www.ignou-ac.

in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

N
1
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in1

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.P.A.-3
fodkl iz'kklu
(Development Administration)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- fodkl iz'kklu osQ vkn'kks dk o.kZu dhft,A

mkjdlh Hkh ns'k dh ljdkj ds ms';ksa o dk;ks dks iwjk djus ds fy, fodkl ds iz'kklu dh vko';drk gksrh gS A nwljs 'kCnksa esa fodkl
dk iz'kklu ,d ,slk lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ ljdkj ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd <kps esa xq.kkRed rFkk ifjek.kkRed
ifjorZu yk ldrh gS A ljy 'kCnksa esa fodkl iz'kklu dks f;kRed Hkkx dgk tk ldrk gS A bl rjg fodkl iz'kklu dk vFkZ gS
(d) ,slh dk;Z ;kstukvksa dk ifjikyu ftudk vfHkizk; lkekftd ,oa vkFkd izxfr ykuk gS A
([k) yksdiz'kklu dk og igyw] ftuesa /;ku bl ckr ij dsafr gksrk gS fd yksd laLFkkuksa dh O;oLFkk ,oa iz'kklu bl izdkj ls fd;k
tk, ftlls lkekftd ,oa vkFkd izxfr ds fy, cukbZ xbZ dk;Z ;kstukvksa dks cy feys A
fodkl iz'kklu ds eq[; y{; fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) ukSdj'kkgh dk mi;qDr iz;ksx djds lkekftd o vkFkd izxfr dh izf;k dks 'kq: dj bls lqpk: cukuk A
(ii) fodkl izf;k dks rst djus ds fy, dk;Z ;kstukvksa dks f;kfUor djuk A
(iii) iz'kklfud iz.kkyh ds vUnj gh ,sls ifjorZu ykuk] ftuls bl izdkj dh dk;Z ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUou dh {kerk c<+s A
(iv) fodkl dks u dsoy izks|kSfxd leL;k] cfYd lS)kafrd fu;e ds :i esa Hkh ns[kuk A
(v) jktuhfr rFkk iz'kklu ds chp ;qXe'khyrk ds LFkku ij le:irk dh igpku A
(vi) nq"izkI; lk/kuksa dk izHkko'kkyh ,oa dq'ky iz;ksx A
(vii) ,d ,slk iz'kklfud okrkoj.k tks turk dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gks A
(viii) iz'kklfud ;a= iz.kkyh dks dk;Z ;kstukvksa ,oa ifj;kstukvksa ij fu"i{k rFkk fuHkhZd gksdj vius fopkj ,oa er vfHkO;Dr djus dh
Lora=rk A
^fodkl iz'kklu* dh vo/kkj.kk esa ^fodkl dk iz'kklu* vkSj ^iz'kklu dk fodkl* 'kCn ijLij xqFks gq, gSa A fodkl iz'kklu ls vfHkizk;
gSfodkl dk;Zeksa dk iz'kklu A blds nks igyw gSa] igyk lkekftd] vkFkd o jktuhfrd dk;Zeksa dk lapkyu rFkk nwljk ^iz'kklfud
fodkl* A oLrqr% ^iz'kklfud fodkl* fodkl iz'kklu dk ,d vfuok;Z ifj.kke gS A iz'kklfud fodkl dk vFkZ fu/kkZfjr y{; izkIr djus ds
fy, iz'kklfud rU= dh lkeF;Z vkSj {kerk c<+kuk A ;g izf;k iz'kklfud lq/kkj] iz'kklfud izf;k ds vk/kqfudhdj.k] iz'kkldksa dh eukso`f]
vkLFkk vkSj vkpj.k ds okLrfod cnyko ykus ij fuHkZj djrh gS A
fodkl iz'kklu dk ms'; dsoy vkFkd fodkl ugha gS] cfYd ,d vkn'kZ lekt o jk"V dk fuekZ.k djuk Hkh gS A fodkl iz'kklu dk
ewy ea= ,d ,slh i)fr dk fuekZ.k djuk gS] tks okrkoj.k ds fy, izHkkodkjh o vuqdwy gks A fodkl iz'kklu ds izeq[k vkn'kZ fuEufyf[kr
gSa

