with frequency selection switch from
1KHz to
40KHz.Low frequency signal is used for measuring primary inductance (Lp) and high frequency
for secondary inductance (Ls).Thus by measuring primary and secondary inductances of
transformer with A.C. bridge, the turns ratio is decided.
Unknown primary or secondary winding inductance is connected between terminals of
inductor (L).Decade capacitance terminals are connected between terminals of capacitor.
Variable resistance R4 terminals connected to potentiometer P1 &P2. A.C. signal output from
oscillator is applied at bridge as input signal.
When bridge is at balance
Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3
Z1=Z2.Z3.1/Z4
=Z2.Z3.Y4
Equating imaginary parts

L=R2R3C Henrys
PROCEDURE
1. Connect output sockets capacitor of rotary switch to variable C sockets.
2. Connect output socket of P1 and P2 ports to variable R4 sockets.
3. Connect primary winding sockets of transformer to inductor (L) sockets.
4. Connect sine wave output of signal generator to A.C input socket of bridge.
5. Connect digital milli voltmeter 0-500 range (A.C) across galvanometer sockets.
6. Now switch on power select 1 KHz frequency of signal generator.
7. Put P1 and P2 to maximum position. This will balance real part (1K) in series with
inductor (L).
8. Now starting from 1F slowly increase C value by rotating rotary switches. At one
position of value C the reading of DVM is minimum. Note this value as C.
9. Calculate the value of primary inductance Lp using formula Lp=R2R3C henry.
10. Repeat the measurement twice and take the average of all three readings of Lp value.
11. Now connect secondary winding of transformer I to inductor terminals (L). Connect sine
wave output of signal generator to AC. Input socket of bridge. Repeat the measurement
twice and take the average of all three readings Lp value. And note inductance of
secondary Ls select 40 KHz range of signal for Ls measurement. Start balancing from the
lower range of capacitor.
12. Repeat steps 4 to 11 for transformer 2 and tabulate all readings.
13. Calculate turns ratio K=
TABLE:
S.No
Transformer
Inductance of
primary
Inductance of
winding
secondary winding
Transformation
ratio K=
RESULT:
EXPER
RIMENT NO.3
NO
A. MEASURE
M
EMENT OF
O CAPAC
CITANCE
E BY SCH
HERING BRIDGE
B
AIM:
T find the caapacitance of
To
o unknown capacitor
c
usiing Scheringg bridge.
APPARA
ATUS:
S.NO
N
NAME
TYPE
R
RANGE
QTY
Schering
S
bridge circuit kit
k
Head
H
phoness
Galvanomet
G
er
Patch
P
cards
AM:
CIRCUIIT DIAGRA
THEOR
RY:
T Schering
The
g Bridge is very
v
widely used for thee measuremeent of capaccitance, dieleectric
loss and power
p
factorr of capacitoors. The advaantage of ussing this briddge is that it can be emplloyed
in both loow voltage and
a high volttage measurements.
10
From the circuit:

C1 is the unknown capacitance and
R1 is a resistance representing its loss component
C2 is a standard air capacitor and it is loss free
R3 & R4 are non-inductive standard resistors.
R3 is fixed and R4 is variable
C4 is variable capacitors.
The detector may be a head phone or vibration galvanometer
E is a low voltage a.c. source r 230v, 50 Hz, supply
The bridge is balanced by adjusting
C4 and R4
At balance, we have V1 = V2 & V3 = V4
MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE BY SCHERING BRIDGE

Schering Bridge At balance condition V1=V2 & V3=V4
Here V1= (r1+ (1/jC1))
V2 = (1/jC2)
V3 = I1R3
V4 = I2Z4
Where Z4 = (R4 (1/jC4))/ (R4+ (1/jC4)) = (R4 / jR4C4)
Therefore
At balance
V4 = (I2R4) /( jR4C4)
V1=V2
i.e., (r1+ (1/jC1)) = (1/jC2) (1)
V3 = V4
i.e., I1R3 = (I2R4) /( jR4C4)..(2)
From equation (1) & (2)

