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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.H.I.-6
Hkkjr esa fofHkUu ;qxksa osQ nkSjku lkekftd
lajpukvksa dk fodkl
(Evolution of Social Structures in India Through the Ages)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

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Hkkx&d

iz'u 1- izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku osQ ksrksa dh ppkZ dhft,A izkphudky osQ ckjs esa ys[ku esa O;k[;k dh D;k
Hkwfedk gS\
mkjHkkjr osQ vrhr osQ iBu osQ fofHk lzksr fuEu dkj gSa
1- iqjkys[kfo|kiqjkys[kfo|k (Epigraphy) osQ varxZr vfHkys[kksa dk v;;u gksrk gSA iqjkys[kh; ek.k kphu bfrgkl osQ
lokZfkd fo'oluh; lzksr gSaA
vfHkys[k fuEu ij mRdh.kZ gksrs gSa
(i) ik"kk.k iQydksa ij
(ii) kkrq dh IysVksa ij
(iii) LrEHkksa vkSj xqiQkvksa dh nhokjksa vkfn ijA
;s vfHkys[k fofHk LFkkuksa vkSj dkyksa esa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa Lrqr gksrs gSaA dfri; vfHkys[kksa esa ledkyhu jktuhfrd vkSj
kkfeZd xfrfofk;ksa dk fooj.k gksrk gSA dfri; vU; vfHkys[k ljdkjh Lekjd vkSj ,sfrgkfld gksrs gSaA
eq[k vfHkys[k
(i) v'kksd osQ f'kykys[k
(ii) leqxqIr vkSj :neu Fke osQ LrEHk kkfeZd vkSj 'kklfud vfHkys[k]
(iii) fnYyh vkSj cjgeiqj osQ f}Hkkf"kd vfHkys[k
(iv) iqMqdksV~Vs esa feys laxhr osQ fu;e
(v) fpkkSM+ osQ ,d cqtZ ij mRdh.kZ iqjkrRo lEcUkh ys[kA
mi;ksx
(1) kkrq dh IysVksa ij mRdh.kZ vfHkys[k ,sfrgkfld dky ij dk'k Mkyrs gSa] tSls
(i) eanlkSj osQ rkeziV~V
(ii) xksj[kiqj ftys dk lksgxksjk iV~V
(iii) egsU oeZu dk vkbgksy vfHkys[k
(iv) pksy 'kkldksa osQ mfkjkes:j (Uttiramerur) vfHkys[k
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(2) dfri; vfHkys[k O;kikj] djksa vkSj eqk ij dk'k Mkyrs gSaA
(3) oqQN 'kd vkSj foe laor osQ vfHkys[k Hkkjr dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij dk'k Mkyrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr jkT;ksa vkSj
lkezkT; dh lhekvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gSaA
(4) iqjkys[k foxr thou] lekt vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh fr vkSj lkekU; thou fLFkfr;ksa ij dk'k Mkyrs gSaA nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa ghjks ik"kk.kksa ij feys vfHkys[kksa ls gesa i'kqpkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ,d fHkUu i{k osQ lEcUk esa Kkr gksrk gSA
2- eqk'kkL=keqk'kkL=k (Numismatics) osQ varxZr flDdksa dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gS
(1) lksuk] pknh vkSj rkcs ls fufeZr flDosQ ledkyhu vkFkd fLFkfr crkrs gSaA
(2) dkye lacakh oqQN vU; eqksa dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA
(3) fdlh jkT; fo'ks"k vFkok 'kkld rFkk nwjLFk {ks=kksa osQ lkFk mlosQ lEcUkksa dh tkudkjh nku djrs gS]a tSl
s
(i) Hkkjr esa feys jkseu flDdksa ls gesa jkseu lkezkT; osQ lkFk lacakksa osQ ckjs esa fofnr gksrk gSA
(ii) lkSjk"V osQ if'peh {k=ki osQ flDdksa ij mRdh.kZ fp=k vkSj vkfr;k] ;wukuh dyk vkSj frfFk;k bl dky osQ v;;u
gsrq mYys[kuh; ksr gSaA
(iii) tksxyFkach osQ flDosQ lkrokguksa osQ ikSjkf.kd fooj.kksa dk leFkZu djrs gSaA
(iv) xqIr lkezkT; esa lksus rFkk pknh osQ flDdksa dk lkj xqIr 'kkldksa osQ jkT; esa lqn`<+ vkFkd fLFkfr dks ifjyf{kr djrk
gSA
3- iqjkrRoiqjkrRo (Archaeology) osQ varxZr vrhr osQ HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa dk v;;u gksrk gSA
(1) buesa bekjrsa] Lekjd vkSj vU; HkkSfrd vo'ks"k lfEefyr gksrs gSa] ftuls ledkyhu fuoklh lEcfUkr FksA
(2) crZu] feh osQ ik=k] eqgjsa] oaQdkyh vo'ks"k vkfn Hkh ml lanHkZ osQ iqufuZekZ.k osQ vfHkUu vax gksrs gSaA
ykWMZ dtZu us MkW- ek'kZy osQ egkfuns'kdRo esa iqjkrRo foHkkx LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] ftlosQ }kjk fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa ij [kqnkbZ dh
x;h
(i) flakq unh dh ?kkVh]
(ii) xqtjkr osQ yksFkky]
(iii) jktLFkku eas dkyhcaxk]
(iv) flak vkSj iatkc esa fofHk LFkyA
mi;qZDr [kqnkb;ksa ls kIr lkexzh ls yxHkx 2700 bZlk iwoZ osQ vkl&ikl dh lH;rk osQ lEcUk esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
mi;ksfXkrk1- r{kf'kyk esa dh x;h [kqnkbZ ls oqQik"kk.kksa osQ lEcUk esa Kku kIr gksrk gSA
2- Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa esa [kqnkbZ esa feys Lekjdksa dh lekurk ls fofHk {ks=kksa osQ e; lEcUkksa dk ek.k Lrqr gksrk gSA
3- nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vkfnpuYywj] pUkoYyh] czfxjh vkfn LFkyksa dh [kqnkbZ ls kxSfrgkfld ;qxksa ij dk'k iM+rk gSA vtark
vkSj ,yksjk osQ iRFkjksa esa rjk'ks eafnjksa] mudh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fp=kksa ls ledkyhu dykRed mR"Vrk fofnr gksrh gSA
4- lkfgR;kphu dky esa lkfgR; dh jpuk bfrgkl osQ laj{k.k osQ ms'; ls u gksdj iwtk osQ fu;eksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dh tfVyrk
esa Lrqr gksrh FkhA lkfgR; esa fuEu lfEefyr gSa
(1) osn
(2) czk.k
(3) vj.;d
(4) mifu"kn
(5) jkek;.k
(6) egkHkkjr
(7) egkdkO;
(8) c`gn~'kkL=k ,oa
(9) iqjk.k
ckS vkSj tSu lkfgR; ls ledkyhu ijEijkvksa osQ lEcUk esa fofnr gksrk gSA bl dky dk lkfgR; laLr] ikfy] kr esa gSA
;g fofHk jktkvksa osQ laxhr] u`R;] fp=kdyk] okLrqf'kYi vkSj 'kklu osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh Lrqr djrk gSA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=k
'kklfud O;oLFkk ij dk'k Mkyrk gSA nf{k.k esa laxe lkfgR; nf{k.k Hkkjrh; thou ij dk'k Mkyrk gSA
iquysZ[ku ,sfrgkfld leL;kvksa dh foospuk Li"V :i ls dh tk ldrh gSA bfrgkl dk iquysZ[ku ,d lrr f;k gSA bl
f;k esa bfrgkldkj fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS
(i) ubZ .kkyh vFkok oSpkfjd varn`Zf"V;ksa dk lekos'k djrk gSA