N
2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

(d) laLFkk fuekZ.kfodkl iz'kklu dh ftEesnkjh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds lw=hdj.k vkSj f;kUou ij tkdj gh lekIr ugha gks tkrh]
cfYd mldh eq[; ftEesnkjh gS fodkl ms';ksa dh iwr ds fy, mfpr laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk A ;gk laLFkk ls gekjk vfHkizk; fodkl dh
xfrfof;ksa esa tqVs ,d la?kVukRed ,oa laxBukRed <kps ls gS A
([k) iz'kklfud fodkliz'kklfud fodkl] fodkl iz'kklu dk ,d izeq[k igyw gS A iz'kklu dks fodkl dk ,d Js"B lk/ku cukus
ds fy, iz'kklfud laxBu ds <kps] fuiq.krk ,oa joS;s esa ifjorZu vko';d gS A
(x) lapkjvk/kqfud ;qx esa lapkj fodkl dk i;kZ; cu x;k gS A fdlh Hkh lekt ;k ns'k dh mUufr mldh lapkj iz.kkyh ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA tkudkjh o fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku lapkj ds fofHkUu ek/;eksa ls gh laHko gksrk gS A lapkj fodkl iz'kklu dk ,d izeq[k vax gS
A fodkl iz'kklu ds fy, lapkj dk vFkZ izeq[k :i ls fodkl lapkj gks ldrk gS A lapkj fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] leLrj ;k /okZ/kj Hkh gks ldrk
gS A
(?k) Hkkxhnkjh fodklijEijkxr iz'kklu ds eqdkcys fodkl iz'kklu dk vk/kkj gS yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh A fodkl iz'kklu bl fo'okl
ij dk;Z djrk gS fd yksxksa ds ikl fodkl dh vksj ;ksxnku djus ds fy, vlhe ;ksX;rk gS A fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk cgqr&dqN turk
dh Hkkxhnkjh ij fuHkZj djrh gS A fodkl ds fy, gj Lrj ij turk dh lgHkkfxrk gksuh pkfg, A
iz'u 2 Hkkjr dh xfrghu vFkZO;oLFkk dh :ijs[kk (izksiQkby) dk foospu dhft,A
mkj(1) O;kolkf;d <kapkf;kvksa rFkk O;olk;ksa dk ijLij lEcfU/kr leqPp; ftlds }kjk yksx viuh vkthfodk vtr djrs
gSa] vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrk gS A ml le; dh vkFkd f;k] d`f"k rFkk lacfU/kr dk;Zdykiksa] m|ksx rFkk lsok bR;kfn oxks esa foHkkftr Fkh A vaxzsth
jkt ds izHkko ds v/khu cM+h ek=k esa gq, vukS|ksxhdj.k ls izHkkfor ewyr% xzkeh.k rFkk d`f"k vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gksus ds dkj.k vf/kdkj vkFkd
f;k,a vlaxfBr Fkha A vaxzstksa dh 'kks"kd lkekftd&vkFkd rFkk fons'kh O;kikj uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k Je'kfDr dk 72.3% Hkkx d`f"k ij vkfJr
Fkk] ftuesa ls Hkwfe/kkjh d`"kdksa dk izfr'kr 50% ls vf/kd Fkk rFkk Hkwfeghu d`f"k Jfedksa dk izfr'kr 20% ds djhc Fkk A tula[;k esa o`f)
ds lkFk&lkFk d`f"k ij fuHkZjrk c<+rh tk jgh Fkh A vU; egoiw.kZ O;olk; [kuu] QSfDV;ka rFkk fofHkUu dqVhj] xzkeh.k rFkk y?kq m|ksx Fks A
dqy Jfedksa dh la[;k dk vf/kdrj Hkkx bu m|eksa esa yxk gqvk Fkk A vr% vktknh ds le; d`f"k esa de mRikndrk rFkk d`f"k&Hkwfe ds NksVs
vkdkj ds dkj.k Je'kfDr dk forj.k dkQh vlarqfyr Fkk A bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vktknh ds le; :f<+xr f;kdykiksa dk O;kid foLrkj Fkk A
oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa yxs m|ksxksa dk vHkko Fkk] tks fd ;g n'kZrk Fkk fd ml le; ns'k esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dk vHkko Fkk A tks m|ksx Fks] os lkkkj.k
