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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.H.D.-3
miU;kl ,oa dgkuh
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- ^xksnku* esa vfHkO;Dr iszepan dh turkaf=kd n`f"V dh lksnkgj.k ppkZ dhft,A
mkjizsepUn us ftl ;qx esa ys[kuh pykbZ] og jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dk ;qx Fkk A 1905 dk Lons'kh vkUnksyu] 1912 dk vlg;ksx vkUnksyu]
1930 dk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu mUgksaus dsoy ns[ks gh ugha Fks] muls izHkkfor Hkh gq, Fks A vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds izHkko esa mUgksaus ljdkjh ukSdjh
ls R;kxi= ns fn;k Fkk vkSj lR;kxzg vkUnksyu ds fnuksa esa mUgksaus ^gal* rFkk ^tkxj.k* uked i=sa esa fons'kh 'kklu ds fo#) viuk jks"k Hkh izdV
fd;k Fkk A jk"Vh; vkUnksyu ds leFkZu esa vusd ys[k] lEikndh; vkSj fVIif.k;k fy[kh Fkh vkSj buds dkj.k mUgsa ljdkj dk dksiHkktu Hkh
cuuk iM+k Fkk A
^xksnku* ls iwoZ viuh dgkfu;ksa ^vej ;k=k*] ^'kjkc dh nqdku* rFkk ^eSdw* vkfn esa jk"Vh; Lokra=; vkUnksyu ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij
izdk'k Mkyk x;k Fkk A muds miU;klksa ^izsekJe*] ^deZHkwfe*] ^jaxHkwfe* esa Hkh mUgksaus turk esa gqbZ tkx`fr rFkk fons'kh 'kklu ,oa mlds fiV~Bqvksa
tehnkjksa ds fo#) tu&vkUnksyuksa dk fp=.k fd;k Fkk A ^jaxHkwfe* esa xk/khoknh lwjnkl ds usr`Ro esa turk ds lf; vkUnksyu dk fp=.k gS] fot;
fj;klrksa rFkk jtokM+ksa vkSj muds vR;kpkjksa dks lgkjk nsus okys vaxzst 'kkldksa ds fo#) la?k"kZ djuk gS] ^deZHkwfe* esa yxkucanh vkUnksyu dk
foLr`r fp=.k gS vkSj ^izsekJe* esa fdlkuksa cyjkt vkSj euksgj dh fonzksgh ewfrZ rFkk mudk tehnkjksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ ml le; turk esa tkx`fr
dk ifjp; nsrk gS A
ijUrq ^xksnku* esa tks ^izsekJe* ds l=g&vBkjg o"kZ ckn fy[kk x;k Fkk gksjh dks nCcw] ijEijkoknh] le>kSrkoknh] HkkX;oknh fpf=r fd;k
x;k gS A ,slk D;ksa \
igyk dkj.k rks ;g gS fd gksjh ds :i esa izsepUn ,sls fdlku dk fp=.k djuk pkgrs gSa] tks Hkkjr ds cgqla[;d fdlkuksa dk izfrfufk
cu lds A nwljs] 1936 rd vkrs&vkrs izsepan dh xkhoknh uhfr;ksa esa vkLFkk vkSj fo'okl lekIr gks pqds Fks 28 twu] 1933 ds ^tkxj.k* esa
izsepUn us fy[kk gS^^lR;kxzg vkUnksyu kfUr vlQy gks x;h A** mu ij ekDlZoknh fpUru dk izHkko iM+us yxk Fkk] tks iwathoknh rFkk
'kks"k.k dks lcls cM+h cqjkbZ ekurk gS rFkk ,sls oxZfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk dk leFkZu djrk gS ftleas xjhc&vehj dk Hksn u gks] mRiknu ds
lk/ku fdlh lhfer oxZ ds ikl u gksa A rhljs] ys[kd dk ms'; fdlkuksa dh vkUnksyud/kehZ prsuk dk o.kZu djuk ugha] mudh
lkekftd&vkfFkZd nqnZ'kk rFkk csclh dk fp=.k djuk Fkk A vr% mlesa u rks fdlkuksa dks fonzksg djus ds fy, vkoku fd;k x;k gS vkSj u
mUgsa la?k"kZ djrs fn[kk;k x;k gS] vr% ^xksnku* ds xzkeh.k ik=ksa esa dgha Hkh fczfV'k 'kklu ;k 'kklu ds LrEHk tehnkjksa ds fo#) rhoz vkks'k
ugha gS A dVq vuqHkoksa us mUgsa crk fn;k gS fd vkfFkZd d"V >syuk] Hkw[ks isV dke djuk gh mudh fu;fr gS A mxz LoHkko okyh /kfu;k rd
fonzksg vkSj la?k"kZ dh ctk; bZ'oj] /keZ vkSj U;k; dh nqgkbZ nsrh gS ^tsy tkus ls lqjkt u feysxk A lqjkt feysxk /keZ ls] U;k; ls A* bl izdkj
xzkeh.k thou ds fp=.k esa rFkk fdlkuksa dh ckrphr esa dgha Hkh jk"Vh; vkUnksyu] Lokra=; psruk vkSj la?k"kZ ds fp= ugha gSa A xzkeh.k ik=ksa
esa dsoy gksjh ds csVs xkscj esa jktuhfrd psruk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A og vius firk dh ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa deZQy] HkkX;] bZ'ojh; U;k; vkfn
dk fojks/k djrk gS A 'kgj esa vkdj] ogk gksus okyh lHkkvksa esa vkus&tkus ls mls dqN&dqN jktuhfrd Kku gks x;k gS] og jk"V vkSj oxZ
dk vFkZ le>us yxk gS A viuh blh psruk ds dkj.k og gksyh ds volj ij xko ds eqf[k;k yksxksa dk e[kkSy mM+krk gS] mUgsa vknyr esa tkus
dh /kedh nsrk gS] vkSj cM+s&NksVs] p&uhp ds Hksn dks bZ'ojh; dk;Z u ekudj euq";d`r ;k lektd`r crkrk gS^^;g lc eu dks le>kus
dh ckrsa gSa A Hkxoku~ lcdks cjkcj cukrs gSa A ;gk ftlds gkFk esa ykBh gS] og xjhcksa dks dqpydj cM+k vkneh cu tkrk gS A** og gksjh

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dh ckr dk [kaMu djrs gq, tehnkjksa] egktuksa dks /kkfeZd ekuus ls badkj djrs gq, lPph ckr djrk gSHkw[ks&uaxs jgdj Hktu djsa rks ge Hkh
ns[ksa A -----,d fnu [ksr xksM+uk iM+s rks lkjh HkkbZ Hkwy tk;sa A
iszepan us vuqHko fd;k Fkk fd jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dh psruk dsoy 'kgjh e/;eoxZ rd lhfer gS A lEHkzkUr] lEiUu] vf/kdkj izkIr]
lqfokkHkksxh iwthifr] t+ehankj] m|ksxifr] egktuksa dh dsoy jk"Vh; vkUnksyu rFkk Lora=rk laxzke ds izfr ekSf[kd lgkuqHkwfr gS A os vkjkedqlhZ
ds jktusrk gSa A ^xksnku* ds esgrk] jk;lkgc] [kUuk jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dh ckrsa Hkys gh djrs gksa] dksbZ lf; Hkkx ugha ysrk A Hkkokos'k esa vkdj
tsy Hkys gh pys x;s gksa] ij 'kh?kz gh os mls viuh xyrh ekudj iNrkrs gSa vkSj iqu% Hkksx&foykl] vU;k;&vR;kpkj dh mlh xnyh /kkjk esa
cgus yxrs gSa A jk;lkgc Hkys gh Lo;a dks jk"Voknh rFkk turk dk fgrS"kh crkrs gksa ij vQljksa ls esytksy cuk, j[krs gSa] mUgsa Mkfy;k vkSj
utjsa fHktokrs jgrs gSa vkSj jktHkDr cus jgrs gSa A jktk dh inoh feyus ij t'u euk;k tkrk gS vkSj muds eu esa jktikV dh rjaxsa mBus
yxrh gSa A [kUuk ,d&nks ckj tsy esa tkrs gSa] ij u dHkh [kknh iguh vkSj u dHkh efnjk&iku NksM+k A ekyrh Hkh ,d ckj tsy tkrh gS] ij
og Lo;a dgrh gS fd vius LokFkZ ds fy, x;h Fkh] mlh rjg tSls jk;lkgc vkSj [kUuk x;s Fks A dqoj fnfXot; flag rks iwjk ,s;k'k Fkk] xqIr
:i ls jk"Vh; vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dks lgk;rk nsrk Fkk] ij lkFk gh lky esa ,d&nks ckj xouZj dks vius ;gk Hkkst ij fueaf=r djrk Fkk A Li"V
gS fd 'kgjksa esa jgus okys lEiUu yksxksa esa u jk"Vizse Fkk] u ns'kHkfDr vkSj u vkt+knh ds fy, yM+us dh Hkkouk A o ;k rks lqoZ[kZ: gksus ds fy,]
turk esa yksdfiz; gksus ds fy, xqIr :i ls lektlsoh laLFkkvksa dks nku nsdj ,d rhj ls nks f'kdkj ekjrs Fks A pquko ds le; turk ls
oksV ikdj dSaflyksa ds esEcj curs Fks jk; lkgc pquko thrdj gkse esEcj cu tkrs gSavkSj dkSafly ds eap ls yEcs&yEcs Hkk"k.k nsdj vius
dZO; dh iwfrZ le>rs Fks] mudh jk"Vh; vkUnksyu esa ;gh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk Fkh A ^xksnku* ds lHkh cqf)thoh ik= fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa dkSafly
dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa A izsepan fet+kZ [kq'khZn }kjk bu LokFkhZ] udyh ns'kHkksa vkSj lekt&lsodksa ij izgkj djrs gSa esjk cl pys
rks dkSafly esa vkx yxk nw A ftls ge MsekWklh dgrs gSa] og O;ogkj esa cM+s&cM+s iwthifr;ksa vkSj t+ehnkjksa dk jkT; gS vkSj dqN ugha A pquko
esa ogh ckt+h ys tkrk gS] ftlds ikl #i;s gSa -----lHkh lksus ds nsork ij eFkk jxM+rs gSa A
^xksnku* rd tkus&ekus izsepUn vkn'kZokn dks R;kx dVq ;FkkFkZ dh vksj vxzlj gks pqds Fks A vr% mlesa ^lsoklnu* vkSj ^izsekJe* dh
vkJ;oknh] lnuoknh] vkn'kZoknh psruk ugha gS A og Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ls fpfrar gSa fons'kh 'kklu ls eqDr gksdj lPph turkaf=d
O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS A blh fpUrk ds dkj.k mlds eu esa dqN vk'kadk, gSa A og bl fu"d"kZ ij igqp pqdk gS fd t+ehankjh O;oLFkk
rks fudV Hkfo"; esa u"V gks tk;sxh] t+ehankj ugha jgsaxs A jk;lkgc dgrs gSa ^^cgqr tYn gekjs oxZ dh gLrh feV tkus okyh gS A** ijUrq mls
'kadk gS fd t+ehankjksa dk LFkku iawthifr] m|ksxifr ys ysaxs vkSj 'kks"k.k dk p pyrk jgsxk A tks vkt lkear gSa] t+ehankj gSa] os vius /ku ds