V1 /V3 = V2 /V4
(r1+ (1/jC1))/ (R4 / jR4C4) = (R3/ jC2)
By equating real & imaginary parts we get,
r1 R4 = (R3 R4 C4)/ C2
and C1 = Cx = (R4 C2)/ R3
11
PROCEDURE:
2. Connect the unknown capacitance Cx between the terminals A & D.
3. Switch on the supply and vary the Resistance knob (R1 & R2) until minimum sound is
obtained from the loud speaker.
4. Repeat the above steps for different values of capacitance & tabulate the readings.
5. Switch off the supply.
FORMULA USED
For capacitance
r1 R4 = (R3 R4 C4)/ C2
and C1 = Cx = (R4 C2)/ R3
For dissipation factor D = 2FC1r
Where r = C3R1/C2
NOTE: the value of unknown capacitor is C = 0.01F, 0.02F, 0.03F, 0.04F
S.NO
Cs (known
R4
R3
Cx = CsR4/R3
capacitance)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Resistance should be varied very smoothly.
3. Switch off the supply when the resistance R1 is measured.
12
QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by high voltage Schering Bridge?
2. State some of the errors that occur in bridge measurements?
3. Anderson Bridge is a modified version of __________
4. In Anderson Bridge the self inductance is measured in comparison with ___________
5. What are the resistors need to be adjusted to get the balance
6. At what condition the galvanometer detector will be replaced by the head phone.
7. Schering bridge is used for the measurement of ______________
8. What is meant by loss angle?
9. Why we are doing electrostatic shielding for high voltage Schering bridge?
10. What are the elements need to be adjusted to obtain balance in Schering bridge?
RESULT:
13
B. MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE BY ANDERSONS BRIDGE

AIM:
To find the unknown inductance of a coil or inductor using Andersons bridge.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
NAME
TYPE
RANGE
QTY
Andersons bridge circuit kit
Head phones
Galvanometer
Patch cards
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
14
15
THEORY:
Andersons bridge is a modification of the Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge. In
this method, the self-inductance is measured in terms of a standard capacitor. This method is
applicable for precise measurement of self-inductance over a very wide range of values.
Figure shows the connections and the phasor diagram of the bridge for balanced
conditions:
Let L1 = Self-inductance to be measure
R1 = resistance of self-inductor,
r1 = resistance connected in series with self-inductor,
r, R2, R3, R4 = known non-inductive resistances, and
C = fixed standard capacitor.
At balance,
I1 = I3 and I2 = Ic + I4
Now I1R3 = Lc x( 1/ jwC)
Ic = I1jCR3.
Writing the other balance equations
16
I1 (r1+R1+jL1) = I2 R2 + Icr
and Ic (r+(1/jC) = (I2 Ic) R4.
Substituting the value of Ic in the above equations, we have
I1(r1+R1+jL1) = I2R2+I1jC R3r
Or
I1(r+R1+jL1-jCR3r) = I2R2 (i)
and
jCR3 I1 ( r+(1/jC))= (I2 IjCR3)R4 or I1(jCR3r + jCR3R4 +R3) = I2R4 (ii)
From Eqns. (i) and (ii), we obtain
I1 (r1 + R1 + jl1 jCR3r) = I1 ((R2R3/R4)+( jCR2R3r/R4)+jCR3R2)
Equating the real and the imaginary parts :
R1 = (R2R3/R4)-r1
and L1 = C(R3/R4)[r(R4 + R2) + R2R4]
An examination of balance equations reveals that to obtain easy convergence of balance,
alternate adjustments of r1 and should be done as they appear in only one of the two balance
equations.
ADVANTAGES:
1. In case adjustments are carried out by manipulating control over r1 and r, they become
independent of each other. This is a marked superiority over sliding balance conditions met with
low Q coils when measuring Maxwells bridge. A study of convergence conditions would reveal
that it is much easier to obtain balance in the case of Andersons bridge than in Maxwells bridge
for low Q-coils.
2. A fixed capacitor can be used instead of a variable capacitor as in the case of Maxwells
bridge.
3. This bridge may be used for accurate determination of capacitance in terms of inductance.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. The Andersons bridge is more complex than its prototype Maxwells bridge. The
Andersons bridge has more parts and is more complicated to set up and manipulate. The balance
equations are not simple and in fact are much more tedious.
2. An additional junction point increases the difficulty of shielding the bridge.
17
Considering the above complications of the Andersons bridge, in all the cases where a
variable capacitor is permissible the more simple Maxwells bridge is used instead of Andersons
bridge.
PROCEDURE:
AC BALANCE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram with HEAD PHONES connected to
proper terminals of the Andersons bridge.
2. Connect the unknown inductor L as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the supply and select a certain value of C say 0.01F.
4. Adjust R and r alternately till the head phones give minimum or no sound.
5. Repeat steps (4) for the same inductance by selecting different value of C.
6. Repeat the above steps for different values of unknown inductance.
CALCULATION:
L value is calculated by the given formula.
L = CR (Q + 2r)
S.NO
C(KNOWN
CAPACITANCE)
DC BALANCE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram with GALVANOMETER connected
to proper terminals of the Andersons bridge.
2. Connect the unknown inductor L as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the supply and select a certain value of C say 0.01F.
18
4. Adjust R and r alternately till the galvanometer shows null pointing.