tu dks vkthfodk iznku djus esa vleFkZ Fks A
f"kvktknh ds le; ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk d`f"k iz/kku Fkh A pk;] twV] dikl bR;kfn udnh Qlyksa ls Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk
vf/kdrj Hkkx izkIr gksrk Fkk A diM+k] twV] phuh] [kk| rsy vkfn m|ksx Hkh d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr Fks A bl izdkj ljdkjh jktdks"k esa d`f"k dk
va'knku dkQh vf/kd Fkk A vU; eq[; Qlysa xsgwa] pkoy] eksVs vukt] frygu] xUuk] jcM+] rEckdw] vkyw rFkk elkys Fks] fdUrq d`f"k mRiknu
dkQh de Fkk rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk Hkw[k vkSj dqiks"k.k ls xzLr Fkh A
xzkeh.k ifjokjksa esa 22% ls vf/kd Hkw&Lokeh Fks A 27% ls vf/kd isnkjh dk'rdkj Fks rFkk 30% ls vf/kd d`f"k&etnwj Fks] ftuesa ls 50%
ls vf/kd Hkwfeghu Fks A dbZ fcpkSfy, dk;Z dj jgs Fks rFkk Hkwfe ij okLrfod Hkwfe tksrus okyksa ds vf/kdkj lhfer Fks A d`f"k etnwjksa esa yxHkx
15% d`f"k ls tqM+s gq, Fks rFkk 'ks"k vfu;fer Jfed Fks A Jfedksa dks o"kZ esa vkSlru 326 fnu dk;Z djuk iM+rk Fkk rFkk mudks cgqr de etnwjh
izkIr gksrh Fkh A
m|ksxHkkjr esa vk/kqfud m|ksx 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa vkjEHk fd, x, Fks] ftudk izcU lkekU;r% eSusftax ,tsalh flLVe ds v/
khu Fkk A vktknh ds le; eq[; m|ksx diM+k] twV] phuh] lhesaV] dkxt] rsy?kkuh vkSj gYds bathfu;fjax m|ksx Fks A 1947 esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx
14,500 QSfDV;ka Fkha ftuesa yxHkx 22.75 yk[k O;fDr dke dj jgs Fks A m|ksx dsUh;d`r Fks A dqy 'ks;j dSfiVy dk 34% ls vf/kd rFkk ewy
vpy laif dk yxHkx 38% vkSj dkjiksjsV lsDVj dh ldy iwath dk yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ Hkkx 20 vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa }kjk fu;fU=r Fkk A
fons'kh O;kikjo"kZ 1947-50 esa fu;kZr dk ewY; 509 djksM #i, Fkk tks fd jk"Vh; vk; ds 6% ls de Fkk A vk;kr 590 djksM+
Fkk tks fd gekjh jk"Vh; vk; ds 7% ls de Fkk A ml o"kZ esa Hkkjr ds fons'kh O;kikj esa 82 djksM+ #i, dk ?kkVk Fkk A eq[; fu;kZr d`f"k&mRikr]
[kfut inkFkZ rFkk vU; dPps eky dk gksrk Fkk A fu;kZr dh vU; oLrq,a pk;] twV] dikl] peM+k] ykSg v;Ld] rEckdw] elkys] frygu bR;kfn
Fks A eq[; fu;kZr diM+s dk gksrk Fkk A vk;kr gksus okyh oLrqvksa esa e'khujh /kkrq,a] jlk;u] Mkb;ka] [kk|kUu laca/kh midj.k rFkk e'khusa bR;kfn
A ;wukbVsM fdaxMe] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] ikfdLrku] fe vkSj vkLVsfy;k gh os eq[; fudkl Fks ftuls gekjs vk;kr dk izorZu gksrk Fkk A
cekZ rFkk dukMk gekjs fu;kZr ds eq[; srk Fks A
iz'u 3- uhfr xBu esa jktuhfrKksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa osQ chp lacak dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjigys vke /kkj.kk ;g Fkh fd uhfr&fu/kkZj.k dk dk;Z usrkvksa dk vkSj uhfr f;kUo;u dk dk;Z ukSdj'kkgh dk gksrk gS A oLrqr%
ukSdj'kkgh uhfr&fu/kkZj.k esa Hkh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSa A nksuksa ds laca/kksa esa leUo; gksus ij gh ;g izf;k iwjh gksrh gS A buds
laca/kksa ds dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

