Chapter 13

Gas Measurement and Regulation

John M. Campbell

Sr..

The Campbell

Cornpaws*

Introduction
Measurement and regulation are an integral part of the
production of gas. As the value of gas has increased, the
need for more accurate measurement
has become apparent. Proper regulation is necessary to prevent unnecessary flaring or production curtailment.
Today the engineer has a choice from among many instruments
and controls,
some of which are rather
sophisticated.
The advent of electronic and digital equipment offers many alternatives.
Remote metering and
control now are more commonly employed to minimize
personnel overhead. The net result is a more complex
production system than the traditional one.
Many seemingly superior instruments and controls are
not suitable for some production systems. They may not
be packaged to withstand exposure to the weather and
elements in the environment-rain,
salt spray, sand.
wind, lightning, etc. Some devices are so sensitive that
mere vibration may be a problem. Calibration and other
like necessities may be inconvenient
(or maybe impractical) in remote locations. Also, properly trained personnel may not be available for maintenance.
If transfer of custody is involved, contractural obligation may limit the choice of system. Other factors like
spare parts availability and vendor service all influence
the proper selection of equipment and vendor.

Gas Measurement
The choice of meter depends on the absolute volume involved and the rangeability-the
ratio of maximum to
minimum flow rate that a given size meter can accommodate. Reliability also is a factor. Both accuracy and
precision must be cdnsidered. Accuracy is the difference
between
true and measured
rate. Precision
is the
repeatability of a measurement,
however wrong it may
be.

There are a series of volumetric meters that

volume directly by use of bellows, reciprocating
rotating vanes and cams, etc. These are used
for measuring small volumes of low-pressure
have little application in production operations.

measure
pistons,
primarily
gas and

Velocity Meters
A velocity meter is any device that measures flow by impact kinetic energy or by using the change in pressure
that accompanies
a controlled
change
in velocity.
However this change is induced, meter performance
is
governed by an energy balance.

The Energy Balance.

Fig. 13. I illustrates a general

flow system on which a general flow equation may be
based. Points 1 and 2 represent any two points in a flow
system between
which an energy balance may be
written
The fluid entering at Point 1 has an internal energy,
U 1, which is the result of previous energy obtained. In
addition, a certain amount of pV work must be done to
get the fluid past Point I-i.e.,
the eiiergy necessary for
it to flow. This fluid also possesses potential energy , X 1,
above the datum plane, and kinetic energy vI i2g. The
fluid leaving at Point 2 possesses the same forms of
energy but the amount depends on the work W or heat Q
gained or lost by the system between the two points. The
general equation may then be written

lJ,+p,V,+Z,+~+Q-W

21:

=u2+p2v1+z?+$; . . . . . . .

. . . . . . (1)

PETROLEUM

13-2

L----------------------J
I
DATUM
X=0

Fig.13.1-General

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

flow system.

where
U = internal energy, which includes all energy
such as heat, electrical, chemical, and
surface,
p = pressure,
V = volume or specific volume,
Z = height above an arbitraty datum plane,
v = velocity in conduit,
Q = heat gained or lost by system (plus if
gained, minus if lost), and
W = work done by system (plus if done by
system, minus if done on system).
The many ramifications
of Eq. 1 are developed in any
standard text on thermodynamics.
Eq. 1 may be applied to any of the systems shown in
Fig. 13.2. When writing it between Points 1 and 2 of any
of the three systems shown, it may be reduced to
2

p,Y,-p~v*=~-~.

........

. . . . (2)

Eq. 2 develops on the normally correct premise that Q,

W, and AU are substantially
zero between the two
points. These two points are, furthermore,
so close
together that any change in potential energy is negligible
in comparison with the other changes involved. Eq. 2 is
the basic equation governing velocity or head meters and
expresses the general fact that changes in velocity in
such a system must be accompanied by a corresponding
change in static pressure.

Forms of Meter. Fig. 13.2 shows several common ways

in which a velocity change may be imposed on the
system. In each instance, a constriction is supplied for
increasing
the velocity
(decreasing
static pressure),
following which the velocity returns to normal. The
amount of permnerzr pressure loss across the device is
small and depends largely on the amount of turbulence
and friction loss involved.
The Venturi tube shown in Part a is designed so that a
high-pressure
differential
can be induced
and still
minimize the permanent pressure loss due to turbulence
and eddy currents. In general, it will restore at least 90%
of the pressure drop at the throat. The sections involved,
1 though, are expensive to manufacture and bulky to handle, especially at elevated pressures. Consequently,
their

Fig. 13.2-Diagrammatic representationof fluidflow through a

flat-plate
orificeshowmg relativepositlonsof the
pressure taps in common
use and the change in
staticpressures (flowisfrom left
to right).
(a)Venturi
tube, cross section;(b)flow nozzle, cross section;
(c)locationof taps;(d)schematic view of pitottube.

use

is usually limited to low-pressure applications where

high-pressure
recovery is essential. The flow nozzle is
essentially a cross between the three devices shown and
represents an attempt to incorporate the best features of
each. General usage is limited.
The flat-plate orifice is used in the majority of all gasproduction and transportation
facilities. It is simple, inexpensive,
handy to change and stock, and gives
reproducible
results. Although the pressure recovery is
seldom higher than 65%, this is not a critical fault, for
most systems are designed to operate with a low differential pressure.

Derivation

of an Orifice Equation. Eq. 2 may be

simplified by assuming that V, = V? = V, an assumption
that is approximately
ttue and is later corrected by a term
called the expansion factor. Then

VI

-v2

2 =2gV(p*

-p,

)=2gh.

..

. . (3)

The term h is the differential head loss between Points 1

and 2 expressed as feet of fluid (that fluid flowing in
the system).
The velocities may be expressed in terms of volume
rate of flow qR and diameters
d; and d, (internal
diameter of pipe and orifice opening, respectively).
This
substitution yields an intermediate equation

R=A2&i

Jql,

. (4)

where A2 =area of orifice plate opening, and Fd =d,ldi.

The second term on the right side of Eq. 4 is often referred to as the approach factor.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

13-3

Further modification
of our theoretical
equation is
necessary. Part c of Fig. 13.2 shows that the diameter of
the flowing stream becomes smaller than that of the
orifice opening. This point, known as the vena contracta, is really the limiting diameter, and some correction
must be made when using the orifice-opening
diameter
in the equation. There is also an energy loss due to turbulence and friction not yet accounted for. Both of these
considerations
are easily handled by use of an efficiency
factor, K,, that must be determined experimentally.
For convenience
we furthermore like to express h in
terms of inches of water, h ,I.. If all these corrections and
conversions
are superimposed
on Eq. 4 the equation
reads

where
Yx - gas-flow rate, std cu ft/hr measured at I)),
and Th,
di = internal diameter, in.,
diameter. in.,
d,, = orifice-opening
flowing
pressure,
psia,
Pf =
P \C= base pressure, psia,
R.
Tf = flowing temperature,
T,,. = base temperature,
R,
h ,,. = differential across orifice, in. H20,
Yr: = specific gravity of gas (air= 1 .O), and
K, = efficiency factor, which includes the
approach factor.
Eq. 5 may be modified to a more standard form by
(1) combining
terms, (2) writing it for a gas whose
specific gravity= 1.0, and (3) assuming that p,,( = 14.73
psia and T,,. = Tf=520R.
This yields the two basic orifice equations

qs=CJh,pf

.........

..

. . (6)

The comparable metric standard for the orifice equations and constants is ANSI/API 2530. * At the time this
material was being prepared, the conversion
effort to SI
units had not been completed.
Until it is, calculations
may be made in English units and converted.
q,(m3)=(0.028

33)(cu ft),

where qR =m3 measured at 101.315 kPa and 15C and

cu ft=volume
measured at 14.73 psia and 60F.

Orifice Constants
The value of the constants in Eq. 7 depends in many
cases on the points between which the differential head
loss, h H,, is measured. Two standards are provided in gas
measurement-flange
taps and pipe taps. With the
former, the flange or orifice holder is so tapped that the
center of the upstream and downstream taps is 1 in. from
the respective orifice-plate
surfaces. For standard pipe
taps, the upstream tap is located two and one-half pipe
diameters
upstream
and
eight
pipe
diameters
downstream.
The location of Sec. 1 (Tables 13. la, g, i,
and 1) of the orifice tables is forflange
taps and Sec. 3
(Tables 13. lb, h, j, and m) is for pipe taps. Sec. 2 (the
remaining parts of Table 13.1) shows the fluid-condition
factors common to both types.

Basic Orifice Factor Fb. This factor, as noted above, is

based on those assumptions necessary to go from Eq. 5
to 6. These are T,,,. =520R, yR = 1 .OO, and Tf=520R.
It is a function of the experimental
constant K,,. which
means that it depends on the location of the differential
pressure taps and the internal pipe diameter, in addition
to the orifice diameter.
The value of Fb may be found from tables of Fh
shown in Table 13.1 a for flange taps and Table 13.1 b for
pipe taps if the meter run is of standard internal diameter.
For gas-measurement
work involving sale and purchase
by a gas-transmission
or distribution company, corrections are provided for values of F,, not fitting the standard tables. These are not shown here, for they are not
normally used in production operations.

Factor Ft,b. Values of this factor are

shown in Sec. 2 (Table 13.1~) of the charts. It corrects
the value of Fh for the case where the pressure base used
is not 14.73 psia. It my be determined by the equation
F,,f, = 14.73 psc.
Pressure-Base

and
C=FhF,,I,F,i,F,~FdF,YF,,.F,,,F,,F,.

_.

(7)

The value C is known as the orifice constant. It is determined primarily from F,, the basic orifice flow factor,
which is equal to 338.17 K,d,,.
The other multipliers
shown in Eq. 7 are correction factors to correct for the
basic assumptions necessary to arrive at Eq. 6. Only the
first five are usually used in routine lease operations. in
measuring gas for proration records and the like. The last
six correction factors are relatively small and are used to
obtain accurate records in the sale or purchase of gas.
The last two apply only to meters with mercury
manometers.
Table 13.1 summarizes these constants except for F,,,. ,
which is calculated from compressibility
factor, and F,,.
calculated from the expansibility
of metals used for
orifice construction. 2.x

Factor Frb. This is shown in Table

13. Id and corrects for any contract wherein the base
temperature
is not 520R (60F). This factor may be
computed by the equation F,/, = T,,,.i520.
Temperature-Base

Factor Fg. This factor, shown in

Table 13. le, is to correct the basic orifice equation for
those cases where the specific gravity of the gas is other
than 1.00. The equation is F, =(l/y,).s.
Specific-Gravity

Flowing-Temperature Factor Fu. This factor corrects

for those cases where the flowing temperature of the as
is other than 60F. The equation is F,f=(520/Tf-) 8 5.
Values are given in Table 13. If.
(contmued on Page

8)

13-4

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

TABLE 13.la-FLANGE
Orifice
Diameter,

TAPS: BASIC ORIFICE FACTORS, F,

lnternalDiameterofPipe,d,,in

1.689

1.939

2.067

2.300

2.626

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

12.695
28.474
50.777
80.090
117.09

12.707
28.439
50.587
79.509
115.62

12.711
28.428
50.521
79.311
115.14

12.714
28.411
50.435
79.052
114.52

12.712
28.393
50.356
78.818
113.99

12.708
28.382
50.313
78.686
113.70

12.705
28.376
50.292
78.625
113.56

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

162.95
219.77
290.99
385.78
-

159.56
212.47
276.20
353.58
448.57

158.47
210.22
271.70
345.13
433.50

157.12
207.44
266.35
335.12
415.75

156.00
205.18
262.06
327.39
402.18

155.41
204.04
259.95
323.63
395.80

155.14
203.54
259.04
322.03
393.09

542.26
-

510.86
623.91

487.98
586.82
701.27
834.88

477.36
569.65
674.44
793.88
930.65

472.96
562.58
663.42
777.18
906.01

;K)

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

2.900

3.068

1091.2
-

1052.5
1223.2
-

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000

10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE

13-5

13.la-FLANGE

Orifice
Diameter,

TAPS:

BASIC

ORIFICE FACTORS,

F, (continued)

Internal
Diameterof Pipe,d,,in
4

d 0

3.152

3.438

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

12.703
28.373
50.284
78.598
113.50

12.697
28.364
50.258
78.523
113.33

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

155.03
203.33
258.65
321.37
391.97

154.71
202.75
257.63
319.61
389.03

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

471.14
559.72
658.96
770.44
896.06

466.39
552.31
647.54
753.17
870.59

(in.)

6
-

3.826

4.026

12.68728.353
50.234
78.450
113.15

12.683
28.348
50.224
78.421
113.08

50.197
78.338
112.87

50.191
78.321
112.82

50.182
78.296
112.75

50.178
78.287
112.72

154.40
202.20
256.69
318.03
386.45

154.27
201.99
256.33
317.45
385.51

153.88
201.34
255.31
315.83
382.99

153.78
201.19
255.08
315.48
382.47

153.63
200.96
254.72
314.95
381.70

153.56
200.85
254.56
314.72
381.37

462.27
545.89
637.84
738.75
849.41

460.79
543.61
634.39
733.68
842.12

456.93
537.77
625.73
721.03
823.99

456.16
536.64
624.09
718.69
820.68

455.03
535.03
621.79
715.44
816.13

454.57
534.38
620.88
714.19
814.41

970.95
1104.7
1252.1
1415.0
1595.6

960.48
1089.9
1231.7
1387.2
1558.2

934.97
1054.4
i 182.9
1320.9
1469.2

930.35
1048.1
1174.2
1309.3
1453.9

924.07
1039.5
1162.6
1293.8
1433.5

921.71
1036.3
1158.3
1288.2
1426.0

1628.9
1801.0
1986.6
2187.2
2404.2

1608.7
1774.5
1952.4
2143.4
2348.8

1582.1
1740.0
1907.8
2086.4
2276.5

1572.3
1727.5
1891.9
2066.1
2250.8

2639.5
2895.5
3180.8
-

2479.1
2695.1
2925.7
3172.1
3435.7

2446.8
2654.9
2876.0
3111.2
3361.5

2569.8
2808.1
3065.3
3345.5
3657.7
-

3718.2
4354.8
-

3628.2
4216.6
4900.9
-

4.897
-

5.189
-

5.761
-

6.065
-

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

1038.1
1499.9
-

1001.4
1147.7
1311.7
1498.4
-

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

1797.1
-

1746.7
1955.5
2194.9

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000

10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

13-6

PETROLEUM

TABLE 13.la-FLANGE
Orifice
Diameter,
d "\
(in.)
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

TAPS: BASIC ORIFICE FACTORS, F, (continued)

Internal
Diameter of Pipe,d,,

7.981
-

in.
10

8
7.625

ENGINEERING

8.071
-

9.564
-

10.020

10.136

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

153.34
200.46
253.99
313.91
380.25

153.31
200.39
253.89
313.78
380.06

153.31
200.38
253.87
313.74
380.02

200.20
253.55
313.31
379.44

253.48
313.20
379.29

253.47
313.18
379.26

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

453.02
532.27
618.02
710.32
809.22

452.78
531.95
617.60
709.77
808.50

452.72
531.87
617.50
709.84
808.34

451.95
530.87
616.21
707.99
805.23

451.76
530.63
615.90
707.61
805.76

451.72
530.57
615.83
707.51
805.65

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

914.79
1027.1
1146.2
1272.3
1405.4

913.86
1025.9
1144.7
1270.3
1402.9

913.64
1025.6
1144.3
1269.8
1402.3

910.97
1022.2
1140.1
1264.5
1395.6

910.38
1021.5
1139.2
1263.4
1394.2

910.24
1021.3
1139.0
1263.1
1393.9

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

1545.7
1693.4
1848.8
2011.6
2182.6

1542.5
1689.3
1843.5
2005.2
2174.6

1541.8
1688.4
1842.3
2003.8
2172.9

1533.4
1678.0
1829.4
1987.8
2153.2

1531.7
1675.9
1826.9
1984.7
2149.5

1531.3
1675.4
1826.3
1984.0
2148.6

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

2361.8
2549.7
2746.5
2952.6
3168.3

2352.0
2537.7
2731.8
2934.8
3146.9

2349.9
2535.0
2728.6
2930.8
3142.1

2325.7
2505.6
2692.8
2887.6
3090.1

2321.2
2500.1
2686.2
2079.7
3080.7

2320.2
2498.9
2684.7
2877.9
3078.5

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

3394.3
3879.4
4412.8
5000.7
5650.0

3368.5
3842.3
4360.5
4928.1
5551.1

3362.9
3834.2
4349.0
4912.2
5529.5

3300.6
3746.1
4226.0
4742.7
5298.6

3289.3
3730.2
4204.1
4712.8
5258.5

3286.8
3726.7
4199.2
4706.2
5249.6

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

6369.3
7170.9
-

6236.4
6992.0
7830.0
-

6207.3
6953.6
7777.8
8706.9
-

5897.4
6543.1
7240.0
7993.3
8808.9

5843.6
6471.9
7146.9
7873.0
8654.8

5831.8
6456.3
7126.5
7846.6
8621.1

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

9693.3
10654
11711
-

9455.3
10355
11327
12381
13541

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

9498.1
10409
11394
12467
13656
-

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000
10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

HANDBOOK

GASMEASUREMENTAND

13-7

REGULATION

TABLE

13.la-FLANGE

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

BASIC ORIFICE FACTORS,

Internal
Diameter of Pipe,d,.

Orifice
Diameter,

d "3
(in.)

TAPS:

12
11.376

11.938
-

F, (continued)

in.
16

12.090

14.688

15.000

15.250

528.94

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

312.94
378.94

312.85
378.82

312.83
378.79

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

451.30
530.04
615.16
706.68
804.61

451.14
529.83
614.90
706.36
804.23

451.10
529.78
614.84
706.28
804.13

450.53
529.06
613.94
705.18
802.78

450.48
528.99
613.85
705.07
802.65

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

908.98
1019.8
1137.1
1260.8
1391.1

908.51
1019.2
1136.4
1260.0
1390.1

908.39
1019.1
1136.2
1259.8
1389.9

906.77
1017.1
1133.9
1257.1
1386.7

906.61
1017.0
1133.7
1256.8
1386.4

906.49
1016.8
1133.5
1256.6
1386.1

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

1528.0
1671.4
1821.4
1978.1
2141.5

1526.8
1670.0
1819.7
1976.1
2139.2

1526.5
16696
18193
1975.6
2138.6

1522.7
1665.2
1814.1
1969.6
2131.5

1522.4
1664.8
1813.7
1969.0
2130.9

1522.1
1664.5
1813.3
1968.6
2130.4

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

2311.7
2488.7
2672.6
2863.5
3061.4

2308.9
2485.4
2668.7
2858.8
3055.9

2308.2
2484.6
2667.7
2857.7
3054.6

2299.9
2474.9
2656.4
2844.6
3039.4

2299.2
2474.1
2655.5
2843.5
3038.1

2298.7
2473.5
2654.8
2842.7
3037.2

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

32664
3698.4
4160.4
4653.4
5179.0

3260.0
3689.6
4148.4
4637.2
5157.4

32585
3687.5
4145.5
4633.4
51523

3240.8
3663.8
4113.9
4591.5
5097.2

3239.4
3661.9
4111.5
4588.4
5093.1

3238.3
3660.5
4109.7
4586.0
5090.1

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

5730.5
6333.8
6966.9
7640.4
8357.3

5710.0
6296.6
6919.0
7579.0
8278.9

5703.3
6287.9
6907.8
7564.7
8260.7

5631.4
6194.8
6788.1
7412.3
8068.4

5626.1
6188.1
6779.6
7401.5
8054.8

5622.3
6183.1
6773.3
7393.6
8044.8

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

9121.0
9935.2
10804
11732
12725

9021.7
9810.5
10649
11540
12489

8998.7
9781.6
10613
11496
12434

8757.3
9480.4
10239
11035
11869

8740.3
9459.4
10213
11003
11831

8727.9
9444.0
10194
10980
11803

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

13787
14927
16158
17505
-

13500
14578
15730
16962
18296

13433
14498
15633
16845
18148

12745
13664
14628
15642
16706

12698
13607
14560
15560
16609

12664
13566
14511
15501
16539

19565
-

17826
19004
20245
21552
22930

17711
18868
20085
21365
22712

17628
18770
19969
21230
22555

24385
25924
27567
29331
-

24132
25628
27210
28899
30710

23948
25416
26962
28600
30348

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000
10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

613.78
704.99
802.55

PETROLEUM

13-8

TABLE

13.lb-PIPE

TAPS-BASIC

ORIFICE FACTORS,

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

F,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in.

Orifice
Diameter,
d

Al

(in.)

3
2.067

2.300

1.689

1.939

0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

12.850
29.359
53.703
87.212
132.23

12.813
29.097
52.816
84.919
126.86

12.800
29.005
52.481
84.063
124.99

12.782
28.882
52.019
82.922
122.45

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

192.74
275.45
391.93
-

181.02
251.10
342.98
465.99
-

177.08
243.27
327.98
437.99
583.96

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

2.125
2.250
2.375

0.250

2.900

3.068

3.152

3.438

12.765
28.771
51.591
81.795
120.06

12.753
26.710
51.353
61.142
118.67

12.748
28.682
51.243
80.835
118.00

12.745
28.669
51.196
80.703
117.70

12.737
28.634
51.064
80.332
116.86

171.92
233.30
30943
404.52
524.68

167.23
224.56
293.79
377.36
478.68

164.58
219.76
285.48
363.41
455.82

163.31
217.52
281.66
357.12
445.74

162.76
216.55
280.02
354.45
44148

161.17
213.79
275.42
347.03
429.83

679.10

602.45
755.34
946.99

565.79
697.43
856.37
1050.4
1290.7

549.94
672.95
819.05
993.98
1205.6

543.31
662.81
803.77
971.19
1171.8

525.40
635.76
763.51
911.98
1085.5

1465.1

1415.0
-

1289.7
1532.0
1822.8

Reynolds-Number

Factor F,. This takes into account

the variation of the discharge coefficient with Reynolds
number. In gas measurement,
the variation is slight and
is often ignored in production
operations.
Values are
shown in Tables 13. lg and 13. lh. It has been assumed in
preparation of these tables that gas viscosity is substantially constant. The constant b shown in the tables is then
primarily a function of pipe diameter, orifice diameter,
and the location of the differential-pressure
taps.
Expansion

Factor Y. This factor accounts for the

change in gas density as the pressure changes across the
orifice. Inasmuch as the differential involved is usually
small, this correction is small and often ignored. The
value used depends on which one of the differentialpressure taps is used to measure static pressure and the
location of the tap. The additional primary variables involved are (1) Fd, (2) ratio of differential pressure to absolute pressure, and (3) the specific-heat ratio C,,/C,, . In
the standard table the last variable is taken as constant
and equal to 1.3. This factor is shown in Tables 13. li
through 13. lm.
Supercompressibility

Factor F,, . The variation

from
the ideal-gas laws by an actual gas is the function of this
factor. The factor may be measured experimentally
or
determined by detailed methods outlined in AGA Committee Report 3. 2 The correction is usually small and is
often ignored. It may be estimated from the equation
Fpr =( I/zJ~.~, where z is equal to the compressibility
factor obtained from standard correlations.

Factor F,.
This is used only with
mercury-type
meters to correct for the slight error in
measurement
caused by having different heads of gas
above the two legs of the manometer.
For all practical
purposes it is insignificant.
Table 13. In lists this factor
vs. gas specific gravity.

2.626

Thermal Expansion Factor, F,.

This corrects for expansion or contraction

of the orifice opening when
operating at temperatures
substantially
different from
that at which the orifice was made. Normally, it is applied only at temperatures
above 120F or below 0F.

Example Problem 1. A 0.7-specific-gravity

natural gas
is measured
in an orifice meter having flange taps.
Determine the flow rate in scfihr at 14.4 psia and 60F if
the following data apply:

avg flowing

h,,, = 40 in. H,O,

pf = 143 psig (measured
downstream),
temp = 84F,

line size = 4.026 in.. and

opening = 1.50 in.

orifice-plate

Solution.
The respective
Fb
Fpb
Ftb
F,
Fd
F,
Y
C

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

factors are

460.19,
1.0229,
1.0000,
1.1952,
0.9777,
1.0004,
1.0016, and
551.89 (the product

of the above numbers).

Manometer

Gauge Location Factor, Ft. This corrects

the
manometer factor, F, , for elevation and latitudes other
than sea level and 45 latitude (see Table 13. lo).

[(40)(143+14.73)]-5=43,810
qR =551.89
scf/hr.
As a practical matter, the accuracy of the meter device
itself does not justify the number of significant figures
shown in the charts. Consequently,
in most production
operations and engineering calculations the values of the
coefficients may be rounded off and sometimes ignored
with no practical loss of accuracy.

Then,

(continued

on Page 36)

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE
Orifice
Diameter,

13-9

13.1b-PIPE

TAPS-BASIC

ORIFICE FACTORS,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, dj,

4

3.826

4.026

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

12.727
28.598
50.936
79.974
116.05

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

F, (continued)
in.

12.722
28.584
50.886
79.835
115.73

4.897
-

5.189
-

5.761
-

50.739
79.436
114.81

50.705
79.349
114.61

50.652
79.217
114.32

79.162
114.20

159.57
211.03
270.90
339.87
418.79

158.94
209.91
269.10
337.05
414.51

157.11
206.62
263.71
328.73
402.06

156.71
205.91
262.51
326.85
399.30

156.13
204.84
260.71
324.02
395.08

155.89
204.41
259.98
322.86
393.33

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

508.76
611.11
727.54
860.17
1011.7

502.38
601.80
714.16
841.19
985.04

484.20
575.73
677.38
789.99
914.57

480.23
570.14
669.63
779.40
900.28

474.20
561.73
658.08
763.77
879.38

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

1185.3
1385.4
1617.2
1887.6
2206.0
-

;i.\

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

6.065
-

7.625
-

7.981
-

6.071
-

155.10
203.00
257.82
319.10
387.82

154.99
202.80
257.28
318.56
386.81

154.96
202.75
257.20
318.44
386.62

471.69
558.24
653.33
757.39
870.93

463.39
546.61
637.51
736.34
843.34

462.19
544.92
635.19
733.23
839.29

461.92
544.53
634.65
732.52
838.35

50.628

1148.4
1334.4
1547.3
1792.3
2075.9

1052.3
1204.7
1373.4
1560.5
1768.3

1033.2
1179.4
1340.2
1517.2
1712.3

1005.6
1143.2
1293.1
1456.4
1634.3

994.52
1128.8
1274.6
1432.7
1604.3

958.78
1083.0
1216.3
1359.2
1512.0

953.58
1076.4
1208.0
1348.8
1499.2

952.38
1074.9
1206.1
1348.5
1496.3

2407.0
-

1999.8
2258.5
2548.6
2875.2
3244.8

1927.6
2165.9
2430.2
2724.4
3052.8

1828.3
2039.9
2271.2
2524.3
2801.8

1790.3
1992.2
2211.6
2450.1
2709.9

1675.4
1849.9
2036.0
2234.7
2446.5

1659.7
1830.6
2012.7
2206.4
2412.4

1656.1
1826.3
2007.3
2199.9
2404.7

3665.6
-

3420.9
3835.7
4305.7
-

3106.9
3443.0
3814.4
4226.3
4684.9

2993.3
3303.0
3842.3
4014.8
4425.1

2872.5
2913.7
3171.1
3446.0
3739.9

2631.6
2864.7
3112.7
3376.6
3657.6

2622.3
2853.7
3099.6
3381.0
3639.2

5197.7
-

4878.4
-

4054.2
4751.4
5554.7
6485.3
7571.4

3957.0
4616.6
5369.0
6231.1
7224.3

3935.2
4586.6
5327.9
6175.2
7148.7

8850.3
-

8376.3
9723.8

8274.0
9585.1

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

5.250
5.500

PETROLEUM

13-10

TABLE 13.lb-PIPE
Diameler.
fli.;

TAPS-BASIC

ORIFICE FACTORS, F,

lnlernalDiameter of Pipe.

Orlflce

10.020

10.136

11.376

11.938

HANDBOOK

(continued)

d,.in.

12

10

9.564

ENGINEERING

16
12090

14.688

15.000

15.250

1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

202.16
256.22

256.01

255 96

316.90
384 29

31656
383 79

316 49
383.66

315.84
38266

315.57
362.30

382 22

1500

45852

45779

457 63

456.16

455.64

455.52

453.92

45378

1.625

539.72
628.03

538 69

538 45

535.46
622.20

533.27
619.18

532.93

723.61

626.29
721 27

535.66
62245

53307

626.61
721.70

536 38
623.44
71743

716.10

715.78

711.73

61892
71139

618.73
711 13

2.000

826.63

82412
934.02

61648
926.72

816 73
924 44

816.30
923.88

810.99
917.01

810.19

937.28

62354
93327

81053

2.125

1.750
1.675

31551

916.43

915.99

1039.4
1161.6
1291.4

1038.7
1160.7

1029.9
1149.7

1092.6
1148.8

1028.6
1148.1

1290.2

1276.5

1275.4

1274.5

1427.4
1572.2

1410.5
1551 7

1409.1

15807

1428.7
1573.9

15499

1408.0
1548.6

17584
19256

1735.1
18978

1726.9
18881

1724.9
1885.7

17001
18561

1698.1
1853.6

1696.5
1851.7

2105.7

2102.0

2069.0

2057.5

2054.7

2019.5

2016.6

2014.3

2292.2

2287.0

2248.9

2187.2

24834

24377

2232.1
2418.0

2190 7

2486.6

2235.4
2421.8

2369.6

2365.5

2184.5
23624

2695.3

2689.1

2635.6

2617.2

2612.6

2556.5

2551.7

2548.1

3178.1

2912.7
3141.2

2905.5
3132.7

2821.6
3035.3

2816.3
3029.3

2751.4
2954.5

2745.9
2948.1

2741.7
2943.3

3.875
4000

3424.3

33613

3371.5

2843.0
3060.2
3287.4

3258.7

3251.7

3165.9

3158.6

3153.1

36835

3633.5

3622.1

3524.9

3492.0

3483.9

3385.6

3377.5

3371.2

4250

4243.6

4176.8

4161.6

4032.8

3989.5

3851.6

3840.9

3832.8

4500
4 750

4865.1
5554.9

4776 2
5437.9

47561
5411 5

4587.1
5191.5

4530.8
5119.0

3979.0
45172
5101 5

43534
4892.9

4339.8
4875.8

4329.6
4862.9

5 000

6322.2

61692

6134.9

58506

5757.8

5450.5

5434.3

7177.7

6978.9

69344

65694

6451.5

5735.4
6423.2

5471.9

5.250

60925

6065.9

6045 9

5500

a1341

7077.2

7820.0

73541

72051

7169.5

67241

66994

5.750
6.000

9207 0
10415

6876.3
9991 2

8803.1

8211 4
91495

8024.2
8915.4

7979.6
8859.8

6757.0
7468.0

7427.6

8228.5

81792

73974
81423

6.250

11783

11240

11121

10178

9041.6

6981 7

89370

6.500

13340
-

12644

12492

11307

10945

10860

9911.2

9838.7

14230

14038

12550

12103

11996

10841

10754

10689

16035

15790
-

13923
15442

13371

13242
14604

11837

11732

11654

14762

12777

12684

17131

16294

16101

12902
14044

13894

13783

19017

17986

17750

15268

15090

14959

19861
21947
-

19572
21593

16583
17996

16371
17746

16216
17561

1182.2

1051.6
1177.0

1050.6
1175.8

1316.9

1310.5

1309.0

2 625
2.750

14600
1611.8

1452.1
1602.3

1450.3
1600.1

1434.3

2.875

1772.5

1761.0

3.000
3125

1942.5

19288

2122.1

3.250

2311.6

3.375

25115

3.500
3.625
3750

2722.3
2944.3

2.250
2.375
2.500

6.750

1055.7

7 000
7.250

7.500

7.750

98978

1042.3
11653
1295.9

9886.1

9817.2

97847

8 750

19517
21156

19221
20807

9 000

19003
20551

22926

22515

22214

24841

24356

24003

26917

26346
28501

25932

30839
33383

30268
32713

36160

35372

8.000
8.250
8.500

9250
9 500
9750
10000

10250

10500

29172
31629
34315
-

26014

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

13-11

TABLE 13.1 b-PIPE

Orifice

2.000
2.125

ORIFICE FACTORS, F, (continued)

InternalDtameier of Pipe.