5. Repeat step (4) for the same inductance by selecting different value of C.
6. Repeat the above steps for different values of unknown inductance.
CALCULATION:
L value is calculated by the given formula.
L = CR (Q + 2r)
S.NO
C(KNOWN
CAPACITANCE)
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by high voltage Schering Bridge?
2. State some of the errors that occur in bridge measurements?
3. Anderson Bridge is a modified version of __________
4. In Anderson Bridge the self inductance is measured in comparison with ___________
5. What are the resistors need to be adjusted to get the balance
6. At what condition the galvanometer detector will be replaced by the head phone.
7. Schering bridge is used for the measurement of ______________
8. What is meant by loss angle?
9. Why we are doing electrostatic shielding for high voltage Schering bridge?
10. What are the elements need to be adjusted to obtain balance in Schering bridge?
19
EXPERIMENT NO.4
CALIBRATION OF DYNAMOMETER POWER FACTOR

METER
AIM:
To Calibrate the Dynamometer Power Factor Meter by using calibrated wattmeter,
ammeter and voltmeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1.0.5 lead-1-0.5lag power factor meter
2. Double end 4mm patch cords
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
20
THEORY:
Power factor meters indicate directly, by a single reading, the power factor of the circuit
to which they are connected.
Power factor meters like wattcmeters have a current circuit and a pressure circuit. The
current circuit carries the current (or definite fraction of this current) in the circuit whose power
factor is to be measured. The pressure circuit is connected across the circuit whose power factor
is to be measured and is usually split up into two parallel paths one inductive and the other
non-inductive. The deflection of the instrument depends upon the phase difference between the
main current and the currents in the two paths of the pressure circuit, i.e. upon the phase angle or
power factor of the circuit. The deflection is indicated by a pointer. The deflection of the
instrument is a measure of phase angle of the circuit. The scale of the instrument can be
calibrated in directly in terms of power factor.
The moving system of power factor meters is perfectly balanced at equilibrium by two
opposing forces and therefore there is no need for a controlling force. Hence when a power
factor meter is disconnected from a circuit the pointer remains at the position which it occupied
at the instant of disconnection. The instrument must be designed for, and calibrated at, the
frequency of the supply on which its to be used. In case the meter is used for any other
frequency or if the supply contains harmonics it will give rise to serious errors in the indication
on account change in the value of reactance of choke coil.
POCEDURE:
1. Connect T7 and T22, T4 and T6, T3 and T21 to form RL load in the circuit.
2. Switch ON the power supply using MCB
3. Switch OFF Ammeter to read load currents and switch ON Voltmeter to read supply
volts.
4. Note down, Wattmeter and power factor meter readings.
5. Switch OFF the supply
6. Tabulate the readings
CALCULATIONS:
The power factor of the load
Cos = P/VI
21
Calculatee Cos from

m the actual load
l
connectted using
Cos = R/ [ (R2+X
+ L2)]
Where R is resistive part of load and XL is innductive reacctance (2fL)
C
= R/ (R2+XL2)
Or Cos
XC=1//2fC
Or Cos
C
= R/ [
(R2 + (XL ~X
~ C) 2 ]
% Errror = [Cos (Observed) - Cos (Acctual) / Cos (Actual)]** 100
VECTOR DIGRAM
MS:
Showiing real, reaactive and appparent pow