cy ij pquko thrdj fo/kkulHkkvksa ds lnL; cu tk,saxs] ukSdj'kkgh rFkk vQlj'kkgh ls lkB&xkB dj lkekU; turk dk 'kks"k.k djrs jgsaxs
vkSj Hkh vf/kd /kuoku rFkk 'kfDrlEiUu cudj Hkksxfoykl dk thou fcrk;saxs A og tkurs Fks fd dkuwu cukus ls fdlkuksa rFkk 'kksf"kr tu
dk dksbZ ykHk u gksxk D;ksafd dkuwu] iqfyl] 'kklu lc /kuokuksa dk lkFk nsaxs A vr% mUgksaus fdlkuksa esa tkx`fr QSykus ds dke dks cgqr egoiw.kZ
ekuk vkSj xkscj ds ek/;e ls tkx:d fdlku dh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;k vkSj dgk fd xkscj dh lksp vkSj vkpj.k okys fdlku&etnwjksa }kjk
gh turk dh fLFkfr lq/kkjh tk ldrh gS A
;g Bhd gS fd ^xksnku* esa dksbZ lR;kxzg] dksbZ fonzksg] dksbZ vkUnksyu izR;{k :i esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk] ijUrq ys[kd dh fczfV'k&'kklu fojkskh]
egktuh lH;rk&fojks/kh] iwthokn&fojks/kh fpUru/kkjk loZ= izokfgr gS A blfy, og vusd LFkyksa ij dgha izR;{k vkSj dgha vizR;{k :i
O;aX;&gkL; }kjk U;k;&O;oLFkk] iqfyl] iVokjh] vQ+lj'kkgh] t+ehankjksa] egktuksa dh dVq vkykspuk djrk gS A /keZ ds Bsdnkj] nkrknhu tSls
yksx rFkk xko ds iap Hkh ys[kd ds izgkj ls ugha cp ik;s gSa A bl izdkj ys[kd us rRdkyhu fczfV'k 'kklu&O;oLFkk dk ftlds LrEHk gSa iqfyl]
t+ehankj] m|ksxifr] egktu rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dk rh[kk fojks/k fd;k gS A miU;kl esa txg&txg /ku] lEif] iwth] mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds dqN
gkFkksa esa fleV dj jg tkus dh vkykspuk djrk gS A ekuo&ekuo dh lekurk] 'kks"k.k&foghu lekt] oxZHksn dks feVkdj oxZghu lekt dh LFkkiuk
dh odkyr djrk gS A izsepan oLrqr% turkaf=d n`f"V lEiUu ys[kd Fks vkSj ^xksnku* turkaf=d psruk dks dk;Z :i nsus djus okyh ,d jpuk
gS A bl dk;Z ds fy, ys[kd us ,d vksj 'kjhQ laHkzkUr lekt esa izfr"Bk izkIr lEiUu yksxksa jk;lkgc] [kUuk] ra[kk] f>axqjhflag] nkrknhu]
iVs'ojh eaxy'kkg dks [kyuk;d ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS A muds psgjksa ij /keZ] uhfr] e;kZnk] dkuwu] iki&iq.; vkSj xjhcksa ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr
ds eq[kkSVksa dks gVkdj mudk lPpk] f?kukSuk] vkSj wj :i fn[kk;k gS] lPpkbZ trk;h gS vkSj ml dVq lR; dk lkeuk djus dh izsj.kk nh gS]
tu&psruk txk;h gS A lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj U;k; dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+k ns'k gh oLrqr% Lora= ns'k gks ldsxk] ,slk mudk fo'okl Fkk blfy,
mUgksaus ^xksnku* esa gj izdkj ds 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k fd;k gS A
iz'u 2- ^eSyk vkpy* osQ vkkkj ij fefFkyk vapy osQ fiNM+siu osQ dkj.kksa dh lksnkgj.k ppkZ dhft,A
mkjjs.kq us ^eSyk vkpy* dh Hkwfedk esa esjhxat dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr crkus ds ckn fy[kk gS] ^^eSaus bl fgLls ds ,d gh xko dks fiNM+s
xkoksa dk izrhd ekudj bl miU;kl dk dFkk&ksr cuk;k gS A blesa Qwy Hkh gSa] 'kwy Hkh] /kwy Hkh gS] xqyky Hkh] dhpM+ Hkh gS] pUnu Hkh] lqUnjrk

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Hkh gS] dq:irk HkheSa fdlh ls Hkh nkeu cpkdj fudy ugha ik;k A** Li"V gS fd bl jpuk esa xkoksa dk fiNM+kiu] va/kfo'okl] vf'k{kk] vKku]
xjhch] jksx] :f<+xzLr ekufldrk] 'kwy] /kwy ,oa dhpM+ gS A
miU;kl dk vkjaHk gh vQokgksa esa fo'okl djus okys] xqykeh dh ekufldrk okys Hk;Hkhr] vkrafdr xko okyksa ds vkpj.k O;ogkj ls
gksrk gS A xko esa vk;s gSa fMLiSaljh] eysfj;k lSUVj [kksyus dh rS;kjh djus okys yksx] ijUrq Hkzeo'k ,d xko okyk le>rk gS fd os fczfV'k 'kkldksa
}kjk Hksts x;s lSfud gSa vkSj 'kh?kz gh xkoHkj esa ;g vQokg QSy tkrh gS fd fefyVh us psFk: dks fxjrkj dj fy;k gS vkSj yksfouyky ds
dq, ls ckYVh [kksydj ys x;s gSa A mudh xqykeh dh ekufldrk dk irk bl ckr ls pyrk gS fd os dkaxzslh dk;ZdkZ ns'k ckynso dks jfLl;ksa
ls cka/kdj 'kgj ds vk;s yksxksa ds lkeus ys tkrs gSa bl vk'kk ls fd 'kklu ds nzksgh dks idM+dj muds gokys djus ls mUgsa buke feysxk A
xko okyksa ds fiNM+siu rFkk tgkyr dk bldk izek.k gS mudk va/kfo'oklh] :f<+xzLr ;k nfd;kuwlh gksuk A os vaxzsth fpfdRlk i)fr
rFkk vaxzsth nokb;ksa ds iz;ksx dks viukus dh ctk; fojks/k djrs gSa vkSj rjg&rjg ds nqfoZpkj QSykrs gSa dq, ds ty dks 'kq) djus ds fy,
tks nok Mkyh x;h gS] og tgj gS A vaxzsth nokvksa esa xk; ds [kwu dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] batSD'ku dh vkS"kf/k esa Hkh tgj gksrk gS] batSD'ku yxokus
ls gSts ls j{kk ugha gksrh] gStk vkSj vf/kd QSyrk gS A MkWDVj yksx jksx QSykrs gSa A budh nok,a 'kjhj dks detksj cuk nsrh gSa A dkyk cq[kkj
bUgha yksxksa us QSyk;k gS A ;s yksx Hkwr&izsr] tknw&Vksuk] ta=&ea= esa fo'okl djrs gSa A muds vuqlkj psy# dh e`R;q dk dkj.k cxqys ds jax okyh
izsruh dk mls lki ds dksM+ksa ls ekjuk Fkk A T;ksagh og Hkqrgk taxy esa bV mBkus yxk] izsruh ml ij >iVh vkSj og ogha <sj gks x;k A mudk
fo'okl gS fd tknw&Vksus] ta=&ea= ls lc O;kf/k;ka nwj gks tkrh gSa A mudh [kyklh th rFkk T;ksfr"kh ij blfy, vkLFkk gS fd og tknw&Vksuk
vkSj T;ksfr"k tkurs gSa A ;s tkfgy x.ks'k dh ukuh lk/oh izsee;h ikjorh dks vius va/kfo'oklksa ds dkj.k Mkbu ekurs gSa rFkk mls ekj Mkyrs
gSa A egkekjh ls tc yksx ejus yxrs gSa] rks ;s yksx dgrs gSa fd xko dks fdlh cUnj dk Hkwr yx x;k gS A
xko ds fiNM+siu rFkk xko okyksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk ,d dkj.k gS tkfrokn A ;gk vkxUrqd ls uke ds ckn mldh tkfr iwNh tkrh
gS A NksVs&ls xko esa eqgYyksa ds uke tkfr;ksa ds ij gSa] D;ksafd ml eqgYys esa ml tkfr ds yksx gh cls gSa A xko esa rhu tfr;ksa dk opZLo
gS dk;LFk] jktiwr rFkk ;kno A NksVh ;k fuEu dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds Hkh vyx eksgYys gSa rr;k Vksyh] xqej Vksyh A jktiwrksa rFkk
dk;LFkksa esa xko esa izHkqrk ds fy, o"kks ls oSeuL;] eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs vk;s gSa A czk.kksa dh la[;k de gS] vr% os rhljh 'kfDr dk dke
djrs gSa A tkfr Hksn] NqvkNwr] p&uhp dk Hkko bruk vf/kd gS fd ,d iaxr esa cSBdj Hkkstu ugha djrs A HkaMkjs ds le; czk.k lcls vyx
cSBdj [kkuk [kkus dh ckr dgrs gSa A jktiwr ;knoksa ds lkFk fey&cSBdj Hkkstu djus ls euk dj nsrs gSa A izR;sd tkfr ds yksxksa dh vyx
iapk;r gS vkSj iapk;r dk QSlyk vfUre gksrk gS A iapksa dh ckr u ekuus ;k ijEijkxr fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus ij O;fDr tkfr ls cfg"d`r
dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k mls iapksa }kjk lquk;h x;h ltk Hkksxuh iM+rh gS A fojaph iapksa }kjk lquk;k x;k naM Hkksxrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj tSls ^xksnku*
esa gksjh iapksa dk fu.kZ; ekudj Mk.M Hkjrk gS A
xkao okyksa dh vkfFkZd nqnZ'kk dk dkj.k gS mPp] lEiUu oxZ ds yksxksa }kjk 'kks"k.k A tehankj [ksr gM+irs gSa vkSj egktu [kkyh dkxt ij
eksgj yxokdj rFkk olwyh gqbZ jde dh jlhn u nsdj csbZekuh djrs gSa A ;gk Hkh dtZ og esgeku gS] tks ,d ckj vkdj tkus dk uke ugha
ysrk vkSj fdlkuksa dks mls pqdkus ds fy, viuh tehu] vius [ksr rd cspus iM+rs gSa A ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd rglhynkj fo'oukFk] Bkdqj
jkefdjiky flag] f[kykou ;kno lSadM+ksa ch?kksa ds ekfyd gks tkrs gSa vkSj vU; xkao okys Hkw[kksa ejus yxrs gSa A xjhch] Hkq[kejh] egkekjh xkao
okyksa dh dej rksM+ dj j[k nsrs gSa A
eB ds thou dk fp= izLrqr dj ys[kd us xzkeh.k thou ds ,d vU; i{k dks vafdr fd;k gS A dchjiaFkh eB uke ls dchj iaFkh gS]
ogk chtd dk ikB gksrk gS] lcn i<+s tkrs gSa] dhrZu Hkh gksrk gS] izkrdh Hkh xk;h tkrh gS] ij ;g lc ckMEcj gS] ftldk dchj fojks/k
djrs jgs A vU;Fkk ;g eB fod`fr;ksa dk dsUnz gS lsoknkl rFkk ckn esa jkenkl y{eh dk ;kSu&'kks"k.k djrs gSa A eB ds lkFk ukS lkS ch?ks
tehu yxh gS] ckx yxs gSa rFkk muls izkIr gksus okyh vk; ls eB ds lk/kq&lar ekSteLrh djrs gSa xktk&vQhe ihrs gSa] Lokfn"V ikSf"Vd Hkkstu