Diameter,
d
(ii

TAPS-BASIC

18.814
806.71
911.51

19.000
806.57
911.35

d,,in

24

20
19.250

22.626

806.40
911.13

23.000

30
23.250

28.628

29.000

29.250

2.250
2.375

1022.9
11410

1022.7
11407

1022.4
1140.4

1136.8

11365

11363

2500

1265.7

12654

1265.0

1260.6

1260.2

12599

2.625

1397.2

13968

2.750

1535.5

1535.0

13963
1534.4

13909
1527.9

1390.5
1527.3

13902
1527.0

2.675
3.000

1680.7

16801

1679.3

1671.5

1670.9

1670.4

1663.8

1832.7

18321
1991.0

1831.2

1821.9
1978.9

1821.1
1978.0

1820.6
1977.4

1812.7
1968.1

19677

1812.0
1967.4

2142.8
23135

2141.7

2130.2

2312.3

2141.0
2311.5

2129.6
2298.2

21293
2297.7

1990.0

3.125

1991.8

3.250

21580
2331.3

2157.0

2155.8

2330.2

23287

1812.3

25119

2510.6

2508.8

2491 2

2489.7

24888

2298.8
2474.1

2473.3

2472.9

3625
3750

2699 7
2895 0

2698.2

2696 2
2890 9

26758
28674

2674.0
2865.4

2673.0
2864.1

2656.0
2844.6

2655.2
2843.7

26546
2843.0

3.875
4.000
4.250

30977

30660
32718

3040.0
32422

3038 9
3240.9

30382
32401

3748.7

3063.8
3269.2
3701.7

3062.3
32676

3751.6

3093.0
33027
3744.8

3699.6

3666.9

3665.3

3664.3

4.500
4.750

42268
4734.1

42230
4729.4

42181
4723.3

41676
46600

4163.4

4160.7

4119.3

4117.3

41160

46548

46514

45996

45971

45954

5.000
5.250
5.500

5274.6

5268.7

5261.1

5176.4

5172.3

51082

5105.0

5103.0

5849 0

5832.6
6438.7

5729.1

6322.9

6313.2

5723.9
63070

56454
6211 8

5641.6
6207.2

56391

64566

5841.9
6449.9

5163.0
5737.1

5.750
6 000

7104.4

7094.0

7080.4

6941.3

6929.7

6922 2

68077

6802.1

67985

77879

7775.4

7759.1

7592.8

7579.0

7570

74336

7426.9

74226

6.250

8510.4

8495.4

84760

8278.3

82620

8251 5

BOB99

8082.0

80769

9232.5

8998.8
9755.0

8979 5
97324

8967.1
9717.9

87772

8768.0
9485.2

87619
9478 1

3.375
3.500

3308.0

2893.2
3095.7
3305.7

3705.0

6.500
6.750

92734
10079

9255.6
10058

7.000

10926

11756

10548
11379

10522

11823

10903
11794

10871

7.250
7.500

12767

12733

12689

12249

7.750
8.000

13762
14810

13722
14763

13670
14703

13160
14113

8.250

15914

15860

15791

8.500

17073

17015

8.750

18305

18232

9 000
9.250

19598
20963

9.500

10030

9496 0

62042

10505
11329

10247

10234

10226

11030

11016

11006

12214
13119

12191

11847

11830

11819

13093

12697

12678

12665

14065

14035

13582

15109

15054

15020

14501

13560
14477

13546
14461

16935

16150

16087

16048

15457

15429

15411

18139

17237

17166

17121

16450

16418

16397

19515
20866

19408
20743

18373
19560

16292
19468

18241
19409

17480
18548

17444

17421

18508

18482

22402

22292

22151

20800

20695

20628

19656

19611

19582

9.750

23923

23796

23634

22094

21976

21900

20805

20754

20721

10.000
10.250
10.500

25529
27227

25384

25198
26649

23447

23312

23228

21938
23165

21901

24708

23227
24612

21995

24859

29023

28834

26335

26164

26056

24505

24434

10.750

30925

30709

28592
30434

27878

27685

27563

25827

25749

24388
25698

11.000

32940

32694

32381

29490

29273

29136

27196

27109

27052

11.250

35078

34798

34443

31175

30932

30779

28613

28516

28453

11.500
11 750
12 000

37348

37030

36626

32938

32494

30080

29972

29903

39761
42330

38941
41399

34783
36714

32666
34478

31598
33169

31479
33038

31402
32953

46790

40855

36373
40429

34285
36158
40161

36478

36318

36215

52914

45406

44877

44544

40024

39829

39704

27061

12.500

47991

39400
41920
47461

13.000

54463

53778

11348

23124

13 500
14.000
14.500

50420

49763

49352

43823

43589

43437

55959
62099

55147
61094

54638
60468

47890
52271

47615
51932

47433
51714

15.000

68929

67607

66915

56967

56562

56301

15500

76562

75025

74074

62017

61583

61223

83231

82055

67453
73314

66878
72630

66509
72193

79641
86485

78831
85525

78313
84913

93900
101950

92765
100610

92042
99758

110720

109130

108130

120300
130780

118420
128560

117230
127150

16.000
16 500

17.000
17.500
18000
18 500
19000
19.500
20 000

PETROLEUM

13-12

TABLE

13.lc-PRESSURE-BASE

FACTORS,

ENGINEERING

Fp,

F,, = 14.73 + base pressure,psia

Factor

Factor

F,

Pressure base, psia

1.0229
1.0055
1.oooo
0.9886
0.9853
0.9804

14.4
14.65 (4 oz. above 14.4).

14.73..

14.9 (8 oz. above 14.4).

14.95 (4 oz. above 14.7).
15.025 (10 oz. above 14.4).

TABLE

Pressure base, psia

F,
0.9691
0.9612
0.9565
0 9382
0.8982

15.2 (8 oz. above 14.7).

15.325 (IO oz. above 14.7).
15.4 (1 psi above 14.4).
15.7 (1 psi above 14.7)
16.4 (2 psi above 14.4),
16.7 (2 psi above 14.7).

13.lci-TEMPERATURE-BASE

FACTORS,

0.8820

F,

460 + temperature base OF

=, =
Temoerature
bake, OF

45
50
55
60

Factor

520
Factor
F

TemDerature
bake, OF

1.0096

a5

1.0481

0.9808
0.9904

65
70
75

1.0192

90

1.0288

95

1 .oooo

80

1.0385

1.0577
1.0673
1.0769

Ih

0.9712

TemDerature
bake, OF

--LL

100

Factor

rb

HANDBOOK

13-13

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE

13.1e--SPECIFIC-GRAVITY
1.0000
YQ
Specific
gravity
Factor

f,=
Specific
gravity
YQ

Factor
f

Specific
gravity

YQ

FACTOR&f,

0.500
0.505
0.510
0.515
0.520

1.4142
1.4072
1.4003
1.3935
1.3868

0.675
0.680
0.685
0.690
0.695

1.2172
1.2127
1.2082
1.2039
1.1995

.--AL
0.850
0.855
0.860
0.865
0.870

0.525
0.530
0.535
0.540
0.545

1.3801
1.3736
1.3672
1.3608
1.3546

0.700
0.705
0.710
0.715
0.720

1.1952
1.1910
1.1868
1.1826
1.1785

0.550
0.555
0.560
0.565
0.570

1.3484
1.3423
1.3363
1.3304
1.3245

0.725
0.730
0.735
0.740
0.745

0.575
0.580
0.585
0.590
0.595

1.3188
1.3131
1.3074
1.3019
1.2964

0.600
0.605
0.610
0.615
0.620

Factor

Specific
gravity
Yg

Factor

F
9
0.9759

1.0847
1.0815
1.0783
1.0752
1.0721

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.875
0.880
0.885
0.890
0.895

1.0690
1.0660
1.0630
1.0600
1.0570

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.9535
0.9492
0.9449
0.9407
0.9366

1.1744
1.1704
1.1664
1.1625
1.1586

0.900
0.905
0.910
0.915
0.920

1.0541
1.0512
1.0483
1.0454
1.0426

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.9325
0.9285
0.9245
0.9206
0.9167

0.750
0.755
0.760
0.765
0.770

1.1547
1.1509
1.1471
1.1433
1.1396

0.925
0.930
0.935
0.940
0.945

1.0398
1.0370
1.0342
1.0314
1.0287

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.9129
0.9091
0.9054
0.9017
0.8980

1.2910
1.2856
1.2804
1.2752
1.2700

0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795

1.1359
1.1323
1.1287
1.1251
1.1215

0.950
0.955
0.960
0.965
0.970

1.0260
1.0233
1.0206
1.0180
1.0153

I.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0.8944
0.8909
0.8874
0.8839
0.8805

0.625
0.630
0.635
0.640
0.645

1.2649
1.2599
1.2549
1.2500
1.2451

0.800
0.805
0.810
0.815
0.820

1.1180
1.1146
1.1111
1.1077
1.1043

0.975
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995

1.0127
1.0102
1.0076
1.0050
1.0025

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.8771
0.8737
0.8704
0.8671
0.8639

0.650
0.655
0.660
0.665
0.670

1.2403
1.2356
1.2309
1.2263
1.2217

0.825
0.830
0.835
0.840
0.845

1.1010
1.0976
1.0944
1.0911
1.0879

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

1.0000
0.9950
0.9901
0.9853
0.9806

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.8607
0.8575
0.8544
0.8513
0.8482

0.9713
0.9667
0.9623
0.9578

TABLEl3.lf-FLOWING-TEMPERATUREFACTORS,F,

F,=

520
460

+actual

flowingtemperature

Factor

OF

Factor

"F

Factor

21
22
23
24
25

Factor
__~---1.0398
1.0387
1.0376
1.0365
1.0355

OF

1.0621
1.0609
1.0598
1.0586
1.0575

41
42
43
44
45

1.0188
1.0178
1.0168
1.0157
1.0147

61
62
63
64
65

0.9990
0.9981
0.9971
0.9962
0.9952

81
82
83
84
85

1.0564
1.0552
1.0541
1.0530
1.0518

26
27
28
29
30

1.0344
1.0333
1.0323
1.0312
1.0302

46
47
48
49
50

1.0137
1.0127
1.0117
1.0107
1.0098

66
67
68
69
70

0.9943
0.9933
0.9924
0.9915
0.9905

86
87
88

0.9759
0.9750
0.9741
0.9732
il: 0.9723

160
170
180
190
200

0.9158
0.9085
0.9014
0.8944
0.8876

11
12
13
14
15

1.0507
1.0496
1.0485
1.0474
1.0463

31
32
33
34
35

1.0291
1.0281
1.0270
1.0260
1.0249

51
52
53
54
55

1.0088
1.0078
1.0068
1.0058
1.0048

71
72
73
74
75

0.9896
0.9887
0.9877
0.9868
0.9859

91
92
93
94
95

0.9715
0.9706
0.9697
0.9688
0.9680

210
220
230
240
250

0.8810
0.8745
0.8681
0.8619
0.8558

16
17
18
19
20

1.0452
1.0441
1.0430
1.0419
1.0408

36
37
38
39
40

1.0239
1.0229
1.0219
1.0208
1.0198

56
57
58
59
60

1.0039
1.0029
1.0019
1.0010
1.0000

76
77
78
79
80

0.9850
0.9840
0.9831
0.9822
0.9813

0.9671
0.9662
0.9653
0.9645
0.9636

260
270
280
290
300

0.8498
0.8440
0.8383
0.8327
0.8272

OF

t;
2
100

Factor
0.9804
0.9795
0.9786
0.9777
0.9768

OF

Factor

E-O.9551
120
0.9469
130
0.9388
140
0.9309
150
0.9233

13-14

PETROLEUM

TABLE

13.19-b

VALUES

FOR

REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

ENGINEERING

f,, FLANGE

HANDBOOK

TAPS

b
Fr=+

d
(inD.i

Jh,p,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in

Orifice
Diameter,

2.900

3.068

3.152

3.438

3.826

0.0836
0.0695
0.0583
0.0498
0.0438

0.0844
0.0703
0.0591
0.0504
0.0442

0.0792
0.0648
0.0541
0.0470

0.0820
0.0677
0.0566
0.0466
0.0433

0.0867
0.0728
0.0618
0.0528

0.0763
0.0653
0.0561

0.0779
0.0670
0.0578
0.0502
0.0442

0.0445
0.0458
0.0495
0.0550
0.0614

0.0429
0.0416
0.0427
0.0456
0.0501

0.0403
0.0396
0.0408
0.0435
0.0474

0.0402
0.0386
0.0388
0.0406
0.0436

0.0403
0.0383
0.0381
0.0394
0.0420

0.0460
0.0411
0.0380
0.0365
0.0365

0.0487
0.0430
0.0388
0.0361
0.0347

0.0396
0.0364
0.0344
0.0336
0.0338

0.0554
0.0613
0.0669
0.0717
-

0.0477
0.0524
0.0574
0.0624
0.0669

0.0457
0.0500
0.0549
0.0598
0.0642

0.0378
0.0402
0.0434
0.0473
0.0517

0.0345
0.0354
0.0372
0.0398
0.0430

0.0350
0.0370
0.0395
0.0427
0.0462

0.0706
-

0.0685
-

0.0563
0.0607
0.0648
0.0683
-

0.0467
0.0507
0.0548
0.0589
0.0626

0.0501
0.0540
0.0579
0.0615
0.0647
-

1.689

1.939

2.067

2.300

0.0879

0.0911
0.0709
0.0576
0.0505
0.0485

0.0926
0.0726
0.0588
0.0506
0.0471

0.0950
0.0755
0.0612
0.0516
0.0462

0.0478
0.0515
0.0574
0.0646
0.0715
0.0773

2.626
-

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

0.0677
0.0562
0.0520
0.0536

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

0.0595
0.0677
0.0762
0.0824
-

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

0.0506
0.0559
0.0630
0.0707
0.0772
-

0.0679
0.0735
-

0.0522
0.0575
0.0628
0.0676
0.0715
-

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000

10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625
2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

0.0659
-

4.026

( -

13-15

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE

13.19-b

VALUES

FOR

REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

F,, FLANGE

TAPS

(continued)

F,=l+-

Jh,p,
Orifice
Diameter,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,,

d 3
(in.)

in.

6
4.897

5.189

5.761

6.065

7.625

7.981

10
8.071

9.564

10.020

10.136

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

0.0836
0.0734
0.0645

0.0753
0.0665

0.0785
0.0701

0.0801
0.0718

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

0.0567
0.0500
0.0444
0.0399
0.0363

0.0587
0.0520
0.0462
0.0414
0.0375

0.0625
0.0557
0.0498
0.0447
0.0403

0.0643
0.0576
0.0517
0.0464
0.0419

0.0723
0.0660
0.0602
0.0549
0.0501

0.0738
0.0676
0.0619
0.0566
0.0518

0.0742
0.0680
0.0623
0.0571
0.0523

0.0738
0.0685
0.0635
0.0588

0.0701
0.0652
0.0606

0.0705
0.0656
0.0610

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

0.0336
0.0318
0.0307
0.0305
0.0308

0.0344
0.0322
0.0306
0.0298
0.0296

0.0367
0.0337
0.0314
0.0298
0.0287

0.0381
0.0348
0.0322
0.0303
0.0288

0.0457
0.0418
0.0383
0.0353
0.0327

0.0474
0.0435
0.0399
0.0366
0.0340

0.0479
0.0439
0.0403
0.0371
0.0343

0.0545
0.0504
0.0467
0.0433
0.0401

0.0563
0.0523
0.0485
0.0451
0.0419

0.0568
0.0527
0.0490
0.0455
0.0414

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

0.0318
0.0334
0.0354
0.0378
0.0406

0.0300
0.0310
0.0324
0.0342
0.0365

0.0281
0.0281
0.0286
0.0295
0.0308

0.0278
0.0274
0.0274
0.0279
0.0287

0.0304
0.0286
0.0271
0.0259
0.0251

0.0315
0.0295
0.0278
0.0264
0.0253

0.0318
0.0297
0.0280
0.0265
0.0254

0.0372
0.0346
0.0322
0.0302
0.0283

0.0389
0.0362
0.0337
0.0315
0.0296

0.0383
0.0356
0.0330
0.0308
0.0287

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

0.0436
0.0468
0.0500
0.0533
0.0564

0.0391
0.0418
0.0448
0.0479
0.0510

0.0324
0.0343
0.0366
0.0389
0.0416

0.0300
0.0314
0.0332
0.0353
0.0375

0.0246
0.0244
0.0245
0.0248
0.0254

0.0245
0.0240
0.0238
0.0239
0.0242

0.0245
0.0240
0.0237
0.0237
0.0240

0.0267
0.0254
0.0243
0.0234
0.0226

0.0278
0.0263
0.0250
0.0239
0.0230

0.0269
0.0253
0.0252
0.0241
0.0231

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

0.0594
0.0620
0.0643
-

0.0443
0.0472
0.0500
0.0527
0.0553

0.0400
0.0426
0.0452
0.0479
0.0505

0.0263
0.0273
0.0286
0.0300
0.0316

0.0248
0.0255
0.0265
0.0274
0.0289

0.0244
0.0251
0.0260
0.0271
0.0283

0.0221
0.0219
0.0218
0.0218
0.0221

0.0223
0.0218
0.0214
0.0213
0.0213

0.0224
0.0218
0.0214
0.0212
0.0211

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

0.0541
0.0569
0.0597
0.0621
0.0640
-

0.0578
0.0620
-

0.0531
0.0579
0.0618
-

0.0334
0.0372
0.0414
0.0457
0.0500

0.0304
0.0338
0.0386
0.0418
0.0457

0.0297
0.0330
0.0366
0.0405
0.0446

0.0225
0.0238
0.0256
0.0279
0.0307

0.0214
0.0222
0.0236
0.0254
0.0277

0.0212
0.0219
0.0231
0.0249
0.0270

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

0.0539
0.0574
-

0.0497
0.0535
0.0569

0.0487
0.0524
0.0559
0.0588
-

0.0337
0.0370
0.0404
0.0438
0.0473

0.0303
0.0332
0.0363
0.0396
0.0437

0.0295
0.0323
0.0354
0.0386
0.0418

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

0.0505
0.0536
0.0562
-

7.750
8.000
0.250
8.500
8.750

0.0462
0.0493
0.0523
0.0550
0.0572
-

0.0451
0.0483
0.0513
0.0540
0.0564
-

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000

10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

PETROLEUM

13-16

TABLE13.lg-bVALUESFORREYNOLDSNUMBER

FACTOR,F,,

FLANGETAPS(continued)

InternalDiameter of Pipe,d, , in.

12

d
(in0.i
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

11.376

11.938

16
12.090

14.688

15.000

15.250

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

0.0698
0.0654

0.0714
0.0671

0.0718
0.0676

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

0.0612
0.0573
0.0536
0.0501
0.0469

0.0631
0.0592
0.0555
0.0521
0.0488

0.0635
0.0597
0.0560
0.0526
0.0492

0.0706
0.0670
0.0636
0.0604
0.0572

0.0713
0.0678
0.0644
0.0612
0.0581

0.0684
0.0650
0.0618
0.0587

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625

0.0438
0.0410
0.0383
0.0359
0.0336

0.0458
0.0429
0.0402
0.0377
0.0354

0.0463
0.0434
0.0407
0.0382
0.0358

0.0542
0.0514
0.0487
0.0461
0.0436

0.0551
0.0523
0.0496
0.0470
0.0445

0.0558
0.0529
0.0502
0.0476
0.0452

2.750
2.875
3.000
3.125
3.250

0.0316
0.0297
0.0278
0.0264
0.0251

0.0332
0.0312
0.0294
0.0278
0.0263

0.0336
0.0317
0.0298
0.0282
0.0266

0.0413
0.0391
0.0370
0.0350
0.0331

0.0422
0.0399
0.0378
0.0358
0.0339

0.0428
0.0406
0.0385
0.0365
0.0346

3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875

0.0239
0.0229
0.0221
0.0214
0.0208

0.0250
0.0238
0.0228
0.0219
0.0212

0.0253
0.0241
0.0230
0.0221
0.0213

0.0314
0.0298
0.0282
0.0268
0.0255

0.0321
0.0305
0.0290
0.0275
0.0262

0.0328
0.0311
0.0295
0.0281
0.0267

4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

0.0204
0.0200
0.0201
0.0207
0.0217

0.0206
0.0198
0.0195
0.0196
0.0202

0.0207
0.0198
0.0194
0.0194
0.0199

0.0243
0.0223
0.0206
0.0193
0.0184

0.0249
0.0228
0.0210
0.0196
0.0185

0.0254
0.0232
0.0213
0.0198
0.0187

5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
6.250

0.0231
0.0249
0.0270
0.0294
0.0320

0.0212
0.0226
0.0243
0.0263
0.0285

0.0208
0.0221
0.0237
0.0255
0.0277

0.0178
0.0176
0.0176
0.0180
0.0186

0.0178
0.0174
0.0174
0.0176
0.0180

0.0179
0.0174
0.0172
0.0173
0.0177

6.500
6.750
7.000
7.250
7.500

0.0347
0.0376
0.0406
0.0435
0.0463

0.0309
0.0335
0.0362
0.0390
0.0418

0.0300
0.0325
0.0351
0.0379
0.0407

0.0195
0.0206
0.0220
0.0235
0.0252

0.01'88
0.0198
0.0210
0.0224
0.0240

0.0183
0.0192
0.0202
0.0216
0.0230

7.750
8.000
8.250
8.500
8.750

0.0491
0.0517
0.0540
0.0560
-

0.0446
0.0473
0.0498
0.0522
0.0543

0.0434
0.0461
0.0487
0.0511
0.0534

0.0271
0.0291
0.0312
0.0334
0.0357

0.0257
0.0276
0.0296
0.0317
0.0338

0.0246
0.0264
0.0283
0.0303
0.0324

0.0553
-

0.0380
0.0402
0.0425
0.0447
0.0469

0.0361
0.0383
0.0406
0.0428
0.0449

0.0346
0.0368
0.0390
0.0412
0.0434

0.0489
0.0508
0.0526
0.0541
-

0.0470
0.0490
0.0509
0.0526
0.0541

0.0455
0.0475
0.0495
0.0513
0.0528

9.000
9.250
9.500
9.750
10.000
10.250
10.500
10.750
11.000
11.250

ENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

GAS

MEASUREMENT

TABLE

AND

REGULATION

13.lg-b

VALUES

13-17

FOR

REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

F,, FLANGE

TAPS

(continued)

F,

-g-j
0 250
0375
0 500
0625
0 750
0875
1 000
1125
1250
1375

=+=

InternalDiameter of Pipe!, d,,

OhX
Diameler

24

20
16814

19000

19250

22626

23000

.-

in.
30

23250

28628

29 250

1 500
1625
1750
1875
2000

00667

0 0671

00676

2 125
2.250
2 375
2 500
2625

00640
00614
00586
00563
00540

00644
00618
0 0592
00568
00544

00649
00622
0 0597
00573
00549

0 0659
00636
00614

00665
0 0642
00620

0 0669
00646
00624

2 750
2875
3000
3125
3 250

00517
0 0494
00473
00452
00433

00521
0 0499
00477
00457
00437

00526
00504
00483
00462
00442

0 0592
00571
00551
00531
00511

0 0599
00578
00557
00538
00520

00603
00582
00562
00542
00523

00662
00644
00626
00608

0 0649
00631
0.0613

00652
00634
00616

3
3
3
3
3

375
500
625
750
875

00414
0 0395
00378
00361
00345

00418
0 0399
00382
00365
0 0349

00423
00405
00387
00370
00354

0 0493
00474
00457
00440
00423

00500
00481
00464
00447
00430

00504
00486
00468
00451
00435

0 0590
00574
00557
00541
00525

0 0596
0 0579
00562
00546
00530

0 0599
00582
00566
00550
00534

4000
4 250
4 500
4 750
5000

0 0329
00301
00275
0 0252
00232

0.0333
00304
0 0279
00256
00235

0 0339
00310
00283
00260
0 0239

00407
00376
00348
00322
0 0297

00414
00384
00355
00328
00304

00419
00388
00360
00333
00308

0 0509
0 0479
00450
00423
0 0397

00515
0 0485
00456
0 0429
00403

00518
00488
00460
00433
00407

5
5
5
6
6

00214
0 0199
00186
00176
00167

00217
00201
00188
00177
00168

00220
00204
00191
00179
00170

00275
00254
00236
0 0219
0 0204

00281
00260
00241
00224
00208

00285
00264
00245
00228
00212

00373
0 0349
00327
00306
00287

00378
00355
0 0333
00312
0 0292

00382
0 0359
00337
00316
0 0296

6 500
6 750
7 000
7250
7 500

00161
00157
00155
00155
00157

00162
00157
00155
00154
00155

00163
00157
00154
00153
00154

00191
00179
00169
00161
00154

00195
00183
00172
00163
00156

00198
00185
00174
00165
00157

0 0269
00252
00236
00221
00208

00274
00257
00240
00226
00212

00277
00260
00244
0 0229
00215

7 750
a 000
a 250
8 500
8750

0 0160
00166
00172
00180
0 0190

00158
00163
00169
00177
00186

00156
00160
00165
00172
00180

0 0148
0 0144
0 0142
00141
00141

00150
00145
00142
00140
00140

00151
00146
00142
00140
00139

0 0195
00184
00174
00164
00156

00199
00187
00177
00168
0 0159

00202
00190
00179
00170
00161

9 000
9 250
9500
9750
10000

00201
00213
00226
00240
00256

00196
00208
00220
00234
0 0249

00190
00201
00213
00226
00240

00143
0 0146
0 0150
00155
00161

00141
00143
00146
00150
00155

00140
00141
00144
0.0147
00152

00149
00143
00138
00133
00130

00152
00145
00139
00135
00131

00153
00146
00141
00136
00132

10250
10500
10750
11000
11 250

00271
0 0288
00305
00322
00340

00264
00280
0 0297
00314
0 0332

00255
00270
00286
00303
00320

00168
00176
00185
00194
00205

0 0162
00169
00176
00186
00196

00158
00164
00172
00181
0 0190

00128
00126
00125
00125
00126

00128
00126
00125
00124
00125

00128
00126
00125
00124
00124

11 500
11 750
12000
12500
13000

00358
00376
0 0394
0 0429
00463

0 0349
00367
00385
00420
00454

00338
00355
00373
00408
00442

00216
0 0228
00241
00267
0 0296

00207
00218
00230
00255
00282

00200
00211
00223
00248
00274

00128
00130
00134
00142
00153

00126
00128
00131
00138
00148

00125
00127
00129
00136
00145

13500
14000
14500
15000
15500

0 0494
00520

00485
00512

0 0474
00502
-

00326
00356
00386
00415
00443

00311
00341
00370
00400
00428

00302
00331
00360
0 0390
00418

00166
00182
00199
00218
0 0239

00160
00175
00192
0 0209
00230

00157
00171
00187
00204
00224

00470
0 0494

00455
00480
00503
-

00446
00471
0 0494
-

00260
00283
00307
00331
00355

0 0250
00273
0 0296
00319
00343

00244
00266
002.38
00312
00335

0 0379
00402
00424
00446
00466

00366
00390
00412
00434
00455

00358
0 0382
00404
00426
00448

00485
~

00475
00492

00467
00485

250
500
750
000
250

29 000

16000
16500
17000
17500
18000

18500
19000
19500
20000
20500
21 000
21 500

.-

PETROLEUM

13-18

TABLE

13.lg--b VALUES

FOR

REYNOLDS

NUMBER

F,=l+-

FACTOR,

F,, FLANGE

ENGINEERING

TAPS

HANDBOOK

(continued)

b
Jh,p,

InteN
rnalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in.
2

4
3.068

3.152

3.438

3.826

4.026

0.0958
0.0916
0.0876
0.0638
0.0802

2.900
0.0928
0.0896
0.0856
0.0818
0.0782

0.0927
0.0885
0.0845
0.0807
0.0771

0.0921
0.0880
0.0840
0.0802
0.0765

0.0905
0.0863
0.0823
0.0785
0.0749

0.0886
0.0844
0.0804
0.0766
0.0730

0.0877
0.0835
0.0795
0.0757
0.0721

0 0797
0.0764
0.0734
0.0705
0.0678

0.0768
0.0736
0.0705
0.0676
0.0649

0.0748
0.0715
0.0685
0.0656
0.0629

0.0736
0.0704
0.0673
0.0645
0.0617

0.0731
0.0699
0.0868
0.0639
0.0612

0.0715
0.0682
0.0652
0.0623
0.0596

0.0696
0.0663
0.0633
0.0604
0.0577

0.0687
0.0854
0.0624
0.0595
0.0568

0.0677
0.0652
0.0630
0.0610
0.0591

0.0653
0.0628
0.0606
0.0585
0.0566

0.0624
0.0599
0.0577
0.0556
0.0538

0.0603
0.0579
0.0556
0.0536
0.0517

0.0592
0.0567
0.0545
0.0525
0.0506

0.0587
0.0562
0.0540
0.0520
0.0501

0.0570
0.0546
0.0524
0.0503
0.0484

0.0551
0.0527
0.0505
0.0484
0.0465

0.0542
0.0518
0.0496
0.0475
0.0457

0.0589
0.0572
0.0558
0.0545
0.0534

0.0574
0.0557
0.0543
0.0530
0.0518

0.0549
0.0532
0.0518
0.0505
0.0494

0.0520
0.0504
0.0489
0.0476
0.0465

0.0500
0.0483
0.0469
0.0456
0.0444

0.0489
0.0472
0.0458
0.0445
0.0433

0.0483
0.0467
0.0452
0.0440
0.0428

0.0467
0.0451
0.0436
0.0423
0.0412

0.0448
0.0431
0.0417
0.0404
0.0393

0.0439
0.0423
0.0408
0.0395
0.0384

0.0559
0.0549
0.0541
0.0534
0.0529

0.0524
0.0514
0.0506
0.0499
0.0495

0.0508
0.0499
0.0491
0.0484
0.0479

0.0484
0.0474
0.0467
0.0460
0.0455

0.0455
0.0445
0.0438
0.0431
0.0426

0.0434
0.0425
0.0417
0.0411
0.0406

0.0423
0.0414
0.0406
0.0399
0.0395

0.0418
0.0409
0.0401
0.0394
0.0389

0.0402
0.0392
0.0385
0.0378
0.0373

0.0383
0.0373
0.0366
0.0359
0.0354

0.0374
0.0364
0.0357
0.0350
0.0345

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.0525
0.0521
0.0520
0.0519
0.0520

0.0490
0.0487
0.0485
0.0484
0.0485

0.0475
0.0471
0.0470
0.0469
0.0470

0.0450
0.0447
0.0446
0.0445
0.0445

0.0422
0.0418
0.0417
0.0416
0.0417

0.0401
0.0398
0.0397
0.0396
0.0397

0.0390
0.0387
0.0386
0.0385
0.0386

0.0385
0.0382
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380

00369
0.0366
0.0364
0.0383
0.0364

0.0350
0.0347
0.0345
0.0344
0.0345

0.0341
0.0338
0.0337
0.0338
0.0337

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.0521
0.0523
0.0526
0.0530
0.0534

0.0486
0.0488
0.0491
0.0495
0.0500

0.0471
0.0473
0.0476
0.0480
0.0485

0.0446
0.0449
0.0452
0.0456
0.0461

0.0418
0.0420
0.0423
0.0427
0.0432

0.0398
0.0400
0.0403
0.0407
0.0412

0.0387
0.0389
0.0392
0.0396
0.0401

0.0382
0.0384
0.0387
0.0391
0.0396

0.0365
0.0368
0.0371
0.0375
0.0380

0.0346
0.0349
0.0352
0.0356
0.0361

0.0338
0.0340
0.0343
0.0348
0.0353

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.0540
0.0546
0.0553
0.0561
0.0569

0.0506
0.0512
0.0519
0.0527
0.0535

0.0490
0.0497
0.0504
0.0512
0.0520

0.0466
0.0473
0.0479
0.0488
0.0496

0.0438
0.0445
0.0451
0.0459
0.0468

0.0418
0.0425
0.0431
0.0440
0.0448

0.0407
0.0414
0.0421
0.0429
0.0437

0.0402
0.0409
0.0415
0.0424
0.0432

0.0386
0.0393
0.0400
0.0408
0.0416

0.0367
0.0374
0.0381
0.0389
0.0397

0.0359
0.0365
0.0372
0.0380
0.0389

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.0578
0.0587
0.0598
0.0608
0.0617

0.0544
0.0553
0.0564
0.0574
0.0584

0.0529
0.0538
0.0549
0.0559
0.0569

0.0505
0.0514
0.0525
0.0535
0.0546

0.0477
0.0486
0.0497
0.0508
0.0518

0.0457
0.0467
0.0478
0.0488
0.0498

0.0446
0.0456
0.0467
0.0477
0.0488

0.0441
0.0451
0.0462
0.0472
0.0483

0.0426
0.0435
0.0446
0.0457
0.0467

0.0407
0.0417
0.0427
0.0438
0.0449

0.0398
0.0408
0.0419
0.0430
0.0440

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.0629
0.0639
0.0651
0.0663
0.0675

0.0595
0.0606
0.0618
0.0630
0.0642

0.0580
0.0591
0.0603
0.0615
0.0628

0.0557
0.0568
0.0580
0.0592
0.0605

0.0529
0.0540
0.0553
0.0565
0.0578

0.0510
0.0521
0.0534
0.0545
0.0558

0.0499
0.0511
0.0523
0.0535
0.0548

0.0494
0.0506
0.0518
0.0530
0.0543

0.0479
0.0490
0.0503
0.0515
0.0528

0.0460
0.0472
0.0484
0.0496
0.0510

0.0452
0.0464
0.0476
0.0488
0.0501

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.0687
0.0698
0.0711
0.0722
0.0733

0.0654
0.0666
0.0678
0.0690
0.0701

0.0640
0.0651
0.0664
0.0676
0.0687

0.0617
0.0628
0.0641
0.0653
0.0665

0.0590
0.0602
0.0614
0.0626
0.0638

0.0571
0.0583
0.0595
0.0608
0.0620

0.0560
0.0572
0.0585
0.0597
0.0610

0.0556
0.0567
0.0580
0.0593
0.0605

0.0540
0.0552
0.0565
0.0578
0.0590

0.0522
0.0534
0.0548
0.0560
0.0572

0.0514
0.0526
0.0539
0.0552
0.0564

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.0745
0.0756
0.0766
0.0777
0.0786

0.0713
0.0724
0.0735
0.0745
0.0755

0.0699
0.0710
0.0721
0.0732
0.0741

0.0677
0.0688
0.0699
0.0710
0.0720

0.0651
0.0662
0.0673
0.0684
0.0694

0.0632
0.0643
0.0655
0.0666
0.0676

0.0622
0.0633
0.0645
0.0656
0.0667

0.0617
0.0629
0.0640
0.0652
0.0662

0.0602
0.0614
0.0626
00637
0.0648

0.0585
0.0597
0.0608
0.0620
0.0631

0.0577
0.0589
0.0601
0.0612
0.0623

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75

0.0795
0.0803
0.0811
0.0818
0.0825
0.0829

0.0765
0.0773
0.0781
0.0789
0.0795
0.0800

0.0751
0.0759
0.0768
0.0776
0.0782
0.0788

0.0730
0.0738
0.0747
0.0755
0.0762
0.0767

0.0704
0.0713
0.0722
0.0730
0.0738
0.0743

0.0687
0.0695
0.0704
0.0713
0.0721
0.0726

0.0677
0.0686
0.0695
0.0704
0.0711
0.0718

0.0672
0.0681
0.0690
0.0699
0.0707
0.0713

0.0658
0.0667
0.0676
0.0685
0.0693
0.0699

0.0641
0.0651
0.0660
0.0669
0.0677
0.0683

0.0634
0.0643
0.0652
0.0662
0.0670
0.0677

1.689

1.939

2.067

2.300

2.626

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.1062
0.1020
0.0981
0.0943
0.0906

0.1027
0.0985
0.0945
0.0907
0.0871

0.1012
0.0970
0.0930
0.0892
0.0856

0.0987
0.0945
0.0905
0.0867
0.0831

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.0872
0.0840
0.0809
0.0780
0.0753