wer
I
Impedance
o the load coonnected
of
22
TABLE:
S.
NO
LOAD
R
POWE
(Volts) (Amps)
Cos
Cos
(Observed)
(Actual)
Error
(Watts)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. There should not be any loose connection
2. Meter readings should not exceed their ratings.
3. Take readings without parallel errors.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, wattmeter, and p.f. meter
5. Vary the rheostat by observing the p.f. meter and load current up to rated current of
rheostat.
6. Note down all the readings and reduce the input voltage and open the DPST.
7. Keep variac at their minimum position initially
8. Vary the variac such that the current and voltage are within the rated value
9. Live terminals should not be touched.
10 If any wattmeter reads, zero (or negative) reading, change either current coil or
pressure coil connections.
11. Load current should not exceed rated current value.
12. Load should be varied very smoothly.
13. Keep rheostat at its minimum resistance position initially.
14. Take proper care, such that the ammeter reading, should not exceed the current rating
of LPF wattmeter.
RESULT:
23
QUESTIONS:
1. State the widely used power factor meter?
2. What do you mean by true power? State the formula?
3. Is there any limit in mechanism to develop the controlling torque in dynamometer pf meter?
4. The angular displacement of the coil is proportional to system phase angle. State True/False.
5. What are the two different types of power factor meter?
6. What is the position of the pointer when no current flows in the circuit?
7. Torque acting on the coil P1 is directly proportional to ______________
8. Torque acting on coil P2 is directly proportional to ______________
9. The condition for the spindle to be in equilibrium?
10. The angular displacement of the coils is equal to ____________
24
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGE-STRAIN MEASUREMENTS AND

CALIBRATION
AIM:
To measure strain in metal conductor using strain gauge transducer.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
NAME
Strain Gauge Bridge circuit kit
TYPE
Patch cards
RANGE
QTY
1
-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
25
THEORY:
If a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, resistance of the metal changes due to
change in dimensions. For stretching, the resistance increases, for compression, the resistance
decreases. This property is called piezo-resistance effect. Let L be the length of metal
elongation let R be the initial resistance of metal and R be the increase in resistance due to
elongation. Then,
Strain S = L/L
Sensitivity of strain gauge Sg = R/R
The ratio R/R is converted into voltage signal in a Wheatstone bridge. In one arm, strain
gauge is used and other arm of bridge contains fixed resistance. Output volts
Vo = R/R * Ei/4 = S * Ei/4
Where Ei is the voltage applied to bridge. V is linearly proportional to strain.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect strain gauge as detailed in connection details.
2. Switch on the instrument and leave 5 to 10 minutes, to warm up.
3. Adjust zero potentiometer (P1) to read 000 in display.
4. Apply 1kg load to the cantilever beam and adjust calibration potentiometer (P2) till the
display shows 308 micro strains. Remove load and observe that display should show 000,
otherwise, adjust P1 to read 000.
5. Apply loads from 100gm to 1kg in steps. Note corresponding micro strain, calculate %
error and tabulate the readings.
CALCULATIONS:
Strain can be calculated by the formula
S = (6PL)/B * T2 E.
Here, P is load applied, say 1kg.
L is effective length of beam 18cm.
B is width of the beam (2.8cms)
26
T is thickness of the beam (2.5mm)

Y is Youngs moguls (2*106)
S = Micro strain
Let P = 1kg
S = 308 micro strain
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO
Weight in grms.
Actual Readings
Display Readings micro
S=6PL/BT2E MicroStrain
strains
100
30.8
200
61.6
300
92.4
400
123.2
500
154.0
600
184.8
700
215.6
800
246.4
900
277.2
10
1000
308
27
% Error
MODEL GRAPHS:
GRAPH BETWEENLOAD AND STRAIN
Graph between actual and display readings