N
3

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in3

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

(d) yksxksa ds lkFk lEidZyksd uhfr dk xBu] lewg esa dk;Zjr yksxksa] jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSd'kkgh ds chp vUr% laca/k ds vk/
kkj ij gksrk gS A var% laca/k dh izf;k esa ;s rhuksa ?kVd vkil esa lEidZ j[krs gSa rFkk ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djuk pkgrs gSa A jktusrk] yksxksa
ds fo'ks"k oxZ ls tqM+s gksrs gSa rFkk ,d lhek rd muds fgek;rh Hkh gksrs gSa A ukSdj'kkgh ,d rjg ls rVLFk gksrh gS rFkk jktusrk] ukSdj'kkgh
dks mnklhu o laosnukghu le>rs gSa A bldk dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd mPp ukSdj'kkgh vkSj lkekU; yksxksa ds chp izfr"Bk esa dkQh QdZ jgrk
gS A bl lcds ckotwn dbZ ckj jktusrk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ds lEidZ ek/;e ,d gks tkrs gSa] vr% vusd fHkUurkvksa vkSj vyx&vyx
fopkj/kkjk gksus ds ckotwn mUgsa vkilh lg;ksx djuk iM+rk gS A
([k) lwpuk dh O;oLFkkjktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh] nksuksa ds ikl fofo/k izdkj dh tkudkjh jgrh gS] ftldh uhfr&fuekZ.k esa
vko';drk gksrh gS A flfoy vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl yEck vuqHko rFkk Qkbyksa ds :i esa lkjk fjdkWMZ jgrk gS A jktusrkvksa ds ikl turk dh
euksfLFkfr o vko';drkvksa dh vPNh tkudkjh jgrh gS A nksuksa rjg dh lwpukvksa dk ewY;kadu gks tkus ds ckn iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh uhfrxr
izLrkoksa dks u, dk;Zeksa dk ctV laca/kh izLrkoksa esa cnyus dk dk;Z 'kq: dj ldrs gSa A
(x) rduhdh vuqfparuljdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa o dk;Zeksa dk rduhdh vuqfparu dkQh egoiw.kZ gS] rkfd U;wure ykxr
ij fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh iwr dh tk lds A rduhdh vuqfparu ds dbZ igyw gSa ( tSls
1. lacaf/kr fo'ks"kKksa }kjk tkp
2. O;ogk;Zrk dh tkp
3. vkFkd fo'ys"k.k
bl rjg ;g irk pyrk gS fd uhfr&fuekZ.k esa lqfoKksa dk ;ksxnku egoiw.kZ gksrk gS] vr% izHkkoksRikndrk o dk;Zdq'kyrk ds fy, rduhdh
vuqfparu djus gsrq lqfoKksa dh enn yh tkuh pkfg, A
(?k) leUo;lHkh uhfr;k vkSj dk;Ze ifjorhZ lhek rd ijLij lacaf/kr gSa tSls d`f"k ;k m|ksxksa dh mUufr ds fy, f'k{kk dh mUufr
gksuk t:jh gS A bl lcds fy, leUo; dh vko';drk gS A leUo; lHkh Lrjksa ij gksuk pkfg, A leUo; ls la;qDr iz;klksa dks c<+kok feyrk
gS rFkk la;qDr iz;klksa ds ifj.kke lnSo vPNs gksrs gSa A
() vuqeksnuuhfr xBu dh vafre voLFkk vuqeksnu gS A uhfr;ksa o dk;Zeksa dk vuqeksnu izk;% eaf=eaMy }kjk fof/k ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS A fdlh uhfr dks fof/kd :i nsus dk dke ukSdj'kkgh }kjk gksrk gS A vr% jktusrkvksa o ukSdj'kkgh ds chp leUo; gksuk Hkh
t:jh gS A
iz'u 4 Hkkjr esa fodkl lacakh y{;ksa ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mkjHkkjr esa fodkl ds y{;Hkkjr esa fodkl ds eq[; y{; gSa
(i) vkRefuHkZjrk
(ii) vkFkd lao/kZu
(iii) vkS|ksxhdj.k
(iv) vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk
(v) lkekftd U;k; A
(i) vkRefuHkZjrkvkRefuHkZjrk ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh ns'k dk viuh vko';drkvksa] lalk/kuksa vkSj mi;ksfxrk ds vuq:i fodkl ds ekxZ
ij pyuk A fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkRefuHkZj gksus ds fy, O;kikj] fuos'k rFkk izkS|ksfxdh ds laca/k esa vU; ns'kksa ij vkfJr u gksuk A
gekjs ns'k esa fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr mik;ksa }kjk ns'k dks vkRefuHkZj cukus ds iz;Ru fd, x, gSa
?kjsyw mRiknu esa fofo/krk iSnk djuk] rkfd fons'kh lgk;rk ij fuHkZjrk esa deh ykbZ tk lds A
dfri; egoiw.kZ oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa deh ykdj rFkk fu;kZr lao/kZu djuk] rkfd ge vius ksrksa ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa
dh dher vnk dj ldsa A
vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus ds ckn dksbZ Hkh ns'k fo'oO;kih vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk rkyesy fcBkus esa leFkZ gksrk gS rFkk mls fdlh vU; ns'k
ij fuHkZj Hkh ugha jguk iM+rk] vr% og vius fu.kZ; ysus esa Lora= gksrk gS A
(ii) vkFkd lao/ZuvkFkd lao/kZu ls rkRi;Z gS vkFkd fodkl ftls e'khujh] midj.kksa rFkk vk/kqfud rduhd] iwath&fuos'k bR;kfn
dk lEiw.kZ iz;ksx dj mRiknu esa o`f) djds izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A bldh o`f) ds QyLo:i oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk izpqj ek=k esa mRiknu
gksrk gS] ftlls varr% cpr vkSj iwath fuekZ.k dh nj esa o`f) gksrh gS A vr% mRiknu esa o`f) ds ek/;e ls fodkl djuk Hkkjrh; ;kstuk dh
vk/kkjf'kyk cu xbZ gS A Hkkjrh; ;kstukvksa esa Hkh vkFkd fodkl dks vf/kd ego fn;k x;k gS A ;kstukxr y{;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k vkSj fofHkUu
{ks=ksa esa laLkk/kuksa ds vkcaVu dk ewy ms'; vkFkd lao/kZu djuk gS A iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fodkl dh larqfyr nj dh miyfC dks Hkh ego
fn;k x;k gS vkSj m|ksx] d`f"k rFkk NksVs m|ksx rFkk Hkkjh m|ksxksa ds e/; ,d larqyu LFkkfir dj fy;k x;k gS A ;kstukvksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds

N
4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus okys {ks= vkSj lsok,a miyC/k djkus okys {ks= ds chp larqfyu LFkkfir djus dk Hkh y{; j[kk x;k gS A
(iii) vkS|ksxhdj.kvkS|kxhdj.k ls rkRi;Z gS iwathxr rFkk vk/kkjHkwr m|ksxksa ds fodkl dh xfr dks rhoz djuk A fdlh Hkh ns'k dh
jk"Vh; vk; dh fodkl nj esa o`f) ds fy, vkS|ksxhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk vfr vko';d gS A bl ms'; dh izkfIr ds fy, ns'k ds fodkl dh
:ijs[kk esa iwathxr oLrqvksa ls lacaf/kr m|ksxksa ds fodkl dks lokZf/kd ego fn;k x;k gS A lajpukRed lqfokvksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk iwath ds lap;
ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr inkFkks rFkk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkuk vko';d gS A gekjs ns'k dh ;kstukvksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ms'; dks mPp
izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gS A dqVhj m|ksxksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk cpr vkSj fuos'k dh orZeku nj] vk;kr izfrLFkkiu rFkk fu;kZr foLrkj
ij tksj nsus ls Hkh ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dks c<+kok feyk gS A ;kstukvksa esa m|ksx vkSj [kuu] fo|qr vkSj ifjogu rFkk lapkj tSls vFkZO;oLFkk
ds {ks=ksa ds fodkl dks mPp izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gS A
(iv) vk/qfudhdj.kvk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z gS vkFkd xfrfof/k;ksa dh :ijs[kk esa fofo lajpukRed rFkk laLFkkxr ifjorZu A
mRiknu ds vkaf'kd la;kstd ds cnyko] xfrfof/k;ksa dk fof/kdj.k] izkS|ksfxdh dh mUufr rFkk laLFkkxr uohdj.k bR;kfn vk/kqfudhdj.k ds y{k.k
gSa A foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lkFk Li"V :i ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS A mRiknu esa foKku rFkk vk/kqfud rduhd dk iz;ksx
dj mRiknu esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk vkFkd fodkl dh xfr esa Hkh rsth vkrh gS A vr% ljdkj us vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh
ds ego ij vf/kd tksj fn;k gS] ftldh izkfIr rFkk fodkl ds fy, vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;k gS A bl ms';
dh izkfIr ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks= dk fodkl fd;k x;k gS rFkk futh {ks= dks Hkh vk/kqfud rduhd dk iz;ksx djus esa foh; lgk;rk iznku djus
dh ckr dgh xbZ gS A y?kq m|ksxksa rFkk dkjhxjksa dks laj{k.k fn;k tk jgk gS rFkk d`f"k esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ykus ds fy, tehankjh rFkk e/;LFk
dk'rdkjh izFkk dk mUewyu fd;k x;k gS A vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vUrxZr d`f"k vuqla/kku vkSj foLrkj laxBu ds O;kid <ax viuk, x, gSa rFkk
izeq[k [kk|kUUkksa vkSj m|ku d`f"k mRiknu vkSj leFkZu ewY;ksa dh i)fr dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS rFkk oLrqvksa dks izkIr djus rFkk muds lkoZtfud
forj.k ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gS A
