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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.H.I.-1
izkphu vkSj e;dkyhu lekt
( Ancient and Medieval Societies )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100%
Accuracy of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the
assignment. As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake
cannot be denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these
Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for
uptodate and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided
by the university.

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iz'u 1- ekuo us f"k dk izkjaHk fdl izdkj fd;k\ lkekftd lajpuk ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+k\
mkjkjfEHkd ekuo }kjk f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ ls "kd cuus dh f;k dksbZ vpkud ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVuk ugha FkhA tc
fo'oO;kih tyok;q esa ifjorZu gqvk] rks bldk Hkko f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ dh thou&'kSyh ij Hkh iM+kA lkFk gh ikSkksa ,oa i'kqvksa dh
fr esa Hkh vUrj vk;kA le; osQ lkFk f'kdkj vkSj laxzg dh rduhd Hkh fo'ks"khr gksrh pyh xbZ rFkk vkfnekuoksa dks ikSkksa ,oa
i'kqvksa dh xgjh tkudkjh gksrh xbZ] tks f"k osQ kjEHk osQ fy, ,d vfuok;Z igyw FkkA blh lUnHkZ esa fcuiQksMZ ,oa osaQV ySjh
tSls fo}kuksa us Hkh f'kdkj vkSj laxzg ls f"k dh vksj lae.k osQ fy, ekxr fodkl dk flkUr gh viuk;kA ;gk rd fd Mkou
us Hkh f"k dh 'kq#vkr dh ,d fed f;k osQ :i esa gh O;k[;k dh FkhA
ySjh us [kk| mRiknu dh vksj lae.k osQ rjhosQ dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, bls eq[;r% rhu vokkj.kkvksa ij vkkkfjr ekuk
gS
(i) [kk| mRiknu osQ iwoZ f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ dh vkcknh esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ FkhA
(ii) [kk| mRiknu dk vkjEHk mu yksxksa esa gqvk] tgk fr cgqr vuqowQy ugha FkhA
(iii) [kk| mRiknu osQ dbZ osQU Fks rFkk [ksrh dh 'kq#vkr ls iwoZ ;s yksx fdlh fof'k"V ifjos'k osQ vknh ugha FksA
bl dkj osaQV ySjh us f"k dh vksj lae.k gsrq O;oLFkk flkUr dk friknu fd;kA buosQ vuqlkj ekSle esa cnyko osQ
lkFk f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ?kwek djrs Fks] ftl dkj.k mUgsa fofHk izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa ,oa i'kqvksa dk
Kku gksrk x;kA esfDldks oQh nf{k.kh ijh Hkwfe esa ^udkjkRed friqf"V* flkUr vFkkZr~ fr dks lapkfyr djus okys bl flkUr]
ftlesa vyx&vyx le; esa vyx&vyx {ks=kksa] vyx&vyx iQly mRikfnr djrs Fks] osQ vuqlkj f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ vius f'kdkj
vkSj laxzg dh xfrfofk;ksa dks blh osQ vuq:i O;ofLFkr djrs FksA fofHk kUrksa esa miyCk ikSkksa vkSj i'kqvksa osQ vuqlkj lewg dh
xfr'khyrk vkSj vkdkj fukkZfjr gksrk FkkA bl dkj yksx ^foLr`r iQydokyh* vFkZO;oLFkk ij vkfJr Fks] u fd FkksM+s ikSkksa vkSj
i'kqvksa ij mudk thou vkkkfjr FkkA lkFk gh f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZvksa osQ {ks=kksa esa Hkh o`f gqbZ] rkfd mu LFkkuksa ij fdlh [kkl ikSks
dks mxk;k tk losQA dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh gksrk Fkk fd ,d ikSkk nwljs dks nck Hkh nsrk FkkA tkxjksl igkM+h {ks=kksa esa xsgw ,oa ijh
eSfDldks esa eDdk blh dkj dk ikSkk FkkA ;s fofHk dkj osQ ikSkksa esa lUrqyu Hkh j[krs FksA tgk kjEHk esa f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ
?kwe&?kwedj Hkkstu bdV~Bk fd;k djrs Fks] ogha vc os yksx ,d txg #osQ jgdj v mRiknu djus yxsA
dksfyu jsuf;w us Hkh lkaLfrd ifjorZu dh O;k[;k djrs gq, O;oLFkk flkUr dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ,e- dksgsu osQ vuqlkj
f"k osQ vkjEHk osQ fy, i;kZoj.kh; ifjorZu dh vis{kk euq"; dh pkgr dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku FkkA budk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd f"k
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dk fodkl tula[;k o`f osQ dkj.k gh gqvkA buosQ vuqlkj ;g vfrfjDr Hkkstu miyCk djokus osQ dkj.k ,slk ugha gqvk] cfYd
l?ku [ksrh dh 'kq#vkr vfrfjDr Je yxus osQ dkj.k gks ldrh Fkh vkSj blh osQ dkj.k [ksrh 'kq: dh xbZA blfy, [kk|k mRiknu
osQ ykHkksa dks tkurs gq, Hkh [ksrh djus osQ fy, ,d [kkl vkcknh dk gksuk t:jh FkkA tSls [ksrh djus osQ fy, vfkd tehu dh
vko';drk iM+us ij isM+ksa dks dkVus] tykus rFkk eSnku lkiQ djus dk dke djuk iM+rk FkkA vkSj bu lc dk;ks osQ fy, i;kZIr
Je dh vko';drk FkhA dksgsu us ekuk fd f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ lewg esa tula[;k dh o`f vpkud ugha gqbZ] cfYd ;g yxkrkj
pyus okyh f;k FkhA bl o`f osQ iQyLo:i {ks=kksa dk foLrkj gqvk rFkk yksx ,sls {ks=kksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djus yxs tks vc rd
vNwrs iM+s FksA khjs&khjs yksxksa us viuh t:jrksa dks [ksrh }kjk gh iwjk djuk kjEHk dj fn;kA bl dkj bl O;oLFkk flkUr esa osQoy