RESULT:
28
EXPER
RIMENT NO.6
NO
M
MEASURE
EMENT OF
O PARAM
METERS OF CHOK
KE COIL
L USING
3VOLTME
ETERS & 3AMMETERS ME
ETHOD
AIM:
T obtain thee parameters (R, X, L, Z,, power and PF) of givenn choke coil using 3
To
Voltmeteer and 3 Amm
meter methoods.
APPARA
ATUS:
TYPE
E
NAME
Sl. NO.
RAN
NGE
Q
QTY.
Choke
C
coil
AC
230 V/110 A
Voltmeter
V
MI
300 V
Ammeter
A
MI
10A
Rheostat
R
50 / 15A
1
Single
S
Phasee Variac
0-270V, 10A
Connecting
C
w
wires
AC
AMS:
CIRCUIIT DIAGRA
METER ME
ETHOD
3-VOLTM
29
3- AMMETER METHOD
THEORY:
An inductive transducer works on the principle of variation of inductance using multiple
coils. The coils that are being used need to be evaluated and their parameters so defined such that
the use of their Parameters may be regarded as constant and accurate. Thus emphasis needs to be
laid upon the method of measurement of inductance of choke coil by using 3 voltmeter meter
method and 3 ammeter method.
For 3-Voltmeter method:
V
V
cos
2V V cos
V
V
2V V
Z=
r = Z * cos
= V I cos
=
and
L = Z*
30
P=
=
FOR 3-Ammeter method:
cos
2I I cos
I
I
2I I
Z=
r = Z * cos
L = Z*
P=
Hence by using the above formulae we can calculate the inductance of a choke coil.
PROCEDURE:
3 -Voltmeter method
2. Keep the variac in minimum position and close the DPST switch.
3. Vary the variac gradually in steps up to rated current capacity of conductor that used
for coil or up to voltage less than rated voltage indicated by voltmeter1
4. Note down the readings of meters in each step. Tabulate the readings as per tabular
form1
5. Gradually vary the variac to minimum position and open the DPST switch.
6. Now calculate the parameters of the choke coil.
3 Ammeter method
3. Vary the variac gradually in steps up to the rated voltage (230V).OR Apply current
less than (500mA) indicated by ammeter 2
31
4. Note down the readings of 3 Ammeters in each step. Tabulate the readings as per
tabular form 2
5. Gradually change the variac to minimum position and open the DPST switch.
6. Now calculate the parameters of the choke coil.
TABLE 1
V1
V2
V3
IL
W(wattmeter
(Volts)
(Volts)
(Volts)
(Amps)
reading)
I1
I2
I3
W(wattmeter
(Volts)
(Amps)
(Amps)
(Amps)
reading)
S.NO
cos
cos
TABLE 2
S.NO
32
MEASUREMENTS OF RESISTANCE OF CHOKE COIL:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
3. Vary the variac gradually in steps say 10V, 15V and 20V
4. Note down the ammeter readings. Tabulate the readings as per tabular form 3
5. Calculate resistance values R10v, R15v, and R20v and take average of 3 resistance
values as resistance of choke coil.
PRECAUTIONS:
1 Measure the exact magnitude of external rheostat.
2 Avoid lose connections.
3 Take readings without parallax error.
4 Keep variac at their minimum position initially
5 Vary the variac such that the current and voltage are within the rated value
6 Meter readings should not exceed their ratings.
7 Live terminals should not be touched.
8 If any wattmeter reads zero (or negative) reading, change either current coil or pressure
coil connections.
9 Load current should not exceed rated current value.
10 Load should be varied very smoothly.
11 Take proper care, such that the ammeter reading should not exceed the current rating
of LPF wattmeter.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the choke coil parameters?
2. What is the function of choke?
3. What are the methods are there to find choke coil parameters?
4. What are the methods are there to find choke coil parameters?
5. Which method is very important for finding the choke coil parameters?
33
EXPERIMENT NO.7
LVDT AND CAPACITANCE PICKUP-CHARACTERISTICS AND

CALIBRATION
AIM:
To measure the displacement using linear variable differential transformer.
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME
TYPE
RANGE
QTY
LVDT circuit kit
Patch cards
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
34
THEORY:
Linear variable differential transformer LVDT is a transducer. Basically it is passive
inductive transformer similar to a potential transformer.
LVDT consists of three windings, one primary and two secondaries of equal turns.
Primary is wound centrally between two secondaries. All three windings are wound on a hollow
tubular former through which magnetic core slides.
Core affects magnetic coupling between primary and the secondarys while primary is
connected to an AC signal.
Normal / null position of core causes equal induced voltage in both the secondaries.
Hence the total difference voltage of both the secondaries becomes zero. Any deviation in core
position from its null position induces unequal voltage from both secondaries and hence the
difference signal of it is a non-zero quantity, this non-zero quantity varies with core position.
Ideally displacement versus change in difference signal should be linear.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect 2 pin power supply chord to mains 230V, 50 Hz, keep the switch in OFF
position before connecting to mains.
2. Switch ON the system and allow % minutes warm up period
3. Rotate the micrometer (calibration Jig) up to 10mm
4. Calibrate the kit by adjusting the P1 & P2 POTs nearly to the center position to read
the displacement counter is zero.
5.Now rotate micrometer by 1mm until 10mm to 0mm in back word direction and see the
values of displacement counter, as for every two rotations one digit increment(i.e., nearly it reads
10)
6. Now repeat the same procedure for forward direction i.e., 10mm to 20mm in
micrometer.
7. Rotate the micrometer in steps of 1, 2,3mm and tabulate the corresponding readings.
The display will be corresponding to the core displacement.
8. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph between display in mm and actual
displacement in mm
9. Repeat the experiment 3 times and observe the repeatability of the instrument
35
TABLE::
S.NO
Micrrometer
Indicated
readin
ng(mm)
Readingg(mm)
Error
% Error
H:
GRAPH
Grraph between
n micrometeer reading and
a displayeed readings
PRECAU
UTIONS:
1. Allow the instrument
i
inn ON positioon for 10 miin. for initiall warm up.
brating vary the cal/spann pot slowly and smoothly.
2. While calib
T:
RESULT
QUESTIIONS:
1. What is LV
VDT?
2. What is traansducer?
y transducerss are there?
3. How many
y windings thhe transform
mers in LVDT
T have in itss constructionn?
4. How many
L
5. How the seecondaries arre connectedd in the transsformer of LVDT?
36
EXPERIMENT NO.8
KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE

AIM:
To determine the low resistance by setting up Kelvins double bridge.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
NAME
TYPE
RANGE
QTY
Kelvins bridge circuit kit
Rheostat
Galvanometer
Patch cards
DMM DIGITAL
1
5A/50 OHM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The first ratio arm is P and Q
The second ratio arm p and q is used the connect the galvanometer to a point d at
appropriate potential between points m and n to eliminate the effect of connecting lead resistance
r between R and S
Under balanced condition there is no current passing through the galvanometer
37
If
P/Q = p/q
R = (P/Q) S
X is the unknown resistance to be measured.
S is the standard resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Short the terminals which are marked +c,-c & +p, -p.
2. Calibrate the Kelvins double bridge by turning the zero adjusting knob until
galvanometer indicates zero.
3. During calibration remaining knobs should be kept at zero position.
4. Now short terminals +p, +c and p,-c. connect unknown specimen resistance between
+p and p terminals.
5. Now adjust the main dial, slide wire and multiplier until the galvanometer indicates
zero position.
6. Note down the readings of main dial slide wire and multiplier.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No.
Main dial Slide wire Multiplier

reading
Ractual
Rmeasured
% Error
reading
CALCULATIONS:
%Error = (Ractual - Rmeasured) / Ractual
Unknown resistance = multiplier *(main dial reading + slide wire reading)
38
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Galvanometer should always be connected to protective resistance to prevent damage
to galvanometer.
2. Changes in Q and q should be made immediately to bring the pointer of galvanometer
back to within scale to prevent damage.
3. Resistance r should be in the maximum position to start with and adjusted later if
necessary to get large deflection.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Classify resistance?
2. Examples of high resistance?
3. What are the methods employed in measuring low resistances?
4. Which is the most accurate method to measure the low resistances? State the reason?
5. Kelvin double bridge is a modified version of?
6. What is the main problem in measuring low resistances?
7. How do we measure high resistances?
8. Practical methods to measure earth resistance?
9. What are the quantities that are measured by ac bridges?
39
EXPERIMENT NO.9
CALIBRATION OF PMMC AMMETER AND VOLTMETER USING CROMPTON D.C.
POTENTIOMETER
AIM:
To calibrate PMMC Ammeter and Voltmeter using Crompton DC potentiometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. NO.
NAME
TYPE
DC Crompton
DC
RANGE
QTY.
1 no.
Potentiometer
2
Standard cell
Volt ratio box
Daniel cell(1.08V)
DC
1 no.
Input 0-1.5V Output 0-1.5, 1 no.