0.0837
0.0805
0.0774
0.0745
0.0718

0.0822
0.0789
0.0759
0.0730
0.0703

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.0728
0.0703
0.0681
0.0660
0.0642

0.0693
0.0668
0.0646
0.0625
0.0606

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.0624
0.0607
0.0593
0.0580
0.0569

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

F,

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

TABLE

REGULATION

13.19-b

13-19

VALUES

FOR REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

F,, FLANGE

TAPS

(continued)

F,=l+b

JhwP,
InternalDiameter of Pipe, di,
6
-A-F
0.10

4.897
0.0859

5.189
0.0846

in,

8
5.761
0.0825

6.065
0.0815

__7.625
0.0777

~ 7981
0.0771

10
8.071

9.564

0.0769

00747

12

10.020

10.136

11.376

.l1.938

12.090

0.0742

0.0741-

0.0729

0.0724

0.0725

0.11

0.0818

0.0805

0.0783

0.0773

0.0736

0.0729

00727

0.0706

0.0700

0.0699

0.0687

0.0682

0.0681

0.12

0.0777

0.0764

0.0742

0.0732

0.0695

0.0688

00687

00665

0.0660

0.0658

0.0646

0.0642

0.0640

0.13

0.0738

0.0725

0.0703

0.0694

0.0656

0.0649

00648

0.0626

0.0621

0.0619

0.0607

0.0603

0.0602

0.14

0.0701

0.0688

0.0666

0.0657

0.0619

0.0612

0.0611

0.0589

0.0584

0.0583

0.0571

0.0566

0.0565

0.15

0.0666

0.0653

0.0631

0.0622

0 0584

0.0578

00576

0.0554

0.0549

0.0548

0.0536

0.0531

0.0530

0.16

0.0633

0.0620

0.0598

0.0589

0.0551

0.0545

0.0543

0.0522

0.0516

0.0515

0.0503

0.0498

0.0497

0.17

0.0601

0.0589

0.0567

0.0558

0.0520

0.0514

0.0512

0.0491

0.0485

0.0484

0.0472

0.0467

0.0466

0.18

0.0571

0.0558

0.0537

00527

0.0490

0.0484

0.0482

0.0461

0.0455

0.0454

0.0442

0.0438

0.0436
0.0409

0.19

0.0544

0.0531

0.0510

0.0500

0.0463

0.0456

00455

00433

0.0428

0.0427

0.0415

0.0410

0.20

0.0517

0.0504

0.0483

0.0474

0.0436

0.0430

00428

0.0407

0.0402

0.0401

0.0389

0.0384

0.0383

0.21

0.0492

0.0480

0.0459

0.0449

0.0412

0.0405

00404

0.0383

0.0377

0.0376

0.0364

0.0360

0.0359

0.22

0.0469

0.0457

0.0436

0.0426

0.0389

0.0383

0.0381

0.0360

0.0355

0.0353

0.0337

0.0336

0.23

0.0448

0.0435

0.0414

0.0405

0.0366

0.0362

00360

0.0339

0.0334

0.0333

0.0321

0.0316

0.0315

0.24

0.0428

0.0416

0.0395

0.0385

0 0349

0.0342

0.0341

0.0320

0.0314

0.0313

0.0302

0.0297

0.0296

0.25

0.0410

0.0398

0.0377

00367

00331

0.0324

00323

0.0302

0.0297

0.0296

0.0284

0.0279

0.0278

0.26

0.0393

0.0361

0.0360

0.0350

0.0314

0.0308

00306

0.0285

0.0280

0.0279

0.0267

0.0263

0.0262

0.27

0.0378

0.0366

0.0345

0.0336

0.0299

0.0293

0 0292

0.0271

0.0266

0.0264

0.0253

0.0248

0.0247

0.28

0.0365

0.0352

0.0332

0.0322

00286

0.0280

0.0278

0.0258

0.0252

0.0251

0.0240

0.0235

0.0234

0.29

0.0352

0.0340

0.0319

0.0310

0.0274

0.0268

0.0266

0.0245

0.0240

0.0239

0.0228

0.0223

0.0222

0.30

0.0341

0.0328

0.0308

0.0263

0.0257

00255

0.0235

0.0230

0.0228

00217

0.0213

0.0211

0.31

0.0331

0.0319

0.0298

0.0299
0.0289

0.0254

0.0247

00246

0.0225

0.0220

0.0219

0.0208

0.0203

0.0202

0.32

0.0322

0.0310

0.0290

0.0280

0.0245

0.0239

0.0237

0.0217

0.0212

0.0211

00199

0.0195

0.0194

0.33

0.0314

0.0302

0.0282

0.0273

0.0238

0.0232

0.0230

0.0210

0.0205

0.0204

0.0192

0.0188

0.0187

0.34

0.0308

0.0296

0.0276

00267

0.0232

0.0226

00225

0.0204

0.0199

0.0198

0.0187

0.0183

0.0182

0.35

0.0303

0.0291

0.0272

00263

0.0228

0.0221

00220

0.0200

0.0195

0.0194

0.0183

0.0178

0.0177

0.36

0.0299

0.0287

0.0268

0.0259

0.0224

0.0218

0.0216

0.0196

0.0192

0.0190

00179

0.0175

0.0174

0.37

0.0296

0.0284

0.0265

0.0256

0.0221

0.0215

00214

0.0194

0.0189

0.0188

0.0177

0.0173

0.0172

0.38

0.0294

0.0282

0.0263

00254

00220

0.0214

00212

0.0193

0.0188

0.0187

00176

0.0171

0.0170

0.39

0.0293

0.0281

0.0262

0.0253

0.0219

0.0213

0.0211

0.0192

0.0187

0.0186

0.0175

0.0171

0.0170

0.40

0.0292

0.0281

0.0261

0.0253

0.0219

0.0213

0.0212

0.0192

0.0187

0.0186

0.0175

0.0171

0.0170

0.41

0.0292

0.0281

0.0262

0.0253

0.0220

0.0214

00213

0.0193

0.0189

0.0187

0.0177

0.0173

0.0172

0.0282

0.0263

00255

00222

00216

00214

0.0195

0.0191

0.0189

00179

0.0175

0.0174

0.0285

0.0266

0.0257

0.0224

0.0218

0.0217

0.0198

0.0193

0.0192

0.0182

0.0178

0.0177

0.44

0.0294
0.0296
0.0298

0.0287

0.0268

0.0260

0.0227

0.0221

0.0220

0.0201

0.0197

0.0196

0.0185

0.0181

0.0180

0 45

0.0301

0.0290

0.0272

0.0263

0.0231

0.0225

0.0224

0.0205

0.0201

0.0200

0.0189

0.0185

0.0184

0.46

0.0305

0.0294

0.0276

0.0268

0.0235

0.0230

0.0228

0.0210

0.0205

0.0204

00194

0.0190

0.0189

0.47

0.0309

0.0298

0.0280

0.0272

0.0240

0.0235

0.0233

0.0215

0.0210

0.0209

0.0199

0.0195

0.0194

0.42
0.43

0.48

0.0314

0.0303

0.0285

0.0277

0.0245

0.0240

0.0238

0.0220

0.0216

0.0215

0.0205

0.0201

0.0200

0.49

0.0319

0.0308

0.0290

0.0282

0.0251

0.0245

0.0244

0.0226

0.0222

0.0221

0.0211

0.0207

0.0206
0.0212

0.50

0.0324

0.0314

0.0296

0.0288

0.0257

0.0252

0.0250

0.0233

0.0228

0.0227

0.0217

0.0213

0.51

0.0330

0.0319

0.0302

0.0294

0.0263

0.0258

0.0257

0.0239

0.0235

0.0234

0.0224

0.0220

0.0219

0.52

0.0335

0.0325

0.0308

0.0300

0.0270

0.0265

0.0263

0.0246

0.0242

0.0241

0.0231

0.0227

0.0226

0.53

0.0342

0.0332

0.0315

0.0307

0.0277

0.0272

0.0270

0.0253

0.0249

0.0248

0.0238

0.0235

0.0234

0.54

0.0348

0.0338

0.0321

0.0314

0.0284

0.0279

0.0278

0.0261

0.0256

0.0255

0.0246

0.0242

0.0241

0.55

0.0355

0.0345

0.0328

0.0321

0.0291

0.0286

0.0285

0.0268

0.0264

0.0263

0.0254

0.0250

0.0249

0.56

0.0361

0.0351

0.0335

0.0327

0.0298

0.0293

0.0292

0.0276

0.0272

0.0271

0.0261

0.0258

0.0257

0.57

0.0368

0.0358

0.0342

0.0335

0.0306

0.0301

0.0300

0.0283

0.0279

0.0278

0.0269

0.0266

0.0265

0.58

0.0375

0.0365

0.0349

0.0342

0.0313

0.0309

0.0307

0.0291

0.0287

0.0286

0.0277

0.0274

0.0273

0.59

0.0381

0.0372

00356

0.0349

0.0321

00316

00315

0.0299

0.0295

0.0294

0.0285

0.0282

0.0281

0.60

0.0388

0.0378

0.0363

0.0356

0.0328

0.0323

0.0322

0.0307

0.0303

0.0302

0.0293

0.0290

0.0289

0.61

0.0393

0.0384

0.0369

0.0362

0.0335

0.0330

0.0329

0.0314

0.0310

0.0309

0.0300

0.0297

0.0296

0.62

0.0399

0.0390

0.0375

0.0368

0.0342

0.0337

0.0336

0.0321

0.0317

0.0316

0.0307

0.0304

0.0303

0.63

0.0405

0.0396

0.0381

0.0375

0.0348

0.0344

0.0343

0.0328

0.0324

0.0323

0.0315

0.0311

0.0311

0.64

0.0411

0.0402

0.0387

0.0381

0.0355

0.0350

0.0349

0.0334

0.0331

0.0330

0.0322

0.0318

0.0318

0.65

0.0416

0.0407

0.0393

0.0386

00361

0.0357

0.0355

0.0341

0.0337

0.0336

0.0328

0.0325

0.0324

0.66

0.0421

0.0412

0.0398

0.0391

0.0366

0.0362

0.0361

0.0347

0.0343

0.0342

0.0334

0.0331

0.0331

067

0.0425

0.0417

0.0403

0.0397

0.0372

0.0368

0.0367

0.0352

0.0349

0.0349

0.0341

0.0338

0.0337

0.68

0.0430

0.0422

0.0408

0.0402

0.0377

0.0373

0.0372

0.0358

0.0355

0.0354

0.0346

0.0344

0.0343

0.69

0.0433

0.0425

0.0411

0.0405

0.0381

0.0377

0.0376

0.0363

0.0359

0.0359

0.0351

0.0348

0.0347

0.70

0.0436

0.0428
-

00415

0.0409
-

0.0386
-

0.0382
-

0.0381

0.0367

0.0364

0.0363
-

0.0356

0.0353

0.0352

0.74

0.75

071
0.72

PETROLEUM

13-20

TABLE

13.lh-b

VALUES

FOR REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

f,, PIPE TAPS

F,=l+KE
Orifice
Diameter,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in

2
1.689

0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750

0.1105
0.0890
0.0758
0.0893
0.0675

0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375

0.0684
0.0702
0.0708
-

1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000
2.125
2.250
2.375

1.939
01091

0.0878
00734
0.0647
0.0608
0.0602
0.0614
0.0635
0.0650
-

3
2.900

3.068

0.0879
0.0728
0.0624
0.0559

0.0888
0.0737
0.0624
0.0546

0.0898
0.0750
0.0634
0.0548

0.0528
0.0522
0.0532
0.0552
0.0574

0.0497
0.0473
0.0469
0.0478
0.0496

0.0590
-

0.0518
0.0539
0.0553
-

2.067

2.300

0.1087
0.0877
0.0729
0.0635
0.0586

0.1081

0.0570
0.0576
0.0595
0.0616
0.0629
-

2.626

3.152

3.438

0.0905
0.0758
0.0642
0.0552

0.0908
0.0763
0.0646
0.0555

0.0918
0.0778
0.0662
0.0568

0.0488
0.0452
0.0435
0.0434
0.0443

0.0488
0.0445
0.0422
0.0414
0.0418

0.0489
0.0443
0.0417
0.0408
0.0408

0.0496
0.0443
0.0407
0.0387
0.0379

0.0460
0.0482
0.0504
0.0521
0.0532
-

0.0431
0.0450
0.0471
0.0492
0.0508

0.0418
0.0435
0.0456
0.0477
0.0495

0.0382
0.0392
0.0408
0.0427
0.0448

0.0519
-

0.0509

0.0467
00483
0.0494

7.625

7.981

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,,

Orifice
Diameter,

in.
8

6
5.189

5.761

6.065

8.071

3.826

4.026

4.897

0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000

0.0799
0.0685
0.0590
0.0513
0.0453

0.0810
0.0697
0.0602
0.0524
0.0461

0.0850
0.0747
0.0655
0.0575
0.0506

0.0762
0.0672
0.0592
0.0523

0.0789
0.0703
0.0625
0.0556

0.0802
0.0718
0.0842
0.0573

0.0716
0.0652

0.0730
0.0668

0.0733
0.0662

1.125
1.250
1.375
1.500
1.625
1.750
1.875
2.000

0.0408
0.0376
0.0358
0.0350
0.0351
0.0358
0.0371
0.0388

0.0412
0.0377
0.0353
0.0340
0.0336
0.0340
0.0349
0.0363

0.0448
0.0401
0.0363
0.0334
0.0313
0.0300
0.0293
0.0292

0.0464
0.0413
0.0373
0.0340
0.0315
0.0298
0.0287
0.0281

0.0495
0.0442
0.0397
0.0360
0.0329
0.0304
0.0285
0.0273

0.0512
0.0458
0.0412
0.0372
0.0339
0.0311
0.0290
0.0273

0.0592
0.0538
0.0489
0.0445
0.0404
0.0389
0.0338
0.0311

0.0609
0.0555
0.0506
0.0462
0.0421
0.0384
0.0352
0.0323

0.0613
0.0560
0.0510
0.0466
0.0425
0.0388
0.0355
0.0327

2.125
2.250
2.375
2.500
2.625
2.750
2.875
3.000

0.0407
0.0427
0.0445
0.0460
0.0472

0.0380
0.0398
0.0417
0.0435
0.0450
0.0462

0.0297
0.0305
0.0316
0.0330
0.0345
0.0362
0.0379
0.0395

0.0281
0.0285
0.0293
0.0304
0.0317
0.0331
0.0347
0.0364

0.0265
0.0261
0.0262
0.0267
0.0274
0.0284
0.0295
0.0308

0.0262
0.0258
0.0253
0.0254
0.0258
0.0265
0.0274
0.0285

0.0288
0.0268
0.0252
0.0239
0.0230
0.0224
0.0220
0.0219

0.0298
0.0277
0.0259
0.0244
0.0232
0.0224
0.0218
0.0214

0.0301
0.0280
0.0261
0.0246
0.0233
0.0224
0.0218
0.0213

3.125
3.250
3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875
4.000

0.0410
0.0422
0.0432
-

0.0380
0.0394
0.0408
0.0419
0.0428

0.0213
0.0214
0.0216
0.0221
0.0227
0.0234
0.0243
0.0252

0.0211
0.0212
0.0214
0.0218
0.0224
0.0230
0.0238
0.0246

0.0297
0.0311
0.0325
0.0339
0.0354
0.0367
0.0380
0.0391
-

0.0220
0.0223
0.0228
0.0235
0.0243
0.0252
0.0262
0.0273

4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000

0.0323
0.0338
0.0353
0.0367
0.0381
0.0393
0.0404
0.0413
-

0.0296
0.0321
0.0344
0.0364

0.0273
0.0296
0.0320
0.0342

0.0268
0.0290
0.0314
0.0336

5.250
5.500

$.j

0.0381
-

0.0361
0.0377

0.0356
0.0372

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

TABLE

13-21

REGULATION

IXlh--b

VALUES

FOR REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

F,, PIPE TAPS

(continued)

b
F,=1+JGI
Internal Diameter

Orifice
Diameter,
;ri.;
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375
1.500

of Pipe, di,

in.
16

12
9.564

10.020

10.136

11.376

0.0728
0.0674

0.0690

0.0694

0.0641
0.0594

0.0646
0 0599
00555
0.0514
0.0476

0.0601
0.0561
0.0523

0.0624
0.0576

11.938

12.090

14.686

o.osa7

00704

0.0661

0.0708
0.0666

0.0643

0.0620
00560
00543

0.0625
0.0585

0.0697
0.0662

0.0548

0.0628

0.0705
0.0670
0.0636

0.0676
0.0642

15.000

15.250
-

1.750
1875

00452

00550
0.0509
0.0471

00417

0.0436

0.0440

0.0488

00508

0.0513

0.0594

0.0603

0.0610

2.000

00385

0.0403

0.0407

0.0454

00475

0.0480

0.0563

0.0572

0.0578

2.125

0.0355
0 0329
00305

0.0372
0.0345
0.0320

0.0377

00423
0.0394

00443
0.0414

0.0449

0.0532

0.0387

0.0503
0.0475

0.0548
0.0519

00263

0.0298

0.0301

0.0367
0.0342

0.0419
0.0392

0.0541
0.0512
0.0484

0.0361

0.0366

0 0449

0.0458

0.0466

0.0277
0.0260
0.0244

0.0281

0.0319

0.0337

0.0342

00424

0.0262
0.0246

0 0298
0.0279

00316
0.0295

0.0320
0.0300

00400
0.0378

0.0433
0.0409

0.0440
0.0417

2.875

00265
00248
00234

0.0387

0 0394

3.000

00222

0.0230

0.0232

0.0262

0.0277

0.0281

00356

0 0365

0.0372

3.125

0.0212

0.0218

0.0220

0.0244

00260

0.0264

00336

0.0345

00352

3250

0.0204

0.0209

00210

0.0232

00245

0.0249

00317

0.0326

0.0332

3.375

0.0199
00195

0.0201
0.0195

0.0202
0.0196

0.0220
0.0210

00232
0.0220

0.0235
0.0222

0.0300
00283

00308
0.0291

0.0314
0 0297

1.625

2.250
2.375
2.500
2625
2.750

3500

0.0532
0 0490

0.0349
0.0324

0 0492

3625
3.750

00193

00191

0.0191

0.0200

0 0209

0.0212

00268

0.0275

00281

00192

0.0188

0.0188

0.0187

0.0186

0.0192

0.0202
0.0194

0.0254

00193

0.0193
0.0187

00200

3 a75

00240

0.0261
0.0247

00267
00253

4000

00195

0 0187

00186

0.0182

00185

0.0187

0.0228

00235

00240

4.250

0.0203

0.0192

0.0189

00176

0.0176

0.0177

00207

0.0213

00217

4.500
4.750
5.000

00215

0.0200

0.0197

00175

0.0172

0.0171

00190

0.0194

00198

0.0230

0.0206
00223

0.0178

0.0171

0.0185

00174

0.0170
0.0173

00176
00166

0.0180
0.0168

00182

0.0248

0.0212
0.0228

5.250
5500

0.0267
00287

00244
0.0263

0.0239
0.0257

0.0195
0.0207

0.0181
0.0190

0.0178
0.0186

00160
00156

0.0161
0.0156

0.0162
00156

5.750
6.000

00307

0.0282

0.0276

00221

00202

00197

0.0155

0.0154

0.0153

0.0326

0.0302

0.0295

00231

00215

0.0210

0.0157

0.0154

00153

6.250

0.0343

0.0320

0.0316

00253

00230

0.0224

0.0161

0.0157

00154

6500

00358
-

0.0336
0.0351
0.0363

0.0331
0.0346

00270

00246

0.0239

00288
00304

00262
0 0279

00256
0.0272

0.0167
0.0174
0.0184

0.0162
00169
0.0177

00159
00164

7.500

00320
00334

0 0295
00310

00288
00304

0.0195
0.0206

0.0187
0.0198

00181
00191

7.750

00347

00325

6.750
7.000
7.250

0.0359

0.0170

00172

8.000

00338

0.0318
0.0332

0.0219
0.0232

0 0209
0.0222

00202
00214

8.250
8500
8750

0 0349

0.0344

0.0246

0.0235

0.0227

0.0259
0.0273

0.0248
0.0262

00240
00253

0.0286

0.0276

00267

0.0299

0 0288

00280

0.0311

0.0300

0 0292

0.0322

0.0312

0.0304

00332

0.0323

00315

00341
-

0.0333
0.0341

0.0326
0.0335

9 000
9 250
9.500

9 750

10000
10250
10.500

PETROLEUM

13-22

TABLE

13.lh-b

VALUES

FOR REYNOLDS

NUMBER

FACTOR,

F,,

ENGINEERING

PIPE TAPS

HANDBOOK

(continued)

b
Fr=+

-&&

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in.

Diameter,

24

20

30

g.;

18.814

19.000

19.250

22.626

23.000

23.250

28.626

2.000
2.125

0.0663

0.0667
0.0639

0.0672

2.250
2.375

0.0609

0.0613
00588

0.0618
0.0593

0.0658

0.0665

0.0669

2.500

0.0558
0.0534
0.0510

0 0562
0.0539

0.0568
0.0544

0.0515

00520

0.0635
0.0613
0.0591

0.0642
0.0620
0 0598

2.625
2.750
2.875

0.0635
0.0583

00644

29.000

29.250

0.0646
0.0624
0.0603

0.0488

0.0492

0.0498

0.0570

0.0577

0.0582

00667

3.000

0.0466

0.0470

00476

0.0549

0.0556

0.0561

0 0649

0.0654

0.0657

3.125

00445
0.0425

0.0449
0.0429

0.0455
0.0435

0.0529
0.0509

0.0536
0.0516

0.0541
0.0521

0 0630
0.0613

0.0636
0.0616

0.0639
0.0622

0.0406
0.0387

0.0410
0.0391

0.0416
0 0397

0.0490
0.0471

0.0497
0.0479

0.0502
0.0484

0 0595
0.0578

0.0601
0.0584

0.0604
0.0587

3.625

0 0369

0.0373

0.0379

0.0454

0.0461

0.0567

0.0571

3.875

00352
0.0336

0.0356
0.0340

0.0362
0.0346

0.0436
0.0419

0.0444
00427

0.0466
0.0449
0.0432

0.0561

3.750

0.0545
00528

0.0550
0.0534

0.0554
0.0538

4.000

0.0320

0.0324

0.0330

0.0403

0.0411

0.0416

0.0513

0.0518

0.0522

4.250

0.0291

0.0295

0.0301

0.0372

0.0380

0.0385

0.0482

0.0488

0.0492

4.500

00265

0.0269

0.0274

0.0343

0.0351

0.0356

00453

0.0459

0.0463

4.750
5.000

00242
0.0221

0.0246
0.0225

0.0250
0.0229

00316
0.0292

00324
0 0299

0.0328
0.0303

0.0425
0 0399

0.0431
0.0405

0.0435
0 0409

5.250
5.500

0.0203
0.0188

0.0206
00190

00210
00194

0 0269
00248

00276
00255

0.0280
0 0259

00374
00350

0.0380
0.0356

0.0384
0.0360
00338

3.250
3.375
3.500

5.750

0.0175

0.0177

0.0180

00230

00236

0.0240

00328

0.0334

6.000

0.0164

0.0165

0.0168

0.0212

00218

0.0222

00307

0.0313

0.0317

6.250

0.0155

0.0156

0.0158

0.0197

0.0202

0.0206

00287

0 0293

0 0297

6.500
6.750

0.0146

0 0149

0.0150

0.0164

0.0189

0.0192

0 0269

0.0274

0.0143

0.0179
0.0168

00236

0.0257
0.0241

00278
00260

0.0162

0.0176
00166

00252

0.0141

0.0145
0.0141

0.0172

7.000

00144
0.0141

7.250
7.500

0.0140
00140

00140
0.0140

0.0139
0.0139

0.0153
0.0146

00156
00148

00221
00207

0.0226
0.0212

0 0229
00215

7.750
8000

0.0142

0.0141

00140

0.0140

00142

0 0158
0.0150
0.0144

0.0195

0.0199

0.0202

0.0146

0.0144

0.0142

00136

00138

0.0138

0.0183

00187

0.0190

8 250

0.0151

0.0148

0.0146

00133

00134

0.0132

0.0173

0.0177

00179

8500
8 750

0.0156
00163

0.0154
0.0160

00151
0.0157

0.0132
0.0131

00132
0.0130

0.0130
0.0130

0.0164
0.0155

0.0167
00158

00169
0.0161

9.000

0.0171

0.0168

0.0163

0.0131

0.0130

0.0130

0.0148

0.0151

0.0153

9.250

00180

0.0176

0.0171

0.0133

0.0131

0.0130

0.0142

0 0144

0.0146

9 500

00189

0.0185

0.0180

0.0136

0.0133

0.0132

0.0136

0.0138

0.0140

9.750

0.0198
0.0209

0.0194
0.0204

0.0189
0.0198

0.0139
0.0143

0.0136
0.0140

0.0134
0.0138

0.0132
00128

0.0133
0.0129

00134
0.0130

10.250
10500
10750

0.0219

0.0214

0.0208

0.0148

0.0144

0.0126

0.0127

00225

00219

00154

0.0150

0.0142
0.0147

00125

0.0230
0.0241

00123

00124

0.0124

0.0236

0 0229

0.0160

0.0155

0.0152

0.0122

00122

0.0122

11000

0.0252

0.0247

0.0240

0.0168

0.0162

0.0158

0.0121

0.0121

0.0121

11.250

0.0263

0.0261

0.0251

0.0175

0.0169

0.0165

00122

0.0121

0.0121

11.5oa
11750

0.0273

0.0268

0.0183

0.0176

0.0172

0.0122

0.0278

0.0191

0.0184

0.0180

00122
0.0124

0.0121

0.0284

0.0262
0.0272

0.0123

0.0122

12000

0.0293

0.0288

0.0282

0.0200

0.0192

0.0190

00126

0.0124

0.0123

12.500

0.0312
0.0327

0.0307
0.0323

0.0301
0.0318

0.0218
00236

0.0210
0.0228

0.0204
0.0222

00132
0.0140

0.0130
0.0137

0.0128
0.0135

13500

0.0254

0.0246

0.0240

00150

0.0146

0.0143

14000

00272

0.0258

0.0161

0.0156

0.0153

0 0289
0.0304

0.0264
0.0260
0.0296

0.0275
0.0291

0.0173
00186

0.0168
00181

0.0165
0.0177

0.0311

0.0306

0.0200
00215

0.0194
0 0209

0.0190
00204

10000

13.000

14500
15000

00244

15500
16000

16500
17000

0.0230
0.0244

0.0223
0.0238

0.0219
0.0233

17500

0.0259

0.0252

00248

0.0272

0.0266

0.0261

0.0286

0.0279

0.0275

0.0298

0.0292

0.0288

0.0309

00303

0.0299

0.0318

00313

00310

la000
18500

19000
19500
20000

0.0318
-

00323

00318

13-23

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE 13.1 h-6

VALUES FOR REYNOLDS NUMBER FACTOR, F,, PIPE TAPS (continued)

b
F,=l+-

JKE
InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,,

in.

1.689

1.939

2.067

2.300

2.626

2.900

3.068

3.152

3.438

3.826

4.026

0.1209
0.1167
0.1126
0.1086
0.1049

0.1173
0.1132
0.1090
0.1051
0.1013

0.1118
0.1077
0.1035
0.0996
0.0958

0.1058
0.1016
0.0975
0.0935
0.0898

0.1017

0.0996

0.0986

0.0976
0.0934
0.0895

0.0954

0.0945
0.0903

0.0858

0.0913
0.0874
0.0837

0.0864
0.0827

0.0957
0.0915
0.0874
0.0835
0.0797

0.0924

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.1295
0.1253
0.1212
0.1172
0.1134

0.0882
0.0841
0.0802
0.0765

0.0909
0.0867
0.0826
0.0787
0.0750

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.1098
0.1065
0.1033
0.1001
0.0973

0.1013

0.0978

0.0980
0.0948

0.0944

0.0916
0.0888

0.0912
0.0881
0.0853

0.0923
0.0889
0.0856
0.0827
0.0799

0.0863
0.0829
0.0798
0.0767
0.0739

0.0823
0.0789
0.0758
0.0727
0.0699

0.0801
0.0768
0.0737
0.0706
0.0678

0.0792
0.0758
0.0727
0.0696
0.0669

0.0762
0.0729
0.0698
0.0667
0.0639

0.0729
0.0696
0.0685
0.0634
0.0607

0.0715
0.0682
0.0650
0.0620
0.0592

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.0945
0.0919
0.0894
0.0672
0.0851

0.0861
0.0835
0.0811
0.0788
0.0767

0.0825
0.0800
0.0776
0.0753
0.0733

0.0771
0.0746
0.0722
0.0700
0.0679

0.0712
0.0687
0.0663
0.0641
0.0621

0.0672
0.0647
0.0623
0.0602
0.0581

0.0651
0.0626
0.0603
0.0581
0.0561

0.0642
0.0617
0.0593
0.0571
0.0551

0.0613
0.0588
0.0564
0.0543
0.0523

0.0580
0.0555
0.0532
0.0510
0.0490

0.0566
0.0541
0.0518
0.0496
0.0476

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.0831
0.0812
0.0796
0.0781
0.0766

0.0748
0.0730
0.0713
0.0699
0.0685

0.0714
0.0695
0.0679
0.0665
0.0651

0.0660
0.0642
0.0626
0.0612
0.0598

0.0602
0.0584
0.0568
0.0554
0.0541

0.0563
0.0545
0.0530
0.0516
0.0502

0.0542
0.0524
0.0509
0.0495
0.0482

0.0533
0.0515
0.0500
0.0486
0.0473

0.0504
0.0487
0.0471
0.0458
0.0445

0.0472
0.0455
0.0440
0.0426
0.0413

0.0458
0.0441
0.0426
0.0412
0.0399

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.0753
0.0741
0.0730
0.0720
0.0712

0.0672
0.0661
0.0650
0.0640
0.0632

0.0638
0.0627
0.0616
0.0606
0.0599

0.0586
0.0575
0.0564
0.0555
0.0548

0.0529
0.0518
0.0508
0.0499
0.0492

0.0490
0.0480
0.0470
0.0461
0.0455

0.0470
0.0460
0.0450
0.0441
0.0435

0.0461
0.0451
0.0441
0.0432
0.0426

0.0433
0.0423
0.0413
0.0405
0.0398

0.0401
0.0391
0.0382
0.0374
0.0368

0.0388
0.0378
0.0368
0.0360
0.0354

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.0705
0.0699
0.0693
0.0689
0.0684

0.0626
0.0620
0.0615
0.0611
0.0607

0.0593
0.0587
0.0582
0.0578
0.0575

0.0542
0.0537
0.0532
0.0529
0.0525

0.0486
0.0481
0.0477
0.0474
0.0471

0.0449
0.0444
0.0440
0.0437
0.0435

0.0429
0.0424
0.0421
0.0418
0.0415

0.0420
0.0416
0.0412
0.0409
0.0407

0.0393
0.0388
0.0385
0.0382
0.0380

0.0362
0.0358
0.0355
0.0352
0.0350

0.0349
0.0345
0.0341
0.0339
0.0337

0.40
0.41
042
0.43
0.44

0.0681
0.0678
0.0677
0.0676
0.0675

0.0604
0.0603
0.0602
0.0601
0.0601

0.0572
0.0571
0.0570
0.0570
0.0570

00523
0.0522
00521
0.0522
0.0522

0.0469
0.0468
0.0468
0.0469
0.0470

0.0433
0.0432
0.0433
0.0434
0.0435

0.0414
0.0414
0.0414
0.0415
0.0417

0.0405
0.0405
0.0405
0.0402
0.0408

0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0381
0.0382

0.0349
0.0349
0.0350
0.0352
0.0354

0.0336
0.0336
0.0337
0.0339
0.0341

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.0675
0.0676
0.0676
0.0677
0.0678

0.0602
0.0603
0.0604
0.0606
0.0608

0.0571
0.0572
0.0574
0.0576
0.0578

0.0524
0.0526
0.0528
0.0530
0.0532

0.0472
0.0474
0.0476
0.0479
0.0482

0.0437
0.0440
0.0442
0.0446
0.0449

0.0419
0.0422
0.0424
0.0428
0.0431

0.0410
0.0413
0.0416
0.0420
0.0423

0.0385
0.0388
0.0391

0.0395
0.0399

0.0357
0.0360
0.0363
0.0367
0.0372

0.0344
0.0347
0.0351
0.0355
0.0359

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.0680
0.0682
0.0684
0.0687
0.0689

0.0611
0.0613
0.0615
0.0619
0.0622

0.0581
0.0584
0.0587
0.0590
0.0594

0.0536
0.0539
0.0543
00547
0.0551

0.0486
0.0490
0.0494
0.0499
0.0503

0.0453
0.0458
0.0462
0.0467
0.0472

0.0436
0.0440
0.0445
0.0450
0.0455

0.0428
0.0433
0.0437
0.0442
0.0448

0.0404
0.0409
0.0413
0.0419
0.0424

0.0377
0.0382
0.0387
0.0393
0.0398

0.0365
0.0370
0.0375
0.0381
0.0387

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.0692
0.0694
0.0696
0.0699
0.0701

0.0625
0.0628
0.0632
0.0635
0.0638

0.0598
0.0601
0.0605
0.0608
0.0612

0.0555
0.0559
0.0563
0.0567
0.0571

0.0508
0.0513
0.0517
0.0522
0.0527

0.0477
0.0482
0.0487
0.0492
0.0497

0.0460
0.0466
0.0471
0.0476
0.0482

0.0453
0.0458
0.0464
0.0469
0.0474

0.0430
0.0435
0.0441
0.0447
0.0453

0.0404
0.0410
0.0416
0.0422
0.0428

0.0393
0.0399
0.0405
0.0412
0.0418

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.0704
0.0705
0.0706
0.0707
0.0708

0.0641
0.0643
0.0645
0.0648
0.0649

0.0615
0.0618
0.0620
0.0623
0.0625

0.0575
0.0578
0.0581
0.0585
0.0587

0.0532
0.0535
0.0539
0.0543
0.0546

0.0502
0.0506
0.0510
0.0515
0.0518

0.0487
0.0491
0.0495
0.0500
0.0504

0.0480
0.0484
0.0489
0.0493
0.0497

0.0458
0.0463
0.0468
0.0473
0.0477

0.0434
0.0439
0.0444
0.0450
0.0454

0.0424
0.0429
0.0434
0.0440
0.0444

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70

0.0709
0.0708
0.0708
0.0708
0.0705
0.0704

0.0651
0.0651
0.0653
0.0653
0.0652
0.0651

0.0627
0.0628
0.0629
0.0630
0.0629
0.0629

0.0590
0.0591
0.0594
0.0595
0.0595
0.0595

0.0549
0.0551
0.0554
0.0556
0.0557
0.0558

0.0522
0.0525
0.0528
0.0531
0.0532
0.0533

0.0508
0.0511
0.0514
0.0517
0.0518
0.0520

0.0501
0.0504
0.0508
0.0511
0.0512
0.0514

0.0481
0.0485
0.0489
0.0492
0.0494
0.0496

0.0459
0.0463
0.0467
0.0471
0.0473
0.0476

0.0449
0.0453
0.0458
0.0462
0.0464
0.0467

F,
0.10

PETROLEUM

13-24

TABLE 13.1 h-b

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

VALUES FOR REYNOLDS NUMBER FACTOR, F,, PIPE TAPS (continued)

b
Fr=l+

Jh,p,

InternalDiameter of Pipe, di,

6
Fd

in.
10

12

4.897

5.189

5.761

6.065

7.625

7.981

8.071

9.564

10020

10.136

11.376

11.938

12.090

0.10-

0.0845

0.0836

0.0821

0.0757
0.0716

0.0734

0.0733

0.0710

0.0692

0.0691

0.0763

0.0755

00732

0.0702

0.0696

0.0695

0.0676

0.0670

0.0709
0.0669

0 0697

0.12

0.0779
0.0739

0.0777
0.0735

0 0739

0.0795

00778
0.0736

0.0751

0.0803

0.0784
0.0742

0.0752

0.11

0.0814
0.0772

0.0657

0.0652

00651

0.13

0.0725

0.0717

0.0701

0.0694

0.0664

0.0658

0.0657

0.0638

0.0632

0.0631

00619

0.0614

0.0613

0.14

0.0689

0.0680

0.0665

0.0658

0.0628

0.0622

0.0621

0.0601

0.0596

0.0595

0.0583

0.0576

0.0577

0.15

0.0655

0.0646

0.0631

0.0624

0.0594

00588

0.0587

0.0567

0.0562

0.0561

0.0549

0.0544

0.0543

0.16
0.17

0.0623

0.0614

0.0599

0.0591

0.0561

0 0556

0.0554

0.0535

0.0530

0.0528

0.0516

0.0512

0.0510

0.0592

0.0583

0.0568

0.0561

0.0531

0.0525

0.0524

0.0504

0.0499

0.0498

0.0481

0.18

0.0563

0.0554

0.0539

0.0532

0.0502

0.0496

0.0495

0.0475

0.0470

0.0469

0.0486
0.0457

0.0452

0.0480
0.0451

0.19

0.0536

0.0527

0.0512

0.0505

0.0475

0.0469

0.0468

0.0446

0.0443

0.0442

0.0430

0.0425

0.0424

0.20

0.0511

0.0502

0.0487

0.0479

0.0449

0.0444

0.0442

0.0423

0.0418

0.0416

0.0404

0.0400

0.0398

0.21

0.0486

0.0477

0.0462

0.0455

0.0425

0.0419

0.0418

0.0398

0.0393

0.0392

0.0380

0.0375

0.0374

0.22

0.0464

0.0455

0.0440

0.0433

0.0403

0.0397

0.0396

0.0376

0.0371

0.0370

0.0358

0.0353

0.23

0.0444

0.0435

00420

0.0412

0.0382

0.0377

0.0375

0.0356

0.0351

0.0350

0.0338

0.0333

0.0352
0.0332

0.24

0.0425

0.0416

0.0401

0.0393

0.0364

0.0358

0.0357

0.0337

0.0332

0.0331

0.0319

0.0314

0.0313

0.25

0.0407

0.0399

0.0383

0.0376

0.0346

0.0341

0.0339

0.0320

0.0315

0.0313

0.0301

0.0297

0.0295

0.26
0.27

0.0391

0.0382

0.0367

0.0360

0.0330

0.0324

0.0323

0.0303

0.0298

0.0297

0.0265

0.0280

0.0279

0.0368

0.0353

0.0345

00315

0.0310

0 0309

0.0289

0.0264

0.0266

00355

0.0340

0.0332

a.0303

0.0297

0.0296

0.0276

0.0271

0.0283
0.0270

0.0271

0.28

0.0377
0.0364

0.0258

0.0253

0.0265
0.0252

0 29

0.0352

00343

0.0328

0.0321

0.0291

0.0286

0.0264

0.0265

0.0260

0.0258

0.0246

0.0242

0.0240

0.30

0.0342

0.0333

0.0318

0.0311

0.0281

0.0275

0.0274

0.0255

0.0249

0.0236

0.0231

0.0230

031
0.32

0.0333

0.0324

0.0309

0.0302

0.0272

00266

0.0265

0.0245

0.0240

0.0248
0.0239

0.0227

0.0222

0.0221

0.0325

0.0317

0.0301

0.0294

0.0232

0.0220

0.0215

0.0214

0.0310

0.0295

0.0288

0.0251

0.0238
0.0231

0.0233

0.0319

0.0259
0.0252

0.0257

0.33

0.0264
0.0258

0.0226

0.0225

0.0213

0.0208

0.0207

0.34

0.0314

0.0305

0.0290

0.0283

0.0253

00247

0.0246

0.0226

0.0221

0.0220

0.0208

0.0203

0.0202

0.35

00310

0.0301

0 0286

0.0278

0.0294

0.0243

0.0242

0.0222

0.0217

0.0216

0.0204

0.0199

0.0198

0.36
0 37

0.0306

0.0298

0.0283

0.0275

0.0246

0.0240

0.0239

0.0219

0.0214

0.0213

0.0201

0.0196

0.0195

0.0305

0.0296

0 0281

0.0274

0.0239

0.0237

00195

0.0194

0.0285

0 0280

0.0273

0.0238

0.0237

0.0213
0.0212

0.0200

0.0304

0.0218
0.0217

0.0212

0 38

00244
0.0244

0.0211

0.0199

00195

0.0193

0.39

00305

0.0296

00281

0.0274

0.0244

0.0239

0.0238

0.0218

0.0213

0.0212

0.0200

0.0195

00194

0.40

00306

0.0296

0.0283

0.0276

0.0246

0.0240

0.0239

0.0220

0.0215

0.0213

0.0202

0.0197

0.0196

0.41

0.0309

0.0300

0.0285

0.0276

0.0248

0.0243

0.0241

0.0222

00217

0.0216

0.0204

0.0199

0.0198

0.42

0.0312
0.0316

0.0303

0 0288

0.0281

0.0252

0.0246

0.0245

00226

0.0221

0.0308

0 0293

00286

0.0256

0.0251

0 0249

0.0230

0.0225

0.0219
0.0224

0.0206

0.43

0.0212

0.0203
0.0207

0.0202
0.0206

0.44

00321

0.0313

0.0298

0.0291

0.0261

0.0256

0.0254

0.0235

0.0230

0.0229

0.0217

0.0213

00211

0.45

0.0327

0.0319

0.0304

00297

0.0262

0.0261

0.0241

0.0236

0.0219

0.0217

0.0334

0.0326

0.0311

00304

0.0269

0.0267

0.0248

0.0243

0.0235
0.0242

0.0223

0 46
0.47

00267
0.0274

0.0230

0.0226

0.0224

0.0341

0.0333

0.0276
00284

0.0251
0.0259

0.0249
0.0258

0.0232

0.0283

0.0256
0.0264

0.0233

00341

0.0262
0.0290

0.0238

0.0350

00311
0.0319

0.0275

0 48

0.0318
0.0326

0.0246

0.0242

0.0240

0.49

0.0358

0.0349

00335

0.0328

0.0299

0.0293

0.0292

0.0273

0.0268

0.0267

0.0255

0.0250

0.0249

0.50

0.0368

0.0359

0.0344

0.0337

0.0308

00303

0.0302

0.0283

0.0278

0.0276

0.0265

0.0260

0.0259

0.51

0.0378

0.0369

0 0354

0.0347

0.0318

00313

0.0312

0.0293

0.0288

0.0287

0.0275

0.0270

0.0269

0.52
0.53

0.0388

00365

0.0329
00340

0.0323

0.0304

0.0286

0.0281

00335

0.0334

0.0315

0.0299
0.0310

0.029B

00376

0.0358
0.0369

0.0324

0 0399

00380
0 0391

0.0309

0.0297

0.0293

0.0280
0.0291

0.54

0.0410

0.0402

0 0387

0.0380

0.0351

0.0346

0.0345

00326

0.0321

0.0320

0.0308

0.0304

0.0303

055

0.0422

0.0413

0 0399

0.0392

00363

00358

0.0357

0.0338

0.0333

0.0332

0.0321

0.0316

00315

0.56

0.0433

0.0425

00411

00404

00375

00370

0.0369

0.0350

0.0345

0.0344

0.0333

0.0328

00327

0.57
0 58

0 0446
00458

0.0438
0.0450

0.0423
00436

00416
0 0429

00368
00401

0.0383
0.0395

0.0361
0.0394

0.0363
0.0376

0.0358
0.0371

0.0357
0.0370

0.0346
0.0358

00341
00354

0.0340
00353

0 59

0.0472

0.0463

0 0449

00442

00414

0 0409

0.0408

0.0389

0.0364

0.0363

0.0372

0.0367

0.0366

0 60

0.0484

0.0476

0.0462

0.0455

0.0427

00422

00421

0.0402

0.0398

0.0397

0.0385

00381

00360

0 61
0.62

0.0497
0.0510

0.0489
0.0502

0.0474
0.0486

0 0468
00481

0.0440

00433
0.0447

0.0415
0.0429

0.0411
0.0424

0.0409
0.0423

0.0398
0.0412

0 0394
00407

0 0393

0.0402

00435
00448

0.63

0.0523

0.0515

0.0494

00466

00461

0.0437

0.0436

0.0425

0.0421

00420

0 0535

00527

00507

0 0479

00474

0.0460
0.0473

0.0442

0.64

0.0501
0.0513

0.0455

0.0451

0.0449

0.0438

0.0434

00433

0 65

0.0548

0.0540

0.0526

0.0520

0.0492

00487

0.0486

0.0468

0.0464

0.0463

0.0452

00447

00446

0.66

0.0560

0.0552

0.0538

0.0532

00505

00500

0 0499

0.0481

0.0476

0.0475

0.0465

00480

0 0459

0.67
0.68

0.0572

0.0564

0.0544

00517

0.0488

00477

00473

00472

00556

00530

0.0523

0.0494
0.0506

0.0489

0.0576

00512
00525

0.0511

0.0584

0.0551
0.0563

0.0502

0.0500

0.0490

00486

00484

0.69

0.0595

00587

0.0574

00567

0.0541

0.0536

00535

0.0518

0.0513

0.0512

0.0502

0 0497

0 0496

0.70

0.0606

0 0598

0.0585

0 0579

0.0552

0.0548

00546

0.0529

0.0525

0.0524

00513

0 0509

00508

0.71
0.72

0.0616

0.0606

0.0595

0.0589

0.0563

0.0558

0.0557

0.0540

0.0535

0.0534

00524

0.0520

00519

0.0625

00616

00605

0.0599

0.0573

0.0566

00567

00550

0.0546

0.0545

00535

00530

0 0529

0 73

0.0635

0.0627

00614

0.0608

0.0583

0.0578

00577

0.0560

0.0556

0.0555

0.0545

00541

00540

0 74

0.0643
0.0650

0.0636
0.0643

0.0623
0.0630

0.0617

0 0592
0.0599

0.0587
0 0594

0.0586
0 0594

0.0570

0.0565

0.0554

0.0577

0.0573

0.0564
00572

00550
00558

0 0549
0.0557

0 75

0.0624

0.0562

00406

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

TABLE 13.1 h-b

13-25

VALUES FOR REYNOLDS NUMBER FACTOR, F,, PIPE TAPS (continued)

F,=1+=

tl

InternalDiameter of Pipe, d,, in

16

20

24

30

14688

15.000

15250

18.814

19.000

19250

22626

23 000

23.250

28.628

29.000

29.250

0.10

0.0706

0.0705

0.0704

0.0690

0.0689

0.0680

0.0879

0.0678

0.0669

0.0669

0.11
0.12

0.0665

0.0663

0.0662

0.0648

0.0647

0.0688
0.0647

0.0638

0.0637

0.0637

0.0628

0.0627

0.0668
0.0627

F,

0.0624

0.0622

0.0621

0.0607

0.0607

0.0606

0.0597

0.0598

0.0596

0.0567

0.0586

0.0586

0.13
0.14

0.0565

0.0584

0.0569
0.0532

0.0568
00531

0.0567
0.0530

0.0548

0.0548

0.0547

0.0522

0.0558
0.0521

0.0557

0.0548

0.0582
0.0546

0.0558

0.0549

0.0520

0.0511

0.0511

0.0511

0.15

0.0514

0.0497
0.0464

0.0486

0.0476

0.0476

00454

0.0453

0.0486
0.0453

0.0477

0.0464

0.0496
0.0463

00487

0.0481

0.0511
0.0478

0.0497

0.16
0.17

0.0512
0.0479

0.0444

0.0443

00443

0.0450

0.0448

0.0447

0.0433

0.0433

0.0432

00423

0.0423

0.0422

0.0413

0.0413

0.0412

0.0393

0.0392

0.0383

0.0383

0.0366

0.0365

0.0356

0.0356

0.0383
0.0355

0.18

0.0420

0.0419

0.0417

0.0404

0.0403

0.0402

0.19

0.0393

0.0391

0.0390

0.0376

0.0376

0.0375

0 0394
00366

0.20
0.21

0.0367

0.0365

00350

0 0349

0.0340

0.0340

0.0339

0.0341

0.0364
0.0340

0.0350

0.0343

0.0326

0.0326

0.0325

00316

0.0316

0.0315

0.0330
0.0306

0.0330
0.0306

0.0329
00305

0.22

0.0320

0.0318

00317

0.0304

0.0303

00302

0 0294

0.0293

0.0293

0.0264

0.0283

0.0283

0.23

0.0299

0.0298
0.0278

0 0296
00277

0.0263
0.0264

0.0282
0.0263

0.0281
0.0262

00273

0.0272
0.0253

0.0272

0.0263
0.0244

0.0262

0.0262

0.0243

00243

0.0260

0.0246

00236

0.0226

0.0228

0 0220

0.0219

0.0226
0.0210

0.0226

0.0230

0.0236
0.0219

0.0235

0.0243

0.0246
0.0229

00245

0.0246

0.0261
0.0244

0.0210

0.0209

0 27

0.0231

0.0230

0.0229

0.0215

00215

0.0214

00206

0.0205

0.0204

0.0196

0.0195

0.0195

0.28
0.29

0.0218

0.0217

00216

0.0202

0.0192

0.0191

0.0204

0.0191

00181

0.0180

0.0180

0.0183
0.0171

0.0182
0.0171

00182

0.0205

0.0201
0.0189

00193

0.0206

0.0202
0.0190

0 30

0.0196

0.0193

00179
0.0170

00161

0.0170
0.0161

0.0160

0.0161
0.0152

0.0160
0.0151

00160

00184

0.0179
0.0170

0.0169

0.0187

0.0180
0.0171

00170

0.31
0.32

0.0194
0.0185

0.0179

0.0177

0.0176

0.0163

0.0162

0.0162

00153

0.0153

0.0152

0.0144

00143

00143

0.33
0.34

0.0172

0.0170

0.0169

0.0156

0.0146

0.0146

0.0137

0.0137

00136

0.0165

0.0164

0.0151

0.0155
0.0150

00147

0.0166

0.0156
00150

00142

0.0141

0.0140

0.0132

0.0131

00131

0.35
0.36

0.0162

0.0161

00160

0.0157

0.0156

0.0146
0.0143

0.0145
0.0142

0.0137
00134

0.0137
0.0134

0.0136
0.0133

0.0128
00125

0.0127

0.0159

0.0147
0.0144

00124

0.0127
00124

0.37

0.0157

0.0155

0.0154

0.0141

0.0141

0.0140

00132

0.0132

0.0131

0.0123

0.0122

00122

0.38

0.0155

0.0154

0.0153

0.0121

0.0153

00131

0.0130
0.0130

0.0122

0.0154

0.0139
0.0139

0.0130

0.0155

0.0140
0.0139

00131

0.39

0.0140
0.0140

0.0130

0.0122

0.0121

00121
00121

0.40

0.0156

0.0154

0.0142

00139
0.0141

0.0132
00133

0.0131
0.0132

0.0122

0.0155

0.0140
0.0142

0.0130

0.0157

0.0153
0.0154

0.0141

0.41
0.42

0.0132

0.0124

0.0122
0.0124

00122
00123

0.0159

0.0158

0.0157

0.0144

0.0144

0.0143

0.0136

0.0135

0.0134

0.0126

0.0126

00126

0.43
0.44

0.0162

0.0161

0.0160

0.0147
0.0151

0.0138
0.0142

0.0138
0.0141

00129

0.0163

0.0139
00143

0.0129

0.0164

0.0146
0.0150

0.0130

0.0166

0.0148
00151

0.0134

0.0133

00133

0.45
0.46
0.47

0.0170

0.0168
0.0173

0.0156
0.0161

0.0155
0.0160

0.0155
0.0160

0.0147

0.0175

0.0169
0.0174

0.0152

0.0146
0.0151

0.0146
0.0151

0.0138
0.0143

00136
00143

00137
00143

0.0180

0.0179

0.0178

0.0186

00166

0.0165

0.0158

0.0157

00157

0.0149

00149

00148

0.48

0.0186

0.0185

0.0184

0.0172

00172

0.0171

0.0164

0.0163

0.0163

0.0155

0.0155

00154

0.49

0.0192

0.0191

0 0190

0.0178

0.0178

0.0177

0.0170

0.0169

0.0169

0.0162

0.0161

00161

0.50

0.0199

0.0198

00197

0.0185

0.0185

00184

0.0177

0.0176

0.0176

0.0169

0.0168

0.0168

0.51
0.52

0.0206

0.0205

00204

0.0193

0.0192

00191

0.0184

0.0184

0 0183

0.0176

0.0176

0.0175

0.0213

0.0212

00211

0.0200

0.0199

0.0199

0.0192

0.0191

0.0191

0.0183

0.0183

0.0183

0.53
0.54

0.0221

0.0220
0.0227

0.0219

0.0206
0.0215

0.0207
0.0215

0.0207
0.0214

0.0200
0.0208

0.0199
0.0207

0.0199

0.0191

0.0207

0.0199

0.0191
0.0199

00191
0.0199

0.55
0.56

0.0237
0.0244

0.0235

00234
00242

0.0224
0.0232

0.0223
00231

0.0223
0.0231

0.0216
0.0224

0.0215
0.0223

0.0215
0.0223

0.0208
0.0216

0.0207
0.0216

0.0207
0.0215

0.57

0.0253

0.0251

00250

0.0240

0.0239

0 0239

0.0232

0.0232

0.0231

0.0224

0.0224

0.0224

0.58

0.0261

0.0260

0 0259

0.0248

00248

00247

0.0241

0.0240

0.0240

0.0233

0.0232

0.59

0.0269

0.0268

00267

0.0256

0.0256

00255

0.0249

0.0248

0.0248

0.0233
0.0241

0.0241

0.0241

0 60

0.0277

0.0276

00275

0.0265

00264

0.0264

0.0257

0.0257

0.0256

0.0250

0.0249

0.0249

0 61
0.62

0.0284

0.0283

0.0282

0.0272

0.0272

0.0271

0.0265

0.0257

0.0290

0.0280

0.0280

0 0279

00273

0.0264
0.0272

0.0257

0.0291

0.0265
0.0272

0.0258

0.0292

0.0266

00265

0.0265

0.63
0.64

0.0299
0.0306

0.0298
0.0305

0.0297
0.0304

0.0266
0.0295

0.0287
0.0295

0.0287
0.0294

0.0281
0.0288

0.0280
0.0288

0.0280
0.0287

0.0273
0.0281

0.0273
0.0281

0.0273
0.0280

065
0.66

0.0313
0.0320

00312
0.0319

00312
00318

00302
0.0309

0.0302
0.0308

00301
0.0308

0.0295
0.0302

0.0295
0.0301

0.0294
0.0301

0.0288
0.0295

0.0288
0.0295

00288
0.0295

0.67

0.0326

0.0325

00324

0.0315

0.0315

00314

0.0309

0.0308

0.0308

0.0302

0.0302

0.0302

0.68
0.69

0.0332

0.0331

0.0330

0.0321

0.0315

0.0314

0.0308

00335
00340

00326

0.0320

0.0320

0.0320

0.0308
0.0314

0.0308

0.0336
0.0341

0.0321
0.0326

0.0315

0.0337
0.0342

0.0322
0.0327

00313

0.0332

00332

0.0331

0.0326

0.0325

0.0325

0.0319

0.0314
0.0319

0.24

00280

0.25

0.0262

0.26

0.70

0.0229

0.0243

0.0226

00254

0.0253

00170
00151

0.0319

PETROLEUM

13-26

TABLE

13.1i-EXPANSION

FACTORS:

FLANGE

TAPS,

F,=

Y, ; STATIC

PRESSURE

TAKEN

ENGINEERING

FROM

HANDBOOK

UPSTREAM

TAPS

d.

h,

Pfl

01

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 50

0.52

0.54

0 56

0.58

00

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1 0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1 .oooo

01

0.9989

09989

0 9989

09988

0.9988

09988

0.9988

0.9988

0.9988

0.9988

0.9987

0.9987

0.9987

02

0.9977

0.9977

0.9977

0.9977

0.9976

0.9976

0.9976

0.9976

0.9975

0.9975

0.9975

0.9975

0 9974

03

0 9966

0 9966

0.9966

0 9965

0 9965

0 9964

0 9964

0.9963

0.9963

0.9963

0.9962

0.9962

0.9962

0.4

0.9954
0.9943

0.9954

0.9953
0.9941

0.9952

0.9951

0.9951

0.9950

0.9940

0.9940

0.9939

0.9938

0.9938

0.9949
0.9937

0.9949
0.9936

0.9949

0 9943

0 9953
0 9942

0.9952

0.5

0.9954
0.9943

0.6

0.9932

0.9932

09931

0 9930

0.9929

0.9928

0 9927

0.9927

0.9926

0.9925

0.9924

0.9924

0 9923

07

0.9920

0.9920

0 9920

09919

0.9918

0.9916

0 9915

0.9915

0.9914

0.9913

0.9912

0.9911

0.9910

08

0.9909

0.9909

0.9908

0 9907

0.9906

0.9904

0.9903

0.9902

0.9901

0.9900

0.9899

0.9898

09897

0.9

0.9898

0.9897

0.9897

0.9895

0.9894

0.9892

0.9891

0.9890

0.9888

10

0.9886

0.9886

0.9885

0 9884

0.9882

0.9880

0.9879

0.9878

0.9889
0 9877

0.9875

0.9886
0 9874

0.9885
0.9873

09885
0 9872

1.1
12

0.9875

0.9875

0.9874

09872

0.9870

0.9868

0 9867

0.9866

0.9864

0.9863

0.9861

0.9860

0 9859

0.9863

09863

0.9862

09860

0 9859

0.9856

0 9855

0.9853

0 9852

0.9850

0.9848

0.9847

0 9846

I3

0.9852

0.9852

0.9851

0.9849

0.9847

0 9844

0.9843

0.9841

0.9840

0.9838

0.9836

0.9835

09833

14

0.9841

0.9840

0.9840

0.9837

0.9832

0.9831

0.9829

0.9827

0.9825

0.9823

0.9822

0.9821

1.5

0.9829

0.9829

0.9828

09826

0.9835
0.9823

0.9820

0.9819

0.9817

0.9815

0.9813

0.9810

0.9809

09808

1.6
17

0.9618

0.9818

0.9817

09814

0.9811

0.9808

0.9806

0.9805

0.9803

0.9800

0.9798

0.9796

0 9795

0.9806

0.9805

09802

0.9800

0.9796

0.9794

0.9792

0.9790

0.9788

0.9785

0.9784

09782

1.8

0.9795

0.9795

0.9794

09791

0.9788

0.9784

0.9782

0.9780

0.9778

0.9775

0.9772

0.9771

0.9769

19

09783

09782

0 9779

0.9776

0.9772

0.9770

0 9768

0.9766

0.9763

0.9760

0.9772

09771

0.9767

0.9764

0 9760

0.9758

0.9756

0.9753

0.9750

0.9747

0.9758
0 9745

0 9756

2.0

09784
0.9772

21

09761

0.9761

0 9759

0 9756

0.9753

0.9748

0.9746

0.9744

0.9741

0.9738

0.9734

0.9731

Ratio

045

0.60
Tici-

0.61
1.0000

062
1.0000

0 9936

0.9744

2.2

0.9750

0.9749

09748

0 9744

0.9741

0.9736

0.9734

0.9731

0.9729

0.9725

0.9722

2.3

0.9738

0.9738

0.9736

0 9732

0.9729

0.9724

0.9722

0.9719

0.9716

0.9713

0.9709

2.4

0.9727

0.9726

0 9725

09721

0.9717

0.9712

0.9710

0.9707

0.9704

0.9700

0.9897

25

0.9715

0.9715

09713

0 9709

0.9705

0.9700

0.9698

0.9695

0.9692

0.9688

0.9684

0 9733
0.9720
0.9707
0.9694
0.9682

26
2.7

0.9704

0.9704

0.9702

09698

0.9694

0.9688

0.9686

0.9683

0.9679

0.9671

0.9669

0.9667

0.9693

0.9692

0.9691

0 9686

0.9682

0.9676

0.9673

0.9670

0.9667

0 9675
0.9663
0.9650

0.9659

0.9656

0.9654

0.9718
0.9705
0.9692
0.9680

28

0.9681

0.9681

0.9679

0 9674

0 9670

0.9664

0.9661

0 9658

0.9654

0.9646

0 9644

0.9641

29

0.9670

0.9669

0.9668

0.9663

0.9658

0.9652

0.9649

0.9646

0.9838

0.9633

09831

09628

3.0

0.9658

0.9658

0.9656

0.9651

0.9647

0.9640

0.9637

0.9634

0.9642
0.9630

0.9626

0.9621

0.9618

0.9615

3.1

0.9847

0.9647

0.9645

0.9639

0.9635

0.9628

0.9625

0.9622

0.9617

0.9613

0.9608

0.9605

0.9603

32

0.9635

0 9635

0.9633

0.9628

0.9623

0.9616

0.9613

0.9609

0.9605

0.9601

0.9595

0.9593

0.9590

3.3

0.9624

0.9624

0.9622

0.9616

0.9611

0.9604

0.9601

0.9597

0.9593

0.9588

0.9583

0.9580

0 9577

3.4

0.9613

0.9612

0.9610

0.9604

0.9599

0.9592

0.9589

0.9585

0.9580

0.9576

0.9570

0.9567

0.9564

35

0.9602

0.9601

0.9599

0 9593

0 9588

0.9580

0.9577

0 9573

0.9568

0.9563

0.9558

0 9554

09551

3.6
3.7

0.9590
0.9579
0.9567
0.9556
0.9545

0.9590

0.9587

0.9581

0.9576

0.9568

0.9560

0.9551

0.9538

0.9576

0.9570

0.9564

0.9556

0.9529

0.9526

0.9564

0.9558

0.9526

09516

0.9513

0.9546
0.9535

0.9544
0.9532

0.9531

0.9553
0.9542

0.9552
0.9540
0.9529

0.9513

0.9520

0.9516

0.9512

0.9519
0.9506

0.9545
0.9532
0.9520
0.9507
0.9494

0 9542

0.9578

0.9556
0.9543

0.9567
0.9555
0.9544

0.9565
0.9553
0.9540
0.9528

0.9504
0.9491

0.9500
09487

3.8
3.9
4.0

0.9548

0.9536
0.9524

0.9538

0.9501

GAS

MEASUREMENTAND

13-27

REGULATION

TABLE 13.li-EXPANSION

FACTORS: FLANGE TAPS, Y,; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN

FROM

UPSTREAM TAPS (continued)

h,

PO

Ratto

0.63

0.64

0.65

0.66

0.67

0 69

0.70

0.71

0.72

0.73

0 74

0.75

0.0

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

10000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

10000

1.0000

0.1

0.9987

0.9987

0.9987

0.9987

0.9987

0.9987

0.9986

0.9986

0.9986

0.9986

0.9986

0.9986

0.9986

0.2

0.9974

0.9974

0.9974

0.9974

0.9973

0 9973

0.9973

0.9973

0.9972

0.9972

0.9971

0.9971

03

0.9961

0.9961

09961

0.9960

0 9960

0 9960

0 9959

0.9959

0.9958

0 9958

0.9957

0.9957

0.4

0.9948

0.9948

0.9948

0.9947

0 9946

0.9946

0.9945

0.9945

0.9944

0.9935

0.9935

0.9934

0 9933

0.9933

0.9932

0.9931

0.9931

0.9930

0.9943
0.9929

0 9942

0.5

0.9947
0.9934

0 9972
0.9958
0.9943
0.9929

0.6

0.9923

0.9922

09921

0.9921

0.9920

0.9919

0.9918

0.9918

0.9917

0.9916

0.9915

0.9914

09913

0.7

0.9910

0.9909

0.9908

0.9907

0 9907

0.9906

0.9905

0.9904

0.9903

0.9902

0.9901

0.9900

0.9899

0.8

0.9897

0.9896

0.9895

0.9894

0.9893

0.9892

0.9891

0.9890

0 9869

0.9888

0.9887

0.9886

0 9884

0.9

0.9884

0.9882

0.9881

0.9880

0.9879

0.9878

0.9877

0.9875

0.9874

0.9873

1.0

0.9871

0.9883
0.9870

0.9869

0.9868

0 9867

0.9865

0.9864

0.9863

0.9861

0.9860

0.9859

0.9871
0.9857

0.9870
0 9855

11
1.2

0.9858
0.9845

0.9857

0.9856
0.9843

0.9854

0 9853

0.9852

0.9851

0.9849

0.9848

0.9846

0.9844

0.9843

0.9841

0.9844

0.9841

0 9840

0 9838

09837

0.9835

0 9834

0.9832

0 9830

0.9828

0.9826

1.3

0 9832

0.9831

0.9829

0.9828

0.9827

0.9825

0.9823

0.9822

0 9820

0.9818

0.9816

0.9814

09812

1.4

0.9819

0.9816

0.9815

0.9813

0.9812

0.9810

0.9804

0.9803

0.9802

0.9800

0 9798

0.9796

0.9792

0.9790

0.9802
0 9788

0.9800

0.9806

0.9808
0.9794

0.9806

15

0.9818
0.9805

0.9786

0.9798
0.9783

16
1.7

0.9792

0.9790

0.9788

0.9787

0.9785

0.9783

0.9781

0.9778

0.9776

0.9774

0.9771

0.9769

0.9779

0.9777

0.9775

0.9773

0.9771

0.9769

0.9767

0.9764

0.9762

0.9760

0.9757

0.9754

0.9766

0.9764

0.9762

0 9760

0.9758

0.9755

0.9753

0.9751

0.9748

0.9745

0.9743

0 9740

0.9753

09751

0 9749

0 9747

0 9744

0 9742

0.9739

0.9737

0.9734

09731

0.9728

0 9725

2.0

0.9793
0.9780
0 9768
0 9755
0.9742

0.9740

0.9738

0.9735

0 9733

0.9731

0.9728

0.9726

0.9723

0.9720

0.9717

0.9714

0.9711

2.1

0.9729

0.9727

0.9725

0.9722

0 9720

09717

0.9715

0.9712

0.9709

0.9706

0.9703

0.9700

0.9696

2.2

09716

0.9714

0.9711

0.9709

0.9706

09704

0.9701

0.9698

0.9695

0.9692

0.9689

0.9685

0.9682

2.3

0.9703

0.9701

0.9698

0.9696

0.9693

09690

0.9688

0.9685

0.9681

0.9678

0.9675

0.9671

0.9667

2.4

0.9690

0.9688

0.9685

0.9683

0.9680

0 9677

0.9674

0.9671

0.9668

0.9664

0.9661

0.9657

0.9653

25

0.9677

0.9675

0.9672

0.9669

0.9666

0.9663

0.9660

0.9657

0.9654

0.9650

0.9646

0.9643

0.9639

2.6
2.7

0.9664

0.9662

0 9659

0.9656

0 9653

0 9650

0.9647

0.9643

0.9640

0.9636

0.9632

0.9628

0.9624

0.9651

0.9649

0 9646

0.9640

0 9637

0.9633

0.9630

0.9626

0.9622

0.9618

0.9614

0.9610

2.8

0.9638

0.9636

0.9633

0.9643
0.9630

0.9626

0 9623

0.9620

0.9616

0.9612

0.9608

0 9604

0 9600

0.9595

0.9590
0.9576

0.9585

0.9581

0.9571

0.9566

0.9557

0.9552

0.9542

0.9537

0.9528

0.9523

1.8
1.9

0.68

2.9

0.9625

0.9623

0.9620

0.9616

0.9613

09610

0 9606

0.9594

0.9613

0.9610

0.9606

0 9603

0.9600

0 9596

0.9592

0.9602
0.9588

0.9598

3.0

0.9584

0.9580

3.1
3.2

0.9600

0.9597

0.9593

0.9590

0.9586

09583

0.9579

0.9575

0.9571

0.9566

0.9587

0.9584

0 9580

0.9577

0.9573

0 9569

0.9565

0.9561

0.9557

0.9552

3.3

0.9574

0.9571

0.9567

0.9564

0.9560

0 9556

0.9552

0.9547

0.9543

0.9538

0.9562
0.9547
0.9533

0.9554

0.9928

3.4

0.9561

0.9538

0.9534

0.9529

0.9524

0.9519

0.9514

0.9508

09541

0.9550
0.9537

0.9542

0.9548

0.9558
0.9545

0.9546

35

0 9533

0 9529

0.9524

0.9520

0.9515

0.9510

0 9505

0 9500

0.9494

3.6

0.9535

0.9532

0.9528

0.9524

09515

0.9511

0.9496

0.9491

0.9485

0.9480

0.9522

0.9518

0.9515

0.9511

0 9502

0.9497

0.9487

0.9482

0.9477

0 9471

0.9465

3.8

0.9509

0.9505

0.9502

0.9497

0.9457

4.0

0.9483

0.9492
0.9479

0.9488
0.9475

0.9484
0.9471

0.9474
0.9460
0.9446

0.9463

0.9496

0.9484
0.9470
0.9457

0.9468

39

0 9488
0 9475
0.9462

0.9506
0.9492
0.9479
0.9465

0.9501

3.7

0.9520
0.9506
0.9493
0.9480
0.9466

0.9454
0.9440

0.9448
0.9434

0 9442
0 9428

0.9451

0.9451

,0.9436
0.9422

PETROLEUM

13-28

TABLE

h,
Pi1

13.lj-EXPANSION

FACTORS:

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

PIPE TAPS, Y, ; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN FROM UPSTREAM TAPS

Ratio

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.45

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.60

0.0

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1.0000

1 .cmoo

1.0000

1.0000

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.9990

0.9989
0.9979
0.9968
0.9958
0.9947
0.9937
0.9926

0.9988
0.9976

0.9985
0.9971
0.9956
0.9942

0.9984
0.9968
0.9952
0.9936

0.9982
0.9964
0.9946

0.9977
0.9954
0.9931
0.9908

0.9919

0.9910

0.9979
0.9959
0.9938
0.9917
0.9897

0.9978
0.9957

0.9927

0.9981
0.9962
0.9944
0.9925
0.9906

0.9980

0.9981
0.9971
0.9962

0.9913
0.9898

0.9903
0.9887
0.9871
0.9855
0.9839

0.9892
0.9874
0.9857
0.9839
0.9821

0.9887
0.9869
0.9850

0.9876
0.9856
0.9835

0.9870
0.9848
0.9826
0.9805
0.9783

0.9811
0.9796
0.9782

0.9823
0.9807
0.9791
0.9775
0.9758

0.9803
0.9785
0.9767
0.9749
0.9731

0.9794
0.9775
0.9756
0.9737
0.9719

0.9641

0.9700
0.9681
0.9662
0.9643
0.9625
0.9606
0.9587
0.9568
0.9550
0.9531

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.9952
0.9943
0.9933
0.9923
0.9914
0.9904

0.9964
0.9951

0.9939
0.9927

0.9916
0.9905
0.9895

0.9915
0.9903
0.9891
0.9878

0.9895
0.9885
0.9876
0.9866
0.9857
0.9847
0.9837
0.9828

0.9884
0.9874
0.9863
0.9853
0.9842

0.9866
0.9854
0.9842
0.9830
0.9818

0.9832
0.9821
0.9811

0.9805
0.9793
0.9781

0.9818
0.9809

0.9800
0.9790

0.9769
0.9757

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

0.9799
0.9790

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

0.9751
0.9742
0.9732
0.9723
0.9713

0.9779
0.9768
0.9758
0.9747
0.9737
0.9726
0.9716
0.9705
0.9695
0.9684

0.9745
0.9732
0.9720
0.9708
0.9696
0.9684
0.9672
0.9659
0.9647
0.9635

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

0.9704
0.9694
0.9684

0.9674
0.9663
0.9653
0.9642
0.9632
0.9621

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
17
1.8
1.9
2.0

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

0.9780
0.9770
0.9761

0.9675
0.9665
0.9656
0.9646
0.9637
0.9627
0.9617

0.9611
0.9600
0.9590
0.9579

0.9883
0.9869
0.9854
0.9840
0.9825

0.9928

0.9831
0.9812

0.9961
0.9941
0.9921

0.9902
0.9882
0.9862
0.9843
0.9823
0.9803
0.9784
0.9764
0.9744
0.9725
0.9705
0.9685
0.9666
0.9646
0.9626
0.9607
0.9587
0.9567
0.9548
0.9528
0.9508

0.9767

0.9742

0.9713

0.9752
0.9738
0.9723
0.9709
0.9694
0.9680
0.9665
0.9650
0.9636

0.9726

0.9895
0.9677
0.9659

0.9613
0.9597

0.9623
0.9605
0.9587
0.9570
0.9552

0.9621
0.9607
0.9592
0.9578
0.9563

0.9581
0.9565
0.9549
0.9533
0.9517

0.9534
0.9516
0.9498
0.9480
0.9462

0.9512
0.9493
0.9475
0.9456
0.9437

0.9489
0.9469
0.9449
0.9430

0.9623

0.9549

0.9501

0.9611
0.9599
0.9587
0.9574

0.9534

0.9444
0.9426
0.9408
0.9390
0.9372

0.9418
0.9400
0.9381
0.9362
0.9343

0.9390
0.9371
0.9351
0.9331
0.9312

0.9562
0.9550
0.9538
0.9526
0.9514

0.9476

0.9485
0.9469
0.9452
0.9436
0.9420
0.9404
0.9388
0 9372
0.9356

0.9354
0.9336
0.9318

0.9324
0.9306
0.9287

0.9292
0.9272
0.9253

0.9301
0.9283

0.9268
0.9249

0.9233

0.9519
0.9505
0.9490
0.9461
0.9447
0.9432
0.9417

0.9710

0.9694
0.9678
0.9662
0.9646
0.9630

0.9410

0.9213

0.9814

0.9794

0.9935
0.9913
0.9891

0.9761
0.9739
0.9718
0.9696
0.9674

0.9885
0.9862
0.9840
0.9817
0.9794
0.9771

0.9587
0.9566

0.9748
0.9725
0.9702
0.9679
0.9656
0.9633
0.9610
0.9587
0.9565
0.9542

0.9566
0.9546
0.9525
0.9505
0.9484

0.9544
0.9522
0.9500
0.9479
0.9457

0.9519
0.9496
0.9473
0.9450
0.9427

0.9463
0.9443
0.9422

0.9435

0.9404

0.9414
0.9392
0.9370
0.9348

0.9381
0.9358
0.9335
0.9312

0.9327

0.9290

0.9305
0.9283
0.9261
0.9240

0.9267
0.9244

0.9218
0.9196
0.9175
0.9153
0.9131

0.9175
0.9152
0.9129
0.9106
0.9083

0.9773
0.9752
0.9732
0.9711
0.9690
0.9670

0.9649
0.9628
0.9608
0.9587

0.9401
0.9381
0.9360
0.9339
0.9319

0.9298
0.9277
0.9257
0.9236
0.9216
0.9195
0.9174

0.9652
0.9631
0.9609

0.9221
0.9198

13-29

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE 13.1j-EXPANSION

FACTORS: PIPE TAPS, Y,; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN FROM UPSTREAM TAPS
(conth

h
2

Pfl

Ratio

0.61

0.62

0.63

0.64

0.65

0.66

0.67

0.68

0.0

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.9976
0.9953
0.9929

0.9976
0.9951
0.9927

0.9975
0.9950
0.9925

0.9974
0.9948
0.9923

0.9973
0.9947
0.9920

0.9972
0.9945
0.9917

0.9971
0.9943
0.9914

0.9970

0.9906
0.9882

0.9903
0.9879

0.9900
0.9875

0.9897
0.9871

0.9893
0.9867

0.9886
0.9857

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.9859
0.9835

0.9854
0.9830
0.9806
0.9782
0.9757
0.9733
0.9709
0.9685
0.9660
0.9636

0.9850
0.9825
0.9800
0.9775
0.9750
0.9725
0.9700
0.9675
0.9650
0.9825

0.9845

0.9840

0.9819
0.9794

0.9813
0.9787

0.9768
0.9742
0.9716
0.9690
0.9664
0.9639
0.9613

0.9760
0.9733
0.9707
0.9680
0.9653
0.9627
0.9600

0.9890
0.9862
0.9834
0.9807
0.9779
0.9752
0.9724
0.9696
0.9669
0.9641

0.9612
0.9587
0.9563
0.9539
0.9515

0.9600
0.9575
0.9550
0.9525
0.9500
0.9475
0.9450
0.9425
0.9400
0.9375

0.9587
0.9561
0.9535
0.9510
0.9484

0.9573
0.9547
0.9520
0.9493
0.9467

0.9458

0.9440
0.9413
0.9387
0.9360
0.9333

0.9350
0.9325
0.9300
0.9275
0.9250
0.9225
0.9200

0.9329
0.9303
0.9277
0.9252
0.9226
0.9200

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.9811

0.9788
0.9764
0.9741
0.9717
0.9694
0.9670

0.9646
0.9623
0.9599
0.9576
0.9552
0.9529
0.9505

0.9490

0.9481
0.9458
0.9434
0.9411

0.9466
0.9442
0.9418
0.9393

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

0.9387
0.9364
0.9340

0.9369
0.9345

0.9316
0.9293

0.9321
0.9296
0.9272

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

0.9269
0.9246
0.9222
0.9199
0.9175

0.9248
0.9223
0.9199
0.9175
0.9151

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

0.9151
0.9128
0.9104
0.9081
0.9057

0.9126
0.9102
0.9078
0.9054
0.9029

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

0.9432
0.9406
0.9381
0.9355

--0.69
1.0000

0.70
1.0000

0.9941
0.9911
0.9881
0.9851

0.9969
0.9938
0.9907
0.9876
0.9845

0.9968
0.9935
0.9903

0.9814
0.9784
0.9753
0.9722
0.9691

0.9806
0.9774
0.9742

0.9714

0.9822
0.9792
0.9762
0.9733
0.9703

0.9685
0.9657

0.9673
0.9643

0.9614

0.9628
0.9599

0.9614
0.9584

0.9586

0.9571

0.9554

0.9660
0.9629
0.9598
0.9567
0.9536

0.9645
0.9613
0.9581
0.9548
0.9516

0.9558
0.9531
0.9503
0.9476
0.9448
0.9420
0.9393
0.9365
0.9338

0.9542
0.9514
0.9485
0.9456
0.9428

0.9525
0.9495
0.9465
0.9435
0.9406
0.9376
0.9346

0.9505
0.9474
0.9443

0.9452

0.9412
0.9381

0.9387
0.9355

0.9351
0 9320
0.9289

0.9323
0.9290
0.9258
0.9226

0.9310

0.9307
0.9280
0.9253
0.9227
0.9200

0.9282
0.9255
0.9227
0.9200

0.9175
0.9150
0.9125

0.9174
0.9148
0.9122
0.9097

0.9173
0.9147
0.9120
0.9093
0.9067

0.9100
0.9075
0.9050
0.9025
0.9000

0.9071
0.9045
0.9019
0.8993
0.8968

0.9040
0.9013
0.8987
0.8960
0.8933

0.9828
0.9800
0.9771

0.9742

0.9399
0.9371
0.9342
0.9313
0.9285

0.9256
0.9227

0.9317

0.9287
0.9257
0.9227

0.9258
0.9227

0.9198

0.9165
0.9134
0.9103

0.9168

0.9172

0.9199
0.9170
0.9142

0.9144
0.9117
0.9089
0.9062
0.9034

0.9113
0.9084
0.9056
0.9027
0.8999

0.9079
0.9049
0.9019
0.8990
0.8960

0.9006

0.8970
0.8941
0.8913
0.8884
0.8856

0.8930

0.8979
0.8951

0.8924
0.8896

0.9138
0.9108

0.8900
0.8871
0.8841
0.8811

0.9196

0.9072
0.9041
0.9010
0.8979
0.8948
0.8918
0.8887
0.8856
0.8825
0.8794
0.8763

0.9871
0.9839

0.9710
0.9677

0.9484
0.9419

0.9194
0.9161
0.9129

0.9097
0.9064
0.9032
0.9000
0.8968
0.8935
0.8903
0.8871
0.8839
0.8806
0.8774
0.8742
0.8710

ENGINEERING

PETROLEUM

13-30

TABLE 13.lk-EXPANSION

HANDBOOK

FACTORS: FLANGE TAPS, Y,; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN FROM DOWNSTREAM

TAPS

h,
PI2

Ratlo

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.45

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.60

0.61

0.62

0.0

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1.0000

0.1

10007

10007

1.0007

10006

1.0006

1.0006

1.0006

1.0006

1.0006

1.0006

1.0005

1.0005

10005

0.2

1.0013

1.0013

1.0013

1.0013

1.0013

1.0012

1.0012

1.0012

1.0012

1.0011

1.0011

1.0011

1.0011

0.3

1.0020

1.0020

1.0020

1.0020

1.0019

1.0018

1.0018

1.0018

1.0017

1.0017

1.0016

1.0016

1.0016

0.4

1.0027

1.0027

1.0027

1.0026

1.0026

1.0025

1.0024

1.0024

1.0023

1.0023

1.0022

1.0022

1.0021

0.5

1.0033

10033

1.0033

1.0032

1.0031

1.0030

1.0029

1.0029

1.0028

1.0026

1.0027

1.0027

1.0027

0.6

1.0040

1.0040

1.0040

1.0039

1.0038

1.0036

1.0036

1.0035

1.0034

1.0033

1.0032

1.0032

1.0031

0.7

1.0047

1.0047

1.0047

1.0045

1.0044

1.0043

1.0042

1.0041

1.0040

.0039

1.0036

1.0038

1.0037

08

10053

10053

1.0053

1.0051

1.0050

1.0049

1.0048

1.0047

1.0046

.0045

1.0044

10043

10043

0.9

1.0060

1.0060

1.0060

1.0058

1.0057

1.0055

1.0054

1.0053

1.0052

.0050

1.0049

1.0046

1.0048

1.0

1.0067

1.0066

1.0066

1.0064

1.0063

1.0061

1.0060

1.0059

1.0058

.0056

1.0055

1.0054

1.0053

1.1
1.2

1.0074

1.0073

1.0073

1.0071

1.0069

1.0067

1.0066

1.0065

1.0063

.0061

1.0060

1.0059

1.0056

1.0080

1.0060

1.0079

1.0077

1.0075

1.0073

1.0072

1.0071

1.0069

.0067

1.0066

1.0065

1.0064

1.3

1.0087

1.0087

1.0086

1.0084

1.0082

1.0080

1.0078

1.0077

1.0075

.0073

1.0071

1.0070

1.0069

1.4

1.0094

10093

1.0093

1.0090

1.0088

1.0086

1.0084

1.0083

1.0081

.0079

1.0077

1.0076

1.0074

1.5

1.0100

1.0100

1.0099

1.0097

1.0094

1.0091

1.0090

1.0088

1.0086

.0054

1.0082

1.0081

1.0080

1.6
17

1.0106

1.0107

10106

1.0104

1.0101

1.0097

1.0097

1.0095

1.0093

1.0090

1.0088

1.0066

10085

10114

10114

1.0113

1.0110

1.0108

1.0104

1.0103

10101

1.0099

1.0096

10094

10092

10091

1.8

1.0121

1.0120

1.0120

1.0117

1.0114

1.0110

1.0108

1.0106

1.0104

1.0102

10100

1.0097

1.0096

1.9

1.0127

1.0115

1.0112

1.0110

1.0107

1.0101

1.0122

1.0121

1.0118

1.0116

1.0113

1.0104
1.0110

1.0103

1.0129

1.0120
1.0126

1.0116

1.0133

1.0126
1.0132

1.0123

2.0

10126
1.0134

10108

1.0106

2.1

1.0140

1.0140

1.0139

1.0136

1.0133

1.0129

1.0127

1.0124

1.0122

1.0119

1.0115

10114

1.0111

2.2

1.0147

1.0147

1.0146

1.0142

1.0139

1.0135

1.0133

1.0130

1.0128

1.0125

1.0121

1.0120

1.0118

2.3

10154

1.0154

1.0153

1.0149

1.0146

1.0141

1.0139

1.0136

1.0133

1.0130

1.0127

1.0125

1.0123

2.4

10160

10160

10159

1.0154

1.0151

1.0146

1.0144

1.0141

1.0138

1.0135

10133

10130

10128

2.5

1.0167

1.0167

1.0166

1.0162

1.0158

1.0153

1.0150

1.0148

1.0145

1.0141

1.0137

1035

1.0133

2.6

10174

1.0173

1.0172

1.0168

1.0164

1.0159

1.0156

10154

1.0151

1.0147

1.0143

10141

1.0139

2.7

10183

1.0182

10181

1.0176

1.0172

1.0167

1.0164

1.0161

1.0158

1.0154

1.0150

1.0148

1.0146

28

1.0187

10186

1.0185

1.0180

1.0176

1.0171

1.0168

1.0165

1.0162

1.0158

1.0154

1.0152

1.0149

2.9

1.0194

10194

1.0192

1.0187

1.0183

1.0177

1.0175

1.0172

1.0168

1.0164

1.0160

10157

1.1055

30

1.0200

1.0200

1.0198

1.0193

1.0189

1.0183

1.0180

1.0177

1.0173

1.0169

1.0165

1.0162

1.0160

3.1

1.0207

1.0206

1.0205

1.0200

1.0195

1.0189

1.0186

1.0183

1.0179

1.0175

1.0171

1.0168

1.0166

3.2

10213

1.0213

1.0211

1.0206

1.0201

1.0195

1.0192

1.0189

1.0185

1.0180

1.0176

1.0173

1.0171

33

1.0220

10220

1.0218

1.0213

1.0208

1.0202

1.0199

1.0195

1.0191

1.0186

1.0181

1.0178

1.0176

3.4

1.0227

10227

10225

1.0219

1.0214

1.0208

1.0205

1.0201

1.0197

1.0192

1.0187

1.0184

1.0182

1.0210

1.0207

1.0202

1.0198

1.0192

1.0190

1.0187

3.5

10233

1.0233

1.0231

1.0225

1.0220

1.0214

3.6

10240

1.0239

1.0237

1.0232

1.0227

1.0220

1.0216

1.0212

1.0208

1.0203

1.0198

1.0195

1.0192

3.7

10246

1.0246

1.0244

1.0232

1.0225

1.0221

1.0217

1.0213

1.0208

1.0203

1.0200

1.0197

3.8

10252

1.0252

1.0250

1.0238
1.0244

1.0238

1.0231

1.0227

1.0223

1.0219

1.0214

1.0209

1.0206

1.0203

3.9

10259
10265

1.0259
10265

1.0257
1.0263

1.0250

1.0245

1.0234

1.0220

10251

1.0229
1.0235

1.0225

10256

1.0237
10243

1.0231

1.0225

10214
10220

1.0211
1.0217

1.0208
1.0213

4.0

1.0240

13-31

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

TABLE 13.lk-EXPANSION

FACTORS: FLANGE TAPS, Y,; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN FROM DOWNSTREAM

(continued)

TAPS

h,

P12

0.67

0.68

0.69

0.70

0.71

0.72

0.73

0.74

0.75

1.0000

1.0000-

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0005

1.0005

1.0004

1.0004

1.0004

1.0004

1.0004

1.0004

1.0004

1.0010

1.0009

1.0009

1.0009

1.0008

1.0008

1.0006

1.0008

1.0007

1.0014

1.0014

1.0014

1.0013

1.0013

1.0012

1.0012

1.0011

1.0011

1.0020

1.0019

1.0019

1.0018

1.0018

1.0017

1.0017

1.0016

1.0015

1.0015

1.0025

1.0025

1.0024

1.0024

1.0023

1.0022

1.0022

1.0021

1.0020

1.0019

1.0019

1.0030

1.0030

1.0029

1.0028

1.0027

1.0027

1.0026

10025

1.0024

1.0023

1.0022

1.0022

1.0036

1.0035

1.0034

1.0033

1.0032

1.0031

1.0031

1.0030

10029

1.0028

10026

10025

10042

1.0041

1.0040

1.0039

1.0038

1.0037

1.0036

1.0035

1.0034

1.0033

1.0032

10031

1.0029

0.9

10047

1.0046

1.0045

1.0043

1.0042

1.0041

1.0040

1.0039

1.0039

1.0036

1.0035

1.0033

1.0

10052

1.0051

1.0050

1.0049

1.0048

1.0046

1.0045

1.0044

1.0043

1.0037
1.0041

1.0040

1.0039

10037

1.1

1.0056

1.0055

1.0054

1.0053

1.0051

1.0050

1.0049

1.0047

1.0046

1.0044

1.0042

1.0040

1.2

1.0057
10062

1.0061

1.0060

1.0059

1.0057

1.0056

1.0054

1.0053

1.0051

10050

1.0048

10046

1.0044

13

10067

1.0066

1.0065

1.0064

10062

1.0061

1.0059

1.0058

1.0056

10054

1.0052

10050

1.0048

1.4

10073

1.0072

1.0070

1.0069

10067

1.0065

1.0063

1.0062

1.0060

10058

10056

10054

1.0052

1.5

10078

1.0077

1.0075

1.0074

1.0072

1.0070

1.0068

1.0067

1.0065

10063

1.0060

1.0058

1.0056

1.6
1.7

10083

10081

1.0080

10078

10076

1.0075

10073

10071

10069

10066

1.0064

10062

1.0059

10089

1.0087

10086

1.0084

1.0082

1.0060

1.0078

1.0076

10074

10071

1.0069

1.0066

1.0064

1.0091

1.0089

1.0087

1.0084

1.0082

1.0080

1.0078

1.0075

1.0073

1.0070

1.0067

1.0095

1.0093

10091

1.0089

1.0087

1.0084

1.0082

1.0079

1.0077

1.0074

1.0071

1.0100

1.0098

1.0096

1.0094

1.0092

1.0089

10087

10084

1.0081

10078

1.0075
1.0079

0.64

0.65

1.0000

1.0000

10005

1.0005

1.0005

1.0005

1.0010

1.0010

1.0010

1.0010

0.3

10016

1.0015

1.0015

1.0015

0.4

1.0021

1.0021

1.0020

0.5

10026

1.0026

0.6
0.7

1.0031
10036

0.8

Ratio

0.63

0.0

10000

0.1
0.2

1.8

10094
10099

1.0092

1.0000

20

10104

1.0097
1.0102

2.1

10110

1.0108

1.0105

1.0103

1.0101

1.0099

1.0096

1.0094

1.0091

10088

1.0085

10082

2.2

10116

1.0114

1.0111

1.0109

1.0107

1.0104

1.0101

1.0098

1.0095

1.0094

1.0089

1.0086

1.0083

23

10121

1.0119

10116

1.0114

1.0111

1.0109

1.0106

1.0103

10100

10097

1.0093

10090

1.0086

24

10126

10124

1.0121

1.0119

10116

1.0114

1.0111

1.0108

1.0105

10102

1.0098

1.0095

1.0091

25

1.0131

1.0128

1.0126

1.0123

1.0120

1.0118

10115

1.0112

1.0109

10106

1.0102

10098

1.0094

2.6
2.7

10136
10143

1.0134

1.0131

1.0128

1.0125

1.0123

1.0120

1.0116

10113

10110

1.0106

1.0102

1.0099

1.0141

1.0138

l.Oi35

10132

1.0129

1.0126

1.0123

1.0119

10115

10111

1.0107

10103

2.8

1.0147

1.0144

1.0141

1.0139

1.0136

1.0132

1.0129

1.0126

1.0122

1.0118

1.0114

10110

1.0106

2.9

10152

1.0150

1.0147

1.0144

1.0141

1.0137

1.0134

10130

1.0127

1.0123

1.0119

10114

1.0110

3.0

10157

10155

I.0152

1.0149

1.0146

1.0142

1.0139

1.0135

10131

10127

10123

10119

1.0114

3.1
3.2

10163
10168

1.0160

1.0157

1.0153

1.0150

1.0147

1.0143

1.0139

1.0135

1.0131

1.0127

10123

1.0118

1.0165

1.0162

1.0158

10155

1.0152

1.0148

1.0144

1.0140

10136

1.0131

10127

10122

3.3

1.0173

1.0170

1.0166

1.0163

1.0159

1.0156

1.0152

1.0146

1.0144

1.0139

1.0135

10130

1.0125

3.4

1.0179

1.0175

1.0161

1.0157

1.0135

10129

1.0169

1.0165

1.0161

1.0153

1.0144
10148

1.0139

1.0180

1.0153
1.0157

1.0149

1.0183

1.0169
1.0173

1.0165

3.5

1.0172
1.0177

10143

1.0139

1.0133

36

1.0188

1.0185

1.0182

1.0178

1.0174

1.0170

1.0166

1.0162

1.0158

1.0153

1.0148

10143

1.0138

3.7

1.0193

1.0190

1.0187

1.0183

1.0179

1.0175

1.0171

1.0166

1.0162

1.0157

1.0152

1.0146

1.0141

38

1.0199

1.0196

1.0192

1.0189

1.0185

1.0160

1.0176

1.0171

1.0167

1.0162

1.0156

1.0151

1.0145

3.9

1.0205

1.0201

1.0197

1.0193

1.0185

1.0180

1.0176

1.0171

1.0166

1.0160

1.0155

1.0149

4.0

1.0210

1.0206

1.0202

1.0198

1.0189
1.0194

1.0190

1.0185

1.0180

1.0175

1.0170

1.0164

1.0159

1.0153

1.9

PETROLEUM

13-32

TABLE 13.1I-EXPANSION

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

FACTORS: PIPE TAPS, Y,; STATIC PRESSURE TAKEN FROM DOWNSTREAM TAPS

h,
Pt2

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.45

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.60

0.0

1.0000

1 .oooo

1 .oooo

1.0000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1 .oooo

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.0008
1.0017
1.0025
1.0033
1.0042

1.0007
1.0015
1.0023
1.0031
1.0037

1.0006
1.0012
1.0018
1.0024
1.0029

1.0003
1.0007
1.0010
1.0014
1.0018

1.0002
1.0004
1.0006
1.0008
1 .OOlO

1.0000
1.0000
1 .oooo
1.0000
1.0001

0.9998
0.9997
0.9995
0.9994
0.9993

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.0051
1.0059
1.0068
1.0076
1.0084

1.0045
1.0053
1.0060
1.0068
1.0075

1.0035
1.0042
1.0048
1.0053
1.0059

10021
1.0024
1.0028
1.0032
1.0036

1.0012
1.0014
1.0016
1.0018
1.0021

1.0001
1.0001
1.0002
1.0003

0.9999
0.9998
0.9998
0.9997
0.9997
0.9996
0.9996
0.9995
0.9995
0.9994

1.9997
0.9995
0.9992
0.9989
0.9987
0.9985
0.9983
0.9981
0.9978
0.9976

0.9996
0.9993
0.9989
0.9985
0.9982
0.9979
0.9976
0.9972
0.9969
0.9965

0.9995
0.9990
0.9985
0.9980
0.9975
0.9972
0.9968
0.9963
0.9958
0.9954

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

1.0093
1.0101
1.0110
1.0119
1.0127

1.0082
1.0090
1.0098
1.0106
1.0113

1.0065
1.0071
1.0077
1.0083
1.0089

1.0039
1.0043
1.0047
1.0050
1.0054

1.0023
1.0025
1.0027
1.0030
1.0032

1.0004
1.0004
1.0004

1.0121
1.0128
1.0136
1.0143
1.0150

1.0095
1.0101
1.0107
1.0113
1.0119

1.0058
1.0062
1.0065
1.0069
1.0073

1.0034
1.0036
1.0038
1.0041
1.0044

1.0006

0.9947
0.9944
0.9942
0.9938
0.9935

0.9928
0.9924
0.9920
09916
0.9912

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

1.0177
1.0185
1.0194
1.0202
1.0210

1.0158
1.0165
1.0173

1.0077
1.0081
1.0084
1.0089
1.0092

1.0046
1.0048
1.0050
1.0053
1.0056

1.0009
1.0010
1.0011
1.0012

0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992

0.9908
0.9905
0.9902
0.9897

1.0188

1.0125
1.0131
1.0137
1.0142
1.0148

0.9974
0.9972
0.9969
0.9967
0.9965
0.9964
0.9962
0.9960
0.9958
0.9956
0.9954
0.9953

0.9949
0.9945

1.0136
1.0143
1.0152
1.0161
1.0169

0.9984
0.9984
0.9982
0.9981
0.9980
0.9979
0.9978
0.9977
0.9976
0.9975
0.9974
0.9973
0.9972

0.9962
0.9959
0.9956
0.9953
0.9950

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.9994
0.9994
0.9994
0.9993
0.9993
0.9993
0.9993
0.9992
0 9992
0.9992

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

1.0219
1.0230
1.0236
1.0244
1.0251

1.0195
1.0205
1.0210
1.0217
1.0224

1.0154
1.0162
1.0166
1.0173
1.0179

1.0096
1.0101
1.0104
1.0107
1 ,0111

1.0058
1.0061
1.0063
1.0065
1.0067

1.0013
1.0014
1.0014
1.0015
1.0017

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

1.0259
1.0267
1.0276
1.0284
1.0291

1.0232
1.0239
1.0247
1.0253
1.0261

1.0185
1.0190
1.0196
1.0202
1.0208

1.0115
1.0119
1.0122
1.0126
1.0130

1.0070
1.0072
1.0075
1.0077
1.0080

1.0018
1.0018
1.0019
1.0020
1.0021

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

1.0301
1.0309
1.0316
1.0324
1.0332

1.0268
1.0276
1.0287
1.0290
1.0297

1.0214
1.0219
1.0225
1.0231
1.0237

1.0134
1.0137
1.0141
10145
1.0149

1.0083
1.0085
1.0088
1.0091
1.0093

1.0022
1.0023
1.0024
1.0025
1.0025

Ratio

0.1

1.0180

1.0003

1.0005
1.0005

1.0006
1.0007

1.0008
1.0008

1.0008

0.9991
0.9989
0.9988
0.9987

0.9986

0.9971
0.9971

0.9951
0.9949
0.9948

0.9933
0.9930
0.9928
0.9924
0.9922

0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992

0.9970
0.9969
0.9969
0.9968
0.9967

0.9946
0.9944
0.9943
0.9941
0.9939

0.9919
0.9916
0.9914
0.9912
0.9910

0.9993
0.9993
0.9993
0.9994
0.9994
0.9994
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995

0.9966

0.9938

0.9907

0.9966
0.9966
0.9965
0.9964
0.9964
0.9964
0.9963
0.9963
0.9963

0.9936
0.9935
0.9934
0.9933
0.9931
0.9930
0.9929
0.9928
0.9927

0.9905
0.9903
0.9901
0.9898
0.9896
0.9894

0.9892
0.9889
0.9887

0.9941
0.9937
0.9932

0.9894
0.9890
0.9885
0.9882
0.9879
0.9875
0.9872
0.9869
0.9866
0.9863
0.9860
0.9857
0.9854
0.9850
0.9847
0.9844

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

TABLE 13.lm-EXPANSION

REGULATION

13-33

FACTORS: FLANGE TAPS, Y,; STATIC

PRESSURE,

MEAN OF UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM

h,

PI,
Rail0

03

04

00

1.0000

10000

1.0000

1.0000

01
02

0.9998

0 9998

0 9998

0 9995

0 9995

0 9995

01

0.2

03

0.9993

0 9993

0 9993

04

0.9991

05

0.9988

09991
0 9988

0 9990
0 9988

06
07

0 9986
0 9984

0 9986

0 9985

0 9984

0 9983

08

09981

09981

09981

09

0 9979
0.9977
0 9975
0.9973

15

0 9966

16
17

0 9964

18

0 9959

19

0 9957

20

0 9955

21

0 9953

0 9979
0 9977
0 9974
0 9973
0 9970
0 9968
0 9966
0 9964
0 9962
0 9959
0 9957
0 9954
0 9953

2.2

09951

09951

23

0 9949

0 9949

24

0.9947

0 9947

25

0 9945

0 9944

0 9978
0 9976
0 9974
0 9972
0 9970
0 9967
0 9965
0 9962
0 9960
0 9958
0 9956
0 9953
0 9952
0 9950
0 9947
0 9945
0 9943

2.6
2.7

0 9943

0 9942

09941

0.9941

09941

0 9939

10
11
12

13

09971

14

0 9968

0.9962

0 9938

31

0.9939
0.9937
0.9935
0 9932

32

09931

09931

3.5

0 9925

0.9924

3.6
3.7

0.9923

0.9923

0 9937
0 9934
0 9932
0 9930
0 9929
0 9926
0 9924
0.9922
0 9920

09921

0 9920

09918

3.8

0.9919

0 9918

09916

3.9

0.9918

09917

0.9916

0.9915

2.6
2.9
3.0

0 9936
0 9934
0 9932

33

0.9929

0 9928

3.4

0 9927

0 9926

40

045

0.50

1.0000

10000

0.9997

0 9997

0 9997

0 9995
0.9992
0 9990
0.9987
0 9984
0.9982
0 9979
0 9977
0 9975
0 9972
0 9970
0 9967
0 9965
0 9962
0 9960
0 9958
0 9955
0 9953
0 9950
0 9948
0 9947
0 9944

0 9994

0 9994

09941
0 9938

0.52

0 54

0.56

0.58

0 60

061

062

1.0000

1.0000

10000

10000

10000

10000

0 9997
0 9994

0.9997
0 9994

0 9997

0.9997
0.9993

0 9996
0 9993
0 9989
0 9986
0 9982
0 9978
0 9975
0 9971
0 9968
0 9965

0 9996

0 9996
0 9992
0 9989

TiE-

0 9993

0 9992

0 9991

0 9991

0.9989
0.9986

0 9988
0 9985

0 9988
0 9985

0.9990
0.9987
0.9984

0 9990

0 9984

0 9982

0 9982

0.9981

0 9980

0.9981

0 9979

0.9979

0 9978

0 9977

0 9987
0 9983

0 9978

0.9976

0.9976

0.9975

0 9974

0 9975

0 9973

0 9973

0 9972

09971

0 9973

09971

0 9970

0.9969

0 9968

09971

0 9968
0 9966
0 9963
0 9960
0 9957
0 9954
0 9952
0 9949
0 9948
0 9942
0 9940
0 9938
0 9936
0.9933
0 9930

0 9967

0.9966

0 9965

0 9964

0.9963

09961

0.9960

0 9958

0.9957

0 9955

0 9955

0.9954

0 9952

0 9952

0.9950

0 9948

0 9950

0.9948

0 9946

0 9947

0 9945

0 9943

0 9944

0 9942

0 9940

0 9940

0 9938

0 9935

0 9938

0 9936

0 9933

0 9936

0 9934

0.9931

0 9933

0 9931

0.9928

0 9930

0 9927

0.9924

0 9927

0 9924

0 9921

0.9928
0.9925

0 9925
0.9922

0 9922

0.9919

0.9919

0.9916

0.9922

09919

09916

0.9913

0.9919
0.9917

09916

0 9913

0.9909

09914

0 9911

0 9907

0.9914

0.9911

0.9908

0.9904

0.9912

0 9909

0.9905

09901

0 9968

0.9965
0.9963
0.9960
0.9957
0.9955
0 9953
0.9950
0 9946
0.9945
0.9943
0.9940
0.9938
0.9935
0.9933
0.9930
0.9928
0.9925
0.9923
0.9920

09961
0 9958

0.9990
0.9986
0.9983

0.9963
0.9960
0.9956
0 9953
0 9950
0 9946

09961

0 9960

0 9958

0 9957

0 9954

0 9953

09951

0 9949

0 9948

0 9946

0 9944

0 9943

09941

0 9943
0 9940
0 9937
0 9932
0 9930
0 9927
0 9924

09941

0 9939

0 9938

0 9937

0 9936

0 9934

0 9934
0 9929
0 9927
0 9924

0 9933

09931

0 9927

0 9925

0 9925

0 9923

0 9922

0 9920

09921

09919

09917

09921

09917

09915

09913

09918

09914

09912

0 9909

0 9915

09911

0 9909

0 9907

09912

0 9907

0 9905

0 9903

0 9909

0.9904

0 9902

0 9900

0 9905

0.9901

0 9896

0 9903

0 9898

0 9900

0.9895

0 9897

0 9892

0 9899
0 9895
0 9892
0 9889
0 9886
0 9882
0 9880
0 9876
0 9873
0 9870
0 9867
0 9864

0.9979
0.9976
0.9972
0 9969
0.9967

0.9916

0.9909

0.9906

0.9902

0.9898

0 9894

0.9913

0.9907

0.9903

0.9899

0.9895

0.9889

0.9918

0.9885

09916

0.9911

0.9905

0 9901

0.9897

0 9893

0 9890
0 9888

0 9883

0.9914

0.9909

0.9902

0 9898

0 9894

0.9890

0.9885

0.9878

0 9912

0.9907

0.9899

0 9895

0 9891

0.9887

0.9882

0.9876

0 9889

0.9884
0.9881
0 9879

0.9879

0 9873

0 9876

0.9870

0.9873

0.9867

0.9910

0.9905

0.9897

09915

0.9908

0.9902

0.9894

0 9893
0.9890

0.9886

09913

0.9906

0.9900

0.9892

0.9888

0.9884

0 9989
0 9985
09981

0 9985
0 9981
0 9977
0 9973
0 9970
0 9967
0 9963
0 9959
0 9955
0 9952
0 9948
0 9945

0.9936
0 9934
0 9932
0 9929
0.9927
0.9925
0.9923
0.9921

0.9919

0 9993

0 9978
0 9974
0 9970
0 9967
0 9964

0 9892

0 9890
0 9886

0 9883
0.9879
0 9877
0.9873
09870
0 9866
0.9863
09861

PETROLEUM

13-34

TABLE 13.lm-EXPANSION

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

FACTORS: FLANGE TAPS, Y,, STATIC PRESSURE, MEAN OF UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM
(co17tinued)

h,
Ph
Ratio

0 63

0 64

0 65

0.66

067

066

0 69

0.70

0 71

0.72

00

1.0000

1.0000

10000

10000

10000

10000

10000

10000

10000

1.0000

0.1
02

0 9996

0.9996

0 9996

0 9996

0 9996

0 9996

0 9995

0 9995

0.9995

0.9995

0 9992

0.9992

0 9992

0 9992

09991

09991

09991

09991

0 9990

0 9990

0.3

0.9988

0.9988

0 9988

0 9987

0 9987

0 9987

0 9986

0 9986

0 9986

0.9985

0 9985

0.9984

0 9984

04

0.9984
0.9980

0 9984

05

0 9984
0.9981

0 9980

0 9983
0 9979

0 9983
0 9978

0 9982
0 9978

0 9982
0 9977

09981
0.9977

09981
0 9976

0 9980
0.9975

0 9980
0 9974

0.9979
0.9974

0 9978
0 9973

06

0.9977

0.9976

0 9975

0.9975

0 9974

0.9973

0 9973

0.9972

09971

0.9970

0 9969

0.9968

0 9967

0.7

0 9973

0 9972

09971

0.9971

0 9970

0 9969

0 9968

0.9967

0 9966

0.9965

0 9964

0.9963

0 9962

08

0 9969

0.9968

0 9967

0.9967

0 9965

0 9965

0 9964

0.9963

0 9962

0.9961

0 9960

0.9959

0 9957

09

0 9966

0 9965

0 9964

0 9962

09961

0 9960

0.9953

0 9952

09961

0 9960

0 9958

0.9957

0.9955

0 9957
0 9953

0 9955

0 9962

0.9959
0 9954

0 9956

10

0.9951

0 9950

0 9948

0 9947

11

0.9958

0 9957

0 9956

0 9963
0 9959
0 9955

0 9953

0.9952

09951

0 9949

0 9948

0 9946

0 9945

0 9943

09941

1.2

0.9954

0 9953

0 9952

09951

0 9949

0 9948

0.9946

0 9945

0 9943

0.9941

0 9940

0 9938

0 9936

13

0.9951

0 9949

0 9948

0 9946

0.9945

0.9943

0.9942

0 9940

0 9938

0.9936

0.9934

0.9933

09931

14

0 9947

0 9945

0 9944

0 9942

09941

0.9939

0.9938

0.9936

0.9934

0.9932

0.9930

0.9928

0 9926

0 9932

0 9929

0 9927

0.9925

0 9923

0 9920
09915

0 73
Tzz-

0.9995
0 9990

0.74

0 75

1.0000

10000

0.9995
0 9989

0 9995
0.9989

15

0.9944

0 9942

09941

0 9939

0.9937

0.9935

0.9933

16

0.9940

0 9938

0 9937

0 9935

0 9933

0.9931

0.9929

0 9927

0 9925

0 9922

0.9920

0.9918

1.7

0.9936
0.9932
0.9929
0 9923

0 9934
0 9930
0 9927

0 9933
0 9928
0 9925

09931

0.9929

0.9927

0.9925

0 9923

09921

09918

09916

09913

09910

0 9927

0 9925

0 9923

0 9920

09918

0 9916

09913

0.9911

0 9908

0 9905

0 9923

09921

09919

0.9916

09914

09911

0.9908

0.9921

09919

0.9917

09915

0.9912

0.9910

0 9907

0 9904

09901

2.1
22

09921

09919

09917

0.9915

09913

0.9910

0 9908

0 9905

0.9902

0.9899

0 9918

09916

09913

0.9911

0 9908

0.9906

0 9903

0 9900

0 9897

0 9894

0.9903
0 9896
0 9893
0.9888

23

09915

09913

09910

0 9908

0 9905

0.9902

0 9900

0 9897

0.9894

0.9891

24

09911
0 9907

0 9909
0 9905
0 9902
0 9898
0 9895

0 9906
0 9902
0 9899
0 9895
0 9892
0 9888

0.9904

0.9901

0.9898

0.9895

0.9897

0 9894

09891

0.9889
0.9885

0 9886

0.9900

0 9892
0 9888

0 9896
0.9892
0 9889
0 9885

0.9893
0.9889
0.9886
0.9882

0.9890

09887

0 9884

0.9880

0 9876

0 9900
0 9892
0 9890
0 9884
0 9880
0 9875
0 9870
0.9865

09884

0.9881

09877

09881

0 9877

0 9874

0 9906
0 9899
0.9896
0.9892
0.9887
0.9882
0 9878
0.9873
0.9869
0.9864
0.9859
0 9854
0.9850

1.8
1.9
2.0

25
26
27
28
29
30
3.1
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

0 9904
0 9900
0 9897
0 9893
0 9890
0 9887
0 9883
0 9880
0 9876
0 9873
0 9869
0 9866
0 9863
0 9860
0 9857

09881

0.9886

09883

09880

0.9876

0.9872

0.9882
0 9878
0 9874
0 9870

0.9879
0 9874

0 9875

0.9871

09871

0.9867

09870

0 9867

0 9863

0 9867

0 9863

0.9859

09884
0 9878
0 9874

09841

0 9869
0 9864
0 9859
0 9855
0 9850
0 9845
0 9840
0 9836

0 9836

09831

0.9860

0 9880

0 9877

0.9873

09870

0 9866

0 9862

0 9858

0 9854

0 9877

09873

0 9863
0 9858

0 9859
0 9854

0 9850

0 9869

0 9850

0.9845

0.9841

0 9870

0 9866

0 9866
0 9862
0 9859

0 9854

0 9873

0 9855

0 9850

0 9846

09841

0.9837

0 9832

0 9826

09821

0 9866

0.9862

0 9870
0.9866
0.9863
0.9859

0.9867
0 9863
0.9859
0.9854
0 9850
0.9845

09855

09851

0 9846

0.9842

0 9837

0.9833

0.9827

0 9822

0.9816

0.9863

0 9859

0.9855

09851

0 9847

09842

0.9838

0 9833

0.9828

0 9822

0.9817

09811

0 9859
0 9856
0 9853

0 9855

0.9851

0 9847

0 9843

0 9838

0.9834

0 9829

0.9824

0 9818

09813

0 9807

09852

0.9848

09844

0 9839

0 9835

0.9830

0 9825

0.9820

09814

0 9808

0 9802

0.9849

0.9845

0 9840

0 9836

09831

0 9826

0 9820

0.9815

0 9809

0 9803

0 9797

0.9891
09887
0 9884

0.9845

0 9855
0 9850
09845
0 9840
0.9835
09831
0 9825

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

13-35

REGULATION

TABLE13.ln--MANOMETER

FACTORS(MERCURY

Specific
Gravity,

METERS),F,

Flowing pressure,psig
0

y!J

1000

500

1500

2000

2500

3000

0.9930
0.9919
0.9908
0.9896
-

0.9921
0.9910
0.9900
0.9890

0.9942
0.9933
0.9923
0.9912
0.9902

0.9932
0.9923
0.9913
0.9903
0.9893

0.9950
0.9943
0.9935
0.9926
0.9916

0.9941
0.9933
0.9925
0.9915
0.9906

0.9956
0.9950
0.9944
0.9937
0.9929

0.9948
0.9941
0.9934
0.9926
0.9918

AmbientTemperature=OF
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

1 .oooo
1 .oooo
1 .oooo
1.0000
1.0000

0.9989
0.9988
0.9987
0.9985

0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

1 .oooo
1.0000
1 .oooo
1.0000
1.0000

0.9990
0.9989
0.9988
0.9987
0.9986

0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

1.0000
1 .oooo
1.0000
1.0000
1 .oooo

0.9991
0.9990
0.9989
0.9988
0.9987

0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

1 .oooo
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1 .oooo

0.9992
0.9991
0.9990
0.9989
0.9988

0.9976
0.9972
0.9967
0.9961
-

0.9960
0.9952
0.9941
0.9927
-

0.9943
0.9932
0.9920
0.9907
-

AmbientTemperature=40F
0.9979
0.9976
0.9973
0.9970
0.9965

0.9967
0.9962
0.9955
0.9947
0.9937

0.9954
0.9946
0.9937
0.9926
0.9915

Ambient Temperature=80F
0.9981
0.9979
0.9977
0.9974
0.9971

0.9971
0.9967
0.9963
0.9958
0.9951

0.9960
0.9955
0.9948
0.9940
0.9931

AmbientTemperature=120F
0.9983
0.9981
0.9979
0.9977
0.9975

TABLEl3.10-GAUGE
Gauge
Degrees
Latitude

0.9974
0.9971
0.9967
0.9963
0.9959

LOCATION

0.9965
0.9960
0.9955
0.9950
0.9943

FACTOR-Fp

ElevationAbove Sea Level,ft

Sea
Level

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10.000

0 (Equator)
5
IO
15
20

0.9967
0.9987
0.9968
0.9989
0.9990

0.9986
0.9986
0.9987
0.9988
0.9989

0.9985
0.9985
0.9986
0.9987
0.9988

0.9984
0.9984
0.9985
0.9986
0.9987

0.9983
0.9983
0.9984
0.9985
0.9986

0.9982
0.9982
0.9983
0.9984
0.9985

25
30
35
40
45

0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9998
1.0000

0.9990
0.9992
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999

0.9989
0.9991
0.9993
0.9996
0.9998

0.9988
0.9990
0.9992
0.9996
0.9997

0.9987
0.9989
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996

0.9986
0.9968
0.9990
0.9993
0.9996

50
55
60
65
70

1.0002
1.0004
1.0007
1.0008
1.0010

1.0001
1.0003
1.0006
1.0007
1.0009

1.0000
1.0002
1.0005
1.0006
1.0008

0.9999
1.0001
1.0004
1.0005
1.0007

0.9998
1.0000
1.0003
1.0004
1.0006

0.9997
0.9999
1.0002
1.0003
1.0005

75
80
85
90 (Pole)

1.0011
1.0012
1.0013
1.0013

1.0010
1.0011
1.0012
1.0012

1.0009
1.0010
1.0011
1.0011

1.0006
1.0009
1.0010
1.0010

1.0007
1.0008
1.0009
1.0009

1.0006
1.0007
1.0006
1.0008

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

13-36

As a practical matter, the meter run ID should not be

less than 3 in. in nominal diameter regardless of the
small quantity of gas flowing. As a first approximation,
Eq. 6 should be solved for C at the flow rate h, andpf
desired. Then

do=

Fig. 13.3-Proper

installation of a meter run for an orifice meter.

Physical Setup of System

Inasmuch as standard tables are used, careful attention
must be paid to the physical setup of the metering
system. Otherwise
the results would vary with the
installation.

Straightening Vanes. The purpose of these vanes is to

minimize the effect of swirls, eddy currents, or irregular
velocity distribution on meter accuracy. These vanes are
built into a nipple and consist of a bundle of small pipe or
tubing as shown in Fig. 13.3. The dimension of each
tube d should not exceed one-fourth of the inside pipe
diameter d, . The length should be at least 10d.
Unless necessary, vanes should not be used because
they are susceptible
to erosion,
introduce additional
pressure loss, and clog easily.

Orifice Location. Fig. 13.3 shows the minimum

distance the orifice should be from valves and fittings in
order that proper metering might result.
Size of Orifice and Meter Run. The meter run should
be sized so that the anticipated maximum and minimum
flow rates may be handled within the satisfactory ratio of
orifice to pipe diameter. In doing this, it should be kept
in mind that (1) the differential h MIshould not exceed the
static pressure p,, (based on numerical values only, not
units); (2) the meter run ID should be at least one-third
larger than the orifice opening;
and (3) both the
differentialand static-pressure
pens should preferably
operate within the middle 60% of the recording-chart
range.

OS.

_. .

If the maximum anticipated flow rate is used to find C,

multiplying the orifice size found in Eq. 8 by 1.5 gives
the approximate minimum pipe diameter needed. Once
this has been established,
it is a relatively simple matter
to change orifice plates as the flow varies to keep the
values of h w, and pf in the desired range. If flow is small
and fairly constant (e.g. fuel meter) and/or a Y-in.
orifice is used, a 2-in. run should be used to avoid low
Fd (below 0.10).
Standard sharp-edged
orifice plates should be used,
the thickness of which is at least L/6 in. For pipes larger
than 4 in., thickness is at least L/8 in. The thickness
should not exceed one-eighth the orifice opening.

Recorder. The normal orifice meter is equipped with a

two-pen recorder for measuring both static and differential pressure. The differential pen is normally actuated
through a mechanical
system using either a mercury
manometer
or a bellows.
Both types are shown in
Fig. 13.4.
With the former, a slight change in flow rate changes
the level in the mercury manometer. A large float resting
on the mercury
changes
level correspondingly
and
transmits this movement
to the chart pen through a
system of levers.
The bellows-type or mercuryless meter consists of two
bellows filled with fluid such as glycol. As the pressure
differential
changes,
this fluid moves between
the
bellows through a damping device, causing the bellows
to expand or contract. The pen is actuated by a center
rod, which is connected to the free ends of the bellows.
The small liquid-filled
bellows located on the highpressure side serves as an expansion device to correct for
changes in ambient temperature.
Both types of instruments
are equipped with check
valves to protect them from differential pressures that exceed the range of the instrument. This is more of a problem with the mercury meter, for excessive differential
pressure can blow mercury out of the meter, which
destroys its calibration. In the bellows meter, soft-seated
check valves prevent the flow of fluid between the
bellows. The bellows are then not likely to rupture for
they are supported
internally by the fluid contained
within them.
The bellows meter has gained increasing popularity,
particularly in field operations.
Even though the initial
cost is higher, many operators feel that this is compensated for by decreased maintenance.
It also offers the advantage of operating either properly or not at all, with little range in between. Eliminated are the problems of
mercury loss, worrying about the change in calibration
with the amount of mercury, and the like. Until it fails,
experience has shown that this meter needs little routine
calibration.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

With both types, the static pressure is read from a pen

actuated by a bourdon tube. The lead for this may come
off either the upstream or downstream tap. In most installations. it is good practice to order a bourdon tube
having about twice the maximum pressure anticipated.
This minimizes
the problem
of distortion,
which
destroys the original calibration of the tube. These tubes
arc available in many materials, the type depending on
the service and the pressure rating desired.
Most meters are hooked up using a standard five-valve
manifold of the type shown just above the bellows meter
in Fig. 13.4. One valve is placed on each of the leads to
the pressure taps, two valves on the bypass, plus a vent
valve. When the meter is placed in operation the bypass
valves would be open, as would the two main valves,
with the vent valve closed. The meter is then placed in
service by slowly closing the bypass valves, followed by
opening of the vent valve. This procedure
prevents
momentary pressure surges that might damage the meter
or upset the calibration. The reverse procedure would be
used in taking the meter out of service. When the leads
are bypassed, the vent valve is an excellent place to obtain a gas sample. A slightly more complex manifold is
shown above the mercury meter, with drip pots for
removing any liquid in the gas.
Standard calibration procedure on the differential pen
calls for connecting one side of a water manometer into
the high-pressure
side of the meter. The low-pressure
side of the meter is then opened to the atmosphere. This
gives two manometers
in parallel. By superimposing
pressure on the high-pressure
cell with a hand pump or
similar device, one may compare the meter reading with
that of the manometer.
If they are different, the meter
must be adjusted accordingly.
The bourdon tube may be calibrated simply by placing
a dead-weight tester (preferred) or a calibrated pressure
gauge in the lead line to the bourdon tube. By proper
manipulation of the valves, the vent valve may be used
to make this connection.
The circular charts used usually cover a time period of
24 hours or 7 days. Many meters have clocks that may be
easily adjusted for either time period. In most production
operations,
7-day periods are preferred,
because this
minimizes the cost of changing charts and the number of
charts to be handled.

Other Forms of Metering Systems

For well-test purposes, other forms of velocity meters
are used-orifice
well testers, critical-flow provers, pitot
tubes, and side-static methods. These methods are not so
accurate as the meters discussed previously but are convenient and often yield results accurate enough for the
purpose.

Orifice Well Tester. This consists of a 2-in. nipple with

provision
for attaching different
sharp-edged
orifice
plates on the end. The static pressure just upstream from
this plate may then be measured. Tables 13.2a and b
show various applicable charts for measuring flow. a
The accuracy of this device is limited but it is suitable
for measuring the amount of gas being produced where
the pressures are relatively low and the production is to
the atmosphere.

13-37

Fig.

1X4-Views

showing constructionof meters.

Critical-Flow

Prover. The critical-flow

prover is a
similar device that exhausts the gas to the atmosphere. It
is also a special pipe nipple with a flange for holding
special plates to the end. It is based on the principle that
the velocity of sound represents the maximum speed at
which a pressure effect may be propagated through a
gas-i.e.,
once this velocity is reached, further increase
in the pressure differential will not increase the pressure
at the throat. This means that the mass rate of flow would
not increase as the pressure differential
p2/pI
was
decreased below this critical value. With ideal gases, the
critical ratio is 0.49 for monatomic gases and 0.53 for
diatomic gases, with slightly higher values for complex
gases. Saturated steam, for example, shows a critical
pressure ratio of 0.55. The range of these values is the
source of the common rule of thumb that, once the
pressure reduction is twofold, critical-flow
phenomena
limit the mass rate of flow.
When metering gas under such conditions, the volume
rate of flow will be a function of upstream pressure, gas
gravity, and gas temperature,
since it is a compressible
fluid.
(continuedon

Page 45)

13-38

PETROLEUM

TABLE
Pressure,in
of water

13.2a-CAPACITIES

OF ORIFICE WELL

ENGINEERING

TESTERS*

Specificgravity
1.10
0.80
0.90
1 .oo
~
~
%in. Orificein l/a-in.
Plate
458
432
409
390
427
501
473
448
541
511
462
484
494
579
546
518
614
579
549
524

1.20

1.30

1.50

374
409
442
473
502

359
393
425
454
482

334
366
395
423
449

552
579
605
629
653

528
554
579
603
625

508
532
556
579
601

473
496
518
539
559

709
732
755
777
798

676
698
720
740
761

647
669
689
709
728

622
642
662
681
700

579
598
616
634
651

863
915
965
1010
1060

819
868
915
960
1000

781
823
873
915
956

747
793
836
876
915

718
762
803
842
879

669
709
747
784
819

1170
1210
1290
1370
1450

1100
1140
1220
1290
1360

1040
1080
1160
1230
1290

995
1030
1100
1170
1230

953
989
1060
1120
1180

916
950
1020
1080
1140

852
885
945
1000
1080

1520
1590
1650
1720
1780

1430
1500
1560
1620
1680

1360
1420
1480
1540
1590

1300
1350
1410
1460
1520

1240
1300
1350
1400
1450

1190
1250
1300
1350
1390

1110
1160
1200
1250
1300

0.60

0.70

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

528
578
625
669
709

489
536
579
619
657

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

747
784
818
852
884

692
726
758
789
819

647
679
709
738
766

610
640
669
696
722

579
607
634
660
685

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

915
945
975
1000
1030

848
875
902
928
954

793
819
844
868
892

747
772
796
819
841

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

1060
1120
1180
1240
1290

979
1040
1090
1150
1200

915
971
1020
1070
1120

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

1340
1390
1500
1590
1670

1250
1290
1380
1470
1550

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

1750
1830
1910
1980
2050

1620
1700
1770
1830
1900

X-in.Orificeinl/s-in.
Plate
1 .o
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1680
1850
1990
2130
2260

1560
1710
1840
1970
2090

1460
1600
1730
1840
1960

1370
1510
1630
1740
1840

1300
1430
1540
1650
1750

1240
1360
1470
1570
1670

1190
1300
1410
1510
1660

1140
1250
1350
1450
1530

1060
1170
1260
1350
1430

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

2370
2490
2610
2710
2810

2200
2310
2410
2510
2610

2060
2160
2260
2350
2440

1940
2040
2130
2220
2300

1840
1930
2020
2100
2180

1760
1840
1930
2000
2080

1680
1770
1840
1920
1990

1620
1700
1770
1840
1910

1510
1580
1650
1720
1780

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

2920
3010
3110
3190
3280

2700
2790
2870
2960
3040

2530
2610
2690
2770
2840

2380
2460
2540
2610
2680

2260
2330
2410
2470
2540

2150
2220
2290
2360
2420

2060
2130
2200
2260
2320

1980
2110
2170
2230

1840
1900
1960
2070

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

3370
3580
3710

3120
3310
3490

4120

3820

2920
3090
3260
3420
3570

2750
2920
3070
3220
3370

2610
2770
2920
3060
3190

2490
2640
2780
2920
3040

2380
2530
2660
2790
2910

2290
2430
2560
2680
2800

2130
2260
2380
2500
2610

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

4300
4450
4760
5050
5320

3970
4120
4410
4930

3720
3860
4120
4370
4610

3500
3640
3890
4120
4350

3330
3450
3690
3910
4120

3170
3290
3520
3730
3930

3040
3150
3370
3570
3760

3030
3230
3430
3620

2710
2820
3010
3190
3370

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

5600
5860
6100
6330
6550

5180
5420
5650
5860
6070

4850
5070
5280
5480
5670

4570
4780
4980
5170
5350

4340
4540
4730
4900
5080

4140
4325
4510
4670
4840

3960
4150
4320
4480
4640

3810
3980
4140
4300
4450

3540
3700
3860
4000
4140

HANDBOOK

GASMEASUREMENTAND

13-39

REGULATION

TABLE13.2a-CAPACITIESOFORlFlCEWELLTESTERS'(continued)
Specificgravity

Pressure, in.
of water

0.60

0.70

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

3560
3910
4220
4520
4790

3300
3620
3910
4180
4440

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

5050

4670

5520
5760
5980

5120
5330
5530

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

6180
6390
6580
6780
6960

5720
5910
6090
6270
6440

5350
5530
5700

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

7140
7580
7980
8370
8740

6610
7010
7390
7750

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

9100
8450
10100
10700
11300

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

11900
12400
12900
12400
13900

0.80

0.90

1.00
%-in. Orificein %-in. Plate
3090
2910
2760
3390
3190
3030
3270
3450
3910
3690
3500
4150
3910
3710

1.10

1.20

1.30

2640
2890
3120
3340
3540

2520
2760

2430
2660
2870
3070

3190
3390

1.50

2470
2670
2860
3030

4120
4320
4510
4700
4880

3910
4100
4280
4460
4630

3780
3910
4080
4250
4410

3570
3740
3910
4070
4220

3430
3600
3760
3910
4060

3190
3350
3500
3640
3780

4790
4950
5100
5250
5390

4570
4720
4860

4370
4520
4650
4790
4920

4200
4340
4470
4600
4730

3910
4040
4160

6020

5050
5210
5370
5530
5680

6180
6560
6910
7250
7570

5830
6180
6520
6830
7140

5530
5870
6180
6480
6770

5270
5590
5890
6180
6460

5050

4520
4790
5050

6180

4850
5140
5420
5690
5940

8430
8740
9350
9910
10400

7880
8180
8740
9270
9770

7430
7710
8240
8740
9200

7050
7320
7820
8300
8740

6720
6980
7460
7910
8340

6440
6680
7140
7570
7980

6180
6420
6860
7280
7670

5760
5970
6380
6770
7140

11000
11500
12000
12400
12900

10300
10800
11200
11600
12000

9700
10100
10600
11000
11300

9200
9620
10000
10400
10800

8780
9180
9560
9920
10300

8410
8790
9160
9510
9840

8070
8440
8790
9120
9440

7510
7860
8190
8490
8790

4670
5040
5390
5720

3970
4350
4690
5020
5330

4370
4580
4790
5170

5140

5640

4400

5530

&in. Orificein %-in. Plate

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
I.8

6270
6870
7420
7940
8430

5810
6360
6870
7350
7880

5430
5950
6430
6870

5120
5610
6060
6480
6870

5320
5750
6150
6520

4630
5070
5480
5860
6220

4440
4860
5250
5610
5950

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

8870
9310
9720
10100
10500

8210
8610
9000
9360
9720

7680
8060
8420
8760
9090

7240
7600
7940
8260
8570

6870
7210
7530
7830
8130

6550
6870
7180
7470
7750

6270
6580
6870
7150
7420

6030
6320
6870
7130

5610
5880
6150
6400
6640

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

10900
11200
11600
11900
12200

10100
10400
10700
11000
11300

9410
9720
10000
10600

8870
9170
9450
9720
9980

8420
8700
8960
9220
9470

8030
8290
8550
8790
9030

7680
7940
8180
8420
8650

7380
7630
7860
8090
8310

6870
7100
7320
7530
7730

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

12500
13300
14100
14700
15400

11600
12300
13000
13600
14200

10900
11500
12100
12700
13300

10200
10900
11500
12000
12500

9720
10300
10900
11400
11900

9270
9830
10400
10900
11300

8870
9410
9920
10400
109ocl

8530
9040
9530
10400

7940
8420
8870
9310
9720

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

16000
16700
17200
18800
19900

14800
15400
16400
17400
18400

13900
14400
15400
16300
17200

13100
13600
14500
15400

12400
12900
13700
14600
15400

11800
12300
13100
13900
14700

11300
11700
12500
13300
14000

10900
11300
12100
12800
13500

10100
10500
11200
11900
12500

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

20900
21900
22800

19400

18100
19000
19700
20500
21200

17100
17900
18600
19300
20000

16200
17000
17700
18300
19000

15500
16200
16800
17500
18100

14800
15500
16100
16700
17300

14200
14900
15500
16100
16600

13200
13800
14400
15000
15500

24500

21100
21900
22700

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

13-40

TABLEl3.2a-CAPACITIESOFORlFlCEWELLTESTERS*(continued)

Pressure, in.
of water

Specificgravip
Y
0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.50

10000
11000
11800
12700
13400

9260
10500
11400
12200
12900

8960
9810
10600
11300
12000

1 .o
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

14200
15500
16800
17900
19000

13100
14400
15500
16600
17600

%-in.Orificein%-in. Plate
10500
12300
11600
11000
11500
13400
12700
12000
12400
14500
13700
13000
13200
15500
13900
14600
14000
14700
16500
15500

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

20000
21000
21900
22900
23800

18500
19400
20300
21100
21900

17300
18200
19000
19800
20500

16400
17100
17900
18600
19300

15500
16300
17000
17700
18400

14800
15500
16200
16800
17500

14200
14900
15500
16100
16800

13600
14300
14900
15500
16100

12700
13300
13900
14400

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

24500
25300
26100
26900
27600

22700
23500
24200
24900
25800

21200
21900
22600
23300
23900

20000
20700
21300
21900
22500

19000
19600
20200
20800
21400

18100
18700
19300
19800
20400

17300
17900
18500
19000
19500

16700
17200
17770
18300
18800

15500
16000
16500
17000
17500

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

28300
30100
31600
33200
34700

26200
27800
29300
30700
32100

24500
26000
27400
28800
30000

23100
24500
25900
27100
28300

21900
23300
24500
25700
26900

20900
22200
23400
24500
25600

20000
21200
22400
23500
24500

19200
20400
21500
22600
23600

17900
19000
20000
21000
21900

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

36100
37400
40000
42500
44800

33400
34700
37100
39300
41500

31300
32500
34700
36800
38800

29500
30600
32700
34700
36600

28000
29000
31000
32900
34700

26700
27700
29600
31400
33100

25500
26500
28300
30000
31700

24500
25500
27200
28900
30400

22800
23700
25300

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

47200
49300
51400
53300
55200

43700
45700
47600
49300
51100

40900
42700
44500
46200
47800

38500
40300
42000
43500
45100

36500
38200
39800
41300
42800

36400

28300

33400
34900
36400
37700
39100

36200
37500

17500
19200
20800
22200
23500

16300
17900
19300
20700
21900

31200
32500
33700

l-in.01
fifice
in YE,
.in.
Plate
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

28300
30600
32700
34600

23900
26200
28300
30200
32100

22400
24500
26500
28300
30000

21100
23100
24900
26700
28300

20000
21900
23700
25300
26800

22600
24100
25600

18300
20000
21600
23100
24500

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

36500
38300
40000
41600
43200

33800
35400
37000
38500
40000

31600
33200
34600
36000
37400

29800
31300
32700
34000
35300

28300
29700
31000
32200
33500

27000
28300
29500
30700
31900

25800
27100
28300
29400
30500

24800
26000
27200
28300
29300

23100
24200
25300
26300
27300

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

44700
46200
47600
48900
50300

41400
42800
44100
45300
48600

38700
40000
41200
42400
43600

36500
37700
38900
40000
41100

34600
35800
36900
37900
39000

33000
34100
36200
37200

31600
32700
33700
34600
35600

30400
31400
32300
33300
34200

28300
29200
30100
31000
31800

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

51600
54700
57700
80500
63300

47800
50700
53400
56100
58500

44700
47400
50000
52400
54800

42200
44700
47100
49400
51600

40000
42400
44700
46900
49000

38100
40400
42600
44700
46700

36500
38700
40800
42800
44700

35100
37200
39200
41100
43000

32700

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

65800
68300
73100
77500
81600

61000
63200
67600
71700
75600

57000
59200
63200
67100
70700

53800
55800
59600
63200
66700

51000
52900
56600
60000
63200

48600

44700
46400
49600
52600
55500

41600

53900
57200
60300

46600
48300
51600
54800
57700

79500
83200

74400
77800
81000
84100
87100

70100
73300
76400
79300
82100

66500
69600
72500
75200
77900

66400
69100
71700
74200

63600
66200
68700
71200

58400
61000

54300
56800
59200
61400
63600

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

19100

66000
68300

36500
38300
40000

46200
49000
51600

GASMEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

13-41

TABLE 13.2a-CAPACITIES
Pressure, in.
of water

OF ORIFICE WELL TESTERS (continued)

Specificgravity

0 lx
- -.-_

0.70

0.80

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.50

32400
35500
38300
41000
43500

31000
34000
36700
39200
41600

29800
32600
35300
37700
40000

27700
30400
32800
35100
37200

0.90

1 .oo

1 .o
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

43900
48000
51900
55500
58900

40600
445oa
48000
51400
54500

I %-in.Orificein h-in. Plate

34000
38000
35800
41600
39200
37200
42400
40200
44900
48100
45300
43000
45600
51000
48100

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

62000
65100
67900
70700
73300

57400
60200
62900
65500
67900

53700
56300
58800
61200
63600

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

76000
78500
80900
83300
85500

70300
72700
74900
77000
79200

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

87800
93100
98100
103000
107000

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

53100
55500
57700
59900

50400
52600
54800
56800

45800
48000
50200
52200
54200

43900
46000
48100
50000
51900

42100
44200
46200
48000
49900

39200
41100
43000
44700
46400

65800
68000
70100
72100
74000

62000
64100

67900
69800

58900
60800
62700
64500
66200

58100
58000
59700
61500
63100

53700
55500
57200
58800
60500

51600
53300
55000
56500
58100

48100
49600
51200
52600
54100

81200
86100
90800
95200
99500

76000
80600
84900
89100
93000

71600
76000
80100
84000
87700

68000
72100
76000
79700
83200

64800
68700
72400
76000
79300

62000
65800
69400
72700
76000

59600
63200
66600
69900
73000

55500
58800
62000
65100
67900

112000
116000
124000
132000
138000

104000
107000
115000
122000
128000

96900
101000
107000
114000
120000

91300
98400
101000
107000
113000

86600
89900
96100
102000
107000

82600
85700
91600
92700
1020ocl

79100
82100
87700
98100

76000
78900
84300
89400
94200

70700
73400
78500
83200
87700

145000
152000
158000
164000
170000

135000
141000
147000
152000
158000

126000
132000
137000
142000
147000

119000
124000

113000
118000
123000
127000
132000

103000
108000
112000
116000
120000

103000
108000
112000
116000

92000
96200
100000
104000
108000

112000
117000
121000
126000

Valuesare cu 11m 24 hoursara base pressure01 14 65 ps~a.base and flowing

temperature.
6OF.The volumes obtafnedfrom thesetablesapplyonly
lo Orifice
Well Testersmanufacturedby American Meter Company. For othertesters,
use the tablesrecommended by the manufacturer
The ratesgwen I the tablesforwater are based on the following
equabon

where
q = rate,n cub,c fee,I 24 hours,
C = ratefor I I.given in the tables,and
p = pressureI inches of water.
The ratesgwn anthe tablesformercury are based on the followlng
equationwhich was determinedfrom a 88118sOf 100 testscoveringthe
limits
of the tables.

where
q = ratein thousands 01 cubic feetin 24 hours.
C = 7 464 for U-!n orifice,
= 13.61 for i-117orifice,
= 23 10 for II/r-in.
orlflce.
= pressurein Inches of mercury,

Pm
29.32 = assumed atmospherfcpressureI Inches of mercury
= 14.4 ps,,
0 3 = factordetermined by tests,and
7 s = speaffcgravityof gas.

PETROLEUM

13-42

TABLE

13.2b-CAPACITIES

OF ORIFICE WELL

ENGINEERING

TESTERS

SDeclficaravitv

Pressure, in.
of mercury

0.60

1 .o
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

52
55
58
60
62

49
51
53
55
58

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

64
67
69
71
73

60
62
64
65
67

56
58
59
61
63

53
54
56
58
59

50
52
53
55
56

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

75
78
82
85
89

69
72
76
79
82

65
68
71
74
77

61
64
67
70
72

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

92
95
98
101
104

85
88
91
93
96

79
82
85
87
so

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

107
113
120
126
132

99
105
111
116
122

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

137
143
154
164
173

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

1.20

1.30

1.50

37
39
41
42
44

36
37
39
41
42

33
35
36
38
39

48
49
51
52
54

45
47
46
50
51

44
45
47
48
49

41
42
43
45
46

58
61
63
66
69

55
58
60
63
65

53
55
58
60
63

51
53
56
58
60

47
49
52
54
56

75
77
80
82
85

71
73
76
78
80

68
70
72
74
77

65
67
69
71
73

62
64
67
69
70

58
60
62
64
66

92
98
103
109
114

87
92
98
103
108

82
88
93
97
102

79
84
88
93
97

75
80
85
89
93

72
77
81
85
89

67
72
76
79
83

127
132
142
151
160

119
124
133
142
150

112
117
125
134
142

106
111
119
127
134

102
106
113
121
128

97
101
108
116
122

93
97
104
111
118

87
so
97
103
109

183
192
200
209
217

169
177
185
193
201

158
166
173
181
188

149
156
164
170
177

141
148
155
162
168

135
142
148
154
160

129
135
142
148
153

124
130
136
142
148

115
121
127
132
137

16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

225
233
241
249
256

208
216
223
230
237

195
202
209
215
222

184
190
197
203
209

174
180
187
192
198

166
172
178
184
189

159
165
170
176
181

153
158
164
169
174

142
147
152
157
162

21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0

264
271
278
285
292

244
251
257
264
271

228
234
241
247
253

215
221
227
233
239

204
210
215
221
226

195
200
205
211
216

186
191
197
202
207

179
184
189
194
199

167
171
176
180
185

26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0

300
306
313
320
327

277
284
290
296
302

259
265
271
277
283

245
250
256
261
267

232
237
242
248
253

221
226
231
236
241

212
216
221
226
231

204
208
213
218
222

189
194
198
202
207

31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0

334
340
347
353
360

309
315
321
327
333

289
294
300
306
311

272
278
283
289
294

258
263
268
273
278

246
251
256
261
266

236
240
245
250
254

227
231
236
240
245

211
215
219
223
227

36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0

366
373
379
386
392

339
345
351
357
363

317
323
328
334
339

299
304
310
315
320

283
288
293
298
303

271
275
280
285
289

259
263
268
272
277

249
253
258
262
266

231
236
240
244
248

~0.70

~0.80
~0.90
-1.00
-1.10
U-in. Orificein %-in. Plate
41
45
43
39
43
41
48
45
45
50
47
43
46
44
52
49
48
54
51
46

HANDBOOK

GASMEASUREMENTAND

13-43

REGULATION

TABLE

13.2b-CAPACITIES

OF ORIFICE WELL

TESTERS

(continued)

Specificgravity

Pressure, in.
of mercury

0.60

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

96
100
105
109
113

97
101
105

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

117
121
125
129
132

109
112
116
119
123

102
105
108
112
115

96
99
102
105
108

91
94
97
100
103

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

136
143
149
155
161

126
132
138
144
150

118
124
129
135
140

111
117
122
127
132

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

167
173
179
184
189

155
160
165
170
175

145
150
155
159
164

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

194
206
218
229
240

180
191
202
212
222

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

251
261
280
298
316

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

0.70

0.80

0.90
1 .oo
1.10
~
l-in.Orificein Win. Plate
74
78
83
87
78
82
81
86
91
77
89
95
85
81
93
98
88
84

1.20

1.30

1.50

68
71
74
77
80

65
68
71
74
77

60
63
66
69
72

87
90
92
95
98

83
86
68
91
94

80
83
85
88
so

74
77
79
81
84

105
111
116
120
125

100
105
110
115
119

96
101
105
110
114

92
97
101
106
110

86
so
94
98
102

137
141
146
150
154

130
134
138
142
146

124
128
132
136
140

118
122
126
130
134

114
117
121
125
128

106
109
113
116
120

168
179
189
199
208

159
169
178
187
196

150
160
169
178
186

143
153
161
169
177

137
146
154
162
170

132
140
148
156
163

123
131
138
145
152

232
241
259
278
293

217
226
242
258
274

205
213
229
244
256

194
202
217
231
245

185
192
207
220
233

177
184
198
211
223

170
177
190
203
215

158
165
177
189
200

333
349
365
381
396

308
323
338
352
366

288
303
316
330
343

272
285
298
311
323

258
271
283
295
306

246
258
270
281
292

235
247
258
269
280

226
237
248
259
269

210
221
231
241
250

16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
200

411
425
439
453
467

380
394
407
420
432

356
368
381
393
405

335
347
359
370
381

318
329
340
351
362

303
314
325
335
345

290
300
311
320
330

279
289
299
308
317

260
269
278
287
295

21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0

481
494
507
520
533

445
457
470
482
494

416
428
439
451
462

392
403
414
425
435

372
383
393
403
413

355
365
375
384
394

340
349
358
368
377

327
336
345
354
362

304
312
321
329
337

26.0
27.0
26.0
29 0
30.0

546
559
571
583
596

506
517
529
540
552

473
484
495
505
516

446
456
466
477
487

423
433
442
452
462

403
413
422
431
440

386
395
404
412
421

371
380
388
397
405

345
353
361
369
377

31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0

608
620
632
644
656

563
574
585
596
607

527
539
548
558
568

496
506
516
526
536

471
480
490
499
508

449
458
467
476
485

430
438
447
455
464

413
421
430
438
446

384
392
400
407
415

36.0
37.0
380
39.0
400

668
679
691
703
714

618
629
640
651
661

578
589
599
609
619

545
555
565
574
583

517
526
535
544
553

493
502
511
519
528

472
480
489
497
505

454
462
470
478
485

422
430
437
444
452

13-44

PETROLEUMENGINEERING

TABLE 13.2b-CAPACITIES

Pressure, in.
of mercury

OF ORIFICE WELL TESTERS (continued)

Specificgravity

0.60

-0.70

- 0.80

-0.90

- 1.00

- 1.10

II/bin.Orificein %-in. Plate

120
132
126
141
126
139
132
147
132
145
138
154
I51
137
143
160
142
157
149
167

1.20

1.30

1.50

115
120
126
131
136

110
116
121
126
131

103
108
113
117
122

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

162
170
178
185
192

150
158
165
171
178

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

199
206
212
219
225

184
191
197
202
208

173
178
184
189
195

163
168
173
178
184

154
160
164
169
174

147
152
157
161
166

141
146
150
155
159

135
140
144
149
153

126
130
134
138
142

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

231
242
253
264
274

214
224
234
244
254

200
210

188

179

171

198

188

219
229
237

206
215
224

204
212

179
187
195
202

163
171
179
187
194

157
165
I72
179
186

146
153
160
167
173

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

284
293
303
312
321

263
272
281
289
297

246
254
262
270
278

232
240
247
255
262

220
227
235
242
249

210
217
224
230
237

201
208
214
221
227

193
199
206
212
218

180
186
192
197
203

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

330
350
370
389
407

305
324
343
360
377

285
304
321
337
353

269
286
302
318
333

255
271
287
301
316

243
259
273
287
301

233
248
262
275
288

224
238
251
264
277

208
222
234
246
258

6.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

425
442
475
506
536

394
409
440
469
496

368
383
411
439
464

347
361
388
413
438

329
343
368
392
415

314
327
351
374
396

301
313
336
358
379

289
300
323
344
364

269
280
300
320
339

11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0

565
593
620
646
672

523
549
574
598
622

489
514
537
559
582

461
484
506
527
548

438
459
480
500
520

417
438
458
477
496

399
419
438
457
475

384
403
421
439
456

357
375
392
409
425

16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

697
721
746
769
793

645
668
690
712
734

604
625
646
666
667

569
589
609
628
647

540
559
578
596
614

515
533
551
568
586

493
510
527
544
561

473
490
507
523
539

441
456
472
487
501

21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0

816
838
861
883
905

755
776
797
818
838

706
726
745
765
784

666
684
703
721
739

632
649
667
684
701

603
619
636
652
668

577
593
609
624
640

554
570
585
600
615

516
530
544
558
572

26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0

927
948
969
990
1011

858
878
897
917
936

803
821
839
858
876

757
774
789
809
826

718
734
751
761
783

684
700
716
732
747

655
670
685
700
715

629
644
658
673
687

586
600
613
626
640

31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0

1032
1052
1073
1093
1113

955
974
993
1012
1031

894
912
929
947
964

843
859
876
893
909

799
815
831
847
862

762
777
793
808
822

730
744
759
773
787

701
715
729
743
756

653
666
679

36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0

1133
1153
1173
1193
1212

1049
1068

982
999
1016
1033
1050

925
942
958
974
990

878
893
909
924
939

837
852
867
881
896

801
816
830
844
857

770
783
797
810
824

717
729
742
754
767

1 .o

196

Values are thousands 01 c 11I 24 hours at a base pressureol 14 65 pm;

691
704

base and flomg temperature.6OF.

HANDBOOK

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

The orifice used differs from that in the orifice meter.

This one is thicker and has a rounded edge. This edge is
placed toward the flow, for experience has shown that a
sharp-edged
orifice does not give reproducible
results
under critical-flow
conditions.
In fact, sharp-edged
orifices
do not conform
to existing
theories
and
correlations.
The general equation for a critical-flow prover is
CP
qs = (yRT~0,5 ,

13-45

REGULATION

TABLE 13.3-ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS

FOR CRITICAL-FLOW
PROVERS
OrificeCoefficient
Size of orifice
(in.)
2-h. Prover
4-in.Prover
/I
6
3h
h
%rs
%2
/4

......... .. . ...

=/Is
%
% 6
/2

where
p = pressure on prover, psia,
C = orifice coefficient
for prover,
9s = rate of flow, thousands of standard cu fit24
hr, measured at 14.4 psia and 60F,
yK = specific gravity of gas (air= 1 .OO), and
T = absolute temperature,
R.

The critical-flow prover is one of the basic devices used

for determining the gas-flow rate in the open-flow testing
of gas wells. Values of the coefficient C may be found in
Table 13.3.*

Pitot Tube. The pitot tube is another measuring device

used extensively
for testing flow rates during tests. It
works by measuring the difference between the impact
pressure at the tip and the static pressure in the flowing
stream. This impact pressure results from conversion of
the kinetic energy of the flowing gas to pressure. If the
conversion efficiency is relatively constant, a conversion
between pressure and flow rate is possible. The pitot
tube is normally made of L/s-in.-ID pipe and is inserted in
the center of a nipple at least eight diameters long.
Table 13.4 gives the flow rate in thousands of cubic
feet per day for a pitot tube inserted in different-diameter
nipples.
A pitot tube is used largely for temporary
flow
measurement since it is small and easy to handle. Very
few permanent installations are made, for it produces
low-pressure
differentials,
is difficult to calibrate, and
often clogs.
A pitot tube measures a point velocity, i.e., the velocity at only one point across the cross section of the pipe.
Inasmuch as the velocity varies throughout this cross
section, the problem of proper location presents itself. In
the absence of unknown disturbing elements such as pipe
burrs or undue roughness, the velocity at the center is
theoretically
20% greater than the mean velocity. For
approximate measurement,
the standard tables use this
factor to convert readings taken at the center of the pipe
to a volume flow rate. For exact work, the mean velocity
would be found by taking a series of experimental
velocity measurements
across the pipe diameter.
A similar method is used for large gas-flow rates
and/or where debris produced with the gas makes other
methods unfeasible. This consists simply of measuring
A set Of constantsm Si metricunitshas not been officially
adopted at thistome.
Thereforethe constantsincustomary unitsare used (Table13.3)and final
results
areconvertedtoSI metricumts.The readersare advised,however.to refer
totheoffacial
standardsintheirarea forthe appropriate
tablesand equationspresentedin
thischapter.

%
44
ii

1%
IV4
1%
1%
1%
2
2%
3

1.524
3.355
6.301
14.47
19.97

25.86
39.77

24.92
-

56.68
81.09
101.8
154.0
224.9
309.3
406.7
520.8
657.5
807.8
1,002.o
-

56.01
100.2
156.1
223.7
304.2
396.3
499.2
616.4
742.1
884.3
1,208.O
1,596.0
2,566.0
3,904.o

the static pressure through a side opening four diameters

from the end of a nipple at least eight diameters long.
Values for this system are also shown in Table 13.4.
This is the least desirable of the methods discussed
because of the potential error involved.
Further data on the use of these four devices for the
measurement of gas flow may be found in U.S. Bureau
of Mines Monograph 7.

Other Meters That Use Velocity.

Rotameter. This is
a variable-orifice
meter useful for the indication of flow
rates in operations (Fig. 13.5). It is economical in sizes
up to 10 cm [4 in.], at moderate pressures.
It can
transmit electrical or pneumatic signals. Its rangeability
is about 1O:l.
Eccentric Orifices. These are used for many twophase streams including those containing
solids (Fig.
13.6). Substantial straight-line pipe sections are required
both upstream and downstream.
Segmental Orifices. These possess the same basic applicability as the eccentric orifices with an additional advantage that they do not dam solids on the upstream side
of the plate (Fig. 13.7). These are used primarily for
large line sizes and low fluid viscosities.
Centrijkgal (Elbow) Meters. This is used for large
pipe sizes primarily. It is based on the centrifugal force
induced as the fluid changes direction (Fig. 13.8). This
centrifugal force is a function of velocity, R and D, as
well as fluid properties.
A common pipe elbow is
generally used. If very accurate results are desired,
calibration is necessary. Its rangeability is about 3: 1.
Turbine Meters. The turbine meter has a wide range
of applicability except for high-viscosity
fluids. Rangeability is about 2O:l. Turbine meters come in various
configurations,
but they all transmit a signal based on
rotation speed, which in turn is a function of flow rate
and fluid properties
(Fig. 13.9). It is difficult to
generalize about this type of meter because some have

PETROLEUM

13-46

TABLEl3.4-PITOT-TUBE
Impact pressure
in.of
water
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

in.of
mercury

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

VALUES
Open flow,McflD

3 in.

4 in.

5 in.

6 In.

8 In.

10 in.

12 in.

176
248
304
351
392

274
388
475

98

99
140
171
198
221

613

395
559
684
790
882

702
944
1,220
1,410
1,570

1,100
1,550
1,900
2,200
2,450

1,580
2,240
2,740
3,160
3,530

26.89
29.03
31.02
32.92
34.69

108
116
124
132
139

242
261
279
296
312

430
464
497
526
555

672
726
776
823
867

968
1,050
1,120
1,180
1,250

1,720
1,860
1,990
2,110
2,200

2,690
2,900
3,100
3,290
3,470

3,870
4,180
4,470
4,740
5,000

38.78
40.45
43.89
46.56
49.00

155
162
175
186
196

349
364
395
419
441

620
648
702
744
784

969
1,010
1,100
1,160
1,230

1,400
1,460
1,580
1,680
1,760

2,480
2.590
2,810
2.980
3,140

3,880
4,050
4,390
4,660
4,900

5,580
5,820
6,320
6,700
7,060

51.45
53.74
57.20
60.02
64.91

206
214
228
240
260

463
483
515
540
584

823
860
915
961
1,040

1,290
1,340
1,430
1,500
1,620

1,850
1,930
2,060
2,160
2,340

3,290
3,440
3,660
3,840
4,160

5,150
5,370
5,720
6,000
6,490

7,410
7,740
8,230
8,640
9,340

70.01
73.60
77.57
80.90
84.91

280
295
310
324
340

630
662
698
728
764

1,120
1,180
1,240
1,300
1,360

1.750
1,840
1,940
2,020
2,120

2.520
2,650
2,790
2,910
3,060

4,480
4,710
4,960
5,180
5,430

7.000
7,360
7,760
8,090
8,490

10,100
10,600
11,200
11.700
12.200

90.48
99.20
104.0
107.0
109.7

362
396
416
428
439

814
892
936
962
987

1,450
1,590
1,670
1,710
1,760

2,260
2,480
2,600
2,680
2,740

3,260
3,570
3,750
3,850
3,950

5,790
6,350
6,660
6,850
7,020

9,500
10,000
10,400
10,700
11,000

13,000
14,300
15,000
15,400
15,800

114.5
120.1
121.4
129.2
134.2

458
481
486
517
537

1,030
1,080
1,090
1,160
1,210

1,830
1,920
1,940
2,070
2,150

2,860
3,000
3,040
3,230
3,360

4,120
4,300
4,370
4,650
4,830

7,330
7,690
7,770
8,270
8,590

11,500
12,000
12,100
12,900
13,400

16,500
17,300
17,500
18.600
19,300

5,040
5,250
5,450
5,640
5,820

8.960
9,330
9,680
10,000
10,400

14,000
14,600
15,100
15,700
16,200

20,200
21,000
21,900
22,600
23.300
24,700
26,000
27.300
28,500

psi

1 in.

10.97
15.52
19.00
21.95
24.53

2 m.

8:

549

1.25
1.36
1.6
1.8
2.0

0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15

2.2
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.5

0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.26

4.1
4.5
5.0
5.4
6.0

0.30
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.44

6.8
8.2
9.0
9.5
10.0

0.50
0.60
0.66
0.70
0.74

10.9
12.0
12.2
13.9
15.0

0.80
0.88
0.90
1.02
1.1

16.3
17.7
19.0
20.4
21.8

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

140.1
145.8
151.4
156.7
161.8

560
584
606
627
648

1,260
1,310
1,360
1,410
1,460

2,240
2,330
2,420
2,510
2,590

3,500
3,650
3,790

24.5
27.2
29.9
32.6

1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6

171.7
180.9
189.7
198.0
206.1

686
734
768
802
824

1,550
1,630
1,710
1,780
1,860

2.750
2,890
3,040
3,170
3,3ocl

4,290
4,520
4,740
4,950
5,150

6,180
6,510
6,830
7,130
7,420

11,100
11,600
12,100
12,700
13,200

17,200
18,100
19,000
19,800
20,600

29.700

214.0
221.6
228.9
235.8
242.8

857
887
917
943
971

1,930
2,000
2,060
2,120
2,180

3,420
3,500
3,660
3,770
3,880

5,350
5,540
5,720
5,900
6,070

7,700
7,980
8,240
8,480
8,740

13,700
14,200
14,600
15,100
15,500

21,400
22,600
22,900
23,600
24,300

30,800
31,900
32,000
34,000
35,000

2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6

0.5

1.0
1.5
-

3,920
4,050

GAS

MEASUREMENTANDREGULATION

13-47

TABLE

13.4-PITOT-TUBE

(continued)

Open flow,McflD

Impact pressure
in.of
mercury

VALUES

osi

1 in.

2 in.

3 In.

4 in

5 in.

6 in.

8 m.

10 tn.

12 In.

3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6

249.4
255.9
262.0
268.4
274.5

998
1,020
1,050
1,070
1,100

2,240
2,300
2,360
2,410
2,470

3,990
4,090
4,190
4,290
4,390

6,230
6,400
6,550
6,710
6,860

8,980
9,210
9,430
9,650
9,880

16,000
16,400
16,800
17,200
17,600

24,900
25,600
26,200
26,800
27,500

35,900
36,800
37,700
38,600
39,500

4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6

280.3
286.1
291.8
297.4
302.7

1,120
1,140
1,170
1,190
1,210

2,520
2,570
2,630
2,680
2,720

4,490
4,580
4,670
4,760
4,840

7,010
7,150
7,300
7,440
7,560

10,100
10,300
10.500
10,700
10,900

18,000
18,300
18,700
19,000
19,400

28,000
28,600
29,200
29,700
30,300

40,400
41,200
42,000
42,800
43,600

308.1
313.4
326.0
336.6
350.0

1,230
1,250
1,300
1,350
1,400

2,770
2,820
2,930
3,050
3,150

4,920
5,010
5,220
5,420
5,600

7,700
7,830
8,150
8,460
8,760

11,100
11,300
11,700
12,200
12,600

19,700
20,000
20,900
21,700
22,400

30,800
31,300
32,600
33,900
35,000

44,300
45,100
47,000
48,800
50,400

1,450
1,500
1.540
1,580
1,620

3,250
3,370
3.460
3,550
3.640

5,780
5,980
6,140
6,310
6,470

9,040
9,340
9,600
9,860
10,100

13,000
13,400
13,800
14,200
14,600

23,100
23,900
24,600
25,200
25,900

36,200
37,400
38,400
39,400
40,500

52,100
53,700
55,300
56,800
58,200

5.8
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
-

8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

4.5
-

361.5
373.9
383.9
394.2
404.6

10.2
11.2
12.2
13.2
14.3

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

408.1
428.0
447.0
465.5
483.0

1,630
1,710
1,790
1,860
1,930

3,689
3,850
4,030
4,190
4,350

6,540
6,850
7,150
7,450
7,730

10,200
10,700
11,200
11,600
12,100

14,700
15,400
16,100
16,800
17,400

26,100
27,400
28,600
29,800
30,900

40,800
42,800
44,700
46,600
48,600

58,800
61,600
64,400
67,000
69,600

15.3
16.3
17.3
18.3
19.3

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
10.0

500.0
516.0
532.1
548.0
563.0

2,000
2,060
2,130
2,190
2,250

4,500
4,650
4,790
4,930
5,070

8,000
8,260
8,520
8,770
9,000

12,500
12,900
13,300
13,700
14,100

18,000
18,600
19,200
19,700
20,300

32,000
33,000
34,100
35,100
36,000

50,000
51,600
53,200
54.800
56,300

72,000
74,300
76,600
78,900
81,100

20.4
22.4
24.4
26.5
28.5

10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0

577.6
605.6
632.5
658.0
683.8

2,310
2,420
2,530
2,630
2,740

5,200
5,450
5,700
5,920
6,150

9,240
9.680
10,100
10,500
10,900

14,400
15,100
15,800
16,500
17,100

20,800
21,800
22,800
23,700
24,600

37,000
38.800
40,500
42,100
43,800

57,800
60,600
63,300
65,800
68,400

83,200
87,200
91,200
94,800
98,600

15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0

707
731
755
779
802

2,830
2,930
3,020
3,120
3,210

6,360
6,580
6,800
7,010
7,220

11,300
11,700
12,100
12,500
12,800

17,700
18,300
18,900
19,500
20,100

25,500
26,300
27,200
28,000
28,900

45,200
46,800
48,300
49,900
51,300

70,700
73,100
75,500
77,900
80,200

102,000
105,000
109,000
112,000
115,000

20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0

826
850
874
898
922

3,310
3,400
3,500
3,590
3,690

7,440
7,650
7,870
8,080
8,300

13,200
13,600
14,000
14,400
14,800

20,700
21,300
21,900
22,500
23,100

29,700
30,600
31,500
32,300
33,200

52,900
54,400
55,900
57,500
59,000

82,600
85,000
87,400
89,800
92,200

119,000
122,000
126,000
129,000
133,000

25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0

946
969
993
1,017
1,040

3,780
3,880
3,970
4,070
4,160

8,520
8,720
8,940
9,150
9,360

15,100
15,500
15,900
16,300
16,600

23,700
24,200
24,800
25,400
26,200

34,100
34,900
35,700
36,600
37,400

60,500
62,000
63,500
65,100
66,600

94,600
96,900
98,300
102,000
104,000

136,000
140,000
143,000
146,000
150,000

4.0

PETROLEUM

13-48

TABLE

13.4-PITOT-TUBE

Impact
pressure

VALUES

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

(continued)

Open flow.McflD
1 in.

psi

2 in.

3 in.

4 In.

5 in.

6 in.

8 in.

10 in.

12 in.

17,000
17,800
18,600
19,300
20,100

26,600
27,800
29,000
30,200
31,400

38,300
40,100
41,700
43,500
45,200

68,100
71,200
74,200
77,300
80,300

106,000
111,000
116,000
121,000
126,000

153,000
160,000
167,000
174,000
181,000

30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0

-4,260
1,064
1,112
1,159
1,207
1,255

4,450
4,640
4,830
5,020

9,580
10,000
10,400
10,900
11,300

40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0

1,302
1,421
1,540
1,660
1,778

5,210
5,690
6,160
6,640
7,120

11,700
12,800
13,900
15,000
16,000

20,800
22,800
24,700
26,600
28,500

32.600
35,500
38,500
41,500
44,500

46,900
51,200
55,400
59,800
64,000

83,400
91,000
98,600
106,000
114,000

130,000
142,000
154,000
166,000
178,000

188,000
205,000
222,000
239,000
256,000

65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
90.0

1,898
2,017
2,136
2,252
2,492

7,600
8,060
8,840
9,010
9,980

17,100
18,200
19,200
20,300
22,400

30,400
32,300
34,200
36,000
39,900

47,500
50,400
53,400
56,400
62,400

68,400
72,600
76,800
81,100
89,800

122,000
129,000
137,000
144,000
160,000

190,000
202,000
214,000
225,000
249,000

273,000
290,000
308,000
324,000
359,000

100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0

2,732
2,970
3,208
3,445
3,681

10,900
11,900
12,800
13,800
14,700

24,600
26,700
28,900
31,000
33,100

43,700
47,500
51,300
55,100
58,900

68,400
74,200
80,200
86,200
92,000

98,400
107,000
116,000
124,000
133,000

175,000
190,000
205,000
221,000
236,000

273,000
297,000
321,000
345.000
368,000

394,000
428,000
462,000
496,000
530,000

150.0
160.0
170.0
180.0
190.0
200.0

3,921
4,160
4,399
4,635
4,870
5,108

15,700
16,700
17,600
18,600
19,500
20,500

35,300
37,500
39,600
41,700
43,900
48,000

62,800
66,600
70,400
74,200
78,000
81,800

98,000
104,000
110,000
116,000
122,000
128,000

141,000
150,000
158,000
167,000
175,000
185,000

251,000
266,000
282,000
297,000
312,000
327,000

392,000
416,000
440,000
464,000
487,000
511,000

565,000
599,000
634,000
668,000
702,000
736,000

Fig. 13.5-A typical

rotameter.

Fig. 13.6-An

Fig.13.7-A

eccentricorifice.

segmental orifice

proven very good and some very bad in a given application. For this reason, the choice should be based on experience with a given model in a given service.
Bearings can be troublesome.
Ball bearings may be
susceptible to damage by abrasive solids; sleeve bearings
tend to be more trouble-free
but rangeability
may be
reduced.
When properly selected, turbine meters are very acceptable. Their acceptability
for custody transfer has
been slow in some areas because of lack of proven experience compared with the orifice meter. Liquid turbine
meters have been accepted more readily than those for
gas service because they could be tested more readily.
Repeatability is often +0.05 % on test and accuracy is
within f 1%. Like all meters, these values are a function
of meter condition.
The axial flow turbine meter has proved useful for
high gas-flow rates. Its rangeability is up to 100: 1 and it
has a linear response to flow rate. A summary of performance of these meters is found in Refs. 5 and 6.
Vortex Shedding Meter. This is a newer meter for
measuring all fluids that do not have too high a viscosity
(Fig. 13.10). It has no moving parts, wide rangeability,
and is linear over wide ranges of flow.
Fig. 13.11 shows the principle involved when a fluid
flows around a blunt object. The flow is unable to follow
the surface of the object and sheds from it at some point
to form a continuous series of eddy currents. The frequency of shedding is proportional to flow velocity and
inversely proportional to the diameter of the object. This
shedding may be sensed by thermistors
or by what is
called a shuttle ball contained in the fixed flow element. Movement of this ball is detected by a magnetic
sensor. This ball-type is suitable for low-density,
clean
liquids.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

13-49

Sonic Meters. Sonic meters offer many potential advantages if they can be made so that they remain stable
electronically
and overcome
drift tendencies.
They
possess no moving parts and have linearity.
They
contain
three
components:
a transducer
assembly, transmitter,
and a receiver. The transducer
assembly shown in Fig. 13.12 contains two transducers
that alternately transmit sonic pulses diagonally across
the pipe. The difference in transit times is proportional to
flow velocity.
Fig. 13.8-A

Regulation

centrifugal (elbow)
meter.

Principles of Control
The regulation of pressure and temperature flow or level
is an integral part of the regulation of gas and liquid
streams. A means is necessary to sense the value of the
controlled variables and then cause the movement of a
valve to maintain the value desired. The communication
link between sensing element and valve may use gas
(pneumatic),
liquid (hydraulic),
electricity,
and electronics, More than one may be used in a given system by
employing a transducer, a device for converting signals.
Historically, most of the systems used pneumatic controls, so they will be used to illustrate the principles involved. However, the use of electrical and electronic
controls is increasing rapidly. When a control system is
chosen, these also should receive serious consideration.
Many of the routine problems encountered with lease
equipment stem from failure or misapplication
of controls. This has become even more pronounced in recent
years as this equipment has become more complex.
Oilfield instrumentation
is less complex than that in
plants and refineries but imposes severe service conditions. In such service, the instruments often have only
wet supply gas and rare adjustment by expert servicemen
and are exposed to the elements, yet must give continuous and trouble-free service. Even with these severe
conditions, it must be concluded that many troubles stem
from improper application rather than inadequacy of the
controls
themselves,
although
many types are not
suitable for oil-field use.

Definitions
To choose controls properly, it is necessary to know not
only the requirements
of the process but also the corresponding characteristics
of the controls available. No
understanding
of controls may be complete without a
familiarity with applicable definitions.
Pneumatic controls are those actuated by air or gas
(the most common type used in the field).
Diaphragm motor valve is the term applied to a complete valve that uses pressure to open and close it.
Topworks (motor) is that portion of the motor valve
that contains the mechanism to open and close the valve.
Inner-valve assembly (trim) includes the stem and seat
within the valve body that actually controls the flow of
fluid.
Fluid is any liquid or gas being controlled.
Proportional control describes the system whereby the
valve opening is proportional to the degree of change in
the controlled variable.
Snap action is a mode of control whereby the valve is
either wide open or closed (on/off control).

Fig. 13.9-A turbinemeter

Fig. 13.10-Karman

vortex trail

Fig. 13.11 -Vortex flow pattern.

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Normally open valve is the reverse of the above; one

that is closed by the action of the pilot and/or the controlled variable.
Drifr includes
reproducibility
and the inability to
repeat a measurement
because
of changes
in the
measured variable.

Process Characteristics

w,
Fig. 13.12-A

sonic flowmeter

Reset is an addition to a proportional-control

system to
enable the instrument to hold itself at the control point as
the process load varies.
Derivative response is a further addition that provides
corrective action based on the time rate of change of the
deviation from the control point.
Se/j=operated controller is a valve that is actuated
directly by the controlled variable.
Pilot is a relay that transforms the controlled variable
into an equivalent signal to the control valve, such signal
controlling the action of that valve.
Supply gas is that gas necessary in a pneumatic pilot to
operate it.
Controlled variable is the pressure,
liquid level,
temperature, or flow rate being controlled.

Measuring means is the means used to detect any

change in the controlled variable.
Smsirivity is the ability to detect small deviations in
the controlled variable.
Reproducibility is the ability of an instrument to repeat
and measure consistently the values of a staticcondition
over a period of time.
Static error is the difference
between the absolute
value of the controlled variable and the measured value.
Lag is the period of time by which the measured value
follows the change in the absolute value of the controlled
variable.
Sturic condirions occur when all changes in the controlled variable are instantaneous.
Dynamic con&ions
occur
when the controlled
variable is continually changing.
Normally closed rulve is a valve that is held closed by
a spring or some similar device and is opened by the action of pilot and/or the controlled variable.

TABLE
Process
Characteristic
Capacity
Potential
Capacitance
Resistance

13.5-PROCESS

Thermal
Btu
degree
Btuldegree

Because the purpose of an automatic controller is to

regulate a process, it is fundamental that the properties
and characteristics of a process be understood. A process
is defined as the collective functions performed in and by
equipment in which a variable is controlled. As an example, a field heater that heats well effluent by circulating
hot water is a unit of equipment in which the process of
heating the wellstream
is accomplished.
The process
consists of a controlled variable (the temperature) and a
controlled
medium (the wellstream).
Other controlled
variables could be rate of flow, liquid level, or pressure.
A control agent (circulating water) is the medium for effecting the temperature change, and thus regulation of
the control agent regulates the controlled variable. The
total requirements of the process for the control agent at
any one time are defined as the process load. If the rate
of flow of the wellstream increases, then more or hotter
water is required to maintain the same temperature, and a
change in process load has taken place. By the same
token, a drop in inlet temperature at the original rate of
flow would also constitute a process-load
change.
The properties of an entire process include its potential, capacitance,
resistance,
and dead time. Capacitance, not to be confused with capacity, is the change in
the quantity of energy or material per unit change in
some variable, usually the controlled variable.
Resistance,
or opposition
to the flow of energy or
material, is another process characteristic.
The most
familiar concept of resistance is in electricity when it is
expressed as the ohm.
Potential is most generally recognized in the concept
of electricity where it is expressed as a volt. Table 13.5
summarizes the characteristics
of a process.
Dead time is the time lag that occurs when energy is
being transferred
at a constant rate of flow through a
given distance. It is equal to the time it takes the energy
to move the distance. The dead time is a characteristic of
the process, and it is not to be confused with the time lag
inherent in the automatic controller itself.
The purpose of the automatic controller is to prevent
deviation of a process from a desired standard. This may
be accomplished
by various modes of control action,
each of which incorporates a distinct limit, range, and
speed of correction.

CHARACTERISTICS

Pressure
cu ft
psi
cu ft/psi

LiquidLevel
cu ft
ft
cu ftlft

degree

psi

ft

Btu/sec

cu ftlsec

cu fVsec

Electrical
Coulomb
volt
Farad
ohm

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

13-51

REGULATION

OPEN

100

CLOSE0 0

25
PER

Proportional Control. The modes used depend on the

frequency and magnitude of the process load changes,
the degree of control needed, and the dynamic lag inherent in the process and controls used.
Proportional
control
is the basic action that is
employed in all controllers not using snap (on/off) action. Because it is defined as control action in which a
continuous linear relation exists between the value of the
controlled variable and the position of the valve, the
following equation may be written.
.

. .

.(lO)

dt

where
dyldt = rate of change of the controlled variable
with time (level, pressure, etc.),
dpldt = rate of change of pilot output pressure or
current signal with time, and
S = characteristic constant of the pilot relating
output to input.
This characteristic
is represented
by the sensitivity
usually expressed as a percentage. The proportional band
or range, expressed as a percentage,
relates the percentage of the full range of the measuring means that the
controlled variable has to traverse to stroke the valve fully. This is illustrated in Fig. 13.13.
This figure represents a typical level-control
application using a displacement-type
controller-i.e.,
one that
does not float on top of the liquid but depends on the
varying buoyancy of the liquid as the level changes.
Consequently,
the control range is represented by the
distance between Points A and B, because below A or
above B a change in level has no effect on the buoyancy
of the float.
Therefore,
at 100% proportional
control the level
would have to move from A to B or vice versa, to stroke
the valve fully from full open to closed. At 25 % , a level
change of 0.25xdistance
AB would fully stroke the
valve, etc. The same principles apply with all other
modes of control, including gas regulation.

Example Problem 2. A backpressure

OF

75

IO0

RANGE

Fig. 13.14-Characteristicsof proportionalcontrol

Fig. 13.13-Liquid-levelcontrolusing
displacement-typefloat.

%s~,
dt

50
CENT

controller with a
range of 0 to 100 psig is set at 50% proportional control,

using a normally open valve. If the valve is open at 100

psig, (a) at what pressure will it be fully closed? (b) what
is the opening at 75 psig?
Solution. The control range is 100 psig, which at 50%
proportional
control means that a 0.50~ 100=50 psig
change will fully stroke the valve; therefore it is fully
closed at 50 psig. At 75 psig it would be half open.
The amount of fluid that a valve will pass at a given
position depends on the size and characteristic
of the
inner-valve
assembly.
Ideally,
the amount of fluid
passed under given conditions,
with a given valve,
should be directly proportional
to the valve opening.
Often it is not, however; so that the type of inner valve
has a definite effect on the proper proportional setting.
Also ideally, the diameter of the inner valve should be
such that the range of anticipated process loads may be
handled when the valve is between 25 and 75 % open. In
the final analysis, the choice of the proportional band to
use in a given installation
must be governed by experience and adjustment on the job.
This is illustrated in Fig. 13.14. The slope of the lines
depends
on the proportional
band used, each line
representing
a valve of given size. Under these conditions, each valve may operate only along a single line, in
accordance with Eq. 1.
If the instrument was set to control at 60% of the
range, Valve A would be 50% open; Valve B, 25%
open; and Valve C, 75% open.
Suppose, however, that an instrument set to operate
along Line A is in gas-regulation
service and the flow
rate increases such that a valve opening of 75 % is needed
to maintain the pressure. According to Line A, the only
way the proportional controller can provide this opening
is for the pressure to be at 70% of the range, or 10%
above the set point. This 10% is called offset.
with proportional
control
alone a
Consequently,
change in process load brings a change in the valve position and some change in the liquid level. The proper proportional setting is therefore one which makes the lines
in Fig. 13.14 as perpendicular
as possible.
Zero per cent proportional control represents a special
case. It is the upper limit of a range where the pressure is
controlled by the valve alternately opening and closing.
This is normally called snap action or on-off control. At
a given snap setting, the valve will stay closed until the
liquid level reaches a certain point between A and B and

PETROLEUM

13-52

---I

r--*

r-

L--:

Fig. 13.15-On/off action of a controller.

---\
VALVE

,-.

AC&N

$s$+sR(y-r-,)_

\, $ &$\$
L

PROPORTIONAL l\
AND RESET
VALVE
ACTION

Fig. 13.17-Valve action for reset and proportionalcontrollers

(at left);valve action for combined
proportionallreset
controller
(atright).

PROPORTIONAL
AND
RESET

TIME

MINUTES

Fig. 13.18-Typical control curves when

tionallreset
controller.

using a

propor-

then remain full open until the liquid level drops to the
control point. Where rapid process load changes are encountered, such as surging flow through separators, snap
action is normally recommended.

Reset. The offset

.(11)

where dpldt, S, and dyldt have been previously defined,

R=controller
reset constant, and y-y, =duration of the
controlled variable from the control point.
In this type of controller,
the two corrections
occur
simultaneously
as shown in Fig. 13.17 (this figure also
shows whether the actions took place separately).
Fig. 13.18 shows typical curves in a process being
controlled by this combination action. When a change in
process load takes place the valve returns the measurement to the control point with a minimum of cycling.
The original motion of the valve corresponding
to the
measurement
change is caused by proportional action,
but the change of the valve to its new position is due entirely to reset. In other words, the valve has moved to a
new position to maintain the controlled condition. With
only proportional
control both the valve and controller
would have changed.

2suR7

PROPOST!G~&L
VALVE
ACTION

....

.
\

Fig. 13.16-Proportional action

of a controller.

--IT

HANDBOOK

Figs. 13.15 and 13 16 show on/off action and proportional action, respectively.
In the latter, it is seen that the
amount of valve movement is proportional to the deviation of the measured variable. By contrast, the amount of
correction applied with reset action depends on both the
magnitude and duration of the deviation away from the
control point. The prime purpose of reset is therefore to
prevent offset
and keep the controlled variable at the
control point even as the process load changes.
The differential equation of a controller with proportional plus reset action is

++$$f;LNT
I

ENGINEERING

obtained with proportional control

is sometimes too great to be tolerated and it is necessary
to add other modes of control. One such addition is
known as reset.

Derivative Response. Proportional

control plus reset
does not provide correction that is rapid enough for certain processes. Derivative response may therefore be added to anticipate a change in process load and transmit a
corrective signal to minimize the lag. This action corrects on the basis of the rate of change of the deviation
from the desired standard. This term stems from the fact
that the first derivative of the change from the desired
standard is incorporated into the control mechanism. The
equation for an instrument with proportional plus reset
plus derivative response is therefore

where Fi, is an instrument-adjustment

factor. The action
of a controller with this response is shown in Fig. 13.19.
The general applications of the various combinations
of control action may be summarized as follows:
Proportional. Where process time lag is small in comparison with the apparatus capacity such as tank heating
or large surge vessels,
or where offset
may be
tolerated.
Proportional Plus Reset. Where it is necessary to use a
narrow band to prevent hunting or overcontrol, and as
the frequency and magnitude of the process load changes
become greater.
Proportional Plus Derivative Response. In processes
involving long time lags and large capacities when small
and frequent load changes occur. Does not provide compensation for process load changes.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

13-53

Proportional Plus Reset Plus Derivative Response.

Where long time lags and large capacities are combined
with large and sudden load changes.
Because the addition of reset and derivative response
increases the investment cost, they should not be used
unless their action is needed for proper control.

Liquid-Level

Control

The control of liquid level is an integral part of gas processing. It furthermore affords a means of illustrating the
general problem of instrumentation
and gas regulation.
In view of the widespread applications and the variety of
conditions encountered, it is not surprising that a number
of mechanisms
are used. These may be conveniently
subdivided as: (1) mechanically operated valve actuated
by a float; (2) pilot-operated
valve actuated by a float;
(3) diaphragm motor valve actuated by (a) displacementtype controller and (b) floatless
level controller; and
(4) external devices, including inverted bucket traps,
float traps, etc.
Either snap action or proportional control is normally
employed on most lease equipment.
Most applications
do not justify the cost of reset and/or derivative response
since small changes in level with flow rate and time lag
are usually not critical problems.
Separator controls, in fact, arc usually set on snap action because this enables the controller to handle a surging condition better. The degree of snap action will depend on the conditions encountered.
However, it should
be set so that not over 2.5 % of the vessels liquid capacity
is filled, above the control point, before the valve opens.
The inner-valve size should be determined on the basis
of 110% of the maximum flow to be encountered.
This
means that during a surging condition the valve can handle the volume and prevent the separator from filling up.
Some uncertainty always exists, of course, when one
tries to estimate future flow rates. On low-pressure
separators, sizing is not a serious problem because of the
low-pressure
drop across the valve. On high-pressure
gas-condensate
separators,
however, where the liquid
flow rate is low, too large an inner valve on snap action
can blow all the liquid out of the separator and allow gas
to enter the stock tank before the valve can close. The
author observed one such installation when 1 ,OOO-psig
gas hit a lOO-bbl tank, knocked the cover off the vent
valve, sprayed oil over the countryside,
and lifted the
tank off the ground.
The manufacturers
of control valves furnish sizing
curves, and these should be consulted. In using these, it
should be remembered that critical-flow conditions occur
when the upstream pressure is approximately
twice the
valves downstream pressure. Consequently,
only twice
the downstream absolute pressure should be used with
these sizing curves if the actual pressure ratio exceeds 2.
When handling very small volumes of liquid, the use
of such curves often indicates the use of so-called
metering trim. Its use is not recommended in field applications,
for the small quantities of solid materials
often present may clog the valve. For this reason,
nothing smaller than %,-in. needle trim is usually recommended in field service.
Float-operated mechanical oil valves are satisfactory
at pressures up to 125 psig. Such valves are directly actuated by movement of the float on top of the liquid,

T I.?
E
----COhlEilNATlON

OF

THOSE

BELOW

-----DERIVATIVE

---

RESET

PROPORTIONAL

Fig. 13.19-Typical controlcurves for proportional, reset and

derivative-action controllers.

through an adjustable linkage. At higher pressure, the

leverage supplied by the float is insufficient to provide
satisfactory valve action because of the pressure acting
on the valve seat. On separators
with greater than
125psig working pressure, the use of a pilot-operated
valve is advisable. Whenever applicable this type of control is very dependable and simple to adjust and repair.
Float-actuated pilot-operated valves are particularly
applicable at pressure to 1,000 psig on vertical vessels.
Such control has been standard
on separators for
years because the pilot is rugged and simple and will
operate satisfactorily
with the wet supply gas from
the separator overhead.
This overhead gas contains entrained liquid so that a
drip pot ahead of the pilot is advisable.
With highpressure separators, the expansion of gas from separator
to instrument pressure may cause sufficient temperature
drop to condense
some water. This in turn presents
hydrate or freezing
problems,
particularly
in cold
weather. A variety of solutions have been used, including
tracing with warm separator
gas, use of
dehydrator pots, running such gas through a heater or
treater if available, and insulation of the lines.
use the
Displacement-type liquid-level controls
buoyant effect of liquid on the float. The average float
movement does not exceed x6 in. As the level varies on
the float, the weight changes correspondingly
and this
change in torque is transmitted to the pilot, which, in
turn, controls the valve movement. This type of control
is applicable in all pressure ranges but is used primarily
at high pressures and/or in horizontal vessels. Because of
the small movement and small float diameter, the vessel
opening may be decreased. This advantage becomes pronounced at high pressure or on small-diameter
horizontal
vessels.
The pilots on such controls are more sensitive than
those discussed above, which allows one to control the
level more closely. Most such pilots also allow the valve
action to be changed from snap to varying degrees of
proportional control by a simple adjustment.
They are necessarily
more complex and expensive.
Consequently,
their use must be justified by process requirements.
The instrument gas requirements
are also
more critical, because as little as one drop of water may
plug the small orifice in some pilots.

13-54

Floatless level controls

are a relatively new development. With these, the pilot is actuated by the varying liquid head in the vessel. As the liquid rises in the
separator, it overcomes the pilot spring and forces the
pilot assembly upward, closing the upper seat and opening the lower separator seat, which vents the diaphragm
pressure to atmosphere. The separator fluid pressure then
opens the valve. When the valve is throttling,
the
nonbleed three-way valve action of the pilot plug against
its seat adjusts the motor-valve diaphragm pressure. This
type of control has the obvious advantage of eliminating
large vessel openings and offering application on very
small vessels.
External devices such as float cages and traps find application particularly on vessels with small and/or infrequent liquid loads. Some types of float cages offer no
particular economic advantage at high pressure. They are
most commonly used on low-pressure plant suction and
instrument systems. Inverted bucket traps have been successfully used on small glycol absorbers for economic
reasons
but regular
level controls
certainly
offer
advantages.
At high pressures, a choke nipple downstream
from
the control valve is advisable, for it (1) provides a factor
of safety if the valve cuts out or fails to close for any
reason; (2) reduces the pressure differential across the
valve, which improves the valve action and enables it to
shut off tighter: and (3) prevents damage to low-pressure
equipment downstream if the instrument supply gas fails
on a normally open valve.
The control range with a float-operated
controller is
limited by the tlange diameter and the tloat-arm length.
With a displacement
element, control is possible only
throughout the float length, for a change in level above
or below the float does not affect the buoyancy.
Therefore, the desired change in level should not exceed
the tloat length.
The choice of a liquid-level control is somewhat arbitrary, but It 1s good policy to choose the simplest control that will meet process requirements.
Average leascoperating conditions impose severe service on the control, and the ability to make repairs with field personnel
will generally reduce downtime.

Types of Regulators
The regulation of backpressure and pressure reduction in
a system
may be conveniently
divided
into three
categories when considering the type of system needed.
The low-pressure
range is usually 0 to 125 psig; the intermediate
pressure
125 to 500 psig; and the high
pressure greater than 500 psig. The use of these ranges is
primarily for convenience since some types of valves can
operate satisfactorily in all of them.
All pressure regulators are similar in principle, the
specification of type being dependent on the process requirements, pressure drop, variation in flow rate. limitations of the loading device, and the maximum pressure.
In either of these services, pressure is regulated by the
control of flow rate.
This flow is controlled
through movement
of the
regulator inner valve. which is held either open or closed
by some means of preloading. The amount of preloading
and the size of the diaphragm used, if any. are such that
the inner valve will move to the opposite extreme of

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

travel shortly after the diaphragm pressure passes the

desired
working
pressure.
The control
pressure,
therefore, is varied by changing the amount of preload,
thus upsetting
the equilibrium
between
it and the
diaphragm
pressure.
With most valves,
increasing
preload increases pressure.
The preloading may be accomplished
through the use
of spring compression,
dead weight, or fluid pressure.
Valves a and b in Fig. 13.20 are examples of weightloaded and spring-loaded valves, respectively. Valve c is
a spring-loaded
valve incorporating
a pilot.
In backpressure
service,
the preloading
normally
closes the valve, while in pressure reduction the valve is
normally open. With the former, the upstream pressure
is introduced under the diaphragm and works against the
loading device to position
the valve properly.
In
pressure-reduction
service, the downstream
pressure is
introduced under the diaphragm and tends to close the
valve until the inner valve is properly positioned. Many
valves may be changed from one service to the other by
simply reversing the valve body and the stem, while still
others have provision
for reversing
the diaphragm
action.
Some applications
require that a certain differential
pressure be maintained across the valve regardless of
how much the upstream or downstream pressures vary.
The chief
application
of this is with positivedisplacement
pumps where the maximum pressure ratio
is controlled by a valve located on a bypass.
In this service, the valve is normally closed with the
downstream (higher) pressure under the diaphragm and
the upstream (lower) pressure on top of the diaphragm.
The desired differential
is then established
with the
loading device.
Each of the types of preloading has its distinct applications and limitations.
The weight-loaded
regulator is
very sensitive within its pressure range if the tlow rate
does not vary widely. This is true primarily because the
inner valve may move through a greater change of position than with a spring-loaded
valve. The greater sensitivity is particularly pronounced when the diaphragm is
in direct communication
with the valve body, which
eliminates friction in the stuffing box.
Very few weight-loaded
regulators are recommended
above 50 psig because at greater pressures heavy weights
are necessary. As a result, a small change in controlled
pressure is only a small portion of the loading weight.
and there is less subsequent
movement
of the inner
valve, which in turn renders control more difficult.
A spring-loaded
regulator is generally slightly less
sensitive than a comparable
weight-loaded
regulator
under constant-flow
conditions. In low-pressure service.
(particularly between 0 and 20 psig) it is an ideal type of
loading, for the springs used tend to compress in direct
proportion to the load, with constant load increase being
required for each increment of compression.
Conscquently,
spring loading is excellent
in low-pressure
systems and where the diaphragm is loaded with a pilot.
Because each compression increment is a valve-travel increment, the valve travel is always in proportion to the
relationship of the controlled pressure to the preloading.
At high pressure,
this characteristic
does not exist
because of the heavy springs required. Therefore. nonpilot-operated
spring-loaded
regulators are not normally

GAS

MEASUREMENT

PILOT
MOTOR

REGULATION

13-55

ASSEMBLY
VALVE

UPSTREAM
MOTOR

AND

STEM

ASSEMBLY

PRESSURE

VALVE
DIAPHRAGM
PRESSURE

Fig. 13.20-(a) Weight-loaded backpressure regulator.

(b)Pressure-reducingvalve.(c)Backpressure valve with self-contained
pilot.

recommended above 125 psig because of this loss in sensitivity and their closer approach to the price of pilotloaded regulators.
With either a direct-acting
weight or spring-loaded
regulator, a change in the uncontrolled
pressure will
cause a corresponding
change in the controlled pressure
if the pressure drop is low. This is true especially if the
pressure drop is less than 25% of the inlet pressure.
Therefore,
when accurate control is necessary under
these circumstances,
pressure-loaded
or pilot-operated
valves are recommended.
Both the regulation of flow and tight shut-off should
not normally be attempted with the same valve unless absolutely necessary. If this is required by operating conditions, a single-seated
valve should be used. Doubleported valves are seldom operated under the actual conditions at which they were manufactured and tested.
Consequently,
as temperature
changes the distance
between the two seats, only one of the two will seal off
tight.
Single-ported
valves will seal off tight but the unbalancing force on the inner valve increases with the square
of diameter. Because the diaphragm/spring
combination
must overcome this force and still control travel, it is
logical that the inner-valve size is limited by practical
diaphragm size. As a general rule of thumb, direct-acting
spring- and weight-loaded
regulators up to 2-in. diameter
may be used with single-port construction.
Pilot-loaded
valves,
either
pressure-balanced
or
offer particular
advantage
at higher
spring-loaded,
pressure since the pilot presents a means of increasing
the control-valve travel with a given change in controlled
pressure. This enables one to use a more accurately sized
valve. The resultant smaller valve gives better shutoff
and closer control because the full range of travel may be
utilized.

Low-Pressure Service. It is in this pressure

range that
weight- and spring-loaded
regulators find particular application on the lease. One of the most common applica-

tions is in back-pressure
service
on low-pressure
separators operating at less than 40 psig. All the valves
shown in Fig. 13.20 are applicable. One modification of
a diaphragm-type
weight-loaded
valve is used where the
weight simply acts to counteract the unbalanced force acting under the inner valve. The choice of this valve is
predicated primarily from cost considerations
since it is
the cheapest of the valves. No diaphragm is used.
The simple weight-loaded
valve has the advantage of
being cheap and simple. Its primary disadvantage stems
not from its operation but from the circumstances
surrounding its use. The weights become loose and shift,
are lost, or are hindered in movement by outside obstructions. It is not too uncommon to see rocks and other
miscellaneous
objects used as substitutes for, or additions to, the proper weights.
Consequently,
these
regulators serve as a proper but not necessarily completely satisfactory backpressure control.
Not too many spring-loaded
regulators are used on
separators because of their higher price, although they
are generally
satisfactory
below 40 psig. The best
regulator in this range is Valve c, Fig. 13.20. It gives
fine control throughout the range with widely fluctuating
flow rates and uncontrolled pressures. Where fine control is necessary, particularly above 40 psig, the extra investment is normally justifiable.
Because of the almost infinite number of different field
conditions that arise, the above considerations
can at best
serve only as a general guide. Unfortunately,
the actual
choice of type must often stem largely from past
experience.

High-Pressure Service. At pressures

above 125 psig, it

is usually difficult to justify anything other than a pilotoperated diaphragm motor valve for pressure control.
Non-pilot-loaded
valves are sometimes
applicable but
usually only in those circumstances where pronounced
load changes are not encountered.
At these higher
pressures, the cost differential also becomes less. which
further encourages the use of pilot-operated
controls.

PETROLEUM

13-56

VENT

NOZZLE

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

The vertical distance that the bourdon tube has to lift

the bar to stroke the valve completely increases as the
lever arm decreases. This then allows for adjustment of
the proportional band.
If the vent is close to the left end of the curved bar, the
movement of the bellows imparts little rotation to the bar
and on-off action results.
Most pressure pilots have the bar marked to show
various percentages of proportional control. The percentage shown indicates that the controlled variable must
vary through that percentage of the instruments range to
open or close the valve fully.

Fig. 13.21-Proportional pilotfor pneumatic service.

Most pilots now in use in the oil field are pneumatic in

nature and use natural gas as the actuating fluid. Any
natural gas that is free of fluids and at a pressure greater
than 1.5 psig is suitable in this service.
Fig. 13.21 is a schematic view of a pressure pilot that
will give both proportional
and on/off control. As the
controlled pressure varies, the bourdon tube will change
shape and. in turn, raise or lower the curved bar.
The supply pressure is held constant between 1.5 and
20 psig by the pressure regulator. The vent nozzle is so
sized that when wide open (curved bar away from it) it
will pass more gas than the orifice. Consequently,
the
pressure on the valve diaphragm and the valve position
depends on the opening of the vent, which in turn
depends on the position of the curved bar, as fixed by the
bourdon tube. If the vent is wide open, the pressure on
the diaphragm is zero, while if it is fully closed, the
diaphragm
pressure
equals
the controlled
supply
pressure.
It is necessary that both the vent and orifice be very
small to minimize the amount of gas vented. If the
curved bar had a fixed pivot rather than a bellows, only
on/off (snap) action would be possible because of these
small openings. From a purely mechanical standpoint,
any small movement of the curved bar would in effect
make the vent wide open.
The bellows is used to impart a rotating motion to the
curved bar around the end of the vent. When the bar
begins to rise off the vent, the bellows contracts, which
tends to keep part of the vent opening covered. As a
result, more vertical movement of the bar is necessary to
open (or close) the valve fully. All points in between
then represent some degree of proportional control.

Example Problem 3. If a pressure pilot has a bourdon

tube with a range of 0 to 200 psig and it is set on 50%
proportional control, how much must the pressure vary
to make the valve be fully stroked?
Solution.
It must vary (0.50)(200-O)=lOO
psig to
stroke the valve fully.
From the discussion above it therefore follows that the
closer the vent is to the bellows, the higher the percentage of proportional control obtained.
Most pressure pilots are slightly more complex than
the schematic presentation in Fig. 13.2 1, to improve the
mechanical
action and the sensitivity.
However,
the
basic mechanism
and principle of operation shown is
common to all pneumatic pilots.
In most applications,
the valve is spring-loaded,
but
there are some applications
where a large quantity of
high-pressure gas must be controlled with a low-pressure
drop. Such an application
is encountered
with the
switching valves of a dry-desiccant
dehydrator. A large
inner-valve
assembly is required, which increases the
unbalanced
forces on the diaphragm,
which in turn
necessitates a heavy spring. In such cases, the use of a
pressure-loaded
balanced diaphragm valve is indicated.
With this type, greater valve travel may be obtained,
with less change of controlled pressure than with any
other type. With a constant loading pressure, on a larger
balanced diaphragm,
the available force to travel the
valve with incremental
change of control pressure is
greater than with a spring-loaded
valve because of spring
characteristics.
However,
spring loading is simpler
wherever applicable.
The greater the pressure drop across a valve, the
greater the unbalanced
force that exists. Where this
pressure drop is greater than several hundred psi, it is
good practice to install a choke nipple downstream from
the valve. This choke nipple should preferably be about
10 to 25 % larger than the inner valve so that the latter is
the controlling element. The nipple serves two purposes:

WELLHEAD
LOW-TEMPERATURE

Fig. 13.22-Typical

pressure control

for a high-pressure well.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

REGULATION

Fig.13.23-Small
high-pressure
regulator.

spring-loaded

pressure

(1) it reduces the pressure drop across the valve and increases sensitivity; and (2) it acts as a secondary control
in the event the valve fails to close or cuts out.
The pilot shown in Fig. 13.21 may be modified to give
what is known as high-low shut-off. A pilot so modified
will cause the valve to close if the controlled pressure
becomes higher (or lower) than the preset condition.
This modification
has particular application
in highpressure wells to (1) shut in the well in the event a line
break is encountered; and (2) prevent overpressuring
of a
separator or other piece of equipment downstream from a
choke or valve.
In some instances, it is desirable to use an automatic
rather than a manual adjustable positive choke. A regular
diaphragm-motor-valve
topworks may then be combined
with the choke body to give a control valve and choke
combined. Although it costs more, there is some advantage to using the positive choke as a rough control with a
separate valve at the wellhead for safety. Fig. 13.22 illustrates such a scheme where several wells are being
flowed to a central low-temperature
separation unit, the
pressure drop being taken at the unit. The valve at the
well protects against line break while the back-pressure
valve at the separator holds the separation pressure constant regardless of how the sales line pressure varies. The
two control valves fix the pressure drop across the
choke, with the flow rate being determined by the choke
setting.
Where very high formation pressures are encountered,
one or more storm chokes in the well proper make a
desirable installation.
Fig. 13.23 shows a spring-loaded
valve for pressurereduction service. This is a popular valve for pressure
regulation in services where the rate of flow is not large.
The pivot point on the arm is so located that it ratios the
force on the inner valve down to where the spring can
control properly.
Fig. 13.24 shows a double-port
diaphragm
motor
valve that would be controlled by a separate pilot, such
as that shown in Fig. 13.21. Fig. 13.25 shows several of
the different types of inner valves that might be used in
the double-port valve shown. The shape used depends on
the service and the type of control desired. The same

Fig. 13.24-Typical spring-loadedmotor valve

general shapes of inner

single-port valves.

valves

are also

available

in

Control of Field Compressors

Most of the controls on a field booster compressor are
designed to protect the equipment and facilitate operation with minimum attention; it is theoretically possible
to operate the system with little more than manual control. The exact scheme used will of course vary with the
application,
but that shown in Fig. 13.26 is typical of
small-lease operations where low-pressure
gas is compressed in one stage.
No control and cooling system is shown for the engine
since this will depend on the engine manufacturer.
On
most small portable units, the engine is self-contained

PETROLEUM

13-58

Fig. 13.25-Several types of inner valves used in double-oort

valves.

with its own radiator and pump. If two-, or more. stage

compression
is used, the controls shown for the inlet
scrubber would be duplicated for each interstage scrubber. A provision would also have to be made for interstage gas cooling.
The backpressure
controller shown on the vent is to
prevent overpressuring
of the separator in case the compressor plant is down. The other backpressure valve on
the suction line is to prevent the plant from lowering the
separator pressure by drawing off gas faster than it is
produced. It should be set several pounds lower than the
valve on the vent line.

ENGINEERING

The meter run is shown at the plant. although it could

be conveniently
located at the separator. A check valve
(Location 12) is included to prevent the backflow that
may result
when
multiple
units
feed the same
compressor.
A butterfly valve (Location
14) is an optional but
desirable
item to control
the compressor
suction
pressure. All compressors are rated using a given suction
and discharge pressure, and this valve simply prevents
the former from getting too low and overloading the unit.
This valve is particularly desirable if the deliverability of
gas to the plant is widely variant.
The inlet scrubber is primarily a protective device to
keep liquid out of the cylinders and should not be used as
a primary oil and gas separator. This vessel serves simply as a liquid sump and a convenient device on which to
hang certain necessary controls. As a convenient rule of
thumb, this vessel should have a cross-sectional
area of
at least 100 sq in./MMcf/D
of gas processed.
The
minimum size is normally 12 in. A float-operated
trap
(Location 6) is very satisfactory for controlling the liquid
level.
Switches (Locations
1, 2, 7, and 8). constitute the
basic safety shutdown system. These switches are normally open, but if the condition at any one goes beyond
set limits, it closes, grounding out the engine magneto,
which in turn stops the engine. All are simple and inexpensive and afford positive protection.
A horn and/or
remote indicator may be incorporated that is actuated at
any time the compressor stops.
Switches at Locations
1 and 8 are high- and lowpressure shutdown,
respectively.
They serve to keep
these pressures within the limits set up for the compressor. The switch at Location 2 is a high-temperature
shutdown that is actuated by the hot water leaving the
cylinder jacket. It shuts down the unit when any failure
occurs in the cooling system.

.OLD FOR
h4ANIF.m.

I
I

HIGH PRESSURE
m

WATFR
ti&iKE-Ui

-p-T--.(.----------h-2-J

TO LOW TENSION
TERMINAL
OF
ENGINE MAGNETO

HANDBOOK

(q

WATER
------

GAS LINE
WATER LINE
ELECTRIC LINE

Fig. 13.26-Typical control system for fieldcompression of natural gas

(1) Highpressure shutdown switch.(2)Water-temperature safetyswitch.(3) Lowpressure liquid-relief

valve.(4)Water-temperature bypass control.(5)Plug
valve.(6)Trap-typelevelcontrol.
(7)High-level
shutdown. (8)Low-pressure
shutdown switch.(9) Globe valve.(10) Low-pressure backpressure controllers.
(11) Reliefvalve.(12) Check valve.(13) Orificemeter. (14) Lowpressure pilot-controlled
butterfly
valve.

GAS

MEASUREMENT

AND

13-59

REGULATION

The switch at Location 8 is a high-level shutdown that

operates when the liquid level becomes too high in the
scrubber because of either failure of the valve at Location 6 or an excess quantity of liquid entering the plant.
The bypass valve at Location 5 is desirable because it
provides a means of taking the load off the compressor,
particularly during start-up. During normal start-up. this
valve would be open and gradually closed once the compressor and engine reached running speed.
The bypass relief valve (Location I I) is an optional
and, to a certain extent, a luxury item because it
duplicates the protection offered by the switch at Location I, It provides relief in the event the outlet or bypass
plug valves are inadvertently
closed, without shutting
down the compressor.
If used, it would normally be set
to open 5 to 10 psig before the high-pressure
switch
closes.
The water-temperature
bypass control (Location 4)
serves to control the jacket water temperature by goveming the amount of water to the cooler. In its simplest and
cheapest form, it consists of an automobile-radiator-type
thermostat
in a three-way
cast-iron valve body. It is
substantially
the same device used on most oil-field
engines. A conventional
temperature control would of
course be satisfactory
but its cost cannot be justified
unless it is a large installation or is used where the complexity of the system does not lend itself to this type of
control. In some cases where several services are handled by the same cooler, it is often more satisfactory to
control the temperature by varying the speed or pitch of
the fan.
Although no scale trap is shown, it is normally a good
policy to have one to prevent accumulation and possible
system damage. Some provision for water make-up is
necessary; so a small surge tank on top of the cooler
should be provided for this purpose. Drains should be
provided so that the system may be completely drained.
The pop-off valve (Location 3) is primarily to prevent
overpressure
of the system, particularly the radiator. A
simple brass valve 15in. in size is normally sufficient,
On large systems, a standpipe may be used ahead of
the pump suction to handle surges and serve as a water
reservoir.

Nomenclature
A? = area of orifice plate opening
b = values for Reynolds number factor, Tables
13.lg and 13.lh
C = orifice coefficient for prover
C = orifice constant
d; = internal diameter of pipe
d,, = orifice-opening
diameter
F,, = thermal expansion factor
F,, = basic orifice factor
F,, = ratio of orifice opening diameter to internal
pipe diameter
F,? = specific-gravity
factor
F,, = instrument-adjustment
factor

F,, = gauge location factor

= manometer factor
factor
= pressure-base
factor
= supercompressibility
= Reynolds-number
factor
factor
F,/> = temperature-base
Fd. = flowing-temperature
factor
is= force-mass conversion factor
h,,. = differential water head across orifice
K,, = efficiency factor, which includes approach
factor
P= pressure
Pfm = flowing mean pressure
PM = pressure in inches of mercury
4e = gas-flow rate
Q= heat gained or lost by system
R= controller reset constant
s= characteristic
constant of the pilot relating
output to input
t= time
T= absolute temperature
U= internal energy, which includes all energy
such as heat, electrical, chemical, and
surface
L II velocity in conduit
v= volume
w= work done by system
x= 0. datum defined in Fig. 13.1
F,,,
F /J/l
F,,,.
F,.

x, ,x2

= potential energy above the datum plane

defined in Fig. 13.1
Y= expansion factor
z= height above an arbitrary datum plane
Y,q = specific gravity of gas (air= I .O)

Subscripts
f
g
0
s,.

=
=
=
=

flowing conditions
gas
orifice
base or standard conditions

References
I. Campbell. J.M.: Gas Conditioning and Proce~\ing, C;unphell
Petroleum
2. Or@r

Series, Norman.

Cowto~r

OK

(1984).

Ttrhks. American

revered (1969). Also. ANSI/API

Gab

2530.

A\sn.,

Report

No.

3,