ijorhZ vfHkuwru ;qx osQ nkSjku gh ugha] cfYd lEiw.kZ kxSfrgkfld dky esa vkcknh dh o`f osQ ego ij dk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
bl lUnHkZ esa ckjcjk csUMj dk Hkh ;gh roZQ gS fd tula[;k dh o`f vius vki gksus okyh ?kVuk ugha gS] cfYd thou;kiu dh
xfrfofk;ksa osQ iQyLo:i kS|ksfxdh osQ Lrj] forj.k rFkk fofue; vkfn Hkkfor gksrk x;k] ftldk lhkk Hkko tula[;k ij Hkh
iM+kA budk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd bu ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k lkekftd lEcUk esa Hkh ifjorZu gqvk ftl dkj.k u, rjhosQ viukus dh
j.kuhfr;ksa ,oa yksxksa osQ Hkkstu kIr djus osQ rjhosQ esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;kA bl dkj gky osQ v;;uksa esa foLrkjoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
dh bl vokkj.kk dks Hkh pqukSrh nh tk jgh gS] ftlosQ vuqlkj vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d etcwr vkkkj feyus dh f;k us fdlkuksa
dks ,d txg clk;k gSA
bl dkj] ;g Li"V gS fd O;oLFkk flkUr osQ ek;e ls fo}kuksa us ;g Li"V djus dk ;kl fd;k gS fd f'kdkjh] laxzgdkkZ
ls f"k dh vksj lae.k dh f;k ,dk,d gksus okyh ?kVuk ugha Fkh] cfYd le; osQ lkFk tSls&tSls yksxksa dh vkcknh esa o`f
gksrh xbZ] bldk Hkko mudh thou&'kSyh ij iM+k rFkk yksxksa us vc rd thou&'kSyh esa i'kqvksa ,oa ikSkksa osQ lUnHkZ esa O;kid
tkudkfj;k kIr dj j[kh Fkha] ftlus buosQ }kjk f"k oQh 'kq#vkr esa enn dhA gkykafd ,slk ugha gS fd bl O;kid ifjorZu osQ
fy, dksbZ ,d dkjd ftEesokj gS cfYd i;kZoj.kh;] tulkaf[;dh rFkk lkaLfrd lHkh izdkj osQ ifjorZuksa dk ;g lfEefyr Hkko
gS fd vkfnekuo us f'kdkjh&laxzgdkkZ ls f"k dh vksj lae.k fd;kA
iz'u 2- dkaL; ;qxhu lH;rkvksa esa ys[ku vkSj lapkj osQ lkkuksa esa gksus okys fodkl dk foLr`r fooj.k nhft,A
mkjvkt osQ le; esa ys[ku dk;Z djuk vklku o ljy gks x;k gS] D;ksafd vkt osQ le; esa fy[kus osQ fy, mi;ksx gksus
okyh lkexzh vklkuh ls o izpqj ek=kk esa miyCk gSA vkt ,d NksVk cPpk Hkh ys[ku dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ldrk gS] ijUrq tc ys[ku
dyk dk fodkl blosQ vkjfEHkd pj.k esa Fkk vkSj vkt dh rjg isij isu@isafly dk vkfo"dkj ugha gqvk Fkk] ml le; yksxksa us
fy[kus osQ fy, fHkUu ek;e viuk;sA
lqesj osQ yksx feV~Vh ij ,d uqdhyh lqbZ }kjk fp vafdr djrs Fks vkSj felz osQ fuoklh efUnj] edcjksa dh nhokjksa vkSj isihjl
ij fp vafdr djrs Fks vkSj fp=k cukrs FksA ;g dk;Z dfBu FkkA bls dksbZ cPpk ugha dj ldrk FkkA ;g dk;Z ml le; osQ o;Ld
iq#"k gh djrs FksA felz esa isihjl ij fy[kus osQ fy, ljoaQMs dh uqdhyh MaMh dk bLrseky gksrk FkkA phu es dNq, osQ [kksy dk
bLrseky gksrk FkkA ;g ckr crk nsuk egoiw.kZ gksxk fd tc dNq, osQ [kksy ij nsook.kh fy[kus dh ijEijk Hkqyk nh xbZ] rks vuq"Bkuksa
ls tqM+s izrhd fp Hkh yqIr gks x;sA bl izdkj bu fpksa dk ckn esa dksbZ fodkl ugha gqvkA eslksiksVkfe;k esa ys[ku osQ fy, xhyh
feV~Vh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gka osQ fuoklh xhyh feV~Vh ij ,d uqdhyh lqbZ osQ ek;e ls fp mosQjrs FksA
oqQEgkjksa }kjk cuk;s x;s crZuksa ij fyfi dh ;g fo'ks"krk ns[kh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq oqQEgkjksa }kjk cuk;s x;s crZuksa osQ fpkas ij
oqQN [kkl fu'kku gh ns[ks tk ldrs gSa] tks muosQ ekfyd }kjk [kkl vFkZ osQ fy, yxk;s tkrs FksA ftl izdkj vkt osQ le; esa kksch
gekjs diM+ksa dks igpkuus osQ fy, fp yxkrs gSa vkSj ;s fp dHkh Hkh fyfi dk :i ugha ys losQA ys[ku dyk osQ vkfo"dkj ls
igys Hkh yksxksa }kjk fofHkUu vkdkj&izdkj osQ izrhd fpksa dks lEizs"k.k dk ek;e cuk;k FkkA bu fpksa esa eq[; :i ls fijkfeM]
xksy fijkfeM] 'kaoqQ vkfn gksrs FksA HksM+& cdfj;ksa dh la[;k dks ;kn j[kus osQ fy, feV~Vh dh xksfy;kas dks ek;e cuk;k tkrk FkkA
D;ksafd tc HksM+&cdfj;ka xkao ls ckgj pjus osQ fy, tkrh Fkha rks uj vkSj eknk osQ vuqlkj feV~Vh dh xksfy;ka cukdj mudk fglkc
j[kk tkrk FkkA blls xMfj;ksa dks budh la[;k ;kn j[kus esa vklkuh gksrh FkhA D;ksafd tc xMfj;k HksM+&cdfj;ksa dks xkao ls ckgj
pjkus osQ fy, ys tkrk Fkk] rks og dbZ eghuksa ckn ykSVrk FkkA bl chp esa oqQN HksM+&cdfj;ka ej tkrh Fkha vkSj dbZ tUe ysrh FkhaA
felz esa ys[ku dyk dk lcls igyk izek.k jaxhu mRdh.kZ Bhdjksa osQ :i esa feyk gSA felz esa fp=kfyfi osQ fy, gkFkhnkar dh
iV~fV;ksa dks ek;e cuk;k x;k gS] tks fd efUnj dh nhokjksa] ljnkjksa ;k jktkvksa dh edcjksa dh nhokjksa osQ ikl j[ks x;s FksA felz
esa fglkc&fdrkc j[kus osQ fy, ?klhVdj fy[kus dh izo`fk Fkh] ijUrq felz esa fp=kfyfi vkSipkfjd ys[ku dh egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk

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bldk lkSan;Z i{k gSA blesa dkty vkSj yky xs: osQ lkFk vU; jax feykdj bldk bLrseky gksrk FkkA bls fy[kus osQ fy, ljoaQMksa
dh dye] eksVs&irys cqz'k vkSj uqdhys jstj dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA khjs&khjs tSls&tSls ys[ku dyk dk fodkl gksrk x;kA ofu
fpksa] Hkk"kkfp=kksa osQ ek;e ls fyf[kr :i esa <kyk tkus yxk] ijUrq vHkh rd Hkh fdlh [kkl ns'kh Hkk"kk dks y{; ugha cuk;k x;k