djrs gSa vkSj yqd&fNi dj O;fHkpkj esa fyIr jgrs gSa A
^xksnku* esa tSls xkscj vius firk dh ekU;rkvksa] uSfrd vkn'kks] HkkX;] deZQy] bZ'ojh; U;k; dk fojks/k djrs gq, fonzksg djrk gS] blh
izdkj ^eSyk vkpy* dk dkyhpj.k vkSj mlds lkFkh] vuq;k;h Hkh xyh&lM+h ekU;rkvksa] ijEijk ls pys vk jgs jhfr&fjoktksa dk fojks/k djrs gSa A
muds vkpj.k] muds fopkj] muds dk;Zdyki ls gh irk yxrk gS fd xko vaxM+kbZ ys jgk gS A lfn;ksa ls vKku dh uhan esa lks;s gq, xkao okys
tkx jgs gSa vkSj okLrfodrk dks le> dj dVq ;FkkFkZ ls voxr gks viuh xqykeh dh tathjksa dks rksM+us ds fy, m|r gks jgs gSa A
dkyhpju kafr dk nwr gS A og fdlh izdkj dh maMrk] vHknz O;ogkj] T;knrh] vU;k;&vR;kpkj ugha lg ldrk A vr% og vkSj mlds
lkFkh xzkeh.k thou ds izR;sd i{k lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd {ks= esa fonzksg djrs gSa] xkao okyksa dks yhd ls gVus] vU;k;&vR;kpkj dk
fojks/k djus vkSj bV dk tokc iRFkj ls nsus dh xqgkj djrs gSa A tc mls irk pyrk gS fd gjxkSjh us ckynso ds lkFk maM O;ogkj fd;k
gS] mldk vieku fd;k gS] rks dkyhpju dle [kkrk gS fd gj xkSjh dk [kwu ih;saxs A og vkSj mlds lkFkh lektoknh ikVhZ ds lnL; cudj]

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lektokfn;ksa dh iks'kkddqrkZ&itkek igudj] xko esa lektoknh ikVhZ ds fopkjksa dk izpkj djrs gSa] psEcj cukrs gSa] yky >.Mk mBkdj xhr
xkrs gSa
mB esgurd'k vc gks'k esa vk
gkFk esa >.Mk yky mBk
tqYe dk ukeksfu'kku feVk
mB gks'k esa vk csnkj gks tk A
ukxkckck ds eB esa jps tkus okys "kM~;a=] yjflag dks eBk/kh'k cukus dh ckr lqudj rFkk y{eh ds lkFk muds nqO;Zogkj dh ckr lqudj
dkyhpju vkSj mlds lkFkh eB ij tk igqprs gSa A ukxkckck dks ekj&ihV dj Hkxk nsrs gSa] y{eh dh j{kk djrs gSa vkSj jkenkl dks eB dk
egar cuk nsrs gSa A
xko dh iapk;r lgnso feflj ds izHkko esa vkdj tc Qqfy;k rFkk [kyklh ds fookg dk fojks/k djrh gS] rc dkyhpju ds dkj.k gh
mls viuk QSlyk cnyuk iM+rk gS vkSj var esa fu.kZ; gksrk gS egax~wnkl viuh csVh Qqfy;k dk pqHkkSuk [kyklh ds lkFk djk ds vkSj vkt
ls lHkh Vksys ds yksx ckcw yksxksa ij utj j[ksa A tc egaxw fxM+fxM+krk gS] lgnso feflj }kjk ukfy'k djus dh ckr dgrk gS] rks mls vk'oklu
fn;k tkrk gS] ^^lHkh iap rqEgkjh xokgh nsaxs A og ,d iSlk Hkh rqels ugha ik ldrs A
xko esa ubZ tkx`fr dk dkj.k lektoknh ikVhZ dh kafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk gS A mlh ds dkj.k [ksr Nhus tkus ij la?k"kZ dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh
gS A cM+s fdlkuksa dh tehu ij /kkok cksyk tkrk gS A yxku nsuk can djus dh iqdkj gksrh gS vkSj ukjk yxk;k tkrk gS
tks tksrsxk og cks;sxk
tks cks;sxk og dkVsxk
xka/kh th dk vlg;ksx vkanksyu vaxzst 'kklu ds fo#) Fkk A mUgksaus mlds lkFk vlg;ksx dj] ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa ls R;kxi= nsus] fons'kh
eky dh gksyh tykus rFkk Ldwy&dkWystksa esa i<+ jgs Nk=ksa ls ogk u i<+us dh ckr dgdj 'kklu dks BIi djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ Fkh A ^eSyk
vkpy* essa dkyhpju vkSj mldh izsj.kk ls vlg;ksx gksrk gS xko ds jgus okys ph tkfr ds lEiUu vkSj vR;kpkj djus okys yksxksa ds lkFk
A gyokgs f[kykou ds [ksrksa esa gy tksrus ls euk dj nsrs gSa] rglhnkj vkSj gjxkSjhflag dk ukbZ] /kksch] eksph mudh gtker cukus] muds diM+s
/kksus rFkk muds twrksa dh ejEer djus ls bUdkj dj nsrs gSa A rr;k Vksyh dh fL=;k cM+s ?kjksa esa lQkbZ djus] crZu ektus] diM+s /kksus vkfn
dke djus ls euk dj nsrh gaS A /kku dtZ ysus okys fdlku [kkyh dkxt ij vaxwBk yxkus ls badkj dj nsrs gSa A dkyhpju pekj Vksyh esa tkdj
muds gkFk dk idk;k Hkkr [kkrk gS vkSj vLi`';rk] NqvkNwr ds ca/ku rksM+ nsrk gS A og dgrk gS tkr nks gh gSa ,d xjhc vkSj nwljh
vehj A dkyhpju us lcdh vk[ksa [kksy nh gSa A ;gh lc ns[kdj ys[kd fy[krk gS xko ds lkjs iqjkus cka/k VwV x;s gSa] ekuks ck<+ dk u;k
ikuh vk;k gks A
iz'u 3- vYila[;d leqnk; osQ Hkhrj vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk osQ lkaLfrd] vkFkd rFkk jktuhfrd dkj.kksa dh leh{kk
dhft,A
mkj^/kjrh /ku u viuk* ds ys[kd txnh'kpU us Lo;a fy[kk gS fd mUgksaus cpiu rFkk fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vius nfngky rFkk ufugky
esa nfyr oxks ds ?kjksa ds thou dks ftruh xgjkbZ ls ns[kk] mldk muds laosnu'khy eu ij xgjk izHkko iM+k A mlls gh vkxs pydj mudh
lkfgfR;d ys[ku dh l`tu'khyrk dks c<+kok feyk A vius cpiu rFkk fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ns[kh vkSj eglwl dh x;h nfyrksa dh ;kruk dks mUgksaus
viuh miU;kl&ppkZ esa izkekf.kd :i ls izLrqr fd;k A muds Lo;a ds oDrO; ds vuqlkj ^/kjrh /ku u viuk* nfyrksa ds thou&;FkkFkZ ij dsfUr
gS A bl miU;kl esa mUgksaus iatkc ds nksvkck {ks= ds gksf'k;kjiqj ft+ys ds ?kksM+kokgk xko ds pekj tkfr ds nhu&ghu] viekfur] frjLd`r] 'kksf"kr]
mRihfM+r yksxksa dh O;Fkk&dFkk dgh gS A mUgksaus buds thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa nfyr ?kj&ifjokj ds Hkhrjh ekgkSy ls ysdj nfyrksa ds eqgYyksa
ds thou] muds jhfr&fjokt+ksa] va/kfo'oklksa] :f<+;ksa] laLdkjksa vkfn dk vadu fd;k gS A buls Hkh vf/kd ys[kd us muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd thou]
xkao esa mudh xjhch] vieku&frjLdkj rFkk pkSfj;ksa }kjk muds 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dh fLFkfr rFkk Lo;a muds iqjkru laLdkjksa] fo'oklksa deZQy]
funku] bZ'ojh; iki rFkk ijLij bZ";kZ&}s"k ,oa nCcwiu dh ekufldrk dk fp=.k fd;k gS A
lkekftd igywHkkjr esa o.kZ&O;oLFkk vR;Ur izkphu gS A fgUnw /keZ ds vk;Z xzUFk euqLe`fr tks fgUnqvksa dh vkpkj&lafgrk dk ewy
xzaFk ekuk tkrk gS esa Hkh o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk leFkZu gS A czk.kksa dks loZJs"B ekuk x;k gS rFkk 'kwksa vkSj fL=;ksa dks Lora=rk u nsus] /kkfeZd dk;ks
esa Hkkx u ysus] lEif ij vf/kdkj u fn;s tkus dk leFkZu fd;k gS A blh o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk Qy gS] tkfr;ksa esa foHkktu A {kf=;ksa vkSj oS';ksa
esa vusd mitkfr;ka gSa vkSj ,d mitkfr nwljh dks gs; le>rh gS A viuk opZLo LFkkfir djus ds fy, vusd rF; nsrh gS] ;qf;ksa ls Hkki
ysrh gS A miU;kl esa ?kVuk&LFky xko esa Hkh la?k"kZ dk dkj.k ;gh tkfrHksn gS A xkao esa lEi] t+ehankj] /kjrh ds fy, pekjksa dks 'kkjhfjd ;kruk
nsdj rFkk mUgsa ekufld :i ls iaxq] fuf";] nCcw cukdj mudk euekuk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa A NqvkNwr dh vekuoh; ijkdk"Bk /kjrh /ku u
viuk esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS A vNwr dgh xbZ tkfr;ksa dks vkt Hkh lo.kks ds dq, ij p<+us ugha nsrs A peknM+h esa pekjksa ds fy, cuk dqvk

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ck<+ ds ikuh esa Mwc tkus ij iwjh peknM+h ds yksx ikuh ds fy, rjlus yxs Fks A pekjksa ds izfr lo.kks dh ?k`.kk] frjLdkj vkSj mis{kk fdl
lhek rd c<+ ldrh gS] bldk mnkgj.k gS ck<+ ds ikuh esa vNwrksa esa dq, esa Mwcus dk izlax A
ys[kd ds fopkj nfyrksa ds elhgk ckck lkgc MkW0 vEcsMdj ls feyrs&tqyrs gSa
vekuoh; izFkkvksa ds ikyu dks tkfr Js"Brk ds fy, mi;ksx esa ykuk] /keZ dh uhfr vkSj vuqnkjrk dk mnkgj.k gS A o.kks dks ,d&nwljs
ds ij Js.khc) fd;k x;k gS A ;g ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS] ftle o.kks dh izfr"Bk rFkk dk;Z fu/kkZj.k fuf'pr gS A mPp o.kZ esa tUes vkSj fuEu
o.kZ esa tUesa O;fDr dh fu;fr mldk tUetkr o.kZ gS A mUgksaus tkfr ds mn~xe dks /keZ vk/kkfjr ekuk gS vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij tkfr O;oLFkk
dk fu/kkZj.k vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrh gS A bl izdkj /kjrh /ku u viuk ds pekjksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ls tqM+k gqvk mRihM+u
