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T.S.-2
Tourism Development: Products, Operations And Case Studies
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.
PART-I
Q. 2. Highlight the major seasonal festivals of the country. Also explain how these festivals support tourism
industry.
Ans. Season Festivals
New Years Day: Though it is not an Indian festival, since the first day of the year in India doesnt start on the first
day of the Gregorian calendar, it has been adopted as a festival because of its long association with the British.
Greetings and good wishes are exchanged, sweets are distributed, parties are thrown and people start wishing Happy
New Year right after 12 in the night. People send greeting cards and good wish messages to their friends and near & dear
ones .
Exchanging costly gifts and starting new work and new accounts on this day has also caught up with the Indian
people.
Lohri: This is one of the famous festivals in the state of Punjab. The origin of this term is not known but some
connect it with fire. This festival occurs on the 13th day of January in the month of Paush or Magh, a day before the
famous Makar Sankranthi. It is celebrated in the biting cold of the winter season when the winter rains are about to come
or have come already.
The festivities include the famous and boisterous Bhangra dance, which ideally suits the occasion since its fast
movements generate enough heat in the body to fight off the freezing cold. On Lohri, the dancers perform around a fire in
a ring shape. The fire is offered Chivraor beaten rice, Meva or dry fruits, Til-gur-revri or sesame seeds sweet
preparation and gajak another variety of sweetened sesame seeds. Then the fire becomes the deity of the occasion.
Its special significance for the agriculturists culture is because it marks the beginning of a new financial year because
on this day they settle the division of the products of the land between themselves and the tillers. Women folk remain
busier because they also participate in the Gidda dance and the youngsters indulge in a lot more acrobatics to the
mesmerizing rhythm of the Dholak and the Nagara.
Lohri has spread far and wide from its place of origin and now mostly the Punjabis do not only celebrate it in India but
also abroad in many countries with great verve and style.
Pongal: Celebrated almost at the same time when Lohri and Makar Sankranthi are celebrated in the north,
Pongal is the most popular festival of the Tamilians. A harvest festival honoring the Sun God and the lord of rains, Indra,
Pongal also symbolizes a thanks-giving festival for the plentiful paddy crops that the farmer has harvested during the mild
winter months in South India.
Literally meaning Boiling over, Pongal, signifies the advent of prosperity. Pongal is normally celebrated over a
period of four days, starting on the 13th January. Since the calculation to determine the day is based on the solar calendar,
the date doesnt change. It is considered a very auspicious occasion when the Sun transits the Capricorn sign. A rich and
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abundant harvest of paddy and other crops depend on the availability of good rain, as most of the rivers in Tamilnadu are
not perennial. Hence the invocation of the Sun God and the God of Rain at the time of Pongal.
Makara Sankranthi: When the sun transits the Makar (Capricorn) this festival is celebrated. The special significance of this day is that on this day the lunar and the solar calendars are synchronized. It normally falls on January 14th.
It is the day, which marks the beginning of the auspicious time again for performing marriages and other ceremonies.
Sankranthi means change or a particular form of transgression, as during this time the Sun starts to travel northwards.
Makar Sankranthi is also called Uttarayan Sankranthi .On this day the devotees in thousands take a holy dip in the
Ganges and other holy streams. At Ganga Sagar where the Ganges confluences with the Sea, a grand fair and festivities
are held on this day. This is an auspicious day for giving alms. Edibles made of sesame seeds are donated liberally. Giving
of uncooked lentils and rice called Kichadi in local parlance is also held very meritorious. This Daan ceremony is
celebrated in the eastern part of the country very elaborately. In some communities, the affluent families weigh things like
Kichari, edibles, warm clothes, quilts, blankets, etc against their infants in a balance to be given off as alms.
Despite the differences in the manner of celebration with different names, Makar Sankranthi or its derivatives Lohri
or Pongal is a very joyous and auspicious occasion.
Mauni Amavasya: Falling on the fifteenth day of the dark fortnight of Magh is this unique festival called Mauni
Amavasya, that is the moonless day for observing the vow of silence. Magh is one of the most sacred months among the
pious Hindus. The uniqueness of this festival is that it is the only day when holy men and the devout remain silent.
Bathing on this day in the holy waters like the Ganges, eating frugally, visiting temples and religious shrines, and
listening to discourses by holy men are considered to be meritorious. The Magh- Mela in Allahabad attracts millions of
devotees to the holy bath at the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna. The holy men and Naga Sadhus take bath here.