FkkA eslksiksVkfe;k esa 'kCnksa] v{kjksa dks xhyh feV~Vh dh fVfd;k ij fdlh uqdhyh pht ls mosQjk tkrk Fkk] ftls dhyk{kj fyfi dgrs
FksA blosQ fy, ljoaQMs dh uqdhyh dye dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
gM+Iik lH;rk osQ yksx Hkksti=k ;k diM+s ;k u"V gksus okyh fdlh pht ij fy[krs FksA gessa gM+Iik dh eqgjksa] gkFkhnkar dh
iV~fV;ksa] feV~Vh osQ crZuksa ij iqjkrkfod vo'ks"kksa ij laf{kIr vfHkys[k izkIr gq, gSaA
bl izdkj] ge ns[krs gaS fd fofHkUu dkaL;;qxhu lH;rkvksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ ys[ku osQ ek;e dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ijUrq
ys[ku dyk osQ fodkl osQ fy, 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa ;s ek;e mi;ksxh lkfcr gq,] D;ksafd ml le; dh t:jr vkSj ml le; dh
vko';drk osQ vuq:i ;s ek;e lgh FksA khjs&khjs ys[ku dyk dk fodkl gksrk x;kA ;s ek;e Hkh vko';drkuqlkj cnyrs x;s]
ftlls ,d izks|kSfxdh dk tUe gqvk vkSj ys[ku dyk osQ fy, vko';d ek;e tqVkus esa ;g izkS|ksfxdh egoiw.kZ :i ls liQy
lkfcr gqbZA
iz'u 5- ([k) vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT;
mkj1350 bZ-iw- osQ vkl&ikl vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dk mn; gqvk vkSj mkjh eslksiksVkfe;k eas ;g ,d u;h ?kVuk Fkh] ftldk
if'peh ,f'k;k osQ bfrgkl es viuk LFkku gSA if'peh ,f'k;k eas ,d o`gr~ lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlosQ dkj.k os if'peh ,f'k;k
esa dbZ o"kks rd vius opZLo dks cuk;s j[kus esa liQy jgsA buosQ lkezkT; fuekZ.k osQ lacak esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd bUgksaus gh lkezkT;
;qx dh 'kq#vkr dhA tuthou LFkkukUrj.k dk tks nkSj eslksiksVkfe;k esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA mlh osQ iQyLo:i vlhfj;kbZ yksx Hkh
eslksiksVkfe;k esa izos'k dj x;sA ;s yksx mQijh fVxfjl {ks=k osQ jgus okys FksA buosQ uke Hkh mRifk v'k&'kqj osQ uke ls gqbZ] tks bu
yksxksa dk izeq[k nsork FkkA buosQ lkezkT;ksa dks Hkh ckn esa blh uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA vkkqfud bfrgkldkjksa us buosQ lkezkT; osQ
fy, vLlqj vkSj mudh jkt'kkgh dks vkSj ogka osQ fuokfl;ksa dks e'k% vlhfj;k vkSj vlhfj;kbZ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
cschyksfu;k lkezkT; ij tc fgkh vke.k ls vO;oLFkk iSQyh] rks ogka oSQfl;kbZ dchys dk vfkdkj gks x;kA budk eq[; izHkqRo
1350 bZ-iw- rd nf{k.kh {ks=k rd dk;e jgk vkSj mkjh {ks=k esa izeq[k :i ls fu;U=k.k cuk;s gq;s FkkA blh {ks=k ij tc fekfu;ksa osQ
opZLo dk vUr gqvk rks ckn eas vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dk mn; gqvkA vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dk foLrkj 'kyeuslj&I osQ 'kklu dky eas
if'pe dh vksj lhfj;k rd iSQykA bUgksaus nf{k.kh esa viuk vfkdkj tek, gq;s dchys oSQlkbV ij dCtk fd;k vkSj 'kyeuslj&I
osQ mkjkfkdkfj;ksa us Hkh vlhfj;kb;ksa dks etcwrh iznku dh vkSj bl lkezkT; dk foLrkj fd;kA bl oa'k dk 'kklu vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT;
dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj bldks ,d lqlaxfBr :i feykA blh jkT; us lhfj;k ij dCtk fd;kA yscuku leqnz rV osQ fdukjs ij cls
iQhfuf'k;kb;kas osQ 'kgj ls bl jktk us utjkuk olwy fd;k cschyksfu;k ij vfkdkj fd;kA vkSj vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dks if'peh ,f'k;k
dh lcls egoiw.kZ 'kfDr cuk fn;kA
vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dk okLrfod laLFkkid v'kqjukfljiky&II dks ekuk tkrk gSA blus vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; osQ foLrkj dks LFkkf;Ro
fn;k vkSj bl lkezkT; dks etcwr vkkkj iznku fd;kA lhfj;k ij blus dbZ ckj vke.k fd;kA v'kqjukfljiky&II us vLlqj osQ fudV
dygq dks viuh jktkkuh cuk;kA blosQ ckn bldk iq=k 'kyeuslj&II 'kkld cuk vkSj mlus vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; dk foLrkj fd;kA
bl le; eas vjesfu;k] lhfj;k] fiQfyLrhu vkSj iQkjl dh [kkM+h ls lVs dbZ {ks=kksa ij vke.k fd;s x;sA blosQ ckn 'kyeuslj&III
'kkld cuk vkSj blosQ ckn vlhfj;kbZ dh xn~nh ij cSBus okyk frxysFkfiyslj Fkk] tks fd egoiw.kZ 'kkld ekuk tkrk gSA blosQ
xn~nh ij cSBus osQ izkjfEHkd le; ls vlhfj;kbZ 'kfDr yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh FkhA ckn osQ le; esa bl 'kkld us vlhfj;kbZ 'kfDr
dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj vlhfj;kbZ jkT; dks mlosQ mRd"kZ rd igqapk fn;kA blus cschyksfu;k ij vius opZLo dks iqu% dk;e fd;kA
blus iwoZ esa txjksl igkM+h rd viuk vfkdkj LFkkfir fd;k vkSj bZjku osQ esfn;k {ks=k ij Hkh viuk dCtk cuk;kA
frxysFkfiyslj&III us ,d o`gn~ lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh] tks Hkwe;lkxjh; rV ls ysdj oSQlfi;u lkxj rd vkSj rkSjl rFkk txjksl
igkfM+;ksa ls ysdj iQkjl dh [kkM+h rd iSQyk gqvk FkkA blosQ ckn vkus okys 'kkld lkjxksu&II osQ vkhu Hkh bl lkezkT; dh 'kfDr