vr% m|ksx rFkk d`f"k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k bl fodkl dh xfr dks rst djus ds fy, iz;Ru fd, tk jgs gSa A
(v) lkekftd U;k;lkekftd U;k; ls rkRi;Z gS lekt ds lHkh oxks dks mUufr rFkk fodkl ds volj iznku djuk A lekt ds lHkh
oxks dks lkekftd U;k; iznku djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd lekt ds fu/kZure oxks ds thou Lrj esa lq/kkj yk;k tk, A ifjlEif;ksa ds forj.k
esa fo"kerkvksa dks de fd;k tk, A csjkstxkjh dks nwj dj larqfyr fodkl yk;k tk, rFkk fiNM+s oxks dk mRFkku fd;k tk, A
iz'u 5- ^jkT; Lrjksa ij fu;kstu izf;k dkiQh O;ofLFkr gSA* O;k[;k dhft,A
mkj;kstuk foHkkx jkT; Lrj ij ;kstuk dh ,d egoiw.kZ laLFkk gS] ftldk eq[; dk;Z jkT; ds fy, ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk jgk gS A
gkykafd ;g foHkkx jkT; ;kstuk ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu Hkwfedk,a fuHkkrk jgk gS] fdUrq izR;sd jkT; esa ;s Hkwfedk,a fofHkUu gSa A
gkykafd izR;sd jkT; ds ;kstuk foHkkx dh lajpuk esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gS] fdUrq dqN {ks=ksa esa muesa lekurk Hkh ns[kus dks
feyrh gS A
izR;sd jkT; ds lfpoky; esa ;kstuk foHkkx gksrk gS] ftldk v/;{k lfpo gksrk gS A
;kstuk foHkkx dk dk;Z fofo/k izHkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd izHkkx dk izHkkjh ,d mi&lfpo Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS A lHkh
;kstuk foHkkxksa esa ,d fu.kZ; bdkbZ gksrh gS] ftldk dk;Z ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gS A
izR;sd foHkkx ds fofHkUu [k.M gksrs gSa tks d`f"k] ;kstuk] fo] ewY;kadu] ekWuhVfjax] ekuo'kfDr vkdyu rFkk jkstxkj bR;kfn dh leL;kvksa
dks gy djrs gSa A
dqN jkT;ksa esa {ks=h; rFkk ftyk ;kstuk ls lacaf/kr izHkkx Hkh gksrs gSa A
bu ;kstuk foHkkxksa esa mPp inksa ij Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok] jkT;ksa dh iz'kklfud lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh] rduhdh tkudkjh ds fo'ks"kK]
vf/kdkjh rFkk vU; lgk;d deZpkjh fu;qDr gksrs gSa] tks fd ;kstuk fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrs gSa A
jkT; ;kstuk foHkkx ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) ;kstuk vk;ksx] jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ds ea=ky;ksa ds lkFk jkT;ksa dh ;kstuk] dsU leir ;kstukvksa ds
lEcU/k esa lEidZ cuk, j[kuk A
(2) jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk O;kid ewY;kadu djuk] ;kstuk dh lkekU; rFkk fof'k"V izkfIr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djuk rFkk jk"Vh; ms';ksa
ds ifjizs{; esa jkT; dh ;kstuk ds ms';ksa dks fukZfjr djuk A
(3) {ks=h; fodkl] {ks=h; vlarqyu vkfn dk v/;;u djuk rFkk ;kstuk&fuekZ.k esa yxs vfdkfj;ksa dks fu;eksa o izf;k dh tkudkjh
nsuk A
(4) dk;Z&lewgksa dh LFkkiuk djds ;kstuk dh rS;kjh djuk A
(5) lesfdr ;kstuk rS;kj djuk rFkk lykgdkj lfefr@eaf= eaMy vkfn ls vuqefr izkIr djuk A