vkSj muds vkfFkZd vHkko o nfjnzrk dk Hkh dkj.k muds fuEu tkfr esa iSnk gksus dk ifj.kke gS A
tkfrxr foHkktu ds dkj.k peknM+h pekjksa dh cLrh esa cls pekj u dsoy lkekftd Lrj ij 'kksf"kr vkSj viekfur gSa] cfYd mlls
tqM+s gq, vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd 'kks"k.k Hkh 'kks"k.k >sy jgs gSa A
pekjksa dks vNwrk le>k tkrk gS A mUgsa ^dqk&pekj* dgdj vieku cks/k djk;k tkrk gS A dkyh dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dqN vPNh gS A
og edku cuokuk pkgrk gS] ij pkS/kjh mldh bl NksVh&lh bPNk dks Hkh vius opZLo ds fy, pqukSrh le>rs gSa] ck/kk Mkyrs gSa A bV&Hks dk
eqa'kh edku] cukus okyk larkflag feL=h] egktu NTtw 'kkg mls pekj ekudj mlds lkFk NwvkNwr dk O;ogkj djrs gSa A NTtw 'kkg dkyh dks
^ckcw dkyhnkl* rks dgrk gS] ij mldks flxjsV nwj ls Qsad dj nsrk gS] rkfd dgha og mlls Nw u tk, A og xoZ ls dgrk gS fd mlds ikl
nks Vqds j[ks Fks ,d pkS/kfj;ksa ds fy,] ,d pekjksa ds fy, A
uanflag dh NwvkNwr ds O;ogkj ls nq%[kh gksdj igys fl[k vkSj ckn esa bZlkbZ curk gS A ij fQj Hkh NwvkNwr mldk fiaM ugha NksM+rh A
/keZ&ifjorZu ds ckn Hkh vc mls pekjs ;k pekj dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gS A xkao esa ck<+ ds ikuh esa] Mwc x;k] rks xkao ds Lo.kZ yksxksa ds vU;
dqvksa ls mUgsa ikuh ysus ugha fn;k tkrk A
nfyrksa dh ukfj;ksa ds ;kSou ij ykj Vidkus okyk iafMr Hkh mUgsa vius dq,a ls ikuh ugha Hkjus nsrk A vkx&ccwyk gksdj MkVrs gq, dgrh
gS] rks rqe eafnj ds dq,a ij p<+uk pkgrh gks A fL=;ka Hk; ls Hkkx [kM+h gksrh gSa] HkxnM+ esa dksbZ tehu ij fxj iM+h] fdlh ds dPps ?kM+s VwV
x;s A
peknM+h esa jgusokys iqjkru laLdkj] va/kfo'okl vkSj :f<+;ksa esa brus tdM+s gq, gSa fd dkyh tSlk 'kgj ls vk;k O;fDr Hkh viuh pkph
dk bykt MkWDVj ls u djokdj >kM+&Qwad ls djokrk gS vkSj viuh Lusge;h pkph dks mldh cfy p<k nsrk gS A dkyh&Kkuksa ds izse dh nq[kkUr
ifj.kfr Hkh ifjokj okyksa dh iqjkrufiz;rk rFkk :f<+c)rk dk ifj.kke gS A os HkkbZ&cgu ugha gSa] ,d xks= ds gSa A lekt ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj
mudk fookg ugha gks ldrk A Kkuks ds xHkZorh gksus ij lekt ds dyad ls cpus ds fy, mldh eka vkSj HkkbZ mls t+gj nsdj ekj Mkyrs gSa A
vkfFkZd igywmiU;kl dk 'kh"kZd ^/kjrh /ku u viuk* gh peknM+h ds jgus okyksa dh foiUurk] xjhch] vHkkoksa] Hkq[kejh dk ladsr nsrk
gS A pekjksa ds ikl muds vius [ksr ugha gSa A os ca/kqvk et+nwj gSa A thou Hkj xqykeksa dh rjg pkS/kfj;ksa ds [ksrksa ij ilhuk cgkrs gSa vkSj
dsoy isV Hkjus ds fy, vUu ikrs gSa A tc&rc xkyh&xykSp vkSj ekjihV djrs gSa A gjuke flag thuw dh fiVkbZ djrk gS A rfud fojks/k djus
ij mUgsa [ksrksa esa dke djus ls jksd fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkw[kksa ejus dh ukScr tkrh gS A ftl tehu ij muds dPps ?kj cus gq, gSa] og Hkh
mudh ugha gS A NTtw 'kkg dkyh dks lwpuk nsrk gS fd ftu ?kjksa esa nfyr yksx jg jgs gSa] og txg xko dh lka>h txg ^'kkeykr* gS vkSj bu
?kjksa ij nfyrksa dk ekS:lh vf/kdkj gh gS vFkkZr~tc rd muds [kkunku dk dksbZ O;fDr ml ?kj esa jgrk gS] rHkh rd os ogk jg ldrs
gSa A xkoHkj esa dsoy ,d O;fDr ,slk gS] tks pkS/kfj;ksa ij fuHkZj ugha gS A uanflag twrs cukus dk Lora= O;olk; dj viuh vkthfodk dekrk
gS] fQj Hkh mls ekuoh; lEeku ugha feyrk A xkao ds vf/kdka'k nfyr xkao ds t+ehnkjksa ij vkfJr gSa A dnkfpr~ blhfy, mUgsa ^eEeh* dgk
tkrk gS A budh fL=;ka Hkh tehnkjksa ls [ksrksa vkSj ?kjksa esa nkfl;ksa dh rjg ?kj dh lQkbZ dk dke djrh gSa vkSj cnys esa dqN vukt fey tkrk
gS A bUgsa dke rHkh fey ldrk gS] tc pkS/kjh ;k pkS/kjkbu pkgsa A ;s vkfFkZd :i ls iwjh rjg pkS/kfj;ksa ij fuHkZj gSa A blh ijk/khurk ds dkj.k
buds vR;kpkj dk fojks/k djus dh 'kfDr yqIr gks x;h gS] dksbZ fojks/k ugha dj ikrk] ps Loj esa cksy rd ugha ldrk A pkS/kfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr
xkao dk egktu NTtw 'kkg Hkh bu nfyrksa dh n;uh; vkfFkZd n'kk ds fy, mjnk;h gS A dkyh dh xkaB esa iSlk ns[kdj og mlls mlds pkpk
}kjk dh x;h m/kkj dh jde rFkk ml ij C;kt dh jde >Vd ysrk gS A og mUgsa dtZ esa tdM+us ds fy, muds lkFk Nn~e vkReh;rk dk
fn[kkok djrk gS A dtZ nsus ds igys rxM+s vklkeh dks igpku ysrk gS] pkS/kjh rFkk pekjksa nksuksa ls equkQk dekus ds fy, lqyg djus dk LokFkZijd
ukVd [ksyrk gS A bl pfj= ds }kjk ys[kd us cqtqZvk uSfrdrk dh 'kkyhurk rFkk LokFkZijrk ds i{kksa dks [kksyk gS A lkjka'k ;g fd xkao ds egktu]
iVokjh] ljiap vkSj t+ehankj lHkh feydj nfyrksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ewd i'kqvksa dh rjg thou fcrkus ij etcwj djrs gSa A
/kfeZd igywekDlZoknh fpUru ekurk gS fd /keZ gekjs fy, dsoy vQhe ;k ekfQZ;k dk bUtSD'ku gS A ftl izdkj vQhe [kkus ekQ;k
dk bUtSD'ku yxus ds ckn jksxh xQyr esa viuh ihM+k FkksM+h nsj rd Hkwy tkrk gS mlh izdkj 'kksf"kr] mRihfM+r O;fDr Hkh /keZ dh fpduh&pqiM+h
ckrsa lqudj ^lUrks"k gh ije lq[k gS* dh ckr ekudj viuk nq%[k Hkwyus dk iz;kl djrk gS A ^/kjrh /ku u viuk* ds pekjksa esa Hkh /keZ dh

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Hkwfedk dsoy vQhe dh gS A os ^xksnku* ds gksjh dh rjg bZ'oj ds U;k; esa] HkkX; esa] deZQy esa fo'okl djrs gSa A ^tks tl djfg lks rl
Qy pk[kk* esa mudh vVwV vkLFkk gS A /keZ dk va/kfo'oklh :i >kM+&Qwad] vks>k] Vksuk&VksVdk] ea= czk.kksa dks nsork dk Lo:i ekuuk lo.kks
dks vius ls pk le>uk vkfn Hkh mUgsa tdM+s gq, gSa A ;gh muds vk/kkjewyd vUrfoZjks/k dk dkj.k gS A ,d vksj tc pkS/kjh yksx muds
?kj dh cgw&csfV;ksa dk ;kSu&'kks"k.k djrs gSa] tc os pkS/kfj;ksa dh okluk] dke&iwfrZ dk f'kdkj cu dj Hkksxh tkrh gSa] rks os foo'k gksdj pqi jgrs
gSa A lc dqN lg ysrs gSa] ijUrq tc dkyh vkSj Kkuksa fookg djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ,d gh xks= ds gksus ds dkj.k mudk fookg ugha gksus fn;k
tkrk vkSj xHkZorh gksus ij mls dqy dyad ekudj Kkuks dks laf[k;k nsdj ekj Mkyk tkrk gS A ;g xyh&lM+h fopkj/kkjk vkSj mPpoxhZ; lkearh;
uSfrd ewY;ksa dh udy rFkk muesa tdM+s jgus dk gh nq"ifj.kke gS A /keZ ds Bsdsnkj] iafMr] iqjksfgr] /kekZpk;Z lc lEiUu oxZ ds b'kkjksa ij dke
djrs gSa] Qrok nsrs gSa A bZlkbZ iknjh vfparjke Hkh Lo;a dks xkaokyksa dk fgrS"kh] 'kqHkfpUrd] bZ'kq dk vuq;k;h ekurk gS] ij mudh lgk;rk dk
opu nsrk gS A ekuork ds uke ij ugha bl 'krZ ij fd os viuk /keZ NksM+dj bZlkbZ cu tk;sa A cqtqZvk oxZ iwathokn dk fojks/k djus okys ekDlZ
ds oxZghu lekt dh nqgkbZ nsus okys MkW0 fc'kunkl vkSj dkWejsM Vgy flag tSls gokbZ dkejsM nfyrksa dh lgk;rk ugha djrs] mUgsa dsoy Hkk"k.k
fiykrs gSa] tylk djus dh ckr dgrs gSa A bl izdkj ys[kd crkrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu ykus dk nkok djus okyh lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk
Hkh dBeqYykiu ls xzLr gS] dsoy fdrkch ckrsa djrh gS A blls kfUr ugha vk ldrh] nfyrksa dk m)kj ugha gks ldrk A xkao ds iafMr larjke
ds nksxysiu dh ckr ge dq, ls ikuh Hkjus ds izlax esa dg gh pqds gSa A lkjka'k ;g gS fd nfyrksa ds fy, /keZ] /kkfeZd fo'okl] /keZ&xzaFk]
vkpkj&lafgrk,a] ijEijkxr uSfrd ewY;] lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk lc ca/ku gSa A mudh iqf"V esa lgk;d u gksdj ck/kd cu x;s gSa A
gekjh ijEijkxr lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj iwathoknh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk rks nfyrksa ds d"Vksa dk dkj.k gS gh] izkd`frd vkink,a ck<+] egkekjh
Iysx] gStk vkfn Hkh muds thou dks fo"ke; cuk nsrs gSa A peknM+h esa ges'kk fdlh u fdlh chekjh dk izdksi cuk gh jgrk gS A dkyh dh eka
Iysx ls ejrh gS A mldk firk vle; ejrk gS] ppk dks gSt+k [kk ysrk gS A mudh xjhch dk irk bl ckr ls pyrk gS fd dkyh tc ?kj
ls Hkkxdj dkuiqj tkrk gS rks og nks fnu rd Hkw[kk&I;klk jgdj dkuiqj igqpk Fkk A