c<+rh jghA lkjxksu&II osQ mkjkfkdkfj;kas osQ le; bl lkezkT; dk kl gksuk 'kq: gqvk vkSj ;g lkezkT; u"V gks x;kA
vlhfj;kbZ lkezkT; esa okLrfod :i ls tks foLrkj vkSj bldh 'kfDr esa tks c<+ksrjh gqbZ] og blosQ egoiw.kZ 'kkldksa osQ dkj.k
gqbZ] D;ksafd bl ij le;&le; ij ,d Ck<+dj ,d egoiw.kZ vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkldksa us 'kklu fd;k FkkA
(x) ek;k lH;rk

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mkjek;k lH;rk vius vki esa dksbZ lkezkT; ;k ,dhr jktuhfrd bdkbZ ugha Fkh] cfYd fc[kjs gq, cM+s vkSj NksVs 'kgjksa vkSj
xkaoksa dh ,d lkaLfrd bdkbZ FkhA ek;k cfLr;ksa esa 'kgjksa dk dkiQh fodkl gqvkA mu 'kgjksa osQ mRlo osQUnz Hkh ek;k cfLr;ksa dh
,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk jgh gSA 'kgjksa dh cukoV oqQN bl izdkj dh gksrh Fkh fd mlosQ osQUnzh; mRlo njckj osQ pkjksa vksj fo'kky pkSd
gksrk FkkA ml fo'kky pkSd esa 'kgj dk cktkj yxrk FkkA ljnkjksa] iqtkfj;ksa vkSj 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa dk ?kj mRlo osQUnz osQ lehi
gksrk Fkk] tcfd lkkkj.k yksxksa osQ ?kj mRlo osQUnz ls nwj gksrs FksA mu 'kgjksa esa NksVs pkd ls ysdj fo'kky tyk'k;] pkSM+h lM+osaQ]
hMk izkax.k vkSj Lekjdksa dk <kapk Hkh cuk gksrk FkkA gkykafd mQijh ek;k cfLr;ksa esa oqQvka ftls lsuksV~l dgk tkrk Fkk] Hkh ik, x,
gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd mudk mi;ksx jkstejkZ dh t:jrksa osQ fy, gksrk FkkA
ek;k cfLr;ksa dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk Fkh pwuk&xkjk vkSj VksMk esgjkc dk iz;ksxA VksMk esgjkc dk fuekZ.k iRFkjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk
FkkA VksMk esgjkc osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, ,d osQ mQij ,d iRFkj bl izdkj j[kk tkrk Fkk fd nks nhokjsa vkil esa fey tkrh Fkha rFkk
esgjkch Nr dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk FkkA bl izdkj osQ esgjkc osQ fuekZ.k esa iRFkjksa osQ otu vkSj larqyu dk Hkh [;ky j[kk tkrk FkkA
ek;k cfLr;ksa esa fufeZr Hkouksa dk vkdkj ,oa izdkj dh lqUnjrk dk O;kid [;ky j[kk tkrk FkkA ;gk osQ Hkouksa dks uDdk'kh osQ }kjk
ltk;k Hkh tkrk FkkA ;gk dh cfLr;ksa dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh jgh gS fd ;gk ek;k cfLr;ksa }kjk fo'kky fijkfeM dk Hkh fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gSA FkqvkDlkdVu ek;k lH;rk dk ,d iqjkuk 'kgj Fkk gkykafd ;g cgqr cM+k ugha Fkk] ysfdu bl 'kgj esa ek;k lH;rk
dh lkjh fo'ks"krk,a ekStwn FkhaA ;gk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;gk osQ eafnj fijkfeM FksA mlesa pkSM+h lhf<+;ka gSa ftUgsa xpdkjh udkc ls ltk;k
x;k gSA eafnj ifjlj esa iRFkj dk ,d pcwrjk Hkh cuk gqvk Fkk] ftlesa ydM+h dk ,d ?kj cuk gqvk FkkA ckn esa ;gk ,d gh rjg
osQ rhu eafnjksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA mu eafnjksa dh lhf<+;ksa ,oa Nr dks Hkh vyar fd;k x;k FkkA eafnj esa xpdkjh eq[kkSVksa
ij ftu nsorkvksa osQ fp=k cus Fks] mUgsa 'kkldh; yksx ;k ljnkj yksx viuk iwoZt ekurs FksA mlls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nsoh&nsork
vkSj 'kkld osQ e; ,d [kkl lacak dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA ek;k cfLr;ksa esa 'kkldksa ,oa ljnkjksa osQ fy, HkO; bekjras cukbZ xbZ
FkhaA ijarq loZlkkkj.k osQ fy, lkkkj.k rFkk nslh ?kjksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh gqvk FkkA loZlkkkj.k osQ jgus osQ fy, cus mu ?kjksa dks ^uk* dgk
tkrk Fkk] ftuosQ ?kjksa dh nhokjsa ydM+h dh cuh gksrh Fkha rFkk Nrsa rkM+ osQ ikkas }kjk cukbZ tkrh FkhaA
ek;k lH;rk dh cfLr;ksa dh ,d vU; egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk Fkh ;gk dh pkSM+h lM+osaQA mu pkSM+h lM+dksa dks LosQc ;k LosQcsvksc
dgk tkrk FkkA ;s pkSM+h lM+osaQ ek;k lH;rk osQ fofHkUu 'kgjksa ,oa xkaoksa dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+rh FkhaA ;s lM+osaQ nqxZe LFkkuksa ls Hkh
xqtjrh FkhaA ;s taxyksa ,oa nynyksa ls gksdj Hkh tkrh FkhaA oqQN lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k iRFkjksa dks dkVdj Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA ,slk izrhr
gksrk gS fd lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k dk ms'; Fkk 'kgjksa ,oa xkaoksa dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+uk rkfd mRlo] vkfFkZd dk;Zdyki rFkk iz'kklfud
dk;ks dks laiUu djus esa ijs'kkuh u gksA ;s fo'kky 'kgjh osQUnzksa dks tksM+us osQ lkFk&lkFk van:uh {ks=kksa ls Hkh tksM+rh FkhaA
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd ek;k lH;rk dh cfLr;k dkiQh fodflr voLFkk esa FkhaA ;gk lM+dksa dk ,d fo'kky tky Fkk] tks fofHkUu
cfLr;ksa dks vkil esa tksMr+ h FkhaA ek;k cfLr;ksa esa fufeZr Hkouksa esa f'kYi ,oa uDdk'kh dk Hkh lqUnj uewuk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ek;koklh
cfLr;ksa osQ yksxksa osQ chp vkilh lEioZQ Hkh dkiQh mUur voLFkk esa FkkA ;gk dh cfLr;ksa dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk Fkh pwuk&xkjk ,oa