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vHkh rd vKkr rF;ksa ij vkkkfjr fo'ys"k.k dh ,d uohu :ijs[kk ;qDr djrk gSA
vrhr osQ Kku dh [kkst esa bfrgkldkj ftl .kkyh ra=k dks ;qDr djrk gS] og mlh fLFkfr esa ekf.kd gksrk gS] tc mlesa
fo"k; dh ifr dk lEeku gksrk gSA .kkyh ra=kksa esa ewyHkwr varj gksus ij Hkh os oqQN lk>k vkkkjHkwfe;ksa ij fLFkr gksrs gSa] tks
bfrgkldkj osQ f'kYi dk {ks=k gksrk gSA bfrgkl osQ fo|kFkhZ dks pkfg, fd og fuf'pr fu"d"kZ Lrqr u dj mu laHkkoukvksa dk laosQr
ns] tks lk{; osQ lgh iBu ij vkkkfjr gSA
dkjkphu bfrgkl osQ v;;u dks le>kus osQ fy, rhu dkj osQ lzksr gSa
(1) ekuo foKkuh]
(2) iqjkrkfRod] vkSj
(3) ikBxr lzksr]
(1) lzksr osQ ekuo foKkuh ikB dk lEcUk ,d tutkfr osQ ikB ls gSA
(2) iqjkrkfRod ikB esa ,d rkezik"kk.kh cLrh osQ fo"k; esa fopkj gSA
(3) ikBxr v;;u esa Xosn ij ,d ikBxr lzksr dh O;k[;k osQ lanHkZ esa n`f"Vikr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ kjafHkd] vkkqfud ys[ku dk fo"k; Hkkjr osQ vrhr dk vkSifuosf'kd fuekZ.k gSA ;wjksih; bfrgkldkjksa us
v;;u djrs le; Hkkjr osQ mu bfrgklksa dh [kkst dh] tks bfrgkl lacakh mudh :<+ vokkj.kk osQ vuq:i cSBrs] ij mUgsa ,slk
dksbZ bfrgkl ugha feykA os osQoy dYg.k dh ^jktrjafx.kh* vius vuqowQy ik losQ] tks ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa fy[kk x;k d'ehj dk
bfrgkl gSA kFkfed rkSj ij] vkSifuosf'kd ifjs{; esa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh nks kkjk, fuEu dkj Fkha
nks /kjk,
(i) mi;ksfxrknh vkSj
(ii) kP;oknh
budk fooj.k fuEu dkj gS
(i) mi;ksfxrkoknh ifjs{; esa vkkkjHkwr rkSj ij Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ,d vifjorZu'khy lekt dk rdZ fn;k tkrk Fkk rFkk
dgk tkrk Fkk fd bl fiNM+s lekt dks fokku osQ }kjk ifjorr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftls vaxzst 'kkld vU;Fkk tM+
vkSj voufr'khy Hkkjrh; lekt esa xfr ykus gsrq ;qDr dj ldrs FksA
(ii) tsEl fey us Hkkjrh; lekt osQ udkjkRed i{kksa ij cy fn;k ;|fi fey }kjk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks fgUnw vkSj eqfLye
;qxksa essa foHkkftr fd, tkus dks k;% bl vkSifuosf'kd n`f"Vdks.k dk gh ,d mnkgj.k crk;k tkrk gS rFkkfi lkekftd]
lkaLfrd vkSj jktuhfrd thou osQ k;% leLr i{kksa dks bl kkfeZd laLfr esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA
mi;qZDr n`f"Vdks.k dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku ij xgu Hkko iM+k] fofHk fopkjkkjkvksa ls tqM+s vusd Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjksa us
bl O;k[;k dks fcuk lksps&le>s viuk fy;kA
bl dkj Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks kkfeZd igpku esa fufgr :<+ kkj.kkvksa dh ,d k`a[kyk osQ ek;e ls ns[kk tkrk gSA lekt vFkok
jkT;ra=k dk dksbZ Hkh i{k bl kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k ls vNwrk ugha jg ik;k gSA lkekftd ruko] jktuhfrd yM+kb;k] lkaLfrd erHksn
lHkh dks kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kk x;k gS] ftUgsa kP; LosPNkpkfjrk kIr gS] muosQ fy, kP; LosPNkpkfjrk osQ flkar esa fuEu
dkj dh 'kklu .kkyh dk lek;kstu fd;k x;k gS
(i) ftlosQ f'k[kj ij fujaoqQ'k lkk okyk ,d LosPNkpkjh 'kkld gksA
(ii) fuEure Lrj ij vkRefuHkZj xko gksaA
(iii) mRiUu vfk'ks"k dks LosPNkpkjh 'kkld vkSj mlosQ njckj osQ dCts esa pyk tkuk gksA
dkykUrj esa Hkkjr osQ vrhr ij vfkd oSKkfud rjhosQ ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS
(i) igys jk"Vokfn;ksa
(ii) rnqijkUr ekDlZokfn;ksa us fparu fd;kA
ifj.kker% vrhr lEcUkh bl lqkkj fojkskh n`f"Vdks.k dks vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA
vxyk pj.k 1960 vkSj 1970 osQ n'kdksa dk gSA blesa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl O;kid :i esa jktoa'kksa lEcUkh tkudkjh vkSj xkSjo'kkyh
:i fooj.k u gksdj lekt lqkkjksa osQ ,d O;kid vkkkj okys v;;u osQ :i esa vk x;kA
blesa fuEu ij ;ku osQfUr fd;k x;k
(ii)

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/kfeZd vkUnksyu]
(ii) vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Lo:i]
(iii) lkaLfrd vfHkO;fDr]
Hkkjr dh cgqfo/ laLfr;ksa dh foospuk Hkkjrh; lH;rk osQ fuekZ.k esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ lUnHkZ esa dh xbZA bfrgkl esa bl
cgqfo/rk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa vkSj fuEu dkj dh fof/ laLfr;ksa dks LFkku feyk
(i) ouokfl;ksa dh]
(ii) >we [ksfrgjksa dh]
(iii) pjokgksa dh]
(iv) fdlkuksa dh]
(v) dkjhxjksa dh]
(vi) lkSnkxjksa dh]
(vii) vfHktkr oxks dh rFkk
(viii) deZdkaM rFkk fo'okl osQ fo'ks"kKksa rd dh laLfr;kA
ml le; igpkusa ,dy u gksdj cgqy FkhaA lokZfkd vFkZi.w kZ v;;u mu fLFkfr;ksa osQ Fks] tgk igpkusa ijLij fefJr gks x;h FkhaA
buesa fofHk dkj osQ fopkjd lfEefyr Fks] tSls
(i) ekDlZoknh
(ii) saQp ,sukyht LowQy tSls varjfo"k;h vuqlakku osaQ
(iii) fofHk lajpukoknhA
laxBu dh ekDlZoknh O;k[;k ij gksus okyh cgl osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ekDlZ }kjk Lrkfor ,f'k;kbZ jhfr osQ mRiknu dks vLohdkj
dj mlosQ LFkku ij ekDlZoknh bfrgkl ij ppkZ, gqbA ekoZQ CykWd] iQukZM] ckWMsy vkSj gsujh ihVsu vkfn bfrgkldkjksa osQ fopkjksa
dks bu ppkZvksa eas lfEefyr fd;k x;kA os flkarksa ij 'u fd, fcuk gh mUgsa ykxw djuk ugha] cfYd rqyukRed bfrgkl dk ;ksx
xEHkhj 'u mBkus osQ fy, djuk pkgrs FksA
iz'u 4- Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ^vkjafHkd e;dky* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjbl lEcUk esa fuEu egoiw.kZ 'u mBrs gSa
1- lkroha vkSj vkBoha 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ls igyh vkSj nwljh 'krkCnh esa D;k varj gS\
2- dkSu&lh f;k, vkBoha] ukSaoh vkSj nloha 'krkCnh esa vius Hkko dk lapkyu djrh gSa ;k ml ij Hkko Mkyrh gSa\
3- bu f;kvksa esa varj fdl dkj Li"V dj ldrs Fks\
4- fofHkUu fu"d"kks esa f;kvksa osQ D;k ifj.kke FksA
5- Fke vFkok nwljh 'krkCnh vkSj l=kgoha ;k vBkjgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa fdl dkj varj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS\
vko';d 'krs (Pre-requisites)
1- Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa kjafHkd e;dkyhu pj.k osQ lEcUk esa laHkkfor Lrko ;k fu.kZ; djus ls iwoZ lekt vkSj jkT;ra=k osQ
e; varjksa dks ns[kuk vko';d gSA
2- f;kvksa osQ varj dks ns[kus osQ LFkku ij kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld varj ns[kuk vko';d gSA
3- Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld pj.k dh nks eq[k fo'ks"krk, fuEu dkj gSa
(i) jkT; fuekZ.k dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu gksuk vkSj
(ii) lalkku laxzg.k osQ lkkuksa ij fu;U=k.k djukA
4- fu;U=k.k osQ Lo:i R;{k ;k vR;{k gks ldrs gSaA
5- ;g lekt osQ vaxksa vFkok vU; vkSj Hkh vfkd tfVy ra=k osQ ek;e ls laHko gSA
fo'ys"k.k (Analysis)fo'ys"k.k osQ }kjk kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld pj.k O;kid :i ls le>k tk ldrk gSA blls kjafHkd
e;dkyhu lekt dh ifjNk;k ;k ifj.kkeksa dh fr dks le>us esa ljyrk gksxhA jkT;ra=k knsf'kd jkT; Lrj ij jkT; O;oLFkk
dk fukkZj.k dj ldrs gSaA bldh O;oLFkk dk yEch nwjh vFkkZr fons'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikj] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh mifLFkfr
osQ ek;e ls fukkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(i)

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o.kZ vkkkfjr lkekftd O;oLFkk n`<+rkiwoZd LFkkfir gks pqdh FkhA ij osQ o.kZ dk;ZeqDr gks x, FksA os iQkyrw dh tula[;k
cu x, FksA ogha ij vU; yksx mudks Hkyh dkj ls thou O;rhr djus gsrq mudh lsok esa yxk fn, x, FksA ;g bl i`"BHkwfe osQ
foijhr gS fd kjafHkd e;dkyhu O;oLFkk dh fr dks le>uk vko';d gSA
mi;qZDr fooknkLin eqn~ns dk mkj bl ckr ij vkkkfjr gS fd vUrj dh :ijs[kk ls roZQ osQ fy, fdl ifjs{; dk pquko djuk
gSA ch-Mh- pV~Vksik;k; us gky osQ o"kks esa bl leL;k ij [kkst dk dk;Z fd;k gS] ftlesa fuEu ij roZQ Lrqr fd, gSa
(i) ,dhdj.k osQ ifjs{; rFkk
(ii) kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky esa ,d ifjorr f;k dh fujarjrkA
gesa {ks=kh; vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj osQ varxZr oqQN ewyrkfRod vkUnksyuksa osQ Lrj osQ lanHkZ esa bl e;dkyhu ;qx osQ ifjorZu dks
ns[kuk pkfg,A vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk dh ladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa ughaA
1- pV~Vksik;k; us xkM;u dh bl xkB dks Hkh ;g dgdj dkV fn;k fd vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij kjafHkd e;dkyhu jpuk
dh fr dh ifjHkk"kk bldh vkFkd ;k jkT;ra=kh; osQ Lo:i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh tk,A
2- mUgksaus ^kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld pj.kksa* ls bfrgkl dh f;k esa fodflr rhu roksa dks fuEu dkj igpkuk gS
(i) lekt dk foLrkj
(ii) vkfnokfl;ksa dk fdlkuksa osQ :i esa ifjorZu vFkok vkfnoklh ls tkfr ;k o.kZ esa ifjorZu dh ;k=kk vkSj iwtk ifr rFkk
(iii) ,dhdj.k dh fLFkfrA
3- mUgksaus lkaLfrd lajpuk o iwoZ fukkZfjr ,dy Li"Vhdj.k dks vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA
4- vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij cgqlkaLfrd Li"Vhdj.k ij dk;Z djus dh vU; laHkkoukvksa osQ fy, ekxZ 'kLr dj fn;k FkkA
5- mUgkasus iqu% fuEu rF; dks ekU;rk nh fd kjafHkd lanHkZ esa {ks=kh; igpku dks fo'ks"k Lo:i fn;k tk, vkSj
6- mUgksaus fofHkUu {ks=kksa vkSj fofHkUu Lrjksa esa blosQ klafxd fu"d"kks dks ysrs gq, lekt fuekZ.k dh f;k dk fu"iknu fd;kA
dkykofkdj.k dk eqnnkdkykofkdj.k dk eqn~nk ,d Lrj ij vfr lkkkj.k gSA
tsEl fey us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd fuEu dkj ls dky fuekZ.k fdl dkj gqvk gS
(i) kphu dky
(ii) e; dky vkSj
(iii) vkkqfud dky
fey us dgk gS fd bldk fuekZ.k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lkEnkf;d :i xzg.k djus ls gqvk gSA oLrqr% fey osQ dkykofkdj.k
rFkk jk"Voknh bfrgkldkj Hkh kjafHkd fooknksa dks lEc fd, fcuk gh lkEnkf;drk mRiUu djus osQ fy, leku :i ls mkjnk;h
gSaA
dkykofkdj.kdkykofkdj.k osQ lEcUk esa Lohdk;Zrkvksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA dkykofk dks ego bl dkj.k fn;k
tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d ;qx] 'krkCnh ;k ,d [k.M dks Hkyh dkj ls le>us esa lgk;d gSA vr% ;g 'u fofHkUu earO;ksa osQ
lEcUk esa gS] ftlus viuk Lo:i fof'k"V ;qxksa] 'krkfCn;ksa ;k dkyksa esa kkj.k fd;k gSA fey us Jsf.k;ksa dks LFkkfir dj ;g le>us
dk ;kl fd;k Fkk fd iwoZ osQ dkj.kksa osQ lEcUk esa lkezkT;oknh fczfV'k 'kklu Hkyh dkj le>k tk ldrk gSA gesa viuh gh 'krks
ij le>us dh vko';drk gSA kphu le; dh 'krs tfVy gSaA vr,o orZeku dks HkyhHkkfr le>us gsrq ;s 'krs fefJr lgk;rk gh
ns ldrh gSaA bl dkj dh le> cu tkus ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa vFkok vU; bfrgkl esa fo|eku dkykofkdj.k dh Jsf.k;ksa osQ
ekeyksa dks ifj'kq djus osQ fy, lgk;rk kIr gks tkrh gSA ^kjafHkd e;dky* osQ lanHkZ esa ^kjafHkd ,sfrgkfldrk* vFkok
^e;dky* dh fo|eku dh fLFkfr;ksa osQ varj dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, bldh okLrfodrk dk vkdyu vR;Ur vko';d gSA ;fn
,slk u fd;k tk losQ rks dkye dh klafxdrk dk dksbZ vkkkj ugha jgrk gSA vr% ;fn ;g irk yx tk, fd js[kkafdr djus
dk D;k Lo:i gks rks mls lekfgr djus dk ;kl dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; dkykofkdj.k osQ lEcUk esa bl fcUnq ij okn&fookn oqQN rhoz gks tkrk gSA js[kkafdr fo"k; dh ifjHkk"kk fofHkUu :iksa
esa dh x;h gS] tSls&
(i) lkeUroknh
(ii) vlkeUroknh
(iii) vkZ lkeUroknh

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vkSifuosf'kd
(v) iwthoknhA
1- vr,o iwoZ lkeUrokn (kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld) osQ fy, O;kid le; lkeUrokn esa os'k osQ fy, fukkZfjr fd;k x;kA vUrfje
le; bldh rS;kjh esa O;rhr gqvkA
2- blh dkj dh ifjfLFkfr;k muosQ le{k Hkh vkrh gSa] tks
(i) lkeUrokn dks blosQ fy, Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa ;k
(ii) bldks js[kkafdr ugha djrs gSaA
^klafxd ,sfrgkfld* le; ls vlkeUroknh ?kks"k.kk dk friknu foy{k.k gSA ;gk okLrfod leL;k ^klafxd ,sfrgkfld* ls
tgk ls ^kjafHkd e;dky* osQ :i esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] tks lkeUroknh vkSj vlkeUroknh 'kCnksa osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA k;%
ge lkaLfrd vFkok ikSjkf.kd kkj.kkvksa ls jksekafpd okLrfodrkvksa dks xzg.k djrs jgrs gSaA ;gh ,d lkkkj.k dkj dh =kqfV ,d
cM+h Hkwy dk :i kkj.k dj ysrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lekt dh fr ;k ,d lekt tks ifjHkkf"kr Js.kh esa ns[kk tkrk gS] tcfd
ml f;k dks ugha ns[kk tkrk ;g mlh dkj gS] ftl dkj fuekZ.k ;k lajpuk dh mis{kk djukA vr% lkeUrokn ;k ,d ,dhr
;k laxfBr jkT;ra=k ;k fo[kf.Mr lekt vFkok iSr`d lkkRed ukSdj'kkgh dh lajpuk ;k laxfBr jkT;ra=k] ;s lc ledkyhu o`fk
;k ijaijk ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA bu nksuksa dks ns[kus osQ LFkku ij ml f;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i kIr fu"d"kZ dks ns[ksa] tks le; osQ fdlh
Hkh fcUnq ij igqpus ij jkT;rU=k ;k lekt osQ fdlh fof'k"Vhdj.k ij vkdj Bgjrk gSA
bl dkj LFkku osQ fcUnq dks le>uk vko';d gS] tgk ls ^kjafHkd ,sfrgkfld pj.k* 'kq: gksrk gS rFkk lekt vkSj jkT;rU=k
osQ pkjksa vksj ,dhdj.k dh LFkkiuk kjEHk gksus yxrh gS] tgk vusd lektksa vkSj jkT;rU=kksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxrk gSA bl ,dhdj.k
dh igpku fuEu rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVh tk ldrh gS
(i) {ks=kksa dk fukkZj.k
(ii) iwtk ifr ;k keZ dk vkfoHkkZo rFkk blosQ jkT;ra=k ls lEcUk LFkkfir gksuk vkSj
(iii) jkT;ksa dk cgqr vfkd la[;k esa mn~Hko gksukA
;s lc jkT; fuekZ.k f;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gksrs gSaA budk foLrkj lkeUroknh pfj=k esa gksrk gS ;k fdlku oxZ o f"k;qDr
:i kkj.k djrh gS] tks fof'k"V {ks=k osQ :i esa lk{;ksa dh fr ij fuHkZj djsxkA
(iv)

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Hkkx&[k

iz'u 7- D;k vki xzksoj osQ bl fopkj ls lger gSa fd e;dky osQ nkSjku xzkeh.k lekt ls lacafkr ^lkeqnkf;d Hkwfe*
vFkok ^lkekU; fok O;oLFkk* ugha Fkh\ ppkZ dhft,A
mkjxzksoj osQ vuqlkje;dky esa xzke leqnk; ls lEcfUkr dksbZ ^lkeqnkf;d Hkwfe* ;k ^lkewfgd fokh; iwy* ugha FkkA
xko dh catj Hkwfe] pkjkxkg vkSj lehiLFk taxy dk LokfeRo ljdkj osQ ikl FkkA ;|fi xko dk ;g vfkdkj Fkk fd tehankjh
vkSj eqdn~neh ifjokjksa dks fn, tkus okys uke&ek=k osQ mi&dj (vcoko) osQ cnys og pkjkxkg Hkwfe ;qDr dj losaQ] taxy ls
ydM+h kIr dj losaQ vkSj rkykcksa ls eNyh idM+ losaQA
xzksoj osQ roZQ bl dkj gSSa
1- xko osQ vfkdkfj;ksa osQ [kpks dks ogu djus osQ fy, lkewfgd xzke fufk Hkh eqxydky esa lnSo ,d xSj&dkuwuh mi&dj
jgkA
2- ^[kpZ&,&nsg* (xko osQ vkdfLed [kpZ) fdlh Hkh xzke leqnk; esa dHkh Hkh xko dh fj;k;k (lkekU; "kdkas) dk lkewfgd
iwy ugha jgkA
3- cgknqj 'kkg Fke (1710) osQ }kjk pkjkxkg vkSj taxy ls kIr ?kkl vkSj pkjs ij yxk, x, Hkkjksa dks xSj&dkuwuh ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k FkkA
4- Hkfo"; esa eqdn~ne }kjk blosQ laxzg.k ij jksd yxk nh xbZ FkhA
5- 19oha 'krkCnh esa mkj Hkkjr osQ eq[; Hkkxksa esa catj Hkwfe vkSj taxy dh Hkwfe vfkdrj tehankj osQ vfkdkj {ks=k esa FkhA
ml ij xzke leqnk; }kjk ;qDr fd, tkus laca/h vf/dkj lhfer FksA
blosQ foijhr] o`ankou nLrkostksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ vkkkj ij bjiQku gchc dk roZQ fuEu dkj gS
(i) xzke leqnk; osQ fuf'pr :i ls catj Hkwfe ij vfkdkj Fks vkSj
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lkewfgd fokh; iwy fo|eku FkkA

mUgksaus dfri; vU; rF; fuEu dkj Lrqr fd, gSa
1- oa`nkou nLrkost ml kfkdkj dh lhek vkSj Lo:i dks n'kr djrs gSa] ftldk ;ksx xko dh lkewfgd Hkwfe ij iap ;k
iapk;r }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA
2- xko dh Hkwfe (tehu&,&ekStk) ij iapk;r dk fu;U=k.k Fkk pkgs og fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh dkj dh gks
(i) rkykc gks
(ii) catj Hkwfe gks ;k
(iii) f"k Hkwfe@f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe gks
3- vfjFkk nLrkostksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd os fuEu dk;Z osQ fy, LorU=k Fks
(i) os xko dh catj Hkwfe dks csp ldrs Fks ;k
(ii) mls iV~Vs ij ns ldrs Fks ;k
(iii) bls tksrus dh vuqefr ns ldrs FksA
mnkgj.kkFkZ]
1- o`ankou esa 1594 esa ,d iap us o`ankou osQ fudV ,d xko dh csdkj iM+h Hkwfe esa ls 4 fcLok Hkwfe fdlh Hkou osQ fuekZ.k
osQ fy, cSjkxh dks nku dhA oLrqr% xzke leqnk; dks fofHkUu fdlkuksa }kjk tksrh tk jgh Hkwfe dks cspus dk vfkdkj ugha FkkA ij
;fn dksbZ ckgjh O;fDr (ikbZ dk'r) fdlh xko esa Hkwfe dks tksrus dk bPNqd gksrk Fkk rks xzke leqnk; dh vuqefr vfuok;Z FkhA
2- egkjk"V ls kIr Fkytknk fjdkWMZ ls Hkh ;g Li"V gS fd ,d urZdh ';kek uSfdu us bUnkiqj osQ fls'oj efUnj vkSj ifjpkn
[kku dh njxkg osQ fr dh xbZ lsokvksa osQ miy{; esa 60 ch?kk Hkwfe dk vuqnku kIr fd;kA
kujkf'k forj.kxko dh tehu dh fch ls kIr kujkf'k dk forj.k fooknkLin FkkA eqxy fjdkWMZ esa bl lEcUk esa oqQN
lhek rd mYys[k gSA lEHkor;k xko dh csdkj iM+h Hkwfe dks cspus ls lEcfUkr iap dks mldk Hkkx fey tkrk Fkk] fch ls kIr
kujkf'k dk cM+k Hkkx xko osQ ^lkewfgd fokh; iwy* esa tkrk FkkA
jfldnkl dks lEcksfkr vkSjaxtsc osQ iQjeku esa fuEu osQ ckjs esa Li"V :i ls o.kZu gS
(i) xko osQ lkewfgd iwy esa tkus okys cPN vFkkZr HkS;kpkjk leqnk; }kjk Hkqxrku dh xbZ jktLo nj vkSj
(ii) csgjh eky vFkkZr lkewfgd iwy osQ fr leqnk; }kjk Hkqxrku fd, x, jktLoA
,l-ih- xqIrk us ,d ,sls mnkgj.k dk mYys[k fd;k gS] tc iapk;r dh Hkwfe ij Hkh dj yxk;k x;kA blls xko esa] ^Hkwfe ij
lkeqnkf;d LokfeRo dh mifLFkfr dk laosQr feyrk gSA*
O;;bl lkewfgd fokh; iwy osQ O;; dks ns[kuk jkspd gksxkA bl dkj kIr kujkf'k dks fuEu ij O;; fd;k tkrk Fkk
1- bldk ,d eq[k Hkkx] jkT; dh jktLo lEcUkh ekx dk Hkqxrku djus ij O;; fd;k tkrk FkkA
2- fofHkUu inkfkdkfj;ksa osQ ikfjJfed vkSj vuqykHkksa dk Hkqxrku Hkh bl fufk ls gksrk FkkA
3- xko dk O;; ([kpZ&,&nsg) Hkh blh fufk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA
4- blh fufk ls iVokjh] dkuwuxks vkSj pkSkjh osQ Hkkksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk iQhl nh tkrh FkhA
5- xko osQ lkewfgd .kksa dk Hkqxrku Hkh blh fufk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA
6- vfk'ks"k fufk miyCk gksus dh fLFkfr esa iap xko osQ lkewfgd iwy ls fuEu osQ fy, kujkf'k mkkj ns ldrk Fkk] tSls
(i) mRiknu osQ m|eksa osQ fy,
(ii) chtksa dh vfkkfIr osQ fy,
(iii) ukfy;k [kksnus osQ fy,
mi;qZDr enksa esa xko osQ lkewfgd iwy ls xzke leqnk; }kjk kujkf'k mkkj nh tk ldrh FkhA
leLr dkj osQ ysu&nsu xzke leqnk; (iapk;r@iap) osQ ek;e ls fd, tkrs FksA bu dk;Zdykiksa ij xzkeokfl;ksa dk dksbZ
fu;U=k.k ugha FkkA
xko osQ oqQyhu yksxksa dks fuEu ukeksa ls lEcksfkr fd;k tkrk Fkk
(i) dkykarjku
(ii) eqr?kfYycku
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eqdn~neA
bu oqQyhu yksxksa dks eqxy vfkdkfj;ksa }kjk dHkh lEekuiw.kZ n`f"V ls ugha ns[kk x;kA vdcj (1556&1605) dk nhoku VksMj
ey mUgsa ,slk ^>wBk vkSj <hB* dgdj lEcksfkr djrk] tks vius Hkkx (jktLo ekx dk Hkkx) dk Hkh Hkqxrku ugha djrs vkSj ftls
os jstk fj;k;k (vke "kdksa) ij gLrkarfjr dj nsrs FksA
ch-,y- Hknkuh us if'peh jktLFkku ij v;;u fd;k gSA mUgksaus Hkh blh dkj osQ lkewfgd iwy dh mifLFkfr dh iqf"V dh
gSA
(i) xko lsoknh] ijxuk tkykSj osQ fjdkWMZ ls ^xko osQ fy, dke* osQ lnaHkZ esa irk pyrk gSA
(ii) blesa ^O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k osQ vuqlkj xzkeh.k lsodksa dks ikfjJfed osQ :i esa xsgw fn;k tkrk FkkA
(iii) xzke leqnk; dks xzkeh.k lsodksa dk ikfjJfed Hkqxrku fd, tkus osQ fy, vfxze kujkf'k osQ lanHkZ ls xko esa lkewfgd
fufk dh fo|ekurk dk irk pyrk gSA
(iv) bl lanHkZ ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd ml fufk osQ fy, fdlkuksa ls 'kqYd ,d=k fd;k tkrk FkkA
e;dky esa nD[ku esa Hkh xzke eq[k ;k lHkk dks fuEu dkj dh Hkwfe dk dCtk ysrs ;k mls cspus dk vfkdkj kIr Fkk
(i) catj Hkwfe vFkkZr xqVowQy tehu&fuokZflr ifjokjksa dh tehu ;k
(ii) in tehu vFkkZr yEcs le; rd u tksrs tkus osQ dkj.k [kkyh NksM+ nh xbZ HkwfeA
ejkBh fjdkWMZ esa xzke eq[k }kjk ,slh Hkwfe ij ^fejkl Hkwfe* osQ :i esa vkfkiR; LFkkfir dj ysus dk mYys[k gSA ,slh Hkwfe;ksa
dks fejklh rFkk buke osQ :i esa cspus dk mYys[k Hkh gSA
mi;qZDr fooj.k ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd e;dky esa nD[ku osQ xzke eq[kksa dk ^mi;qDr* catj Hkwfe;ksa ij vfkdkj FkkA rFkkfi
bl dkj osQ ekeys esa mls fejkl&nj osQ :i esa bl ij Hkkjh Hkwfe dj vnk djuk iM+rk FkkA blh dkj.k iqQoqQtkok (1999) us
;g roZQ Lrqr fd;k gS fd vfkdrj xkoksa osQ eq[k catj Hkwfe ij dCtk ugha djrs Fks vkSj ;g Hkwfe ^vuqi;qDr* osQ :i esa iM+h
jgrh FkhA
nD[ku esa k;% catj Hkwfe ij fu.kZ; xzke lHkk vFkkZr etfylh lekoqQy iakkj fn;k djrh FkhA fejkl Hkwfe osQ :i esa catj
Hkwfe dh fch esa xzke lHkk dks udn /ujkf'k dk Hkqxrku ugha gksrk FkkA iqQoqQtkok us rhu nLrkostksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA muesa ls
osQoy ,d ekeys esa gh Hkwfekkjd us xzke lHkk dks 100 #i, dk Hkqxrku fd;k] tgk ku fn;k tkrk Fkk mu ekeyksa esa Hkwfekkjd
ckgjh O;fDr gksrk FkkA Li"Vr;k xko osQ O;fDr;ksa dks fejkl Hkwfe osQ :i esa Hkwfe;ksa osQ vkoaVu@fch osQ lEcUk esa xzke lHkk dks
ysu&nsu fd, tkus dh vko';drk ugha Fkh] ijUrq ckgjh fdlku dks ^Hkwfe osQ fy, dher* dk Hkqxrku djuk
iM+rk FkkA
;g O;oLFkk mkjh Hkkjr esa pfyr O;oLFkk osQ foijhr FkhA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd mkjh Hkkjr esa fch ls kIr ku esa ls
,d Hkkx xzke eq[k dks tkrk Fkk vkSj 'ks"k jkf'k ^lkewfgd fokh; iwy* esa tkrh FkhA
blh dkj] nksuksa {ks=kksa esa yksxksa osQ lfEefyr gksus esa Hkh fHkUurk gSA
mkjh Hkkjr esa xko dh Hkwfe dh fch esa xko esa iap@ eqdn~ne lfEefyr FksA blosQ foijhr] e;dkyhu nD[ku ls lEcfUkr
ejkBh nLrkostksa ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fd xko dh catj Hkwfe dh fch fo'ks"k osQ nkSjku 34 O;fDr mifLFkr FksA ;gk xzke lHkk
(etfyl lekoqQy iakkj) osQ vfrfjDr vU; mifLFkr O;fDr fuEu Fks
(i) ,d ,tsaV (dekfolnkj)
(ii) bukenkj (xko esa buke Hkwfe dk kkjd)
(iii) rhu xzke eq[k (ikfVy)
(iv) lkr fdlku
(v) ,d c<+bZ (lrwwj)
(vi) ,d ekyh
(vii) ,d yqgkj
(viii) ,d vfrfFk HkkV (HkkV esgeku)
(ix) nks T;ksfr"kh&ys[kkdkj (tks'kh oqQyd.khZ)
(x) ,d lgk;d xzke eq[k (pkSxqyk)
(iii)

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,d ukbZ (Ugkoh)
(xii) ,d egkj
(xiii) ,d efUnj dh ns[k&js[k djus okyk (xqjko) vkSj
(xiv) {ks=k dk ns'kikaMs (ys[kkdkj) rFkk
(xv) fudVorhZ xkoksa ,oa cfLr;ksa osQ vU; rsjg O;fDrA
xko osQ lkewfgd [kpks] tSlsHkwfe dj vkfn dk Hkqxrku dks iwjk djus osQ fy, xzke lHkk dks buke Hkwfe osQ :i esa ml Hkwfe
dk fo; djus dk vfkdkj Fkk] ftl ij Hkwfekkjd dks fdlh dj dk Hkqxrku djus dh vko';drk u FkhA blosQ cnys] ml Hkwfe
ij ns; dj iwjs xko esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk FkkA iqQoqQtkok dk fu"d"kZ gS fd Hkwfe dks fejkl Hkwfe osQ :i esa cspus ij Hkwfekkjd
vFkkZr u;k fejklnkj dks gh vR;fkd Hkwfe dj ogu djuk iM+rk FkkA blosQ foijhr] Hkwfe dh fch buke Hkwfe osQ :i esa dh tkus
ij ,d lewg osQ :i esa xzkeokfl;ksa ij Hkwfekkjd (u;k bukenkj] dh vksj ls Hkw&dj dk Hkqxrku djus dk nkf;Ro FkkA ;g ml
fLFkfr esa Fkk] tc buke dkiQh cM+s iSekus ij gksrk FkkA bl dkj dh fLFkfr gksus ij lEHkor% cgqr ls xkoksa dh Hkwfe] fcuk fuiVku
fd, catj osQ :i esa NksM+ nh xbZ FkhA
nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hkh egklHk;kj (egklHkk osQ lnL;ksa) }kjk xko dh Hkwfe dh fch osQ lanHkZ kIr gksrs gSaA ukscks: dkjkf'kek
(1992) us ,sls vusd fch lEcUkh nLrkostksa dk lanHkZ fn;k gSA 1241 bZloh esa jktjktk pksy r`rh; osQ 'kkludky osQ ,d
vfHkys[k esa bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd mRdy dh egklHkk osQ lnL;ksa us 180 eknkl osQ fy, ,d xko
(mj&foykbZ&ihjkekue) osQ ek;e ls iwohZ cLrh (ihMkxbZ) dks cspkA blesa fuEufyf[kr lfEefyr Fks
(i) lfpr Hkwfe
(ii) ckx
(iii) vkoklh; {ks=k
(iv) edku
(v) isM+
(vi) oqQvk
(vii) ty
(ivii) lpkbZ
(ix) lM+d
(x) jkLrk
(xi) rkykc
(xii) ckk vkfn
lHkk us bl xko (cLrh) dks fuEu vfkdkj nku fd,
(i) fch djus dk
(ii) fxjoh j[kus dk
(iii) iqu% cspus dk
(iv) fojklr esa nsus dk vkSj
(v) nku esa nsus dkA
blls bl ckr dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd nf{k.k Hkkjr esa xzke leqnk; dks xko dh Hkwfe dks cspus osQ vfkdkj Fks] ;|fi lEHkor;k
blesa osQoy vko';d :i ls catj Hkwfe gh 'kkfey ugha FkhA
xzkeh.k lsod osQ dkjhxjxzke leqnk; osQ ,d egoiw.kZ la?kVd xzkeh.k lsod vkSj dkjhxj FksA o`ankou nLrkostksa esa Hkh Hkwfe
osQ gLrkarj.k dk lUnHkZ rks gS] ijUrq bu nLrkostksa esa bl ckr dk mYys[k ugha gS fd xko osQ dkjhxjksa vkSj lsodksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k
fdl dkj fd;k tkrk Fkk\ ;|fi peM+s osQ dke esa jr O;fDr;ksa osQ ikl Hkw[k.M fo'ks"k osQ gksus osQ lanHkZ miyCk gksrs gSa] ijUrq
mudh lEifk dh 'krks osQ ckjs esa vfkd lwpuk kIr ugha gSA
HkM+kSap (xqtjkr) ls kIr 1776 dh ,d fjiksVZ ls dkjhxjksa osQ Hkj.k&iks"k.k osQ fo"k; ij egoiw.kZ dk'k iM+rk gSA blosQ
vuqlkj] R;sd xko dh Hkwfe dk ,d fuf'pr Hkkx (Fkk osQ vuqlkj) mu dkjhxjksa vkSj Jfedksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus osQ fy,
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dj eqDr gksuk pkfg,] ftudh lsok, xko osQ fy, furkar vko';d gSaA
iz'u 8- laxe lkfgR; esa o.kr HkfDr ijaijk osQ fodkl dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjlaxe lkfgR;e; dky esa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa kked fodklksa dks pkSFkh 'krkCnh ls ysdj NBh 'krkCnh rd dh kked
o`fk;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl dky osQ lEcUk esa lwpuk eq[;r% laxe lkfgR; esa feyrh gSA
bl lkfgR; esa fuEu ij dk'k Mkyk x;k gS
(i) kFkZukvksa dh vkokt ij
(ii) iwQyksa vkSj kwi ,oa ykscku dh [kq'kcw ij
(iii) nhiksa dk dk'k i[k vkSj
(iv) ,d 'kk'or mYykliw.kZ ifjos'k osQ o.kZuksa esa iwtk osQ oqQN rjhdksa ij ifo=krk dh ladYiuk dkrkoqy vkSj vuUowQ tSls
'kCnksa esa gqbZ gSA bu nksuksa dk vFkZ iwtk osQ bZ'ojh; Lo:i ls gSA dkUrw ,oa iksfrf;y ([kaHkksa ij cuk gkWy) tSls 'kCnksa esa
vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gS] laHkor% ;g eafnj dk ksVksVkbi gS] ftldk vFkZ ifo=k LFky gSA
dksfiy 'kCn eafnj dk ugha oju eqf[k;k osQ ?kj dk |ksrd FkkA bldk fodkl ckn esa gqvk FkkA pkSFkh 'krkCnh osQ var rd bZ'ojRo
dk O;ofLFkr fodkl keZ ls tqM+ x;kA bldk mYys[k fl O;kdjf.kd 'kksk cak rksydkfIi;e esa frukbZ ijaijk esa gSA
frukbZfrukbZ dh vokkj.kk esa fuEufyf[kr ikp vkFkd {ks=k lfEefyr Fks] R;sd {ks=k dk viuk O;fDrxr Lo:i Fkk
(i) mldh viuh fof'k"V tula[;k Fkh
(ii) mlosQ jgu&lgu dh fof'k"V lajpuk Fkh
(iii) mldk ,d fof'k"V bZ'ojh; Lo:i FkkA
1- eqYybZ;g 'kCn ekjkokjksa (;kskvksa) vkSj brS;kj (pjokgksa) osQ vkokl LFky pkjkxkgkssa osQ fy, lkewfgd :i ls ;qDr
gksrk Fkk] es;ksu osQ fy, nso LFky FkkA
2- oqQfjathosrkj vkSj oqQjkokj (f'kdkfj;ksa) osQ ftUgksaus f"k dks NksM+dj bls eq[; is'kk cuk fy;k Fkk] ioZrh; vkFkd {ks=k
osQ fy, ;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; 'kCnA ;gk osQ yksx eq#du dh iwtk djrs FksA
3- e#reunh ?kkfV;ksa osQ e; vknZz Hkwfe FkhA ;g mykoj (fdlkuksa) dh f"k xfrfofk;ksa dk osQUnz FkkA e#re dk nsork
oru FkkA
4- usrky;g leqnz dk fudVorhZ {ks=k FkkA ogk ijrkoj (eNqvkjk leqnk;) jgk djrs FksA usrky dk nsork o#.k FkkA
5- iybZbldk vFkZ 'kq"d {ks=k ls FkkA ogk f'kdkjh tutkfr;k jgrh Fkha] tks nsoh :i dksjjkobZ dh iwtk djrh FkhaA
e#du rFkk es;ksuleLr nsoh&nsorkvksa esa es;ksu osQ nsork eq#du dk mYys[k lokZfkd feyrk gSA e#du vkSj es;ksu :i
e'k% osfj;krw vkSj oqQjkobZ ls lEc FksA ;s Hkko&foHkksj gksdj kked u`R; djrs Fks] ftuesa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa lHkh dh lgHkkfxrk
gksrh FkhA ;qok voLFkk vkSj lkSan;Z osQ rhd eq#du dh iwtk [kfygkuksa] taxyksa] cktkjksa] o`{kksa] ;q Hkwfe] vkfn esa gqvk djrh Fkh]
ftlls mldh LFkkuh;rk dk lk{; feyrk gSA NBh 'krkCnh osQ mijkUr ijorhZ laxe (;k mkj laxe) lkfgR; tSlsf'kykIiM~Mhdje]
dfykksdbZ] ifjiVy vkSj fr:eq:dj:IiV~VbZ esa uohu kked fopkj vfHkO;Dr fd, x, gSaA bu lkfgR;ksa esa bZ'oj osQ lEcUk esa
laxe lkfgR; dh fopkjkkjk ij mkjh egkdkO;ksa (jkek;.k ,oa egkHkkjr) rFkk ikSjkf.kd fopkjksa osQ Hkko dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bl
Hkko osQ ifj.kkeLo:i frubZ lajpuk esa LFkkuh;r nsoh&nsorkvksa dk :ikUrj.k loZO;kih vrhafnz; (fujkdkj ,oa vLFkkuh;)
nsorkvksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
(i) e#du dk lEcUk ;q osQ vk;Z nsork Ldan ls Fkk
(ii) ey@es;ksu dk lEcUk fo".kq ls FkkA
e#re vkSj usrky frubZ osQ nsork oru vkSj o#.k xkS.k gks x,A ijorhZ dky esa mudk dksbZ mYys[k ugha feyrkA
iybZ dh nsoh dksjjkobZ egoiw.kZ Fkh] fdUrq 'kSo iFk esa mls f'ko iRuh nqXkkZ osQ :i esa lesfdr djus dh f;k kjaHk gks pqdh
FkhA laxe vkSj ikSjkf.kd roksa osQ e; var%lEcUk gksus ls ikSjkf.kd feFkdksa ls vusd fo"k; pqus x,A
Ldan osQ vusd uk;dksfpr dk;Z e#du osQ lkFk tksM+ fn, x,A ijorhZ lkfgR; esa mldk o.kZu "kV~eq[k (Ng eq[k) vkSj "kV~
Hkqtkkkjh (Ng gkFk okys) osQ :i esa fd;k tkus yxkA mkjh vkSj nf{k.kh fo"k;ksa osQ la;kstu dh vfHkO;fDr es;ksu".k osQ fofHkUu
vorkj feFkdksa esa gqbZA
NBh 'krkCnh rd es;ksu vius vorkj feFkd osQ vuqlkj nsork] Xokyk uk;d vkSj xksfi;ksa dk seh FkkA ,d ckj og iqu% ikaM;k

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rFkk iYyoksa osQ 'kkgh rhd osQ :i esa mHkjkA

ifjiVy vkSj fr:eq:dj:IiV~VbZ esa ,d uohu HkfDrijd ifjos'k dk o.kZu n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bl lkfgR; esa vrhafnz; nsork
osQ fr O;fDrxr HkfDr dh vokkj.kk e#du vkSj es;ksu dks leir dforkvksa esa gksus yxhA
HkfDr dh fo'ks"krk,bu lkfgR;ksa esa vfHkO;fDr gqb HkfDr dh fo'ks"krk, fuEu dkj gSa
1- bZ'oj osQ fr HkfDr dh vfHkO;fDr rfey esa dh xbZA bl dkj Fke ckj kked Hkk"kk osQ :i esa laLr dk fodYi Lrqr
fd;k x;kA
2- HkfDr dh ;g ladYiuk ekuohr vuqHko u gksdj ijorhZ HkfDr esa dV dh xbZA lkfgR; esa mYys[k oLrqfu"B vkSj
fuoSZ;fDrd FksA ,slk rhr gksrk gS ekuks ;g f}rh; iq#"k esa gksaA
3- HkfDr dh ladYiuk Fke ckj eafnj osQ pkj dk vkkkj cuhA eafnj esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewr j[kh xbZA ;g O;fDr;ksa dk
d"V gjus osQ fy, i`Foh ij muosQ vorkj dk rhd Fkh] ijUrq eafnj vkSipkfjd iwtk osQ osaQnz ugha cusA eafnj dk mYys[k dksf;y
osQ :i esa fd;k tkus yxkA
4- eafnj dh fLFkfr dk Hkh Fke ckj ifo=k Hkwxksy fpf=kr fd;k x;kA bl ifo=k Hkwxksy esa es;ksu vkSj e#du osQ iwtk] LFky
lfEefyr FksA blls Hkkoh kked var%lEcUkksa osQ fy, usVooZQ rS;kj gqvkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
(1) osagdk (dkph) esa es;ksu iwtk eafnjksa osQ :i esa fuEu dk mYys[k gqvk
(i) f'kykIiM~Mhdje vkSj ifjiVy
(ii) fr#efy:pksybZ (enqjbZ osQ fudV)
(iii) vrkdkere (psjk {ks=k esa Lo.kZ d{k)
(iv) iqgkj (efuoUue)
(v) fr:fk (Hkkoh Jjaxe) vkSj
(vi) osaxkMe (Hkkoh fr:ifr)
2- fr:eq:dj:IiV~VbZ us fuEu esa fLFkr eq#du eafnjksa dk ifo=k HkkSxksfyd foLrkj Lrqr fd;k
(i) ikjuoqQuje (enqjbZ)
(ii) fr:ofouuoqQVh (ikykuh)
(iii) fr:osjde (LokfeeybZ)
(iv) iykeqfrjpksybZ (fr:ppsanqj)
(v) psu dksVq vkSj bjkde esa
kked ;k=kk osQ lEcUk esa osQoy bl lkfgR; esa eq#du HkDr }kjk fd, x, bu LFkkuksa osQ o.kZu esa feyrk gSA blesa vU; yksxksa
dks bZ'oj osQ keZ LFkyksa esa tkus vkSj mudh ik kIr djus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;kA
bl dkj ikpoha&NBh 'krkCnh dh bl ubZ kkedrk us laLr dh laLfr dks rfey dh laLfr osQ vuq:i cukdj ,dhr
dj fn;kA
iz'u 9- tkfr O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa xkakh th vkSj MkW- vEcsMdj osQ fopkjksa dh rqyuk dhft,A
mkj1917 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl us tkfrxr v{kerkvksa ls lEcfUkr viuh izFke lroZQ ?kks"k.kk ,d izLrko osQ ek;e
ls dhA 1920 esa dkaxzsl osQ vlg;ksx lEcUkh izLrko esa bl izLrko osQ izkokkuksa dh iqf"V dhA bl izLrko ls dkaxzsl us ^nfyr oxks*
dh v{kerkvksa dh lekfIr dks ,d izeq[k jk"Voknh izkFkfedrk cuk;k ij blus LoSfPNd ^kked* lekkkuksa dk leFkZu fd;kA blus
fgUnw keZxq#vksa vkSj vU; vxz.kh fgUnqvksa ls ;g vkxzg fd;k fd os fgUnw keZ esa lqkkj gsrq yxkrkj iz;kl djsaA bl dk;Z esa dkuwuh
vFkok jkT; dh vksj ls fdlh vU; izdkj dh dk;Zokgh dk izkokku ugha FkkA
1920 osQ n'kd esa xkkh rFkk vU; izeq[k usrkvksa us vusd izdkj osQ kked lalkkuksa ij dke fd;kA
os tkfr osQ ^cqjs* i{kksa osQ fo# la?k"kZ dks fgUnw efUnjksa esa ys x,A
mUgksaus =kko.kdksj osQ okbde uked LFkku esa efUnj izos'k vfHk;ku (1924&25) pyk;kA ,sls vkUnksyuksa esa xkkh dk fo'okl
'kh?kz gh lekIr gks x;kA dkj.k ;s vkUnksyu lR;kxzg dh vfgalk dh uSfrdrk osQ fo# FksA rFkkfi xkkh NqvkNwr dh ^'kSrkuh* jhfr
osQ fo# eked vihy djrs jgs] os bls fgUnw keZ ij dyad crkrs jgsA
xkkhoknh lqkkjksa dk Lo:i

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bu lqkkjksa esa tkfrxr vUrjksa dks U;wure fd;k x;kA

(ii) blesa tkfrxr igpku dks de ego fn;k x;kA
(iii) blesa o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh lejlrk vkSj tSfod ,drk ij cy fn;k x;kA
(iv) xkkh 1940 osQ n'kd rd o.kZ osQ flkUr dh ,d vkn'kZ vkSj izko`Qfrd O;oLFkk osQ :i esa iz'kalk djrs jgsA
(v) os fuEu ij (osQfUr) thou osQ ,d lerkoknh fu;e osQ :i esa ljkguk djrs jgs
tkfr
thou osQ pj.k vkSj
keZ vFkok dkZO; ikyu
(vi) 1940 osQ n'kd esa xkkh us tkfr osQ iw.kZ ifjR;kx dk vkg~oku fd;kA mUgksaus NqvkNwr esa ^ikie;* fo'okl ls eqDr 'kqho`Qr
tkfr O;oLFkk osQ iwoZdkyhu y{; dks R;kx fn;kA
(vii) xkkh vkSj muosQ lg;ksfx;ksa us ^gfjtu lsod la?k* (1932) LFkkfir fd;kA blosQ y{; fuEu izdkj Fks
vius vNwr ykHkkFk;ksa esa lkekftd 'kqfprk vkSj LoPNrk dh vknrsa mRiUu djuk vkSj
mUgsa rkM+h ihus] ekal [kkus vkSj v'kksHkuh; ;kSu lEcUk LFkkfir djus ls nwj j[kukA
fouez eqk vkSj izrhdkRed Vksdjh rFkk >kMw okyk vkn'khZo`Qr ,oa lqkjs gq, xUnxh <ksus okys liQkbZdehZ dks mu xq.kksa
dk mnkgj.k ekuk x;k] ftu xq.kksa dks ^gfjtu lsod la?k* nfyr oxks esa iSQykuk pkgrk FkkA
vU; usrkusg: vkSj dkaxzslh lektokfn;ksa us 1930 osQ n'kdksa esa viuh Hkkjrh; jk"V dh vokkj.kk dks tkfrfoghurk vkSj
lerk osQ lUnHkZ esa O;Dr fd;kA
djkph dk dkaxzsl izLrko fuEu ij osQfUr Fkk
(i) ,d yksdrkfU=kd jkT;rU=k ij vkSj
(ii) vkS|ksfxd vkkqfudhdj.k osQ vkn'kZ ijA
izLrko esa tkfr dk dksbZ mYys[k u Fkk] D;ksafd mudk ;g fo'okl Fkk fd vkS|ksfxdhdj.k mldk jktdh; dkuwuksa osQ lkFk gh
tkfrokn dk vUr gks tk,xkA
mUgksaus tkfr osQ mUewyu osQ fy, fdlh jktuhfrd dk;Ze vFkok j.kuhfr dks ugha viuk;kA
kfUrdkjh dkaxzslh usrkth lqHkk"k pU cksl us Hkh uohu Hkkjr esa tkfr dh lekfIr ij cy fn;kA
(i) cksl us 1930 esa ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; dks mldh tkfr osQ vkkkj ij 'kL=k kkj.k djus ls oafpr ugha
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
(ii) mUgksaus viuh ^vktkn fgUn iQkSt* esa vUrj&lkeqnkf;d vkSj vUrj tkfr Hkkst dk vkku fd;kA
dkykUrj esa tkfrfoghu lerkokn dh mi;qZDr izfrcrk dks Hkkjr osQ lafokku (1950) esas LFkku fn;kA
vEcsMdj dk tkfr&mPNsn dk fopkjMkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj (1891&1956) us ,d vkkqfud yksdrkfU=kd fpUru osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tkfr ij Hkh"k.k izgkj fd,A bl fn'kk esa muosQ fopkj o iz;kl fuEu izdkj Fks
(i) tkfr Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd U;k;] lekurk vkSj lqkkj ykus dh jkg esa ckkd gSA
(ii) vEcsMdj us vNwrksa dks f'k{kk miyCk djkus dk viuk y{; cuk;kA
(iii) mUgksaus egkjksa }kjk ^xzke dk;Z* vkSj ikjEifjd csxkj etnwjh fd, tkus osQ fojksk esa fopkj O;Dr fd,A
(iv) cykr~ efUnj izos'k dh odkyr dhA ukfld esa dkykjke efUnj izos'k vfHk;ku (1930) dk usr`Ro fn;kA
(v) egkjk"V osQ egkM rkykc ls vNwrksa }kjk ikuh Hkjus osQ vfkdkj lEcUkh lR;kxzg dk usr`Ro fd;kA
(vi) 1927 esa lkoZtfud rkSj ij euqLe`fr dks bl dkj.k tyk;k fd blesa czk.kh lafgrk dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA bu
kfUrdkjh dneksa us mu yksxksa osQ ewY;ksa dks pqukSrh nh] tks bl izdkj osQ ifo=k xzaFkksa dks nSoh iznk O;oLFkk dk lk{kkr
:i ekurs FksA
(vii) vEcsMdj us tkfr fo"k;d kkj.kk osQ vkSifuosf'kd ekuotkfr osskkvksa osQ tkfr dks le>us osQ ekin.Mksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu
dfri; Lons'kh fpUrdksa osQ fopkj dks] tks tkfr dks ,d izko`Qfrd O;oLFkk osQ :i esa fpf=kr djrs Fks] HkRlZuk dhA
(viii) vEcsMdj us tkfr;ksa dh igpku osQ fy, O;kolkf;d foHksn lEcUkh usLiQhYM osQ ekin.M dks rFkk fofHkUu tkfr;ksa
lEcUkh fjLys osQ uLyh; oxhZdj.k dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA
(i)

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(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
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vEcsMdj us viuh iqLrd ^fn ,fughys'ku vkWiQ dkWLV* (The Annihilation of Caste) esa tkfr ij dBksjre izgkj fd;kA
vEcsMdj us vkSifuosf'kd laoSkkfud jktuhfr }kjk izLrqr lkoZtfud LFkku rFkk volj dk lnqi;ksx fd;kA
muosQ jktuhfrd fodYiksa dk fukkZj.k muosQ vius gh ltho vuqHkoksa ls rFkk fuEu tkfr;ksa dh uoxfBr igpkuksa osQ Hkhrj
muosQ vius lEidks ls gksrk FkkA
os vNwrksa dh fu;fr osQ lEcUk esa Hkkoh yksdrkfU=kd laLFkkvksa rFkk vkSifuosf'kd laoSkkfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ jktuhfrd
fufgrkFkks osQ izfr lUnsg djrs FksA
mUgksaus ukxiqj esa Hkkjr osQ vNwrksa dks ^xqykeksa osQ xqyke* dgk] D;ksafd os vkSifuosf'kd jkT; vkSj fgUnw keZ dk nksgjk
mRihM+u >sy jgs FksA
xkkh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa osQ izfr vfo'okl FkkA vr,o mUgksaus nwljs xksyest lEesyu (1931) esa vNwrksa osQ fy,
i`Fko~Q fuokZpu e.Myksa dh ekx mBkbZA
^iwuk iSDV* esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd vkSifuosf'kd jkT; dh ewy ;kstuk esa nfyr tkfr osQ izR;kf'k;ksa osQ fy, ftruh
lhVksa dk oknk fd;k x;k Fkk] bl laoSkkfud le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr mUgsa mlls vfkd vuqikr esa fo'ks"k vkjf{kr lhVsa nh
tk,xhA oLrqr% ;g fu.kZ; ^leqnk;ksa osQ fy, fuokZpu izfrfufkRo dh Loho`Qfr FkhA blls vkSifuosf'kd jkT; dks tkfr
vkkkfjr fuokZpu {ks=kksa dks ^vfklwfpr djus* dk u;k dke feykA* bafMissUMsaV yscj ikVhZ* us xSj czk.k dk'rdkjksa vkSj
etnwjksa dks ,dtqV djus osQ vYidkyhu iz;kl (1936&39) fd,A vEcsMdj ^vkWy bf.M;k f'kM~;wYM dkLV isQMjs'ku*
osQ usr`Ro esa os lHkh yksx vkokt mBkus osQ fy, okil vk x, (1942)] tks kked v'kqrkvksa osQ dkj.k v{kerkvksa dk
d"V lgu dj jgs FksA

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