It is a treat to watch scores of unclad or scarcely clad holy men taking bath at the Sangam amidst great fanfare and the
police bandobust at daybreak when temperature on the river surface may be below zero degree.
On Mauni amavasya day, traditionally Lord Vishnu is worshipped and the Peepal Tree is religiously circumambulated. The purpose of observing silence on this day is said to be sharpening our concentration power and living in total
communion with the Lord Almighty.
Sankat Chauth: This day falls on the fourth day of the dark half of Magha (Jan- Feb). On this day Vrata is
observed in the honor of Lord Ganesh and it ensures wisdom, trouble-free life and prosperity. After the early morning
bath and observance of the routine piety rituals, a pitcher and Ganesh idol are installed and worshipped with sweets and
balls made of jaggery and sesame seeds. Moon-god and Rohini are also worshipped. At night, after the moonrise, the fast
is broken after offering the moon, the sacred water called Arghya. It has a related legend which claims that it was the
great sage Markandeya who advised a dethroned king to keep fast on this day to regain his lost glory. He did so and
everything was well for him.
Lord Ganesh is said to be the Lord who can remove all obstructions from ones path to success. Hence his worship on
Sankat Chauth. It is believed that keeping fast on this day ensures trouble-free year ahead.
Vasant Panchami: Vasant is said to be the prince of all seasons, when the whole nature swoons in ecstasy. So the
ancient Hindu calendar started with this season. Vasant Panchami or Sri Panchami is celebrated on the fifth day of Magha
(Jan- Feb). This day is specially dedicated to Saraswati, the Goddess of learning, wisdom, and fine arts.
On this day, robes, yellow in color are traditionally worn, taking clue from the fields wearing a mustard flowers
brilliant color. This color also signifies maturity and ripeness. The Prasadam for the Goddess varies from community to
community. Some have Ber- a kind of plume that is found in abundance in North India, and Sangari- a kind of bean
that grows in the root of the radish plant are offered as prasadams. Along with these two, some Burfi sweets, which are
yellow in color and marigolds, are placed on a Thali in front of the deity. The younger girl of the family normally begins
the worship.
A large number of fairs are also held in India from time to time. People from far and wide come to take part in these
fairs. In fact, many tourists plan their vacations according to the time of occurrence of these fairs. Pushkar Fair, Urs Ajmer
Fair and Surajkund Crafts Fair are some of the famous fairs of India. The Kumbh Mela and the colorful and grand Goa
Carnival are extremely popular among the locals as well as the tourists. The fairs and festivals of India are held according
to the lunar calendar. During these colorful events people of all sects, castes and religions come together and join in the
revelry. Processions are held, prayers are offered, gifts are exchanged and people dance and sing during these multicolored events. Bringing out the true colors of the rich Indian culture, the fairs and festivals of India play an important role
in attracting tourists to the country. These festivals are an integral part of the life of the people of the country. In recent
years festivals are a being used for promoting tourism. It helps in boosting the economy. This time-limited event encour-
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ages visitors to visit the place during the event. During the event, visitors have a unique chance to interact with the local
community, gaining a deeper experience of the ambience, customs and local culture. Fairs and festivals empower communities to attract new visitors while capitalizing on local commercial and cultural value. The impact of these events can be
counted in dollars, but indirect value is also created through the positive presentation of the community and the social
interactions that fairs and festivals engender.
PART - II
Q. 1. What do you understand by Regional distribution of international tourism? Provide an insight into
UNWTO projections about the most growing regions in future.
Ans. There are two main aspects of travel geography:
1. The worlds geographical resource base for tourism and
2. The spatial patterns of world tourist activity. The distribution of tourism in the different regions of the world and
geographical explanations of these patterns.
There are several factors that lead to changes in travel flows and patterns of tourist development. In order to understand these processes, it is necessary to know tourists motivation and other social, political and economic circumstances
that both generate tourism and control its spatial expression.
Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash
in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the
uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. Arguing that tourism needs to be more sustainable, the
world body is organising a dialogue this April in the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to bring together
national and local governments, the tourism industry, trade unions and activist groups to realise this goal. In the following
article, Anita Pleumarom considers whether the global tourism industry can really be propelled towards sustainability
under the current international and political regime that underpins the drive towards globalisation.
International Tourism is when people travel globally outside of their region and home country. This means a temporary movement of people from the resident place to another place for different reasons such as recreational, health,
business or some other reason. Tourism is a noteworthy activity in all 41 regions under investigation. The shares of total
regional value added pertaining to the hotel and restaurant sector are in such areas larger than the national averages. In
Italian coastal regions the weight of the hotel sector on total regional output is however lower than the 5 countries coastal
area overall average (3.8 and 7.3 per cent, respectively). The largest shares are those of Southern Aegean, Balearic, Ionian
and Canary islands (24, 21.4, 18.3 and 15.2 per cent, respectively). Somehow surprisingly, the largest shares 8 in Italy
pertain to central-northern regions, led by Liguria (5.7 per cent) and followed by Tuscany and Veneto (4.5 per cent for
both regions).
Many factors contributed to such vigorous performance: the growth of available income in many countries; dramatic
reduction in transportation costs and the soaring number of international flights resulting from the development of low
cost carriers; the appearance of new competitors on the worlds tourist markets; a change in consumer tastes that resulted
in a growing interest for journeys abroad. The distribution of international tourist expenditures among origin countries
mirrors to a very large extent the degree of industrialization and development attained. UNWTO data show that the first
six countries in the ranking of tourist expenditures abroad are G8 members. Moreover, one third of total international
tourist expenditures can be attributed to travellers from Germany, the USA and the UK, countries that represent about 28
per cent of world GDP and almost 18 per cent of the planets population.
World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) is the most widely recognised and the leading international organisation in
travel and tourism today. It is a specialised agency of the United Nations. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy
and a practical source of tourism know-how. With its headquarters in Madrid, Spain the World Tourism Organisation
plays a central and decisive role in promoting development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism,
with the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace prosperity and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Its membership includes 150 countries and territories and more than 450 affiliate members representing local governments, tourism associations, educational institutes and
private sector companies including airlines, hotels and tour operators.
Q. 3. Discuss the importance of business cities for tourism. Give suitable examples.
Ans. Business tourism or business travel is a more limited and focused subset of regular tourism. During business
tourism (traveling), individuals are still working and being paid, but are doing so away from both their workplace and
home.
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Some definitions of tourism tend to exclude business travel. However, the World Tourism Organization (WTO)
defines tourists as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Primary business tourism activities include meetings, and attending conferences and exhibitions. Despite the term
business in business tourism, when individuals from government or non-profit organizations engage in similar activities,
this is still categorized as business tourism (travel).
Cities across the world are expanding airports, constructing hotels and improving facilities all to attract tourist dollars. With tourism playing a major part of many economies, its not a surprise that many destinations are going out of their
way to woo visitors.
Lets take a look at 20 cities that attracted most international visitors in 2013.
Bangkok has many attractions, ranging from royal palaces and temples to shopping and eating joints. The city is
also well-known for its exciting nightlife, cultural scene and historical locations. Apart from foreign visitors,
Thailands capital also sees huge number of domestic travellers. Its main airport, Suvarnabhumi Airport, is the
14th busiest in the world.
Some of the major attractions in London are Big Ben, Houses of Parliament, Tower of London, Buckingham
Palace and London Eye. Its also famous for its parks, such as St Jamess Park, Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath.
Paris, the city of romance, has some of the most loved attractions in the world, including the Eiffel Tower, the
Louvre, Champs-Elysees and Notre Dame de Paris. To make commuting easy, the city has several forms of
transport, such as buses, Metro and boats.
Singapore has many things going for itself, such as low crime rate, prevalence of English language and worldclass infrastructure. The city-state gets more visitors annually than its population. Some of the major attractions
are Orchard Road district, Marina Bay Sands, Resorts World Sentosa and Singapore Zoo.
New York City, one of the worlds most visited cities in the world, has several attractions for both domestic and
international visitors. Some of the most well-known hotspots are Times Square, Fifth and Madison Avenues,
Statue of Liberty and Broadway. Some of the events that see huge numbers of tourists include Halloween Parade,
Labor Day Carnival and New York Marathon.
Istanbul, one of the worlds leading conference centres, has thousands of hotels and destinations attracting both
business and leisure travellers. Its two main airports handle millions of passengers every year.
Dubai, which is called the Shopping Destination of the Middle East, is famous for its malls, desert safari, parks
and nightlife. It has some of the best hotels and also boasts the tallest building, Burj Khalifa, in the world.
Kuala Lumpur, which has more than 60 shopping malls, is a tourist magnate for its dining experience, cultural
scene and nightlife. Some of the major attractions are Petaling Street, the National Palace, Petronas Twin Towers
and Suria KLCC.
Tourism is one of the most important economic activity in Hong Kong. The city has number of attractions,
including Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort, Peninsula Hotel and Star Ferry Pier.
Barcelona, a city known for its moderate climate, has some of the best beaches in the world, excellent hotels,
shopping areas and top-class infrastructure.
Seoul, the capital of South Korea, is a city of shopping malls, cultural attractions and dynamic nightlife. Some of
the best shopping areas are Dongdaemun Market, Namdaemun market, Insa-dong and Gangnam.
Vienna, which is once again seeing a surge in visitor numbers, has several world famous attractions, such as
Schonbrunn Palace, Tiergarten Schonbrunn, the worlds oldest zoo, and Vienna State Opera. The city offers both
historical delights and dynamic nightlife.
Taipei, the capital of Taiwan has number of destinations for both international and domestic travellers, including
Taipei 101, Shilin Night Market, Beitou Hot Springs and Huaxi Street Tourist Night Market.
Milan has several tourist attractions, such as Duomo and Piazza, Teatro alla Scala, San Siro Stadium, and is
known for entertainment, cultural scene and leisure opportunities.
Rome, which has been one of the most popular tourist destination for long time, has some of the most visited sites
in the world, including Vatican Museums, Colosseum, St Peters Basilica and Trevi Fountain.
Shanghai, one of the fastest growing cities in the world, is famous for its excellent infrastructure, exciting nightlife,
cultural scenes and eating delights.
Amsterdam is a city that has attractions ranging from museums to shopping districts to canals and red-light areas.
Some of the famous destinations are the canals, Rijksmuseum museum, Albert Cuyp Market, Amsterdam Dia-
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developed not only at the pilgrimage and religious places but at other places of interest. Presently, tariffs of hotels run by
the tourism corporations in northern India are beyond the reach of average domestic traveller.
Q. 6. How the promotional activities are organized in tourism industry? Explain with suitable example.
Ans. In order to attract tourists, any organisation or business in the tourist industry must create successful marketing
and promotion campaigns. The tourist industry is one of the most important in the world, worth up to one trillion dollars
annually, so successful marketing and promotion campaigns have the potential to generate huge revenue. Though promotion plays an important role in tourism marketing, the tourism marketing in Bangladesh is far behind from reaching this
goal, which leads to incapacity to attract a significant number of tourists. This is mainly due to inadequate and ineffective
promotional measures of the tourism sector of Bangladesh. Both the private and public tour operators of Bangladesh have
the resource constraints and cannot afford the sufficient budget for the promotional purpose. As a result, they cannot
conduct the promotional measures for the said industry by using international media which is essential for attracting the
foreign tourists. They only depend on the local media which is not sufficiently fruitful for an industry where the location
of the target market is diversified and they are located at the different parts of the world. In addition to that the low quality
of promotional materials, improper distribution of the materials, the perceived negative image by the potential tourists
due to a wrongful and negative reporting from international media adversely affect the tourism of Bangladesh.
The research also revealed that the country has a positive trend in arrivals and earnings and it can be increased to a
singnificant level if the country can undertake appropriate promotion measures by increasing the allocation for this
purpose. The country also needs to employ creative people for this purpose and the quality of the promotional materials
also needs to be developed. The promotional activities should also be directed in correcting the present image towards
Bangladesh as tourists destination. By ensuring these measures Bangladesh tourism industry can emerge as one of the
major contributors to the national economy of Bangladesh.
The World Tourism Organization is the leading international organization in the field of travel and tourism. It serves
as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how and statistics. Through tourism,
WTO aims to stimulate economic growth and job creation, provide incentives for protecting the environment and cultural
heritage, and promote peace, prosperity and respect for human rights. Its membership includes 139 countries, seven
territories and some 350 Affiliate Members representing regional and local promotion boards, tourism trade associations,
educational institutions and private sector companies, including airlines, hotel groups and tour operators. With its headquarters in Madrid and an international staff of 90 tourism specialists, WTO is an intergovernmental organization vested
by the United Nations with a central and decisive role in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable and
universally accessible tourism.
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