vU;k; dk izfrdkj djus] la?k"kZ djus dh psruk dk vHkko peknM+h ds nfyr dqN rks HkksX; deZQy] bZ'ojh; U;k; esa fo'okl djus ds
dkj.k vo.kks dk vU;k;] vR;kpkj] mRihM+u] vieku] 'kks"k.k lc pqipki lgrs jgrs gSa vkSj dqN nCcw] dk;j] iyk;uoknh gksrs gSa A ;fn dHkh
izfrjks/k djrs Hkh gSa] rks mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr] Hkw[kksa ejus dh ukScr mUgsa gfFk;kj Mkyus vkSj le>kSrk djus ij foo'k dj nsrh gS A miU;kl
esa pkS/kjh&pekjksa ds chp la?k"kZ dh le>kSrs esa ifj.kfr rFkk dkyh dk Kkuks dh e`R;q gR;k ds ckn xkao NksM+dj tkuk blds izek.k gSa A
thouHkj nwljksa dh xqykeh djuk o vHkkoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa jgdj viekfur gksrs jguk fdlh Hkh balku esa fonzksg Hkj nsrk gS A dkyh o
Kkuks esa vfLrRocks/k ds izfr psruk dk va'k fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k dk os le;&le; ij fojks/k djrs gq, fn[krs gSa A muesa fodflr
gks jgh psruk dks lo.kZ pkS/kfj;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk va/kfo'okl esa Mwcs gq, muds vius nfyr leqnk; }kjk bl psruk dks gh u"V dj fn;k tkrk
gS A Kkuks dh gR;k vkSj dkyh dk xko ls iyk;u bl ckr dks Li"V dj nsrk gS fd lk/kkjh lekt fdlh Hkh pqukSrh dks >syus ls igys gh
ml pqukSfriw.kZ vglkl dks /oLr dj nsrk gS A
/kjrh /ku u viuk esa txnh'kpUnz us iatkc ds xkoksa esa nfyr thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa dks foLrkj ls vafdr fd;k gS A nfyr
?kj&ifjokj ds Hkhrjh ekgkSy ls ysdj nfyr eqgYyksa ds thou] muds jLe&fjoktksa o laLdkjksa vkfn dk vadu Hkh ys[kd us fd;k gS A blls Hkh
T;knk foLrkj ls ys[kd us nfyrksa ds lektkfFkZd thou] xko esa mudh fuEu ekuo fLFkfr] tehnkjksa&'kks"kdksa }kjk muds 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dh fLFkfr
muds vius lekt esa gh psruk u gksus dh fLFkfr o tehankj&nfyr 'kks"kd&'kksf"kr la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k fd;k gS] ftldk var =kln gS A
iz'u 4- nfyr L=kh osQ frgjs 'kks"k.k dh Hkh"k.k okLrfodrk dh ^kjrh ku u viuk* osQ ek;e ls foospuk dhft,A
mkjgekjk lekt iq#"kiz/kku lekt gS A gekjs uhfr&xzaFk] vkpkj&lafgrk,a lc iq#"kksa }kjk fy[kh x;h gSa A LokHkkfod gS fd viuk opZLo
cuk, j[kus ds fy, iq#"kksa us lkjs fu;e ,sls cuk;s gSa] ftuds dkj.k lekt esa] ifjokj esa L=h Lora= u jg lds] iq#"k dh nklh] vuqxkfeuh
cuh jgs A euqLe`fr esa dgk x;k gS fd ukjh dks fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa Lora=rk ugha nh tkuh pkfg, A dqekjkoLFkk esa og firk dk fookg gksus
ij ifr rFkk fo/kok gksus ij ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dk vkns'k ekudj] mu ij fuHkZj dj thou fcrk;s A eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us blh vksj /
;ku fnykus ds fy, fy[kk Fkk
ujdr 'kkL=kksa ds lc cU/ku
gSa ukjh gh dks ysdj
vius fy, lHkh lqfo/kk,a
igys gh dj cSB uj
^/kjrh /ku u viuk* esa nfyr tuksa dh fL=;ksa dks vkthfodk ds fy, pkS/kfj;ksa ds [ksrksa ;k ?kjksa esa tkuk iM+rk gS A [ksrksa esa og cqvkbZ]
jksius] Qly dkVus dk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj ?kjksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ dk A 'kk;n gh dksbZ ?kj ,slk gks tgk mudk ;kSu&'kks"k.k u gksrk gks A izhrks dh
yM+dh yPNks ds lkFk gjnsok tSls cykRdkj djrk gS] og rks bl ;kSu&'kks"k.k dh izf;k dh ckuxh ek= gS] vU;Fkk 'kk;n gh dksbZ nfyr L=h
,slh gks] tks pkS/kfj;ksa ;k lo.kks ds gkFkksa ;kSu 'kks"k.k f'kdkj u gqbZ gks A izhrks vkSj vU; pekj fL=;ksa ds vkil ds et+kd vkSj dbZ ckj >xM+k

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gksus ij ,d&nwljs ds iksrM+s [kksyus esa ;gh rF; lkeus vkrs gSa fd dksbZ nfyr L=h pkS/kfj;ksa] lo.kks ds gkFkksa lqjf{kr ugha gS A iafMr larjke
vkfn NqvkNwr dk ik[kaM fdruk gh D;ksa u djsa] nfyr L=h dh nsg ds fy, os gj le; ykj Vidkrs jgrs gSa A
nfyr fL=;ksa ds ;kSu&'kks"k.k }kjk pkS/kjh oxZ u dsoy viuh ;kSu fod`fr;ksa dh rq"Vh djrk gS] cfYd blls Hkh c<+ dj nfyr vkRelEeku
dks dqpy dj mls ekufld :i ls iaxq cuk dj ml ij viuh ;a=.kk dk opZLo Hkh LFkkfir djrk gS A
nfyr thou ds =kln :iksa esa lokZf/kd =kln gS bu reke 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ;a=.kkvksa dks lgrs gq, muds Hkhrj psruk dk vHkko vkSj
ijLij QwV A tc Hkh dksbZ pkS/kjh fdlh pekj dks xkyh nsrk gS] mls ihVrk gS] rks ckdh pekj mRihfM+r dk lkFk nsus ds ctk; ng'kr ds dkj.k
pqi jgrs gSa A dksbZ&dksbZ pkS/kfj;ksa dks ,sls mRihM+u ds fy, mdlkrk Hkh gS] nfyr ifjokjksa dh lkjh ijEijkxr uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj :<+ jhfr&fjoktksa
ds dkj.k Hkh ;kruk lgrh gS A Kkuks dkyh dk iz.k;&izlax bldk mnkgj.k gS A
Kkuks dkyh dk izse lPpk gS A os ,d&nwljs ds fy, ;ksX; ifr&iRuh gSa A os ,d tkfr ;k xks= ds Hkh ugha gSa] ijUrq xkao okys] mudh
tkfr&fcjknjh okys muds fookg dh vuqefr ugha nsrs A Kkuks ds xHkZorh gksus ij tkfr ds Hk; ls mldh eka rFkk HkkbZ feydj mls xHkZikr ds
fy, ,slh nok laf[k;k uked tgj nsrs gSa fd og rM+irh&djkgrh vikj osnuk >syrh gqbZ bl lalkj ls dwp dj tkrh gS A
^/kjrh /ku u viuk* frgjh =klnh dk miU;kl gS A ;g ,d vksj nfyrksa ds mRihM+u] 'kks"k.k] vieku Hkjs thou dh =klnh gS rFkk nwljh
vksj ghj&jka>k dh Hkjs thou dh =klnh gS rFkk nwljh vksj ghj&jka>k dh rjg Kkuks&dkyh ds vlQy izse dh =klnh gS A nfyr thou dh =klnh
mruh d#.kksRiknd ugha gS] ftruh Kkuks&dkyh ds thou dh =klnh] D;ksafd pekjksa&pkS/kfj;ksa dk la?k"kZ le>kSrs esa gks tkrk gS A HkkbZ vkSj eka
}kjk laf[k;k fn;s tkus ij] fo"k ds dkj.k gksus okyh vl ihM+k ls mldh fHkaph&fHkaph djkgsa] rM+irh dk;k vkSj fcy[krs eu rFkk mldh e`R;q
ij gR;k djus dh vuqHkwfr ls HkkbZ rFkk ek ds xys ls fudyus okyh phRdkj dh dYiuk ek= ls ikBd d#.kkfHkewr gks tkrk gS A vJqiwfjr
us=ksa ds lkFk jpuk dks cUn djds ,d vksj j[k nsuk vkSj n;&eaFku =klnh dh lQyrk ds ifjpk;d gSa A ;g ,d vksj iwjs lekt dh =klnh
gS rFkk nwljh vksj nks izsfe;ksa dh A
iz'u 5- tkfr O;oLFkk dh vlaosnu'khyrk dh ^BkoqQj dk oqQvk* dgkuh osQ vkkkj ij leh{kk dhft,A
mkjizsepUn fgUnh ds izFke dFkk ys[kd gSa ftUgksaus nfyrksa] vNwr dgh tkus okyh tkfr dh leL;kvksa ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj
dj muds thou dh =klnh dk ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k gS A miU;klksa esa ^deZHkwfe* rFkk dgkfu;ksa ds ^lnx~ fr*] ^nw/k dk nke*] ^dQu*
vkSj ^Bkdqj dk dqvka* esa nfyr lekt ds mRihM+u] 'kks"k.k] vieku] frjLdkj rFkk xjhch ds dkj.k mudh nhu&ghu fLFkfr ds fp=
izLrqr fd;s gSa A ^Bkdqj dk dqvk* esa mUgksaus crk;k gS fd tkfr&izFkk] p&uhp ds HksnHkko] NwvkNwr ds dkj.k vNwr dSlk ukjdh;
thou th jgs gSa A izsepUn bl dVq lR; dks mtkxj djrs gSa fd thou dh cqfu;knh t:jr vkSj izkd`frd lEink ty rd ds fy,
os lo.kks dh n;k ij fuHkZj gSa vkSj lo.kZ brus n;ghu rFkk vekuoh; gSa fd os mUgsa bl izkd`frd lEink] tks bZ'oj us ok;q dh
rjg lcdks fu%'kqYd nh gS] ls Hkh oafpr j[krs gSa] Qyr% vNwr ifjokj dks vHkko] vieku vkSj Hk;xzLr vkSj vlqj{kk dk thou
fcrkuk iM+rk gS A
ifjokj esa nks lnL; gSa ifr tks[kw rFkk iRuh xaxh A vNwrksa ds fy, xko dh cLrh ls nwj dq, dk ikuh fdlh tkuoj dh
yk'k fxjus ls cncwnkj rFkk vis; cu tkrk gS A jksxh vkSj nqcZy 'kjhj tks[kw ls og cncwnkj ikuh ugha fi;k tkrk A vr% xaxh mlds
fy, xkao esa Bkdqj ds dq, ls ikuh ykus dk izLrko djrh gS A xaxh ds lksp] lkgl] iz;kl vkSj vUr esa Hk;kkUr gksdj dq,a ls
Hkkxus vkSj ?kj ykSVdj ifr dks nqxZU/kiw.kZ ikuh ihrs ns[kus ls dFkkud dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS A
dgkuh ikuh dh leL;k dks ysdj xgu fpUrk esa Mwcs vNwr ifr&iRuh tks[kw vkSj xaxh dks ysdj 'kq: gksrh gS A tks[kw vkSj