N
5

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in5

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

iz'u 6- fodkl fuxeksa osQ dk;ks dk o.kZu dhft,A

mkjfodkl fuxe ds dk;ks dks eq[;r% pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS
(1) foh;(
(2) mUu;u laca/kh(
(3) rduhdh( vkSj
(4) lapkyu laca/kh dk;Z A
(1) fokh; dk;Zfoh; {ks= esa fodkl fuxe d`f"k] O;kikj ;k m|ksx ds fy, _.k nsrs gSa rFkk fdlh m|e dh bfDoVh esa Hkkxhnkjh
djds m|e dks c<+kok Hkh ns ldrs gSa A os fdlh daiuh ds iwathxr bL;w (issue) dks [kjhn dj lf; iwath cktkj dks c<+kok Hkh nsrs gSa A Hkkjr
esa jk"Vh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe] Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fo fuxe Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad bR;kfn fuxe bl dk;Z dks djrs gSa A
(2) mUu;u laca/h dk;Zfuxe }kjk mUu;u laca/kh dk;Z dbZ izdkj ls fd, tkrs gSa A dqN ekeyksa esa fodkl fuxe fdlh ifj;kstuk
ds vkSfpR; dk fuos'k ls iwoZ v/;;u djds m|fe;ksa vkSj iawth fuos'kdksa dks fdlh mi;qDr ifj;kstuk dk pquko djus esa enn dj ldrs gSa A
;s fdlh ifj;kstuk dk ewY;kadu rFkk cktkj dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa m|eh dh enn Hkh djrs gSa A
dbZ ckj fuxe vkS|ksfxd laink dks LFkkfir djrs gSa] ftlds }kjk izorZdksa dks muds izfr"Bku LFkkfir djus esa enn dh tkrh gS A bu
lainkvksa esa fj;k;rh nj ij tehu nh tkrh gS rFkk vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds fy, vko';d fctyh] ikuh] foi.ku] HkaMkj] lapkj dh lqfok,a miyCk
djokbZ tkrh gSa A
dbZ fodkl fuxeksa }kjk fons'kh lg;ksx rFkk midj.k ds fy, iwath dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh tkrh gS A ,slk O;kikj esa fofo/krk ykus rFkk vfkd
ls vf/kd ek=k esa fons'kh iwath vftZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
dqN fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk iw.kZ ;k vkarfjd :i ls] fdlh fiNM+s {ks= ds fodkl ds fy, dh tkrh gS] ftudk eq[; dk;Z m|fe;ksa dks rduhdh
izf'k{k.k nsdj fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa m|ksx LFkkfir djuk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (IDBI) A
vr% fodkl fuxe ds eq[; ms'; larqfyr {ks=h; fodkl] fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds lqvolj iznku djuk rFkk m|ksxksa dk O;kid
foLrkj djuk jgk gS A
(3) rduhdh dk;Zfuxeksa dk ,d vU; izeq[k ms'; ubZ izkS|ksfxdh dk vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl djuk gS A Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vh;
vuqla/kku fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk rduhdh vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dh xbZ gS A ;s m|eksa ds fy, fons'kksa esa miyC/k rduhdh tkudkjh
tqVkus dk dke djrs gSa] rkfd y?kq m|ksx Hkh vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx dj ldsa A Hkkjr esa ,d vU; fuxe jk"Vh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe
gS] ftldk izeq[k dk;Z ifj;kstuk cukuk] foLr`r ifj;kstuk fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk rFkk m|fe;ksa dks LFky dk pquko rFkk fujh{k.k djus esa ijke'kZ
nsuk gS A
dqN fodkl fuxe m|fe;ksa dks izca/kdh; ijke'kZ] fo'ks"kKrk] rduhdh izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk rFkk dqN vkS|ksfxd m|eksa ds mRiknuksa ds foi.ku
esa Hkh lgk;rk djrs gSa A
(4) izorhZ dk;Zfodkl fuxe fdlh m|e dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vius fu;a=.k esa j[krs gq, ;k mls futh {ks= esa LFkkukarfjr djus ls
igys mUgsa c<+kok ns ldrk gS ;k pyk ldrk gS A
vr% fodkl fuxe larqfyr vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh fn'kk esa ,d egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa A
iz'u 7 iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mkjiztkrkaf=d izf;k esa iapk;rh jkt dks egoiw.kZ ekuk tkus yxk gS A Hkkjr esa lHkh jkT;ksa us bls viuk fy;k gS A iapk;rh jkt
vc 'kfDr'kkyh vkanksyu cu x;k gS A iapk;rh jkt ds mn~Hko dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djus ds i'pkr~ iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k
djuk vko';d gS A
1. jktuhfrd psrukiapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk ds v/;;u esa loZizFke vk;ke dk lEcU/k iapk;rh jkt }kjk xzkeh.k turk esa jktuhfrd
psruk tkxzr djus dh Hkwfedk dk gS A iapk;rh jkt fudk;ksa us ukxfjdksa dks mjnkf;Roiw.kZ thou ds fy, rS;kj gksus dh jktuhfrd f'k{kk iznku
dh A okLro esa iapk;rh jkT; fudk;ksa us ,sls usrk rS;kj fd;s gSa tks fd izkUrh; rFkk jk"Vh; Lrj ij iztkrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dks fu;af=r dj ldrs
gSa A iapk;rh jkt ogka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku cu x;k gS] tgka dh tkfrxr ,oa LFkkuh; LokFkZ ijLij izHkko Mkyrs gSa] fojks/k gksrs gSa] le>kSrs
gksrs gSa rFkk fofHkUu eqksa ij ,d lkekU; lgefr ij igaqpuk gksrk gS A
2. ;kstuk rFkk fodkliapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh :ijs[kk] ;kstuk rFkk fodkl esa ,d fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds ms'; ls rS;kj dh
x;h Fkh A ;kstuk rFkk fodkl dh ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa] pkgs og ftyk Lrj ij gks ;k uhps ds Lrj ij] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa us egoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fn;k gS A egkjk"V] dukZVd] if'peh caxky rFkk dbZ jkT;ksa esa LFkkuh; Lrj dh ;kstuk,a lQyrkiwoZd rS;kj dh xb rFkk bu laLFkkvksa
}kjk dk;kZfUor dh x;h A