15, 30,100, 300V
Regulated power supply DC
0-30V
1 no.
(RPS)
5
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
1 no.
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
1 no.
Connecting wires
Sensitive galvanometer
Spot
reflecting 30-0-30
1 no.
MC-Type
9
Standard resistance
0.01 Ohms, 10A
1 no.
10
Rheostat
50 Ohms, 5A
1 no.
11
Battery
2V(freshly charged)
1 no.
12
DC SUPPLY
220V
1 no.
40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
41
THEORY:
A Potentiometer is an instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by comparing
it with a known voltage. The known voltage may be supplied by a standard cell or any other
known voltage reference source. Measurements using comparison methods are capable of a
high degree of accuracy because the result obtained does not depend upon on the actual
deflection of a pointer, as is the case in deflection methods. but only upon the accuracy with
which the voltage of the reference source is known. Another advantage of the potentiometers is
that since a potentiometer makes use of a balance or null condition, no current flows and hence
no power is consumed in the circuit containing the unknown emf when the instrument is
balanced. Thus the determination of voltage by a potentiometer is quite independent of the
source resistance. It can also be used to determine current simply by measuring the voltage drop
produced by the unknown current passing through a known standard resistance. The
42
potentiometer is extensively used for a calibration of voltmeters and ammeters and has in fact
become the standard for the calibration of these instruments. For the above mentioned
advantages the potentiometer has become very important in the field of electrical measurements
and calibration.
Modern laboratory type potentiometers used calibrated dial resistors and a small circular
wire of one or more turns, thereby reducing the size of the instrument. The resistance of slide
wire is known accurately, the voltage drop along the slide wire can be controlled by adjusting the
value of working current. The process of adjusting the working current so as to match the voltage
drop across a portion of sliding wire against a standard reference source is known as
Standardization.
PROCEDURE:
STANDARDIZATION:
2. Keep the function knob of the potentiometer at STD position. Switch on the RPS (1)
and adjust to 2 volts.
3. Adjust the slide contact and slide wire of the potentiometer to read standard cell
voltage (1.08V).
4. Press the galvano key of the potentiometer and adjust the coarse and fine rheostats
until the spot reflecting galvanometer gives null deflection. This completes standardization of the
potentiometer. Once standardization is done the position of R1 & R2 should not be changed
PMMC VOLTMER
1. Voltmeter under test is connected across potential divider in such a way that p.d across
voltmeter can be varied
2. V.R box is used in parallel to potentiometer to reduce voltage to the range of
potentiometer
3. Change the function knob to E1 position. Switch on RPS and adjust a suitable voltage
on V.R box
4 Press the galvano key of the potentiometer and adjust the slide contact and slide wire
until the spot Reflecting galvanometer gives null deflection.
43
5 Note down the readings of voltmeter, and potentiometer slide contact and slide wire
readings.
6 Repeat the steps 4 and 5 for different voltages from RPS
7. Reduce the voltage of RPS and RPS to zero. Switch off the supply.
8 Draw the graph between Load current (vs) % Error.
NOTE:
1. RPS must be at 2 volts only.
2. Smoothly vary the knobs on the potentiometer.
3. Keep the spot reflecting galvanometer switch to AC mains position and rotating key to
free position during the conduction of experiment.
4. At the end of the experiment remove the supply to the galvanometer and move the
rotating key to lock position and short the galvanometer output terminals.
CALCULATION:
True voltage (T.V) = (Input terminal)/1.5*potentiometer reading
%Error = (Apparent voltage-True voltage)/Apparent voltage*100
True current (T.C.) = potentiometer reading/ potentiometer shunt
% Error = ( Apparent current True current)/ Apparent current * 100
[Since Ammeter reading = Apparent current]
PROCEDURE:
STANDARDIZATION:
1. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Keep the function knob of the potentiometer at STD position. Switch ON the RPS (1)
and adjust to 2 volts.
3. Adjust the slide contact and slide wire of the potentiometer to read standard cell
voltage (1.08V).
4. Press the galvano key on the potentiometer and adjust the coarse and fine rheostat until
the spot reflecting galvanometer gives null deflection. This completes standardization of
galvanometer. Once standardization is done the position of R1 & R2 should not be changed
44
TABULAR FORM:
FOR VOLTMETER:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Potentiometer
Reading(V)A.V
Reading(V)
True Voltage(V) T.V
%Error=(A.V.T.V.)/A.V.*100
FOR AMMETER:
S.NO
Ammeter
Potentiometer
True Current (A)
%Error=(A.C.-
Reading(A) A.C
Reading(v)
T.C
T.C.)/T.C*100
PMMC AMMETER:
1 Ammeter to be calibrated is connected in series with variable resistor R & standard
resistance S
2 The standard resistance should of such a magnitude that current passed through it
doesnt exceed range of potentiometer
3 V.R box is used in parallel to potentiometer to reduce voltage to the range of
potentiometer
4. Keep the rheostat at maximum position and change the function knob to E1 position.
Switch on RPS (2) and apply 30 volts.
5 Vary the rheostat gradually and adjust suitable current.
6. Press the galvano key on the potentiometer and adjust the slide contact and slide wire
until the spot reflecting galvanometer gives the null deflection.
45
7. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, and potentiometer slide contact and
slide wire readings.
8. Repeat the steps 5 to7 for different values of current.
9 Vary the rheostat to maximum position; reduce the voltage of RPS and RPS to zero.
Switch off the supply.
10 Draw the graph between Load current (vs) % Error.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit without loose connections.
2. Dont vary the coarse and fine pots, after standardization.
3. After connecting the unknown voltage, dont press the final button of Galvanometer
directly.
4. Operate the selector switch (P1) ad, slide wire (P2) very smoothly.
5. Take care about current rating which choosing the standard rheostat in calibration of
ammeter experiment.
6. Connect the unknown voltage directly to the test terminals, if it has less than 1.5V.
7. Since DC Crompton potentiometer measures upto1.86V adjust the voltage at E2 should
not exceed this value while doing the experiment.
RESULT:
QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by a potentiometer?
2. What are the types of potentiometer?
3. What is the working principle of a potentiometer?
4. What is standardization of potentiometer?
5. What is the purpose of connecting a standard battery in the circuit?
6. Application of dc potentiometer?
7. What do you mean by calibration curve of the ammeter?
8. What do you mean by a volt-ratio box?
9. What are the types and applications of AC potentiometer?
46
EXPERIMENT NO.10
MEASUREMENT OF 3- REACTIVE POWER WITH