VksMk esgjkc dk iz;ksxA cfLr;ksa osQ osQUnz esa eafnj o mRlo osQUnz Hkh gksrs FksA eafnjksa osQ fodkl ij ek;k cfLr;ksa us dkiQh ;ku fn;k
FkkA eafnjksa dh Nrksa ,oa nhokjksa dks vyar Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA

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iz'u 6- lkearokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;wjksi esa bldh fo'sk"krkvksa dk fooj.k nhft,A
mkjvkjfEHkd bfrgkldkj lkearoknh O;oLFkk osQ dkuwuh i{k ij T;knk cy nsrs gSAa os eq[; :i ls iQhiQ osQ vfkdkjks]a vkhurk
(nklRo)] jktdh; lsokvksa] vfkifr;ksa osQ U;k; ls tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA
fo}kuksa osQ vuqlkj ;g O;oLFkk Hkwfe ij vkkkfjr Fkh] ftlesa foosQUhdj.k] futh yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa lkoZtfud 'kfkQ dk tkuk
vkSj ,d ,slh lSU; O;oLFkk ftlesa lSU; 'kfkQ futh gkFkksa esa nh x;h FkhA vkkqfud bfrgkldkjksa us lkearoknh O;oLFkk dks e;;qxhu
;wjksi esa vkilh laj{k.k] fu"Bk vkSj iz'kklfud] lSU; ;k kked djkj osQ :i esa ns[kk gSA
e;;qxhu ;wjksih; jktuhfrd laxBu dh yxHkx lkjh fo'ks"krk;sa iqjkru ijEijkvksa ls fcYoqQy vyx FkhaA jktuhfrd lkk osQ
foosQUhdj.k osQ :i esa teZu dchyksa osQ ccZj jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj rjhdksa ls esy [kkrk gS] ftUgksaus 5oha 'krkCnh esa jkseu lezkT; osQ
fo?kVu esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhA
csfYt;e osQ bfrgkldkj gsujh fijsu us ;wjksi esa bLykeh izlkj osQ lkearokn ij izHkko osQ lEcUk esa fopkjkkjk izLrqr dhA viuh
fopkjkkjk dks mUgksaus nks vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa ckV fn;k gSA esjksfofUt;u ;qx esa Dykfldh ijEijk dh fujUrjrk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA nwljs
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esa oSQjksyth ;qx osQ lekt esa ekSfyd ifjorZu fn[kk;k x;k gSA 5oha ls 8oha 'krkCnh rd lhfj;kbZ O;kikjh iwoZ ls elkys vkSj dherh
diM+s] xktk dh 'kjkc] mkjh vizQhdk osQ rsy vkSj fe ls iSfijl fe vkSj ,f'k;k ekbuj ls ysdj if'pe osQ canjxkg rd ykrs
FksA bl O;kikj ij yxk;k x;k okf.kfT;d dj 'kkgh jktLo dk izeq[k kssr Fkk vkSj Hkwe;lkxjh; {ks=k esa vkFkd ,drk cuh gqbZ FkhA
leq gh lapkj dk lkku FkkA bl rjg esjksfoUth ;qx esa izkphu lH;rk dh Hkwe;lkxjh; izo`Qfr u"V ugha gqbZA
8oha 'krkCnh esa 'kgjh thou vkSj is'ksoj O;kikjh yqIr gks x;sA .k vkSj djkj&i=k lekIr gks x,A lksus osQ flDosQ osQ LFkku ij
pknh osQ flDosQ dk izpyu 'kq: gks x;kA vFkZO;oLFkk esa cktkj dk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;kA mlosQ LFkku ij lkIrkfgd cktkj yxus
yxs] tgk yksx viuh t:jr dh phtksa dh [kjhn&fch djrs FksA oLrqvksa osQ vknku&iznku esa oLrq&fofue; iz.kkyh dk izpyu 'kq:
gqvkA lkjh vkcknh [ksrh ij fuHkZj gks x;hA yksx vius thou&fuokZg osQ fy;s vko';d oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus yxsA gkykfd vHkh
Hkh lhfer ek=kk esa O;kikj&okf.kT; dk dk;Z gksrk Fkk] ijUrq O;kikj vfu;fer vkSj vfuf'pr FkkA ;s O;kikjh dherh oLrqvksa dk O;kikj
djrs FksA buosQ xzkgd Hkh lhfer FksA vc py lEifk dk vkFkd thou esa dksbZ ego ugha jg x;k FkkA Hkwfe dk LokfeRo gh lkekftd
vfLrRo osQ Lo:i dk fukkZj.k djrk FkkA iwjk lekt o`Qf"k lH;rk dh vksj ykSV pqdk FkkA jktuhfrd lkk f"k {ks=k ij dCtk tekus
okys Hkwifr;ksa osQ gkFkksa esa vk x;h FkhA mlesa {ks=kh; vfkdkj dk mi;ksx Hkwfeifr rFkk muosQ izfrfufk Lora=k :i ls djrs FksA Hkwfe
osQ Lokeh vius fo'ks"kkfkdkj vkSj lkk dks cikSrh eku cSBs FksA bl izdkj] fijsu us dgk gS fd ^^bLyke osQ vHkko esa izaSQfd'k lkezkT;
laHkor% dHkh vfLrRo esa ugha vkrk vkSj eksgEen osQ fcuk 'kkyZekU; dh ckr lksph Hkh ugha tk ldrhA
20oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjfEHkd iwokZZ esa lkearokn lEcUkh nks vokkj.kk, lkeus vk;haA oSkkfud fopkjkkjk ls fudyh eq[; kkjk
mnkjoknh fopkj osQ vuqlkj lkearoknh laLFkkvksa dh ,slh O;oLFkk Fkh] ftlus ,d rjiQ lsok vkSj vkKkikyu osQ nkf;Ro osQ fofu;e
dks fuer vkSj fu;fer fd;kA nwljh vokkj.kk osQ vuqlkj tc ,d vktkn O;fkQ nwljs vktkn] ijUrq vfkd 'kfkQ'kkyh O;fkQ osQ
lkeus leiZ.k djrk Fkk] rks mldh j{kk vkSj ns[k&js[k dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA vfkifr j[kj[kko osQ nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus
osQ fy, vkerkSj ij vius vkhuLFk (olky) dks Hkw&lEink dk ,d Hkkx nsrk Fkk] ftls iQhiQ dgk tkrk FkkA
nwljh vksj ekDlZoknh fopkjkkjk vkSj [kkldj lksfo;r la?k osQ bfrgkl us lkearokn 'kCn dk nk;jk c<+krs gq, lEc lekt
osQ vkFkd <kps vkSj vfkd lkekU; ijh{k.k osQ fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;kA dkyZ ekDlZ osQ vuqlkj igys gh mRiknu osQ fofHk
rjhdksa esa o`Qf=ke mrkj&p<+ko osQ vkkkj ij lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj fopkjkkjkRed f;kvksa dk lkekU; pfj=k fukkZfjr gksrk
gSA lSU; laHkzkar lnL;ksa osQ chp ;g vleku oS;fDrd lEcUk mRiknu osQ O;kid lkekftd lEcUkksa dk gh izfriQy gS] ftls ,sls
mRiknu osQ rjhdksa osQ rgr dke djuk iM+rk gS] ftlesa oLrq&fofue; ugha gksrkA
bfrgkldkj ekdZ CykWd (Marc Block) us bl ifj?kVuk dh ,d ubZ O;k[;k dh vkSj bls ^O;fkQ vkSj O;fkQ osQ chp dk
xBcUku* ekukA CykWd osQ vuqlkj lkearokn ,d ,slk lkekftd ifjos'k gS] ftlesa Hkw&lEink osQ vfkdkjksa osQ foHkktu }kjk
jktuhfrd lkk dk foLrkj fd;k x;k vkSj O;fkQxr lqj{kk vkSj vkhurk dk lEcUk fodflr gqvkA lkearokn osQ fodkl osQ
lkFk&lkFk oqQuckbZ lEcUkksa osQ cUku khjs&khjs etcwr gq, gSaA
lSU; vfkdkjh mPp oxZ osQ lnL; Fks] ftuosQ ekrgr muosQ olky dke fd;k djrs Fks vkSj os mu ij iwjh rjg vkfJr FksA
bl ;qx esa jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa osQ dkj.k vkSj ^ekufld ifjos'k* osQ dkj.k vkKkikyu vkSj lqj{kk osQ vknku&iznku dks fo'ks"k
ego fn;k x;kA o`Qf"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqk dk lhfer mi;ksx gksrk Fkk vr% osru osQ :i esa Hkwfe nh tkus yxhA nwljh vksj bUgsa
laj{k.k nsus osQ fy;s muosQ ikl vikj vfkdkj gksrs Fks vkSj mUgsa jktLo dh izkfIr gksrh FkhA CykWd eSuj dks vius vkiesa ,d lkearh
laLFkk ugha ekurs gSa] gkykfd os bl ckr ls lger gSa fd buesa ,d cM+h vkcknh us lkearokn osQ clus esa ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA
CykWd us lkearh lekt] oqQyhuksa osQ laxBu dh tfVyrk ;k Lo:i] o`Q"kd fuHkZjrk dh gn vkSj ku Hkqxrkuksa osQ ego easa dkiQh
vUrj ik;k gSA CykWd osQ fy;s lkearokn e;;qxhu lekt O;oLFkk dh lEiw.kZ ifjHk"kk u gksdj LFkkuh; ifj?kVuk osQ rqyukRed
v;;u dh ,d fofk gSA
11oha 'krkCnh osQ e; ;wjksih; lekt esa xgu vkSj O;kid ifjorZu vk;sA mlus nks lkearh dkyksa dk flkar izfrikfnr fd;kA
nwljs dky esa thou osQ yxHkx gj {ks=k esa xq.kkRed izxfr vk;hA nwljs dky esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl gqvkA tula[;k o`f gqbZ]
'kgjksa dk fodkl gqvk] eqk fLFkfr esa lqkkj gqvk vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa esa Hkh rnuq:i la'kksku gqvkA ykfru bZlkbZ keZ dh LFkkiuk]
Hkk"kk;h lfEeJ.k dh izf;k] jkseu dkuwu esa fiQj ls c<+rh #fp vkSj varr% erkfkdkj dh yxkrkj ekx us vyx&vyx vuqikrksa
esa bl izf;k dks vkxs c<+kus esa enn dhA
tkWtZ nwch (George Duby) us lkearh kafr dh vokkj.kk LFkkfir dhA mUgksaus 11oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjEHk dks lkearh kafr dgkA

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'kkgh lkk LFkkfir gqbZA osQlsySu us NksVs Hkwfeifr;ksa dks vkhuLFk cuk fy;k vkSj lHkh fdlkuksa ij ,d u;s izdkj dk 'kklufljs;wfj
cSuky ykxw fd;k] tks VsU;ksj dh (yxkunkjh osQ vfkdkj) vis{kk dkjkkku ij vkkkfjr FkkA
nwch osQ vuqlkj igys vius ekfyd dk dke djuk osQoy nklksa dk nkf;Ro FkkA vc bl lkearh vofk] lkearh 'kfkQ;ksa dk
izHkko c<+rk pyk x;kA vc dk;Z djus dk nkf;Ro lkjs xko okyksa dks ogu djuk FkkA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i lkekftd nkf;Roksa esa
ifjorZu vk;k vkSj nklksa vkSj lkekU; yksxksa osQ chp vUrj [kRe gks x;kA vc xzkeokfl;ksa dks ,dleku vkSj Hkkjh dj pqdkuk iM+rk
FkkA bl ;qx esa vL=k&'kL=k ysdj pyuk lkekftd Lrj dk izrhd cu x;kA iqjksfgr oxZ cM+s tksj&'kksj ls dj eqkQ djus dh ekx dj
jgs FksA ?kqM+lokjksa ;k ukbVksa (Knights) dks Hkh vfHktkr oxZ esa fupyk ntkZ fn;k tkus yxkA vfHktkrh; ifjokj dks fir`lkkRed cuk;k
vkSj ekufld ifjos'k esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu gqvkA nwch dk ekuuk gS fd iru dh ;g izf;k cgqr kheh vkSj yxkrkj xfr ls vkxs
c<+rh jgh] tks xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt osQ vkUrfjd fodkl dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gSA
iz'u 9- e;dkyhu esa leqnzh O;kikj dh izfr dk laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A
mkje;;qx esa bLyke osQ mn; us leqh O;kikj&okf.kT; osQ fodkl esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA O;kikj&okf.kT; osQ fodkl
esa vjcksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dk egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA bu yksxksa dh O;kikfjd xfrfofk;k vizQhdk vkSj phu osQ chp fgUn egklkxj
osQ rVh; {ks=kksa esa gksrh FkhA ;g flyflyk 7oha 'krkCnh ls 15oha 'krkCnh osQ e; rd pyrk jgkA
10oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjEHk esa vkSj mlosQ ckn Hkh vjch O;kikjh vkSj tgkt fgUn egklkxj osQ rVksa ij #drs gq, phu rd tkrs
FksA ,f'k;k vkSj if'pe ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okys O;kikj osQ nks jkLrs Fks] tks yky lkxj vkSj fofHkUu leqksa] ufn;ksa vkSj tehuh jkLrksa]
iQkjl dh [kkM+h] bjkd vkSj lhfj;kbZ e#LFky ls gksdj xqtjrs FksA bu nksuksa jkLrksa ij igys [kyhiQkvksa vkSj ckn esa vCckfl;ksa dk
jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k FkkA Hkwe;lkxj osQ mkj esa bZlkbZ vkSj nf{k.k esa eqfLye izHkqRo FkkA
1280 bZ- esa phu ij eaxksy fot; ls leqh O;kikj etcwr gqvkA ekdksZiksyks (1298) vkSj bCucrwrk (e`R;q 1377) us gkxpk
(Hangchow) vkSj tSrksu (Zaiton) cUnjxkg dh ppkZ le` uxj osQ :i esa dh gSA
10oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr vkSj 15oha 'krkCnh osQ chp vCcklh [kyhiQkvksa osQ iru vkSj fe esa iQkrfe;ksa osQ mn; us O;kikj ekxZ
dks MSeLdl vkSj cxnkn ls ifjorr dj ,Msu vkSj iqQLrkr dh vksj eksM+ fn;kA 14oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjEHk esa rqdks dh xqtjkr fot;
ls ;gk osQ yksxksa ij bLyke keZ dk izHkko iM+kA baMksusf'k;kbZ }hiksa osQ O;kikfjd canjxkgksa vkSj rVh; jkT;ksa us Hkh bLyke keZ Lohdkj
fd;kA Lisu ls vjc 'kkldksa osQ fu"dklu vkSj osful vkSj tsusok esa bZlkb;ksa osQ O;kikfjd opZLo us fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk
dks ubZ fn'kk iznku dhA fe esa lkk osQ gLrkarj.k ls fofHkUu egkns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj&okf.kT; dh xfrfofk;ksa osQ fy;s ,ysDtsafM;k
dk vkFkd ego dkiQh c<+ x;kA v;~;wfcn 'kkldksa (1170&1260) vkSj mlosQ ckn eeywdksa (1260&1517) osQ 'kkludky esa
yky lkxj esa cUnjxkgksa dk fodkl gqvk vkSj dkfgjk vkFkd :i ls dkiQh etcwr gks x;kA
phu esa feax jktoa'k (1368&1644) osQ 'kkludky esa u;h vkFkd uhfr osQ rgr rhljs lezkV~ ;wax&yq (Yung-Lo) (1402&24)
us fgUn egklkxj osQ O;kikfjd jk"Vksa ls vkFkd lEcUk c<+kus osQ ms'; ls 1404 vkSj 1433 osQ chp leqh ;k=kkvksa dk vk;kstu
fd;k] ijUrq 1433 esa ;g ;kstuk R;kxdj fons'kh O;kikfj;ksa osQ fy;s phuh leqh rVksa dks cUn dj fn;k vkSj phuh O;kikfj;ksa ij
fons'kh O;kikj djus ij izfrcUk yxk fn;kA bl izfrcUk osQ ckotwn fiQyhihUl] rkWUxfoaQx vkSj eyDdk ls pksjh&fNis O;kikj gksrk
jgkA
Hkwe;lkxj osQ {ks=k esa bLyke ossQ vkxeu osQ lkFk gh bZlkb;ksa osQ fy;s leq cUn gks x;sA bl cUn osQ ckotwn bVyh osQ nf{k.kh
'kgj usiYl vkSj ckjh osQ lkFk&lkFk osful Hkh iwoZ esa dkWUlVSafVuksiy ls lEcUk FksA osful us igys ls gh ,d etcwr vkSj 'kfkQ'kkyh
leqh 'kfDr gksus osQ dkj.k 1100 bZ- rd iwohZ rV ij ,dkfkiR; dj fy;kA ;wjksi esa nks cM+s O;kikfjd vkUnksyu gq,A ,d vkUnksyu
if'peh Hkwe;lkxj vkSj ,fM;kfVd vkSj nwljk ckfYVd vkSj mkjh lkxj ls vkjEHk gqvkA ckfYVd vkSj mkjh lkxj ij LoSQufMusfo;ksa
dk opZLo Fkk] tks osQoy if'pe ls gh O;kikj ugha fd;k djrs Fks] cfYd ,d vksj tgk MsUl vkSj ukWosZft;Ul us oSQjksfyuft;u
lkezkT; ij dCtk fd;k ogha baXyS.M] LdkWVyS.M vkSj vk;jyS.M rFkk muosQ iM+kslh LohfM'k :l dh vksj eqM+sA keZ;q osQ ckn
Hkwe;lkxj ij eqlyekuksa dk opZLo lekIr gks x;k] vc brkyoh 'kgj vkSj FkksM+k&FkksM+k izksosUl vkSj oSQVSyksfu;k Hkh Hkwe;lkxj
ij Nk x;sA
NBh vkSj 10oha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ chp mkjh ;wjksi osQ O;kikj esa ckbtsaVkbu 'kgj dk egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA blh 'kgj esa lkekuksa
dk fofue; gksrk FkkA ckn osQ dkyksa esa brkyoh O;kikjh baXyS.M vkSj ySaMlZ osQ cUnjxkgksa dh vksj tkus vkSj vius lkFk ysoSUVkbu
vkSj iwoZ osQ lkeku Hkh ykus yxsA brkyoh O;kikjh vkSj teZu ysfeaXl] vaxzst vkSj izQkalhlh O;kikjh fu;fer :i ls e; vkSj mkjh

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;wjksi dh gkVkssa esa ,d&nwljs ls feyus yxsA 12oha vkSj 13oha 'krkCnh esa 'kSEisu] 14oha vkSj vkjfEHkd 15oha 'krkCnh esa cztst (Bruges)
vkSj 15oha 'krkCnh esa tsusok vkSj ,UVoiZ 'kgjksa dk mn; gqvkA
1498 esa okLdksfMxkek osQ usr`Ro esa iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk tyMe:e; osQ tfj, ,f'k;k dk lhkk leqh ekxZ [kksts tkus ls ,f'k;k
vkSj ;wjksi osQ chp O;kikj osQ ,d u;s ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA iqrZxkfy;ksa osQ nks ms'; Fks
(1) ;wjksi esa Hksts tkus okys elkyksa osQ O;kikj ij ,dkfkdkj izkIr djukA
(2) ,f'k;kbZ O;kikj ij opZLo LFkkfir djuk rFkk O;kikj&okf.kT; ij fofHkUu izdkj osQ djksa dh olwyh djukA
bl ms'; dks izkIr djus osQ fy;s iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk ,f'k;kbZ tgktjkuh ij izHkqRo tekuk rFkk O;kikj djus osQ fy;s leqh rVksa
ij vius lkefjd ego osQ vM~Ms cukuk rFkk vius yksxksa dks O;kikj esa layXu djuk FkkA
vYcqdoZQ (Albuquerque) us 1510 esa chtkiqj osQ 'kkld ls xksok Nhu fy;k tks dkykUrj esa Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh O;kikfjd osQUksa
dh jktkkuh cuk;h x;hA 1511 esa vYcqdoZQ us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dh O;kikfjd e.Mh eyDdk vkSj gkSjeqt ij vfkdkj dj fy;kA
iqrZxkfy;ksa us fgUn egklkxj osQ dbZ {ks=kksa] iwohZ vizQhdk] eyDdk vkSj Hkkjr osQ dksad.k vkSj ekykckj rVksa ij dbZ fdys cuk;sA
iqrZxkyh ,f'k;k ls eq[; :i ls dkyh fepZ dk O;kikj djrs FksA dkyh fepZ Hkkjr osQ ekykckj {ks=k ls] ykSax rFkk tk;iQy eyDdk
ls vkSj nkyphuh dks Jhyadk ls izkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA
16oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku iqrZxkfy;ksa us fgUn egklkxj ls gksus okys O;kikj ij ,dkfkiR; dj fy;kA ;gk ls xqtjus okys tgktksa
ls dj dh olwyh dh tkus yxhA iqrZxkfy;ksa us drkZt vkSj dkfiQyk }kjk Hkkjrh; vkSj vjch tgktksa dk drkZt ;k ijfeV osQ fcuk
vjc lkxj esa izos'k otr dj fn;kA
iqrZxkfy;ksa us dkfiQyk iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr NkssVs LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa osQ tgktksa dks leqh ;k=kk osQ le; laj{k.k iznku fd;kA blosQ
fy, tgktksa dks pqaxh nsuh gksrh FkhA vjch vkSj Hkkjrh; tgktksa osQ fy;s xksyk&ck:n ys tkus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA
,f'k;kbZ jkT;ksa esa ukSlSfud 'kfkQ cgqr gh detksj gksus osQ dkj.k iqrZxkfy;ksa dks bLrknks nk bafM;k (Estado da India) (Hkkjr dk
jkT;] iqrZxky lezkV~ osQ izfrfufk osQ laj{k.k esa dk;Zjr) LFkkfir djus esa fdlh izdkj fnDdr dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+kA
16oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjEHk esa Hkkjrh; leqh O;kikj eq[;r% xqtjkrh eqlyekuksa osQ gkFkksa esa Fkk vkSj oSQEcs rFkk eyDdk osQ chp
leqh ekxZ ij mudk ,dkfkdkj FkkA Hkkjrh; tgkt yky lkxj vkSj iQkjl dh [kkM+h osQ cUnjxkgksa ij #drs Fks] ijUrq vjc lkxj
esa vjc tgktksa dk cksyckyk FkkA phu vkSj ey; osQ chp phuh tgkt] baMksusf'k;k osQ ty esa ey; vkSj tkok osQ tgkt pyk djrs
FksA
16oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku fgUn egklkxj esa ,Msu ls eyDdk lcls yEck ekxZ Fkk] tks xqtjkr ls gksdj tkrk FkkA lwrh diM+s] js'ke]
elkys] uhy vkSj vkS"kfk;ksa dk fu;kZr rFkk ;wjksi ls uh diM+s] js'ke vkSj lksuk&pknh dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk FkkA diM+k o uhy
xqtjkr ls] dkyh fepZ dksphu ls] nkyphuh Jhyadk ls exkbZ tkrh FkhA eyDdk esa Hkkjrh; diM+k rFkk iwohZ baMksusf'k;k ls dkyh
fepZ] tkfo=kh] tk;iQy vkSj ykSax exk, tkrs FksA
16oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku xqtjkr osQ leq ikj O;kikj ij iqrZxkfy;ksa dk izHkko iM+kA vc xqtjkfr;ksa osQ fy;s yky lkxj O;kikj
dh n`f"V ls T;knk egoiw.kZ gks x;kA nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ lkFk muosQ O;kikj esa deh vk;hA iqrZxkyh bu ekxks] mRiknksa] mRiknu
rduhdh osQ {ks=k esa fdlh izdkj osQ cnyko ugha yk losQA O;kikj dh oLrqvksa esa cnyko vk;kA Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa ls vfrfjkQ lhek
'kqYd olwy fd;k tkus yxkA iqrZxkfy;ksa dk izHkko dksjkse.My rV ls xqtjkr esa vfkd FkkA dksjkse.My ij izHkko de gksus ls
psfV~V;kj O;kikfj;ksa dk izHkko de ns[kus dks feykA
17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZZ esa Hkkjrh; leqh O;kikj dk vHkwriwoZ foLrkj gqvkA Hkkjrh; leqh ikj O;kikj esa yky lkxj
dk ego c<+kA phu ls gksus okys O;kikj ij cy fn;s tkus osQ dkj.k blesa cnyko vk;kA iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk elkys dk O;kikj vkSj
muosQ }kjk equkiQk dekus ls izsfjr gksdj 1600 bZ- esa vaxzstksa us bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh] 1602 esa Mp bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk
dh x;hA 1664 esa izQkalhlh bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh LFkkfir dh xbZA vksLVsUM] LohfM'k vkSj Msfu'k 18oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa vk;sA
17oha 'krkCnh osQ Bhd igys iqrZxkfy;ksa osQ leqh rkdr gksus ls Hkkjrh; leqh ikj O;kikj esa rsth vk;hA iQkjl dh [kkM+h rFkk
nf{k.k vjc esa O;kikj dh ek=kk c<+hA 1622 esa gkSjeqt iqrZxkfy;ksa osQ dCts ls fudyus ls iQkjl dh [kkM+h ckkk eqkQ gks x;hA bldk
iQk;nk xqtjkr osQ O;kikfj;ksa us mBk;kA vc vaxzst rFkk Mp dEifu;ksa us Hkh bl {ks=k esa O;kikj&okf.kT; esa lf;rk fn[kk;hA
dksjkse.My osQ tgkt osQnkg tkrs Fks] tgk ls fVu izkIr gksrk FkkA blosQ vykok Hkkjrh; tgkt rsukLlsfje (Tenasserim) isxw]
cujxsjh vkSj iqQosQV tk;k djrs FksA 1682 esa Mpksa }kjk csVse ij vfkdkj djus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; O;kikj dks dksjkse.My osQ diM+s]

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phuh&tkikuh oLrqvksa [kkldj rkacs dh izkfIr dks Hkh uqdlku gqvk FkkA bl uqdlku dh {kfriwr Hkkjrh; tgkt tksgksj] ykek vkSj
iSdksj cUnjxkgksa ij yaxj Mkydj djus yxsA
Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa us Mpksa ls izfr}fU}rk j[kus osQ ctk; vius O;kikj dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu fd;kA baMksusf'k;kbZ }hiksa ls gksus okys
O;kikj osQ cnys xqtjkfr;ksa us yky lkxj vkSj iQkjl dh [kkM+h ls gksus okys O;kikj ij T;knk ;ku fn;kA bl dky dks diM+k O;kikj
dk Lo.kZ;qx dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq 17oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh osQ izkjEHk esa futh vaxzst O;kikfj;ksa osQ izos'k us Hkkjrh;
O;kikj dks izHkkfor fd;kA
vaxzst O;kikjh nks rjg osQ FksA ,d bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh osQ dk;Zjr ukSdj rFkk nwljs Hkkjr osQ vktkn O;kikjhA vaxsztksa osQ futh
tgktksa us xqtjkr osQ O;kikj dks dkiQh uqdlku igqpk;kA Hkkjr vkSj iQkjl esa ,d lkFk jktuhfrd fo?kVu gksus vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh
osQ nwljs n'kd osQ ;eu esa x`g;qksa osQ iQyLo:i Hkkjrh; tgktksa dks dkiQh gkfu gqbZA

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