N
6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

3. O;oLFkk

laLFkk;saiapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a Lo'kklu dh ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa A budk eq[; dk;Z xzkeh.k LFkkbZ O;oLFkk]
tu&LokLF;] jkLrksa esa jks'kuh dh O;oLFkk] ihus ds ikuh dh vkiwr] xzke dh lM+dksa rFkk iqfy;kvksa dk j[k&j[kko] izkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk
dk izcU/k] bR;kfn gksrk gS A dqN jkT;ksa esa lHkh fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ks dks rhu oxks esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSdsUh; [k.M] izkUrh; [k.M o
LFkkuh; [k.M A LFkkuh; [k.M ls lEcfU/kr dk;Zeksa dh ;kstuk rFkk f;kUo;u iapk;rh jkt fudk;ksa dks lqiqnZ fd;s x;s gSa A buesa d`f"k] y?kq
flapkbZ] xzkeh.k LokLF;] i'kqikyu] xzkeh.k lM+dsa] lekt&dY;k.k] lgdkfjrk] dqVhj m|ksx] xzkeh.k vkokl vkfn tSls fo"k; lfEefyr gSa A
iz'u 8 fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ roZQlaxr vkkkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjfefJr vFkZO;oLFkkfefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa ljdkjh] futh rFkk la;qDr {ks= feydj dk;Z
djrs gSa A vFkkZr~,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa LokfeRo] fu;a=.k rFkk fu.kZ; ysus ds ,d ls vf/kd rjhds ekStwn gksa A fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa
mRiknu ds ljdkjh lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx lekt&dY;k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rFkk futh {ks= ds m|e ljdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k
djrs gSa A vr% bl vFkZO;oLFkk dk ewy ro gS fd rsth ls vkFkd fodkl gks lds vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa dksbZ izfrca/kkRed vFkok 'kks"kd izo`f;k
iSnk u gks ldsa A ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ljdkj futh m|eksa ds lkFk feydj vkFkd fodkl dh izf;k esa lf; Hkkx ysrh gS A vr% fefJr
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ns'k dh lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk rhu [kaMksa esa foHkkftr gksrh gS
os {ks= ftuesa mRiknu rFkk forj.k nksuksa dk lEiw.kZ izca/k vkSj fu;a=.k jkT; }kjk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk futh m|eksa dks Hkkxhnkjh dk
vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gksrk A
os {ks= ftuesa jkT; rFkk futh m|e la;q :i ls mRiknu rFkk forj.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSa rFkk
,sls {ks= tks futh m|eksa ds ,dkdh vkSj iwjs fu;a=.k esa gksrs gSa rFkk jkT; ljdkj ds lkekU; fu;a=.k vkSj fofu;eu ds
v/khu gksrs gSa A
vr% fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftlesa LokfeRo] fu;a=.k rFkk fu.kZ; ysus dh ,d ls vf/kd 'kSfy;ksa dk lgvfLrRo gks A
,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa mRiknu ds ljdkjh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx lekt&dY;k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa jkT; fodkl dh izf;k esa futh m|e ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djrk gS A
,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlesa dHkh cktkj dh 'kfDr;ka vkFkd xfr'khyrk fu/kkZfjr djrh gSa] rks dHkh ;kstuk ,tsafl;ka vkFkd O;oLFkk
dks izHkkfor djrh gSa A
,slh lEiw.kZ vkFkd O;oLFkk ftlesa LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=.k ds fofHkUu :i vFkZO;oLFkk dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa lf; ik, tk ldrs
gSa A

7
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in7