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETER
AIM:
To measure reactive power with single phase wattmeter
APPARATUS:
S.NO
NAME
TYPE
RANGE
QTY
3- reactive power with single phase wattmeter kit.
4mm double end patch cords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
47
THEOR
RY:
T basic priinciple used for measuriing active ass well as reaactive powerr in an a.c. circuit
The
is the Bloondels theorrem.
Iff a network is
i supplied through
t
n conductors,
c
the total pow
wer is measuured by sum
mming
the readinngs of n watt
w meters iss in each linee and the corrresponding voltage elem
ment is connnected
between the line and
d a commonn point. If the common point
p
is locaated on one of the lines,, then
the poweer may be meeasured by (n-1) watt meeters.
O wattmetter method can
One
c be usedd for the meeasurement of
o power buut this methhod is
applicablle only for balanced
b
loadds the currennt coil is connnected in onne of the linees and one end of
the pressure coil to so
ome line, othher end beinng connectedd alternativelly to other tw
wo lines.
w
to read
Inn case of baalanced threee phase circcuits it is siimple to usee a single wattmeter
reactive power the current
c
coil of the wattm
meter is connnected in one
o line andd pressure coil is
her two lines.
connecteed across oth
R
Reading
of wattmeter
w
= VI
V cos (90 + )
= 3
VI cos (900 + )
= - 3 VI sin
Q = 3 VI sin
s
= (- 3))* reading of wattmeter..
Phase anglle = tan-1[Q/P]
[
48
PROCEDURE:
1. Short with patch cords the terminals T15 and T37, T17 and T42, T19 and T47, T16 and T21,
T18 and T23, T20 and T25, T22,T24,T26 and T50 to balanced RL load in the circuit
2. Connect T11 of ammeter to T34 and T12 to T35( Ammeter and current coil of wattmeter are
internally connected in series). Now current coil of wattmeter is in R phase.
3. Now connect Voltmeter terminals of wattmeter T13 to T40 and T14 to T45. Now pressure
coil of wattmeter is across Y B phases. Connect voltmeter terminals T9 to T44 and T10 to
T49 to read phase voltage VBN and phase current IB.
4. Put the dimmer in minimum position.
5. Switch on MCB.
6. Slowly vary the dimmer so that the phase voltage in voltmeter to 220V.
7. Note the ammeter reading IR, wattmeter reading VIsin.
8. Calculate the reactive power of the circuit using formula.
= -3* wattmeter reading
9. Now, repeat experiments with CC of wattmeter in Y phase and PC across B R and CC of
wattmeter in B phase and PC across R Y.
10. Repeat the experiment with RL, RC and RLC balanced loads and tabulate the readings.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO.
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter readings
Total Reactive
Reading (Vph)
readings (IL)
-3VL IL sin (W)
Power Q= -3 (W)
RESULT:
49

Emlabmanual PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Emlabmanual PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ROLL NO

JOGINPALLY BR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BRIDGE & INDUCTANCE BY ANDERSONS BRIDGE

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Voltmeter Ammeterr Wattmeter

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO MEASUREMENT USING AC- BRIDGE

AC Bridge circuit kit

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

generator is provided with frequency selection switch from

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

When bridge is at balance

Equating imaginary parts

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

From the circuit:

MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE BY SCHERING BRIDGE

From equation (1) & (2)

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

B. MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE BY ANDERSONS BRIDGE

Andersons bridge circuit kit

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

4. Adjust R and r alternately till the galvanometer shows null pointing.

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CALIBRATION OF DYNAMOMETER POWER FACTOR

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Calculatee Cos from

Showiing real, reaactive and appparent pow

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB