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C H A P T E R
6
Functions, Relations
and Transformations
Objectives
To understand and use the notation of sets, including the symbols , , , ,
and \.
To use the notation for sets of numbers.
To understand the concept of relation.
To understand the terms domain and range.
To understand the concept of function.
To understand the term one-to-one.
To understand the terms implied (maximal) domain, restriction of a function and
hybrid function.
To be able to find the inverse of a one-to-one function.
To define dilations from the axes, reflections in the axes and translations.
To be able to apply transformations to graphs of relations.
To apply a knowledge of functions to solving problems.
Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of this chapter introduce the notation that will be used throughout the rest
of the book. You will have met much of it before and this will serve as revision. The language
introduced in this chapter helps to express important mathematical ideas precisely. Initially
they may seem unnecessarily abstract, but later in the book you will nd them used more and
more in practical situations.
6.1
163
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By a set we mean a collection of objects. The objects that are in the set are known as
elements or members of the set. If x is an element of a set A we write x A. This can also be
read as x is a member of the set of A or x belongs to A or x is in A.
The notation x
/ A means x is not an element of A. For example:
2
/ set of odd numbers
Set B is called a subset of set A, if and only if
x B implies x A
To indicate that B is a subset of A, we write B A.
This expression can also be read as B is contained in A or A contains B.
The set of elements common to two sets A and B is called the intersection of A and B and is
denoted by A B. Thus x A B if and only if x A and x B.
If the sets A and B have no elements in common, we say A and B are disjoint, and write
A B = . The set is called the empty set.
The union of sets A and B, written A B, is the set of elements that are either in A or in B.
This does not exclude objects that are elements of both A and B.
Example 1
For A = {1, 2, 3, 7} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, nd:
a AB
b AB
Solution
a A B = {3, 7}
b A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
In Example 1, 3 A and 5
/ A and {2, 3} A.
Finally we introduce the set difference of two sets A and B:
A \ B = {x: x A, x
/ B}
A \ B is the set of elements of A that are not elements of B. For sets A and B in Example 1,
A \ B = {1, 2} and B \ A = {4, 5, 6}.
Sets of numbers
We begin by recalling that the elements of {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} are called the natural numbers and
the elements of {. . ., 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, . . .} are called integers.
p
The numbers of the form , with p and q integers, q = 0, are called rational numbers.
q
The real numbers which are not rationals are called irrational (e.g. and 2).
The rationals may be characterised by the property that each rational number may be written
as a terminating or recurring decimal.
The set of real numbers will be denoted by R.
The set of rational numbers will be denoted by Q.
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< x < b}
< x b}
< x}
< b}
[a, b] = {x: a
[a, b) = {x: a
[a, ) = {x: a
(, b] = {x: x
x b}
x < b}
x}
b}
e (3, )
Solution
a
b
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
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Exercise 6A
Example
1 For A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15}, B = {7, 11, 25, 30, 32}, C = {1, 7, 11, 25, 30}, nd:
a AB
b ABC
c AB
d A\B
e C\B
f AC
2 Describe each of the following subsets of the real number line using the interval notation
[a, b), (a, b), etc:
a
b
3
c
Example
b (, 3]
c [2, 1]
d (2, )
e (2, 3)
f (2, 4]
4 Use the appropriate interval notation, i.e. [a, b], (a, b) etc., to describe each of the
following sets:
a {x: 1 x 2}
b {x: 4 < x 2}
c {y: 0 < y < 2}
1
3
<y
d
y:
e {x: x > 1}
f {x: x 2}
2
2
g R
h R+ {0}
i R {0}
5 For A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15}, B = {7, 11, 25, 30, 32}, C = {1, 7, 11, 25, 30}, nd:
a [3, 8] C
b (2, 10] B
c (3, ) B
d (2, ) B
6 For each of the following use one number line on which to represent the sets:
a [2, 5], [3, 4], [2, 5] [3, 4]
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167
Graphing relations
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
y
Mapping diagrams
x
0
Mapping diagram 2
6
5
3
2
Mapping diagram 1 represents the relation {(3, 6), (3, 5), (2, 5), (2, 4), (1, 2)}.
Mapping diagram 2 represents the relation {(5, 4), (4, 3), (3, 2), (2, 1)}.
In summary, a relation may be written as:
i a listed set of ordered pairs (not always convenient or possible)
ii a rule with a specied or implied domain.
A relation may be represented by a graph or a mapping diagram.
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Example 3
Sketch a graph of each of the following and state its domain and range:
a {(2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1)}
b {(x, y): x2 + y2 = 1, x [1, 1]}
c {(x, y): 2x + 3y = 6, x 0}
d {(x, y): y = 2x 1, x [1, 2]}
Solution
a
1
2
1
1
Domain = {x: 1 x 1}
Domain = {2, 1, 0, 1}
Range = {1, 1}
Range = {y: 1 y 1}
d
y
(0, 2)
2
x
(2, 3)
1
1
1
2 1 0
1
x
1
2
(1, 3) 3
Domain = R+ {0}
Range = (, 2]
Domain = [1, 2]
Range = [3, 3]
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Example 4
Find the range of the relation with rules:
b y = x2 + 4x 5
a y = x2 4x + 5
Solution
(2, 1)
0
1
0
1
(2, 1)
Example 5
Sketch the graph of the relation y = x2 + 2 for x [2, 1] and state the range.
Solution
y
(2, 6)
(1, 3)
2
0
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Example 6
For each of the following relations state the maximal domain and the range:
b y = 9 x2 + 1
a (x 1)2 + y2 = 9
Solution
(1, 3)
2
(1, 3)
y
4
(3, 1)
(0, 1) (3, 1)
x
Exercise 6B
Example
1 State the domain and range for the relations represented by each of the following
graphs:
a
2
(2, 2)
(2, 1)
2
d
y
4
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0
1
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2 Sketch the graphs of each of the following and state the range of each:
a
c
e
g
Examples
4, 5
y=x+1
y = 2x + 1
y=x+1
y = 3x 1
x [2, )
x [4, )
x (, 3]
x [5, 1]
{(x, y): y = x2 + 1}
{(x, y): y = 4 x2 , x [2, 2]}
{(x, y): y = x2 + 2x + 3}
{(x, y): y = 2x2 3x + 6}
y = x + 1
y = 3x + 2
y = 3x 1
y = 5x 1
x [2, )
x (, 3)
x [2, 6]
x (2, 4)
b
d
f
h
{(x, y): y = x2 + 2x + 1}
{(x, y): y = x2 + 2x + 3}
{(x, y): y = x2 2, x [1, 2]}
{(x, y): y = 6 3x + x2 }
4 Sketch the graphs of each of the following relations, stating the maximal domain and range
of each:
a {(x, y): x 2 + y 2 = 9}
c (2x 1)2 + (2y 4)2 = 1
e y = 25 x 2
6.3
b
d
f
h
3 Sketch the graphs of each of the following relations, stating the range of each:
a
c
e
g
Example
171
b (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 16
d y = 25 x 2
f (x, y): y = 25 (x 2)2
Functions
A function is a relation for which for each x-value of an ordered pair there is a unique y-value
of the ordered pair. This means that if (a, b) and (a, c) are ordered pairs of a function then b = c.
One way to identify if a relation is a function is to draw a graph of the relation and apply the
vertical line test.
If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the graph and it only ever intersects the graph a
maximum of once, the relation is a function.
Examples:
y = x2 is a function
x2 + y2 = 4 is not a function
Function notation
Functions are usually denoted with lower case letters such as f, g, h.
The denition of a function tells us that for each x in the domain there is a unique element y
in the range such that (x, y) f.
The element y is called the image of x under f or the value of f at x and x is called the
pre-image of y.
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Since the y-value obtained is a function of the x-value that was substituted into the rule, we
use the notation f (x) (read f of x) in place of y.
i.e. Instead of y = 2x + 1 we write f (x) = 2x + 1.
f (2) means the y-value obtained when x = 2.
e.g.
f (2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5
f (4) = 2(4) + 1 = 7
f (a) = 2a + 1
Example 7
If f (x) = 2x 2 + x, nd f (3), f (2) and f (x 1).
Solution
f (3) = 2(3)2 + 3 = 21
f (2) = 2(2)2 2 = 6
f (x 1) = 2(x 1)2 + x 1
= 2(x 2 2x + 1) + x 1
= 2x 2 3x + 1
Example 8
1
, a = 0.
If f (x) = 2x + 1, nd f (2) and f
a
Solution
f (2) = 2(2) + 1 = 3
2
1
1
=2
+1= +1
f
a
a
a
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173
Example 9
Consider the function dened by f (x) = 2x 4 for all x R.
a Find the value of f (2), f (1) and f (t).
b For what values of t is f (t) = t?
c For what values of x is f (x) x?
Solution
a
f (2) = 2(2) 4
=0
f (1) = 2(1) 4
= 6
f (t) = 2t 4
f (t) = t
2t 4 = t
t 4=0
t =4
f (x) x
2x 4 x
x 40
x 4
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Restriction of a function
Consider the following functions:
f(x)
g (x)
h(x)
g
f
1
0
f(x) = x2, x R
g(x) = x2, 1 x 1
1 x
The different letters, f, g, and h, used to name the functions emphasise the fact that there are
three different functions, even though they each have the same rule. They are different because
they are dened for different domains. We call g and h restrictions of f, since their domains are
subsets of the domain of f.
Example 10
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions and state its range.
a f: [1, 2] R, f (x) = x
b f: [1, 1] R, f (x) = x2 + x
1
c f: (0, 2] R, f (x) =
d f: R R, f (x) = x2 2x + 8
x
Solution
a
b
(2, 2)
(1, 2)
1
1 1
,
2 4
(1, 1)
Range is [1, 2]
(2,
0
1
,2
Range is
4
y
1
)
2
(1, 7)
0
1
,
Range is
2
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f (x) = x2 2x + 8 = (x 1)2 + 7
Range is [7, )
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175
Exercise 6C
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following relations, then state the range of each and
specify whether the relation is a function or not:
a y = x2 , x [0, 4]
c {(x, y): 2x + 8y = 16, x [0, )}
1
e {(x, y): y = 2 , x R \ {0}}
x
g y = x2 , x [1, 4]
d y = x, x R+
1
f {(x, y): y = , x R + }
x
h {(x, y): x = y2 , x R+ {0}}
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2 Which of the following relation are functions? State the domain and range for each:
a
b
c
e
g
i
Example
{(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
{(2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 4), (2, 5)}
{(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)}
d {(1, 3), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)}
{(x, 2): x R}
f {(3, y): y Z}
y = x + 3
h y = x2 + 5
{(x, y): x2 + y2 = 9}
iii f (1)
iv f (6)
iii g(3)
iv g(2)
iii g(8)
iv g(a)
i g(4)
Example
ii g(4)
1
d Given that f (x) = 1 , nd:
x
i f (1)
ii f (1 + a)
iii f (1 a)
iv
1
f
a
4 Find the value(s) of x for which the function has the given value:
1
a f (x) = 5x 2, f (x) = 3
b f (x) = , f (x) = 6
x
d f (x) = (x + 1)(x 4), f (x) = 0
c f (x) = x2 , f (x) = 9
f f (x) = x2 x 6, f (x) = 0
e f (x) = x2 2x, f (x) = 3
5 Let g(x) = x2 + 2x and h(x) = 2x3 x2 + 6.
a Evaluate g(1), g(2) and g(2).
c Express the following in terms of x:
i g(3x)
ii g(x 5)
iv g(x + 2)
v h(x2 )
b the range of f
b the pre-image of 7
b the pre-image(s) of 5
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c {x: f (x) = 0}
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177
10
11 Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions and state the range of each:
a f : [1, 2] R, f (x) = x2
1
c f : (0, 3] R, f (x) =
x
6.4
b f : [2, 2] R, f (x) = x2 + 2x
d f : R R, f (x) = x2 2x + 3
e.g. y = 2x
2 Many-to-one
3 One-to-many
e.g. y = x 2
e.g. y = x
One-to-one functions
The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a relation is a function or not.
Similarly there is a geometric test that determines whether a function is one-to-one or not.
If a horizontal line can be drawn anywhere on the graph of a function and only ever
intersects the graph a maximum of once, the function is one-to-one.
y
y
y = x2
y
y=5
y = 2x + 1
not one-to-one
not one-to-one
one-to-one
y
y
y=
x3
y=
9 x2
3
0
one-to-one
not one-to-one
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When the domain of a relation is not explicitly stated, it is assumed to consist of all real
numbers for which the rule has a meaning. We refer to the implied (maximal) domain of a
relation, because the domain is implied by the rule.
For example:
and
Example 11
State the maximal domain, sketch the graph and nd the corresponding range of each of the
following:
1
a y = 2x 5
b y=
2x 5
Solution
a To be dened 2x 5 0. That is,
5
x . Hence the maximal domain
2
5
is [ , ).
2
The range of the function is
R+ {0} = [0, ).
The range of the function is R \ {0}.
b To be dened 2x 5 = 0,
5
i.e. x = . Hence maximal domain
2
5
is R \ { } and the range is R \ {0}.
2
5
2
x
5
x=
2
Exercise 6D
1 State which of the following functions are one-to-one:
a
c
e
g
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179
2
x
0
2
2
x
0
2
2 0
3
0
x
0
Example
11
x
0
3 For each of the following, nd the maximal domain and the corresponding range for the
function dened by the rule:
a y=7x
b y=2 x
c y = x2 + 1
1
f y = 3 2x2
e y=
d y = 9 x2
x
g y= x 2
h y = 2x 1
i y = 3 2x
1
1
1
j y=
3
l y=
+2
k y=
2
2x 1
(2x 1)
2x 1
4 Each of the following is the rule of a function. In each case write down the maximal
domain and the range:
a f (x) = 3x + 4
c y = 16 x 2
b g(x) = x2 + 2
1
d y=
x +2
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x 1
for x < 0
2x
1
f (x) =
for 0 x 1
1x + 1
for x 1
2
2
b State the range of f.
Solution
a
f(x)
3
2
1
(1, 1)
2 1 0
1 2
1 (0, 1)
Exercise 6E
Example
12
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following functions and state its range:
x, x 0
x 1, x 1
a h(x) =
b h(x) =
x, x < 0
1 x, x < 1
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c h(x) =
e h(x) =
x, x 0
x, x < 0
d h(x) =
181
1 + x, x 0
1 x, x < 0
x,
x 1
2 x, x < 1
x <0
x + 3,
3
f (x) = x + 3,
0x 1
2x + 6,
x >1
x 3, x < 1
g(x) = x 5,
1x 5
3x 15, x > 5
4 a Sketch the graph of the function:
x 2 + 1, x 0
h(x) =
1 x, x < 0
x + 3, x < 3
f (x) = x 2 9, 3 x 3
x 3, x > 3
1
, x >1
f (x) = x
x, x 1
y
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
x
1
6.6
Miscellaneous exercises
Example 13
4
The volume of a sphere of radius r is determined by the function with rule V(r) = r 3 .
3
State the practical domain of the function V and nd V(10).
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Solution
The practical domain is (0, ).
4
103
3
4000
=
3
4000
cubic units.
The volume is
3
V (10) =
Example 14
If f : R R, f (x) = ax + b, f (1) = 7 and f (5) = 19, nd a and b and sketch the graph
of y = f (x).
Solution
Since f (1) = 7 and f (5) = 19:
and
7=a+b
(1)
19 = 5a + b
(2)
4
Subtract (1) from (2):
and f (x)
12 = 4a
a = 3, and substituting in (1) gives b = 4
a = 3, b = 4
= 3x + 4
4
3
Example 15
Find the quadratic function f such that f (4) = f (2) = 0 and f (0) = 16.
Solution
4 and 2 are solutions to the quadratic equations f (x) = 0.
Thus
As
and
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183
Exercise 6F
Example
14
2 Find a linear function f such that f (0) = 7, whose graph is parallel to that of the function
with rule g(x) = 2 5x.
3 f is a linear function such that f (5) = 12 and f (7) = 6.
a Find:
i f (0)
ii f (1)
b Solve the equation f (x) = 0.
4 If f (x) = 2x + 5, nd:
a f ( p)
c f ( p + h) f ( p)
b f ( p + h)
d f ( p + 1) f ( p)
15
7 Find the quadratic function f such that f (2) = f (4) = 0 and 7 is the greatest value of f (x).
8 Write f (x) = x2 6x + 16 in the form f (x) = (x 3)2 + p and hence state the range of f.
9 State the range of each of the following:
a f (x) = 2x2 + x 2
c f (x) = x2 + 6x + 11
b f (x) = 2x2 x + 4
d g(x) = 2x2 + 8x 5
10 f : [1, 6] R, f (x) = 5 3x
a Sketch the graph of f.
12 State the implied domain and range of each of the following relations:
a x2 + y2 = 9
c (2x 1)2 + (2y 1)2 = 1
e ( y 2)2 + x2 = 16
b (x 2)2 + y2 = 1
d (x 4)2 + y2 = 25
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13 The domain of the function f is {1, 2, 3, 4}. Find the range of f if:
a f (x) = 2x
b f (x) = 5 x
c f (x) = x2 4
d f (x) =
(y, x)
f
y=x
f
(x, y)
0
ran f 1 = dom f
A function has an inverse function if and only if it is one-to-one.
Example 16
Find the inverse function f 1 of the function f (x) = 2x 3 and sketch the graph of y = f (x)
and y = f 1 (x) on the one set of axes.
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Solution
y = f (x)
y=x
y = f 1(x)
3
2
3
ran f = dom f 1 = R
3
2
Example 17
Let f : [3, 6] R, f (x) =
x 2
3
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Solution
x 2
Let y =
. Then the inverse function
3
has rule
y 2
x=
3
x=
3
and
y = 3 x
(4, 6)
y=x
5
4
(6, 4)
= dom f = [3, 6]
1
f (x) = 3 x
But ran f
(1, 3)
2
1
(3, 1)
0 1
x
4
Example 18
Find the inverse of each of the following functions:
a {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}
b f : [1, ) R, f (x) = (x 1)2 + 4
Solution
a {(2, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5), (8, 7)}
( y 1)2 = x 4
y1= x 4
y =1 x 4
f 1 (x) = 1 + x 4
f (x) = (x 1)2 + 4
(1, 4)
x
0
Exercise 6G
Example
16
1 Find the inverse function of each of the following, clearly stating the domain and
range of f 1 :
a {(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 5), (7, 1)}
c f : [1, 5] R, f (x) = 3 x
b f : R R, f (x) = 6 2x
d f : R+ R, f (x) = x + 4
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17
Example
18
e
g
i
k
f : (, 4] R, f (x) = x + 4
f : [2, ) R, f (x) = (x 2)2 + 3
f : [0, 1] R, f (x) = 1 x
f : [1, 7] R, f (x) = 16 2x
f
h
j
l
187
f : [0, ) R, f (x) = x2
f : (, 4] R, f (x) = (x 4)2 + 6
f : [0, 4] R, f (x) = 16 x 2
f : [0, ) R, f (x) = (x + 4)2 + 6
2 a On the one set of axes sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f 1 (x), where
f (x) = 2x 6.
b Find the coordinates of the point for which f (x) = f 1 (x).
3 a On the one set of axes sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f 1 (x), where
f : [0, ) R, f (x) = x2 .
b Find the coordinates of the point(s) for which f (x) = f 1 (x).
4 f : R R, f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are non-zero constants, and f (1) = 2 and
f 1 (1) = 3. Find the values of a and b.
5 f : (, a] R, f (x) = a x.
a Find f 1 (x).
b If the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f 1 (x) intersect at x = 1, nd the possible values for a.
6.8
Translations of functions1
In this and the following two sections a formal study of transformations is undertaken using
function notation. These sections also provide systematic methods for applying and
determining transformations.
Let R2 = {(x, y): x, y R}. That is R2 is the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers.
Transformations associate each ordered pair of R2 with a unique ordered pair.
For example, the translation 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis (to the right)
associates with each ordered pair (x, y) a new ordered pair (x + 3, y).
The notation used is (x, y) (x + 3, y). For example,
(3, 2) (3 + 3, 2), i.e. (6, 2). This second ordered
(2, 4)
(1, 4)
pair is uniquely determined by the rst.
In the diagram it is seen that the point with
(3, 2)
(6, 2)
coordinates (3, 2) is mapped to the point with
coordinates (6, 2).
Also (2, 4) (1, 4) and (1, 2) (2, 2).
(1, 2)
(2, 2)
In applying a transformation it is useful to think of every point (x, y) on the plane as being
mapped to a new point (x
, y
). This point (x, y) is the only point which maps to (x
, y
). The
following can be written with the translation considered above:
x
= x + 3 and y
= y
1
These sections could be omitted but they form a sound foundation for further study.
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The translation 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis (to the right) and 4 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis can be described by the rule (x, y) (x + 2, y + 4).
For example, (3, 2) (3 + 2, 2 + 4).
(0, 8)
The following can be written for this second translation
(5, 6)
considered above:
x
= x + 2 and y
= y + 4
(2, 4)
(3, 2)
(1, 2)
(1, 2)
In general
A translation of h units in the positive direction of the x-axis and k units in the
positive direction of the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) (x + h, y + k)
or
x
= x + h and y
= y + k
where h and k are positive numbers.
A translation in the negative direction of the x-axis and the negative direction
of the y-axis is described by
(x, y) (x h, y k)
or
x
= x h and y
= y k
where h and k are positive numbers.
Consider translating the set of points dened by a
function such as {(x, y): y = x2 }. Now with the
transformation dened by the rule (x, y) (x + 2, y + 4),
it is known that x
= x + 2 and y
= y + 4 and hence
x = x
2 and y = y
4. Thus {(x, y): y = x2 }
maps to {(x
, y
): y
4 = (x
2)2 }. This means
the points on the curve with equation y = x2 are
mapped to the curve with equation y
4 = (x
2)2 .
(1, 1)
(1, 1)
(0, 0)
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189
In general, the curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
y k = f (x h) by the translation with rule (x, y) (x + h, x + k).
This generalisation can now be applied to other functions.
Example 19
1
Find the image of the curve with equation y = f (x), where f (x) = under a translation 3 units
x
in the positive direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the negative direction of the y-axis.
Solution
The rule is (x, y) (x + 3, y 2). Let (x
, y
) be the image of the point (x, y),
where (x, y) is a point on the graph of y = f (x). Then x
= x + 3 and y
= y 2
and hence x = x
3 and y = y
+ 2. The graph of y = f (x) is mapped
1
1
to the graph of y
+ 2 = f (x
3), i.e. y = is mapped to y
+ 2 =
.
x
x 3
f (x) = x
f (x 2) = x 2
Exercise 6H
1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, labelling asymptotes and axes intercepts:
1
1
1
c y=
b y = 2 3
a y = +3
(x + 2)2
x
x
1
1
e y=
f y = 4
d y = x 2
x 1
x
g y=
j
Example
19
1
x +2
f (x) =
1
(x + 4)2
h y=
k
1
x 3
f (x) =
1
+1
x 1
f (x) =
1
(x 3)2
f (x) =
1
+2
x 2
1
2 For y = f (x) = , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling asymptotes and
x
axes intercepts:
a y = f (x 1)
d y = f (x) 3
b y = f (x) + 1
e y = f (x + 1)
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3 For y = f (x) = x 2 , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling axes intercepts:
a y = f (x 1)
d y = f (x) 3
b y = f (x) + 1
e y = f (x + 1)
c y = f (x + 3)
f y = f (x) 1
4 For y = f (x) = x 2 , sketch the graph of each of the following, labelling axes intercepts:
a y = f (x 1) + 2
d y = f (x + 1) 3
b y = f (x 3) + 1
e y + 2 = f (x + 1)
c y = f (x + 3) 5
f y = f (x 5) 1
5 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, stating the equations of asymptotes, the axes
intercepts and the range of each function:
1
1
3
1
c y=
d y = 2 4
b y= 2
a y = 2 +1
2
(x
1)
x
x
x
Dilations
A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis can be dened by the rule (x, y) (x, 2y). Hence the
point with coordinates (1, 1) (1, 2).
A dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis can be dened by the rule (x, y) (2x, y). Hence the
point with coordinates (1, 1) (2, 1).
y
= x , i.e. the curve with equation y = 2 x.
2
y
y = 2x
(1, 2)
y = x
(1, 1)
0
In general
A dilation of a units from the x-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) (x, ay)
or
x
= x and y
= ay
where a is a positive number.
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with
equation y = af (x) by the transformation with rule (x, y) (x, ay).
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x
equation y = x maps to the curve with equation y =
.
2
y = x
(1, 1)
(2, 1)
y=
x
2
x
In general
A dilation of a units from the y-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) (ax, y)
or
x
= ax and y
= y
where a is a positive number.
x
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation y = f ( )
a
by the transformation with rule (x, y) (ax, y).
y = x
(1, 1)
0
x
(1, 1)
y = x
In general
A reection in the x-axis is described by the rule
(x, y) (x, y)
or
x
= x and y
= y
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation y = f (x)
by the transformation with rule (x, y) (x, y).
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Then x = x and y = y and the curve with equation y = x maps to the curve with
Example 20
1
Determine the rule of the image when the graph of y = 2 is dilated by a factor of 4:
x
a from the y-axis
b from the x-axis
Solution
a (x, y) (4x, y)
Let (x
, y
) be the coordinates of the image
of (x, y), so x
= 4x, y
= y.
x
Rearranging gives x = , y = y
.
4
1
1
Therefore y = 2 becomes y
=
2 .
x
x
(4, 1)
(1, 1)
16
So the rule of the transformed function is y = 2 .
x
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193
y
(1, 4)
(1, 1)
x
x
x
note that it is of the form y = f
, where f (x) = x.
In order to sketch the graph of y =
2
2
This is the graph of y = x dilated by a factor 2 from the y-axis. Examples of other functions
under this dilation are:
x x
x2
2
=
f (x) = x2 , f
=
2
2
4
x
1
1
2
=x =
f (x) = , f
x
2
/2
x
It should be noted that each of these functions formed by a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
can also be formed by a dilation from the x-axis. This result is not true in general, as will be
seen when
new functions are introduced in chapters 15 and 16.
1
1
x
= x = f (x), where f (x) = x. That is, it is formed by a dilation of
y=
2
2
2
1
factor from the x-axis.
2
1
x2
1
1
= x2 = f (x), where f (x) = x2 . That is, it is formed by a dilation of factor
y=
4
4
4
4
from the x-axis.
1
1
2
y = = 2 = 2 f (x), where f (x) = . That is, it is formed by a dilation of factor 2 from
x
x
x
the x-axis.
Exercise 6I
Example
20
1 Write down the equation of the rule obtained when the graph of each of the functions
below is transformed by:
1
ii a dilation of factor 5 from the y-axis
i a dilation of factor from the y-axis
2
2
iii a dilation of factor from the x-axis
iv a dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis
3
v a reection in the x-axis
vi a reection in the y-axis
1
1
d y= x
c y=
b y= 2
a y = x2
x
x
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c y=
b y=
a y=3 x
x
x
e y=
3x
f y=
d y=
1
2x
3
2x
y
y
. The graph of the image will have equation
= x
and
and y =
2
2
hence y
= 2 x
.
b From the discussion above, (x, y) (x, 2y) (x + 2, 2y 3). Hence if (x
, y
) is
the image of (x, y) under this map, x
= x + 2 and y
= 2y 3. Hence
y
+ 3
x = x
2 and y =
. Thus the graph of the image will have equation
2
y +3
= x 2 or y
= 2 x
2 3.
2
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195
Determining transformations
The method that has been used to nd the effect of transformations can be reversed to
determine the sequence of transformations used to take a graph to its image. For the example
x maps to
y
= x
2
y
.
2
Therefore x
= x and y
= 2y.
The transformation is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a reection in the
x-axis.
This can also be done by inspection, of course, as you recognise the form of the image. For
the combination of transformations in this course it is often simpler to do this.
Hence x = x
and y =
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Example 22
Find a sequence of transformations which take the graph of y = x2 to the graph of
y = 2(x 2)2 + 3.
Solution
By inspection
By inspection it is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation
of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive direction of
the y-axis.
By the method
y = x 2 maps to y
= 2(x
2)2 + 3
Rearranging the expression on the right
y
3
= (x
2)2
2
It can be seen that y =
y
3
and x = x
2. Solving for x
and y
gives y
= 2y + 3
2
and x
= x + 2.
The transformation is a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by a translation
of 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive direction of
the y-axis.
Exercise 6J
Example
21
1
.
x
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197
22
ii y = 2 3x
i y= x +3+2
6.11
1
2
x 3
iii y =
iii y = x + 2
6l
then width =
l
A
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Example 24
The following list shows Australia Post airmail rates for articles:
Mass (m, g)
Cost (C, $)
Up to 50 g
$0.70
Over 50 g up to 100 g
$1.15
Over 100 g up to 250 g $1.70
Over 250 g up to 500 g $3.00
Sketch a graph of the cost function, C, giving its domain and range and the rules that dene it.
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Solution
The graph is as follows:
Cost ($)
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0
50
10
150
0
20
0
25
300
350
400
450
0
50
0
Mass (g)
C
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
The range of this function is {x: x Z and x 60}. Sometimes to simplify the situation we
represent such functions by a continuous line. Strictly, this is not mathematically correct but
may aid our understanding of the situation.
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199
Exercise 6K
Example
23
1 a
Example
24
y cm
8 cm
i If P = 64 cm, nd A in terms of x.
ii Find the allowable values for x.
iii Sketch the graph of A against x for these
values.
iv What is the maximum area?
x cm
x cm
2 Suppose Australia Post charged the following rates for airmail letters to Africa: $1.20 up to
20 g; $2.00 over 20 g and up to 50 g; $3.00 over 50 g and up to 150 g.
a Write a cost function, C ($), in terms of the mass, m (g) for letters up to 150 g.
b Sketch the graph of the function, stating the domain and range.
3 Telenet listed the following scale of charges for a 3 minute STD call between the hours of
6 pm and 10 pm on Monday to Friday.
Distance,
d (km)
Up to
25 up to
50 up to
85 up to
165 up to
745 km
25 km (not
50 km (not
85 km (not
165 km (not
745 km (not
and over
including 25) including 50) including 85) including 165) including 745)
0.40
0.70
1.05
1.22
1.77
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Review
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Chapter summary
Set notation
xA
x is an element of A
x
/A
x is not an element of A
AB
A is a subset of B
AB
AB
x A B if and only if x A or x B
A\B
{x: x A, x
/ B}
Sets of numbers
N
Natural numbers
Z
Integers
Rational numbers
R
Real numbers
Interval notation
(a, b) = {x: a < x < b}
[a, b] = {x: a x b}
[a, ) = {x: a x}
(, b) = {x: x < b}
(, b] = {x: x b}
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all rst elements of the ordered pairs of the relation.
The range of a relation is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs of the relation.
For a function f and an element x of the domain of f there is unique element y in the range
such that (x, y) f. The element y is called the image of x under f.
If (x, y) f, then x is called a pre-image of y.
One-to-one function
A function is said to be one-to-one if, for a, b dom f, a = b, then f (a) = f (b).
In other words f is called one-to-one if every image under f has a unique pre-image.
Implied domain
The implied domain of a function is the largest subset of R for which the rule is dened.
Restrictions of a function
For a function f with domain D a new function g may be dened with domain A D and
rule dened by g(x) = f (x) for all x A. The function g is called a restriction of f.
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Review
Inverses of functions
If f is a one-to-one function then for each number y in the range of f there is exactly one
number x in the domain of f such that f (x) = y.
Thus if f is a one-to-one function, a new function f 1 , called the inverse of f, may be
dened by:
f 1 (x) = y, if f (y) = x, for x ran f, y dom f
f
(y, x)
The point (x, y) is on the graph of f 1 if the point
y=x
(y, x) is on the graph of f.
Therefore to get the graph of f 1 from the graph of f,
f 1
the graph of f is to be reected in the line y = x.
From this the following is evident:
(x, y)
dom f 1 = ran f
0
ran f 1 = dom f
Transformations of the graphs of functions
In general, a translation of h units in the positive direction of the x-axis and k units
in the positive direction of the y-axis is described by the rule (x, y) (x + h, y + k) or
x
= x + h and y
= y + k, where h and k are positive numbers.
For translations in the negative direction of the x-axis, (x, y) (x h, y k) or
x
= x h and y
= y k, where h and k are positive numbers.
In general:
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
y k = f (x h) by the translation with rule (x, y) (x + h, y + k).
A dilation of a units from the x-axis is described by the rule (x, y) (x, ay) or x
= x
and y
= ay, where a is a positive number.
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
y = a f (x) by the dilation with rule (x, y) (x, ay).
A dilation of a units from the y-axis is described by the rule (x, y) (ax, y)
or x
= ax and y
= y, where a is a positive number.
The curve
x with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
by the dilation with rule (x, y) (ax, y).
y=f
a
A reection in the x-axis is described by the rule (x, y) (x, y) or x
= x and
y
= y.
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
y = f (x) by the reection with rule (x, y) (x, y).
A reection in the y-axis is described by the rule (x, y) (x, y) or x
= x and
y
= y.
The curve with equation y = f (x) is mapped to the curve with equation
y = f (x) by the reection with rule (x, y) (x, y).
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Multiple-choice questions
1 For f (x) = 10x2 + 2, f (2a) equals
A 20a2 + 2
B 40a2 + 2
C 2a2 + 2a
D 100a2 + 2
E 10a2 + 2a
C (5, )
B
,
A (0, )
3
3
2
2
3 The range of the relation x + y > 9 when x, y R is
A [0, )
B R
C (, 0]
D (3, ) (, 3)
E (, 0)
4 For f (x) = 7x 6, f 1 (x) equals
6
1
1
D
x+
C
A 7x + 4
B
x+6
7
7
7
5 For f : (a, b] R, f (x) = 3 x, the range is
A (3 a, 3 b)
B (3 a, 3 b]
D (3 b, 3 a]
E [3 b, 3 a)
1
7x 6
1
x6
7
C (3 b, 3 a)
9
D f (x) = x
E f (x) =
x
2
7 The graph of y = + 3 is reected in the x-axis and then in the y-axis. The equation of the
x
nal image is
2
2
2
C y= +3
B y= 3
A y= +3
x
x
x
2
D y= 3
E y = 2x 3
x
8 The sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = x2 to the graph of
y = (2x 6)2 + 4 is
A a reection in the y-axis followed by a dilation of 12 from the y-axis and then a
translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis
B a reection in the y-axis followed by a dilation of 12 from the y-axis and then a
translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis
C a reection in the y-axis followed by a dilation of 2 from the y-axis and then a
translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis
D a reection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of 12 from the y-axis and then a
translation of 3 units in the negative direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis
E a reection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of 12 from the y-axis and then a
translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 4 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis
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B y = 4 x2
C y = 3, x > 0
A y = x2 x
D [1, 25]
E [0, 5]
D x=3
E y = 3x
Review
203
1
b f (x) = x 2
c y = 25 x 2
a y=
x 2
1
d f (x) =
f h(x) = 4 x
e g(x) = 100 x 2
2x 1
9 State which of the following functions are one-to-one:
b f : [2, ) R, f (x) = (x 2)2
a y = x 2 + 2x + 3
c f (x) = 3x + 2
d f (x) = x 2
1
e f (x) =
f f : [1, ) R, f (x) = (x + 2)2
x 2
g f : [3, 5] R, f (x) = 3x 2
h f (x) = 7 x2
1
1
+4
j h(x) =
i f (x) =
x 2
(x 2)2
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3x 1, x [0, )
1 2x,
2
b h(x) = x 2 ,
x [3, 0)
a f (x) = x ,
x ,
9,
x (, 3)
x [0, )
x [3, 0)
x (, 3)
11 For each of the following nd the inverse function, stating the rule and the domain:
a f : [1, 5] R, f (x) = 3x 2
b f : [2, ) R, f (x) = x + 2 + 2
d f : (, 1) R, f (x) = (x 1)2
c f : [1, ) R, f (x) = 3(x + 1)2
12 For the function f with rule f (x) = x, nd the equation for the graph of the image under
each of the following transformations:
a a translation of 2 in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 in the positive direction of
the y-axis
b a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
c a reection in the x-axis
d a reection in the y-axis
e a dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis
Extended-response questions
1 An Easyride coach leaves town X and maintains a constant speed of 80 km/h for 4 hours,
stops at town Y for 34 hour before travelling for a further 2 12 hours at 80 km/h to its
destination at town Z. A second coach leaves town Z at the same time and runs express to
town X, completing its journey in 5 12 hours.
a Construct functions that describe the distance, d km, from X of each coach at time t,
stating the domain, range and rule for each.
b Calculate the distance, from X, at which the two coaches pass each other.
2 A parking meter is designed to accept 200 twenty-cent coins.
a Write a rule which gives the number of hours parking, P hours, in terms of n, the
number of twenty-cent coins inserted, when the cost of parking is 20c for each half hour.
b Sketch the function, stating the domain and range.
3 The following table shows the amount of taxation payable for a given range of annual
income from 1 July 1986.
Taxable income, $
Tax
$1 to $ (C 1)
C to 12 499
$12 500 to 12 599
$12 600 to 19 499
$19 500 to 27 999
$28 000 to 34 999
$35 000 and over
Nil
Nil
D
D + $26.50
D + $2056.48
D + $5817.73
D + $9095.83
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205
a If for a particular taxpayer C is $4223, write a rule for the tax payable, T ($), for a taxable
income, x ($), where 29 000 x 33 000.
b Sketch a graph of this function, stating the range.
c Calculate the amount of tax payable on an income of $30 000.
Review
4 The Exhibition Centre hires a graphics company to produce a poster for an exhibit. The
graphics company charges $1000 and an additional $5 for each poster produced.
a i Write the rule for a function, C(n), which describes the cost to the Exhibition Centre
of obtaining n posters.
ii Sketch the graph of C against n (use a continuous model).
b The Exhibition Centre is going to sell the posters for $15.00 each.
i Write down the rule for the function P(n) which gives the prot when the Exhibition
Centre sells n posters.
ii Sketch the graph of this function (use a continuous model).
5 An article depreciates by 5% of its original cost each year. If the original cost was $8000,
nd an expression for the value, V, of the item n years after purchase.
6 The organisers of a sporting event know that, on average, 50 000 people will visit the venue
each day. They are presently charging $15.00 for an admission ticket. Each time in the past
when they have raised the admission price an average of 2500 fewer people have come to the
venue for each $1.00 increase in ticket price. Let x represent the number of $1.00 increases.
a Write the rule for a function which gives the revenue, R, in terms of x.
b Sketch the graph of R against x.
c Find the price which will maximise the revenue.
7 A thin wire of length a cm is bent to form the perimeter of a pentagon ABCDE in which
BCDE is a rectangle, and ABE is an equilateral triangle. Let x cm be the length of CD
and A(x) be the area of the pentagon.
a Find A(x) in terms of x.
b State the allowable values for x.
a2
c Show that the maximum area =
cm2 .
4(6 3)
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A
D
3m
5m
B
P
16 m
Let d(x) be the distance (PA + PD) m, where x is the distance of P from B.
a
i
ii
b i
ii
iii
c i
ii
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Michael Evans et al. 2011
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