xaxh LoPN ikuh dh leL;k ls tw> jgs gSa A ^tks[kw us yksVk eqag ls yxk;k rks ikuh esa l[r cncw vk;h A* ^^tks[kw cksyk & ;g dSlk
ikuh gS] ekjs ckl ds fi;k ugha tkrk A** yEcs le; ls chekj tks[kw I;kl ds ekjs rM+i jgk Fkk A xaxh izfrfnu 'kke dks ikuh Hkj
fy;k djrh Fkh A dqvka nwj Fkk] ckj&ckj tkuk eqf'dy Fkk A og vU; xjhc lo.kZ efgykvksa ds dq, ls ikuh ugha Hkj ldrh A vNwrksa
dks lo.kks ds dq, ij p<+us dk vf/kdkj gh ugha Fkk A
tc xaxh Bkdqj ds dq,a ls ikuh ykus dh ckr dgrh gS] rks tks[kw mls cjtrk gS
^^Bkdqj ds dq, ij dkSu p<+us nsxk \ nwj ls yksx MkV crk,xs A ^lkgw dk dqvk* xko ds ml fljs ij gS] ijUrq ogk Hkh dkSu
ikuh Hkjus nsxk \ vkSj dksbZ dqvka xko esa gS ugha A* tks[kw ds bl c;ku ls ;g lkQ irk pyrk gS fd vNwrksa dh vkFkd n'kk ,slh
ugha Fkh fd os vius fy, dqvka [kqnok ldsa] etcwju lo.kks ds vkxs ikuh ds fy, fxM+fxM+kus ds flok, muds ikl dksbZ vU; fodYi
ugha gS A
xaxh cksyh ^;g ikuh dSls fi;ksxs \ u tkus dkSu tkuoj ejk gS A dq, ls eSa lkQ ikuh yk;s nsrh gw A* tks[kw cgqr vk'p;Z
esa iM+ x;k] ^ysfdu nwljk ikuh dgka ls vk,xk* xaxh dgrh gS ^^nks&nks dq, gSa] ,d yksVk ikuh u Hkjus nsaxs A** tks[kw us ml lkekU;
;FkkFkZ dh vksj ladsr fd;k] ftl ij lcls igys izsepan dh utj iM+rh Fkh A

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^gkFk&ikao rqM+ok vk;sxh vkSj dqN u gksxk A cSB pqids ls A* ,slk D;ksa gksxk \ D;ksafd ^czke.k nsork vk'khokZn nsaxs] Bkdqj
ykBh ekjsaxs vkSj lkgqth ,d ds ikap djus esa yxs jgsaxs A xjhcksa dk nnZ dkSu le>rk gS \ nnZ NksM+sa ;gk rks ej Hkh tk,a rks nqvkj
ij dksbZ >kadus rd ugha vkrkA da/kk nsuk rks cM+h ckr gS A* iz'u mBrk gS fd lo.kZ tkfr;k vNwrksa ds izfr bl gn rd vlaosnu'khy
D;ksa gSa] muds nq%[k esa 'kkfey gksus] mudh xjhch dks gVkus ;k mudh e`R;q ij Hkh dksbZ D;ksa ugha lkFk vkrk \ izsepan us tks[kw o
xaxh ds }kjk bu iz'uksa dks igyh ckj jpuk ds ek/;e ls mBkdj vNwr thou dh okLrfodrk ls ifjfpr djk;k gS A
ifr ds }kjk lko/kku fd;s tkus rFkk naM fn;s tkus dh psrkouh ds ckotwn xaxh Bkdqj ds dq, ls ikuh Hkjus py iM+rh gS A
xaxh tkurh gS fd mls fdlh us ns[k fy;k] rks mldk cpuk eqf'dy gS A ,d ?kM+k ikuh dh dher tku xaokdj pqdkuh iM+ ldrh
gS A ml fLFkfr dh dksbZ lo.kZ L=h D;k dYiuk dj ldrh gS \ fd ikuh tks thou dh t:jr gS] mlds fy, vNwrksa dks bl dnj
csclh dk lkeuk D;ksa djuk iM+s \ xaxh vHkh dq, ds ikl rd Hkh ugha igqph Fkh] isM+ksa dh vkM+ esa Nqidj og Bkdqj dk vkaxu
[kkyh gks tkus dk bartkj djus yxh A
dqN nsj ckn xaxh isM+ dh Nk;k ls fudyh vkSj dq, ds txr ds ikl vk;h] csfQs pys x;s Fks A Bkdqj Hkh njoktk can djds
vanj vkaxu esa lksus tk jgs Fks A xaxh us lq[k dh lkal yh A fdlh rjg eSnku rks lkQ gqvk A xaxh dks bruh lko/kkuh dh t:jr
blfy, iM+ jgh Fkh D;ksafd vNwr L=h Bkdqj ;k fdlh lo.kZ ds dq, ij p<+dj ikuh Hkjus dk lkgl dj jgh Fkh A fdlh vNwr
}kjk fu;e dks rksM+us ij fgUnw /keZ esa bl vijk/k ds fy, cM+h l[r ltk dk izko/kku gS A
^mlus jLlh dk Qank ?kM+s esa Mkyk A nk,&ck, pkSdUuh n`f"V ls ns[kk] tSls dksbZ flikgh jkr dks 'k=q ds fdys esa lwjk[k dj jgk
gks A var esa nsorkvksa dks ;kn djds mlus dystk etcwr fd;k vkSj ?kM+k dq, esa Mky fn;k A*
xaxh ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd idM+h tkus ij mls] mldh bl /k`"Vrk ds fy, ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxk] cfYd tkfrizFkk dh ijEijk
dks rksM+us tSlk vijk/k djus ds dkj.k dBksj ls dBksj naM fn;k tk ldrk Fkk A ysfdu tkfr&O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ tkdj ikuh ysus
dk lkgl mlesa Fkk A
?kM+s dks ikuh esa Mkydj mlus cgqr gh vkfgLrs ls mls ij [khapk] ftlls dksbZ vkokt u gks vkSj Bkdqj ;k vU; dksbZ ?kj
dk lnL; tkx u tk, A xaxh ds bl ladYi vkSj euksHkko dks izsepan bu 'kCnksa esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gS] ^?kM+s us ikuh esa xksrk yxk;k
A cgqr gh vfgLrk A t+jk Hkh vkokt u gqbZ A xaxh us nks&pkj gkFk tYnh tYnh ekjs A ?kM+k dq, ds eqag rd igqapkA*
xaxh }kjk yh xbZ lko/kkuh] fn[kkbZ xbZ rsth vkSj n`<+ ladYi dk urhtk dqN ugha fudyk A T;ksagh ^xaxh >qdh fd ?kM+s dks
idM+dj txr ij j[ks fd ,dk,d Bkdqj lkgc dk njoktk [kqy x;k A* izsepan us fy[kk gS ^'ksj dk eqag blls vf/kd Hk;kud
u gksxk A*
Bkdqj ^dkSu gS dkSu gS* dgdj gosyh ls fudyk A xaxh ds gkFk ls jLlh NwV x;h A jLlh ds lkFk ?kM+k Hkh /kM+ke ls ikuh
esa tk fxjk A xaxh tku cpkdj vius ?kj dh vksj nkSM+h vkSj ogka tkdj mlus ns[kk fd mldk ifr ogh nqxZU/kiw.kZ nwf"kr ikuh ih
jgk Fkk] ftls og u ihus dk vkns'k nsdj x;h Fkh A
dgkuh ds vUr esa Li"V gS fd nfyrksa dh lkekftd rFkk vkFkd fLFkfr ,slh gS fd mUgsa lo.kks ds vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u
lgus iM+rs gSa A bl lkekftd O;oLFkk dh lPpkbZ dks izsepan us ukVdh; <ax ls izLrqr fd;k gS A mudk ms'; ;gh gS fd xaxh
ds 'kks"k.k dh rhozrk dks ikBd oxZ le> ldsa A xaxh vLi`'; oxZ dh L=h gS vkSj mldk dq, dks Nwuk Hk;adj vijk/k esa 'kkfey
gS A xaxh viekucks/k] vlqjf{krrk] vfuf'prrk] tkfrxr mRihM+u dh f'kdkj gS] mlds ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dk guu gks jgk gS] D;ksafd
og vNwr gS A
vc rd geus o.kZ&O;oLFkk] tkfr&Hksn] p&uhp dh nwf"kr Hkkouk ds dkj.k nfyrksa ds thou esa gksus okys 'kkjhfjd d"Vksa
rFkk ekufld Dys'k dk o.kZu fd;k A vkb;s] vc bl n;uh; fLFkfr ds fy, mjnk;h fLFkfr;ksa rFkk fgUnqvksa dh lksp ij fopkj
djsa A nfyrksa ds ;krukiw.kZ thou ds fy, mjnk;h dqN rks lekt&O;oLFkk] iqjkru laLdkj] /kked va/kfo'okl vkSj :f<+;ka gSa]
dqN 'kklura= gS tks lnk lEiUu oxks] iwathifr;ksa rFkk mPp oxZ dk i{kikr djrk gS rFkk dqN dqyhu dgs tkus okyksa rFkk 'kw ekus
tkus okyksa dh ekufldrk gS A la{ksi esa nfyrksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds ewyHkwr dkj.k gSa
(1) fgUnqvksa esa o.kkZJe /keZ dh ekU;rk tks lekt dks pkj o.kks esa ckaVrh gS A czke.kksa dks czek ds eq[k ls mRiUu rFkk 'kwksa
dks czek ds iSjksa ls mRiUu cukdj lekt dks pkj o.kks czke.k] {kf=;] oS'; vkSj 'kw esa ckaVrh gS A muds o.kZ ds vuqlkj muds
dk;Z crkrh gS czke.kksa dk dk;Z v/;;u&v/;kiu] {kf=;ksa dk dk;Z ns'k dh j{kk] djuk oS';ksa dk dk;Z O;kikj&O;olk; rFkk
'kwksa dk dk;Z vU; rhu o.kks dh lsok djuk A o.kZ Js"Brk ds e esa o.kks ds chp vf/kdkj] lk] lEif dk caVokjk gksrk gS vkSj
'kwksa dks xjhch] nhurk] izHkkoksa dk thou fcrkuk iM+rk gS A bl voLFkk us nfyrksa dks lHkh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr j[kk A
(2) /keZxzUFkksa] vkpkj&lafgrkvksa esa cuk;s x;s fl)kUr A fgUnq /keZxzUFk] Le`fr;ka] lafgrk,a] uhfr dh iqLrdsa iqutZUe] deZQy]

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HkkX; dh nqgkbZ nsrh gSa A dgrh gSa fd 'kwksa dks uhph tkfr esa tUe gksus vkSj d"V ikus dk dkj.k muds iwoZ tUe ds deZ gSa] mudk
HkkX; gS] ftldh fyfi czekth us Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls fy[kh Fkh vkSj og fyfi vfeV gS vr% 'kwksa ds d"Vksa dk dkj.k lekt]
lekt ra= dk wj] vR;kpkjh] vU;k;h] /kwrZ lo.kZ ugha muds vius deZ gSa] mudk viuk ulhc gS A fgUnqvksa dh vkpkj&lafgrk
euqLe`fr dk ekuuk gS fd mPp o.kZ ds iq#"kksa dks fuEu tkfr;ksa dh fL=;ksa dk ;kSu&'kks"k.k dk vf/kdkj gS A fgUnw /keZ ekurk gS
fd O;fDr dh tkfr tUe fukZj.k djrk gS u fd mldk deZ] is'kk] O;olk; ^^tUeuk Hkfor czke.k%** A
(3) viuh vkFkd lEiUurk ds dkj.k lo.kZ tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij ,dkf/kiR; gS A {kf=; jktk gksrs Fks]
os Hkwiky ;k Hkwifr dgykrs Fks A Hkwfe] taxyksa] ljksojksa ij mudk vf/kdkj Fkk A viuh blh lEiUurk rFkk lk ds cy ij]
tkfr&opZLo dh vga Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj mUgksaus nfyrksa ij vR;kpkj fd;s] mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k A vr% lo.kks dh lk ,oa
ekufldrk nksuksa nfyrksa ds d"Vksa dk dkj.k gSa A
(4) viuh lk] ,dkf/kiR;] lEiUurk ds cy ij lk/kkjh lo.kks us ledkyhu 'kklu ra=] U;k;ikfydk vkfn dks viuk
leFkZd vkSj i{k/kj cuk;k A xwaxh ds ek/;e ls lo.kks rFkk fczfV'k 'kklura= dh feyhHkxr] lkBxkaB ij pqVdh ysrs gSa
^^vHkh bl Bkdqj us rks ml fnu cspkjs xMfj, dh ,d HksM+ pqjk yh Fkh vkSj ckn esa ekjdj [kk x;k A bUgha iafMr ds ?kj
esa rks ckjgksa ekl tqvk gksrk gS A ;gh lkgwth rks ?kh esa rsy feykdj csprs gSa A dke djk ysrs gSa] etwjh nsrs ukuh ejrh gS fdl
ckr esa gSa gels ps \** xaxh }kjk mBk, x;s loky rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkFkd] lkaLd`frd fLFkfr;ksa dh okLrfodrk ij ,d djkjh
pksV gS A fczfV'kdkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk Hkh czk.kokn ds lkeus bruh iaxq Fkh fd U;k; ds uke ij ogk U;k; dk e[kkSy mM+k;k tkrk
Fkk A lkearokfn;ksa }kjk fczfV'k 'kklu O;oLFkk ds leFkZu ds cnys mUgsa feyh gqbZ lqj{kk Fkh A xjhc] vNwr] etnwj vkSj fdlku ij
iqfyl vkSj fczfV'k 'kklu dk lnSo dgj VwV iM+rk Fkk A yxku u Hkjus ij [ksr] ?kj ckj uhyke gks tkrs vkSj vNwrksa dks csxkj u
djus ij tku rd xaokuh iM+rh tSls ^^eagxw dks bruk ekjk Fkk fd eghuksa [kwu Fkwdrk jgk A** vkSj blesa iqfyl c<+&p<+dj iwathifr
vkSj lkgwdkjksa] tehanjksa dk lkFk nsrh Fkh A rc tqvk?kj pykrs iafM+r] pksjh dh xbZ HksM+ Mdkjus okys Bkdqj vkSj ?kh esa rst dh feykoV
djds cspus okys lkgw dks /kks[kk/kM+h vU;k; vkSj vijk/k djus ij Hkh] ltk u gksus dh NwV dSls feyrh jgh gS \ bu lHkh lokyksa
ds tokc gesa /keZ vkSj tkfr;ksa ds dfFkr opZLo ds dkj.k lk/kkfj;ksa rFkk vU;k; O;oLFkk }kjk viukbZ nksxyh uhfr;ksa esa feysaxs A
iz'u 6- fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij fVIif.k;k fyf[k,%
(d) phiQ dh nkor esa fpf=kr e;eoxhZ; voljokn
mkjvkS|ksxhdj.k] egkuxjhdj.k] ik'pkR; lH;rk ,oa if'pe ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gks Hkkjr ds e/;eoxhZ; yksxksa dh ekufldrk esa
ifjorZu vk;k gS] tks vLokLF;dj gS A muds izkphu thou&ewY;ksa esa fo?kVu gqvk gS vkSj u;s thou&ewY; cu ugha ik;s gSa A blls gekjk thou
nwf"kr&nq%[ke; gqvk gS A ge vUrojks/kksa ds f'kdkj gq, gSa A ubZ dgkuh blh dVq ;FkkFkZ dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gS A
Hkh"e lkguh dh dgkuh e/;eoxhZ; lekt] mlds ifjos'k] mldh ekufldrk dks ;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyh esa vfHkO;Dr djrh gS A mlesa e/;eoxZ
dh dq.Bkvksa] ?kqVu] fc[kjko] vyxko dks ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij fpf=r fd;k x;k gS rFkk crk;k x;k gS fd bl fLFkfr ds fy, og Lo;a Hkh cgqr
gn rd ft+Eesnkj gS [kks[kyh e;kZnk,a] izn'kZufiz;rk] vkMEcj] lkeF;Z ls ckgj egokdka{kk,a] ,slk LokFkZ tks ekuoh;rk ds fy, ykaNu]
ikfjokfjd lEcU/kksa ds izfr mis{kk] bu lcus mlds thou dks vfHk'kIr cuk fn;k gS A ^phQ dh nkor* dgkuh dk vkjEHk gh nrj ds cM+s lkgc
tks fons'kh gSa] ds Lokxr dh rS;kjh ds n`'; ls gksrk gS A
';keukFk vkSj mldh iRuh ?kj dh ltkoV] fo'ks"kr% Mkbax :e dh ltkoV ds fy, fo'ks"k fpfUrr gSa A vk/kqfud fn[kus ds fy, mPpoxZ
ds fons'kh phQ dh utjksa esa lqlaLd`r fn[kus ds fy, ;g izn'kZufiz;rk muds fy, vko';d gS A
?kj dks ltkuk lkekU;r% lq#fp dk ifjpk;d gS A gj dksbZ vius ?kj dks] cSBd dks vPNh n'kk esa ns[kuk pkgrk gS A ;g lq#fp lEiUurk
ekuo dk fo'ks"k xq.k gS A ijUrq dgkuh ds izkjEHk esa gh ';keukFk dh lqlaLd`r lEiUurk dh izo`f gL;kLin izrhr gksus yxrh gS A lqlaLd`r
vkSj lq#fp lEiUu gksuk ,d ckr gS] ij oSlk fn[kuk nwljh ckr gS A O;fDr esa ftl xq.k ;k pht dk vHkko gksrk gS ;k mldh deh gksrh
gS] mldk gh og izn'kZu djrk gS A
';keukFk vkSj mldh iRuh dh #fp lEiUurk >wBh gS A mldk vlyh :i rc fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tc ';keukFk dh cw<+h ek mu nksuksa ds
fy, dwM+s dh rjg fNikus dh oLrq cu tkrh gS A dwM+s vkSj ek esa dksbZ vUrj ugha jgrk A rc ;g lq#fp lEiUurk vkSj vk/kqfudrk cks/k ugha]
O;fDr dh QwgM+rk vkSj VqPpkiu izdV gksrk gS A ckn esa ;g e/;eoxhZ; nEif eka dks Hkh izn'kZu dh oLrq (Show-piece) cukuk pkgrs gSa vr%
mls fjglZy djk;k tkrk gS fd og dqlhZ ij dSls cSBs A ^^;wa ugha] ek] Vkaxsa ij p<+kdj ugha cSBrs A ek dks u;s diM+s iguus dk funsZ'k fn;k
tkrk gS A viuh lEiUurk izdV djus ds fy, mls pwfM+;k iguus dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS A Mkbax :e dks izn'kZuh cukuk] lkgc dks fn[kkuk
fd os fdrus lq#fpiw.kZ vkSj lEiUu yksx gSa] lH;rk lq#fp dk fpu ugha] VqPpsiu dk |ksrd gS A
oLrqr% Hkh"e lkguh dh dgkuh ^phQ dh nkor* dk eq[; ms'; e/;e oxhZ; O;fDr dh voljokfnrk] mldh egokdka{kk esa ikfjokfjd

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fj'rs ds fo?kVu dks mtkxj djuk gS A e/;eoxZ ds O;fDr dh ;g lkekU; fo'ks"krk gS fd og mPp oxZ esa 'kkfey gksus ds voljksa dh ryk'k
esa jgrk gS] pkgs og Lo;a fuEuoxZ ls e/;eoxZ esa igqpk gks A f'k{kk izkIr dj vPNh ukSdjh ikdj ;k vkthfodk dk vU; lk/ku ikdj O;fDr
inksUufr ds fy, ykykf;r jgrk gS A
viuh bl egokdka{kk ds fy, mldk dgka rd iru gksrk gS A tUe nsus okyh rFkk ikyu&iks"k.k djus okyh ek ds izfr fdruk fu"Bqj
gks ldrk gS A vius LokfHkeku dks fdl fueeZrk ls dqpy nsrk gS] ;g Hkh bl dgkuh esa crk;k x;k gS A
dgkuh esa ek dh fofp= fLFkfr vkSj mldh foo'krk dks cM+h dq'kyrk ls fn[kk;k x;k gS A cjkens esa dqlhZ ij cSBh] lksrh gqbZ vkSj [kjkZVs
ysrh gqbZ ek vkf[kj phQ vkSj vfrfFk;ksa ds lkeus iM+ gh xbZ A ogh fLFkfr lkeus vk xbZ] ftls ';keukFk Vkyuk pkgrk Fkk A ek gM+cM+k dj
mBh A ';keukFk us phQ }kjk ek dks ueLrs dgus ds tokc esa ek dks gkFk feykus dk vkns'k fn;k A ek us viuk ck;k gkFk vkxs dj fn;k A
';keukFk brus ij larq"V ugha gqvk A phQ us ek ls iwNk How do you do ? rks ';keukFk us vui<+ ek ls vaxzsth 'kCnksa dks nqgjkus dk vkns'k
fn;k A ij tc ek ^^gkS Mw Mw** gh dg ldh A dgkuh ds nwljs Hkkx esa ,d vkSj izlax gS] ftlls fLFkfr dk fowi vkSj Li"V gks tkrk gS A phQ
ds lkeus Qqydkjh dk mYys[k gqvk] rks ';keukFk us ek dks Qqydkjh fn[kkus dk vkns'k ns Mkyk A og cspkjh viuh iqjkuh QVh Qqydkjh ys vkbZ A
^^lkgc cM+h #fp ls Qqydkjh ns[kus yxs A iqjkuh Qqydkjh Fkh] txg&txg ls mlds rkxs VwV jgs Fks vkSj diM+k QVus yxk Fkk A lkgc
dh #fp ns[kdj ';keukFk cksys & ^;g QVh gqbZ gS] lkgc eSa vkidks u;h cuok nwxk A ek cuk nsaxh A D;ksa ek] lkgc dks Qqydkjh cgqr ilUn
gS] bUgsa ,slh gh ,d Qqydkjh cuk nksxh u \**
ek pqi jgh A fQj Mjrs&Mjrs /khjs&ls cksyh ^^vc esjh utj dgk gS] csVk ! cw<+h vk[ksa D;k ns[ksaxh A**
ek dh vleFkZrk vkSj foo'krk ds ckotwn ';keukFk dks lkgc dh [kq'kh pkfg, A og tkurk gS fd mldh inksfr ds fy, lkgc dks fdlh
u fdlh rjg [kq'k djuk t:jh gS A
e/;eoxZ dk O;fDr yk[k vk/kqfud gksus dh nqgkbZ ns] ij vc Hkh ijEijkxr laLdkjksa ls eqDr ugha gks ik;k gS A lekt vkSj fcjknjh dk
Mj mlds eu esa vc Hkh ekStwn gS A rHkh rks ';keukFk phQ ds vkxeu ij viuh cw<+h ek dks dwM+s dh rjg fNikuk rks pkgrk gS] ij iM+kSl
dh fo/kok ds ?kj Hkstus dks rS;kj ugha gS] D;ksafd blls yksx mls cqjk&Hkyk dgsaxs A lekt esa mldh ukd dV tk;sxh A blh izdkj ek ds dgus
ij fd og mls gfj}kj Hkst ns] ';keukFk cnukeh ds Hk; ls mlds izLrko dks Bqdjk nsrk gS A mls ek dk ?kqV&?kqV dj thuk eatwj gS] ij fcjknjh
dh cnukeh >syus dks rS;kj ugha gS A
mldh LokFkZ o`f ml le; vkSj Hkh mtkxj gksrh gS] tc og phQ dks [kq'k djus ds fy, ek dks foo'k djrk gS fd og lkgc ls gkFk
feyk;s] gkm Mw ;w Mw dgs] iatkch yksd xhr xk;s] lkgc ds fy, ubZ Qqydkjh cuk ns A ek dh ijs'kkuh dh mls dksbZ fpUrk ugha] fpUrk gS dsoy
lkgc dks izlUu djus dh] rkfd inksfr gks tk;s A vkSj tc mls yxrk gS fd ek ds dkj.k mldh inksfr dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks jgk gS] rks og
ek ftls og dwM+k] Qkyrw pht ekudj mlls NqVdkjk ikus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk Fkk] ftldh mifLFkfr [kkst iSnk dj jgh Fkh] vc mlds fy,
xoZ vkSj vfHkeku dh oLrq cu tkrh gS A [kht izlUurk esa cny tkrh gS A euq"; ds uSfrd iru dh ;g ijkdk"Bk gS A tks ek igys Showpiece ds :i esa izLrqr dh tk jgh Fkh] vc ogh mi;ksx dh oLrq (Tool) cu tkrh gS A
HkkSfrdrkoknh n`f"V] /ku&nkSyr] in&izfr"Bk us euq"; dh euq";rk dks] mldh dksey Hkkoukvksa dks thou ds vkn'kks rFkk mnk thou&ewY;ksa
dks /oLr dj mls euq"; ls i'kq cuk fn;k gS A vkt og eku&e;kZnk] ikfjokfjd e/kqj lEcU/kksa] eerk] n;k] d#.kk] d`rKrk] lgkuqHkwfr tSls
ewyHkwr roksa dh f[kYyh mM+krk gS A mls ;g ugha irk fd bu ewY;ksa ds yqIr gksus ls thou [kks[kyk] uhjl vkSj jsfxLrku dh rjg jsrhyk cu
tkrk gS A thou dh vkZrk u"V gks tkrh gS A ;g ^phQ dh nkor* ;gh crkrh gS A ek dh lh/kh&lknh lwpuk ij fd mlds xgus csVs dh
i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa fcd x;s] ';keukFk ckS[kyk mBrk gS A ;g okD; mlds eeZ dks rhj dh rjg Hksnrk gS vkSj og rqud dj cksyrk gS( ;g dkSu&lk
jkx NsM+ fn;k ek] lh/kk dg nks] ugha gS tsoj A blesa i<+kbZ&o<+kbZ dk D;k rkYyqd gS \ ek dk ,glku ekuuk] mldh eerk dks] iq= ds izfr
fpUrk dks igpku dj mlds izfr d`rKrk izdV djuk rks nwj jgk] og mldk vieku djrk gS ^ftruk fn;k Fkk] mlls nqxuk ys ysuk] dgkuh
ds vUr esa Qqydkjh cukus ds fy, ek dh vka[kksa vleFkZ gSa] ^^vc esjh ut+j dgk gS] csVk ! cw<+h D;k ns[ksxh A** ijUrq csVk mldh ijokg ugha
djrk A lkgc dks Qqlykuk] [kq'k j[kuk vf/kd ego j[krk gS] ek ds LokLF; dh fpUrk vkSj mlds vU/ks gksus dk Hk; mlds fy, ux.; gS
cl LokFkZ iwjk gksuk pkfg, fdlh Hkh dher ij] ek dks d"V nsdj Hkh A og bl ckr ls rks izlUu gS fd ek ds dkj.k lkgc izlUu gks x;s
gSa vkSj vkxs Hkh ek dh cuk;h Qqydkjh mldh mUufr ds ekxZ esa lh<+h dk dke djsxh A ij mldh izlUurk LokFkZ ij fVdh gS] vr% [kks[kyh
gS] >wBh gS] Nn~e ek= gS A og ek dk mi;ksx djrk gS] igys ltkoV dh oLrq (Show-piece) :i esa] fQj lkgc dks izlUu djus ds euksjatu
dk lk/ku cukdj yksd xhr xokdj rFkk vUr esa vkSt+kj (Tool) ds :i esa Qqydkjh cuokdj A
ys[kd us e/;eoxhZ; lksp dh ladh.kZrk] LokFkZijrk] vkRedsfUrrk] voljokfnrk] n;ghurk] ek ds izfr dVq O;ogkj dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k
fd;k gS] ijUrq og ewY;ksa dk dsoy eaFku djus okys ys[kd u gksdj ekuo&ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk djus okys vkSj ekuork ds iFk ij pyus dh izsj.kk
nsus okys dykdkj gSa A og pkgrs gSa fd ekuo&ewY;] ijEijkxr ikfjokfjd ewY;lkSgkZ] eerk] lsok&Hkko vkfn cus jgsa A ;gh dkj.k gS fd iq=

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}kjk misf{kr] viekfur ek cw<+h rFkk ean T;ksfr gksus ij Hkh Qqydkjh cukus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrh gS A ek dh eerk fn[kkdj ys[kd Hkkjrh;
ek ds LoLFk] ijEijkxr eerke; :i dks gh ojs.; crkrk gS A bls ns[kdj eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr ds ^lkdsr* dh iafDr;ka ;kn vkrh gSa
ekrk u dqekrk] iq=k dqiq=k Hkys gh A
([k) nfyr lkfgR; dk mn~Hko ,oa fodkl
mkjnfyr dk vFkZ gS pdys esa nks ikVksa ds chp nyk x;k] dqpyk x;k A vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh us ^nfyr k{kk* dk iz;ksx viuh
jpukvksa esa vusd ckj fd;k gS vkSj mldk vFkZ gS fupksM+ dj LoRoghu dj nsuk A vr% nfyr oxZ dk vFkZ gqvk lekt dk og oxZ tks vius
ls vf/kd 'kfDrokyh oxks vFkkZr~lo.kZ dgs tkus okys yksxksa }kjk mRihfM+r] 'kksf"kr] lRoghu] nhu&ghu] nqcZy] iaxq cuk fn;k tk;s A ,sls nhu&ghuksa]
mRihfM+r&'kksf"kr tu&leqnk; dh osnuk] ;kruk] O;Fkk] ;a=.kk dks izLrqr djus okyk rFkk mlesa ubZ psruk txkus] viuh vfLerk igpkuus] vius
vf/kdkjksa dks igpkudj muds fy, la?k"kZ djus dh izsj.kk nsus okys lkfgR; dks nfyr lkfgR; dgrs gSa A nfyrksa ds thou dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk
fp=.k djus okyk] muds dVq vuqHkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus okyk rFkk mRihM+u&'kks"k.k ds fo#) foksg djus dh xqgkj djus okyk lkfgR; nfyr
lkfgR; dgk tkrk gS A
Hkkjrh; lekt ds ,d cgqr cM+s fgLls dks lekt us ges'kk nqRdkjdj viekfur fd;k vkSj euq"; gksdj Hkh mlds lkFk i'kq ls cnj
O;ogkj fd;k gS A ;g vglkl osnuke; gS vkSj og osnuk ,d O;fDr dh ugha] iwjs nfyr oxZ dh gS A bl osnuk dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr gh
nfyr lkfgR; gS A bl n`f"V ls bls ,d egoiw.kZ lkekftd ?kVuk ekuuk pkfg, A ^nfyr lkfgR; dh fuefr lkekftd ifjorZu dk gh ifj.kke
gS] vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu dh fn'kk esa izsfjr laosnukRed eu dh vfHkO;fDr Hkh gS A* lcls igys ifjorZu dh vkdka{kk dk ;g Loj ejkBh
ds nfyr lkfgR; esa izLQqfVr gqvk A ;g nfyr lkfgR; dk izFke Loj Fkk A ^nfyr lkfgR;* dk mn~Hko ejkBh lkfgR; esa ,d lkfgfR;d lkekftd
foksg ds :i esa gqvk gS] ftlds ek/;e ls nfyr&'kksf"kr lekt esa mcyrs foksg&vkks'k dks eq[kfjr fd;k x;k gS A
nfyrksa ds izfr vU;k;&vR;kpkj] muds mRihM+u&'kks"k.k dh d#.k dFkk dgus ds ladsr rks izsepUn ds miU;klksa deZHkwfe rFkk dgkfu;ksa
Bkdqj dk dqvk esa gh feyus yxrs gSa] ij muesa bl oxZ dh nhu n'kk fn[kkdj mlds izfr lgkuqHkwfr] n;k] mnkjrk dk Hkko fn[kk;k x;k gS A
'kks"kdksa ls lfou; vkxzg fd;k x;k gS fd os wj u cusa] vR;kpkj u djsa A muesa foksg dk Loj ugha gS] ;fn gS Hkh tSls ^Bkdqj dk dqvk*
dh xaxh esa rks og ekufld gS] eq[kj ugha gS] dFkuh esa gS] djuh esa ugha gS A nfyr lkfgR; fy[kus dk Js; ejkBh lpkfgR;dkjksa dks gS A ejkBh
ys[kdksa us igyh ckj nfyrksa ds thou dh d#.k xkFkk gh ugha fy[kh] orZeku lekt&O;oLFkk ds izfr vkks'k O;Dr djus] mlesa ifjorZu ykus
vkSj mlds fy, la?k"kZ djus dh ckr Hkh dgh A egkjk"V esa igys lkekftd foksg ds :i esa gqvk vkSj mlds lapkyd Fks cky 'kkL=h tkaesdj]
egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys] ckck lkgc Hkhejko vEcsMdj rFkk fopkjd] fpard vkSj ys[kd Mk- rkjkpUn [kkaMsdj A bu egkiq#"kksa us laLFkk,a LFkkfir
dha tSls vuk;Z nks"k ifjgkj] vkanksyu pyk;s tSls lR;'kks/kd vkanksyu] i=&if=dk,a fudkyha tSls fojky fo/olad] iqLrdsa fy[kha tSls tkfr Hksn]
foosd lkj] nfyr oxZ ds yM+dksa&yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ikB'kkyk,a [kksyha A
nfyr&vkanksyu dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukus] nfyrksa esa tkx`fr QSykus] nfyr lkfgR; ys[ku dh izsj.kk nsus ds dk;Z esa lcls mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku&fuekZrkvksa esa vxz.kh ckck lkgc vEcsMdj dk gS A mUgksaus Hkxoku~ cq)] dchj vkSj egkRek Qqys dks viuk xq# ekuk A mUgksaus
Lo;a fgUnw /keZ R;kxdj ckS) /keZ viuk;k] euqLe`fr dks tyk;k] vius Hkk"k.kksa }kjk nfyrksa esa tkxj.k vkSj foksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k] iqLrdsa fy[khaA
dkykjke eafnj&izos'k lR;kxzg dk usr`Ro fd;k] vNwr dgs tkus okyksa ds fy, egkfo|ky; [kksys( tSls cacbZ esa fl)kFkZ dkWyst rFkk vkSjaxkckn esa
fefyan dkWyst A ^vfLerk* uked if=dk us Hkh bl vkanksyu dks 'kfDr iznku dh A 1930 esa yanu esa gqbZ igyh Hkkjrh; xksy est+ ifj"kn~esa
Hkkjrh; nfyrksa ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa vNwrksa dks lkekftd&jktuhfrd vf/kdkj nsus dh tksjnkj odkyr dh A xka/kh th ls ekspkZ fy;k A muds
ckn fl)kFkZ la?k lkfgR; uked lkfgR;&laLFkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] vusd i=&if=dkvksa esa nfyrksa ls lEc) jpuk,a izdkf'kr gqb A egkjk"V nfyr
lkfgR; la?k ds vf/kos'kuksa esa nfyr ys[kdksa us Hkkx fy;k] muesa fucU/k i<+s x;s] fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk fd nfyr lkfgR; dh n`f"V D;k gksuh pkfg,A
bl izdkj nfyr lkfgR; ys[ku dks izksRlkgu fn;k x;k vkSj ejkBh esa dfo;ksa] dFkkdkjksa] fucU/kdkjksa rFkk dqN vkykspdksa us viuh&viuh d`fr;ksa
ls ejkBh ds nfyr lkfgR;&HkaMkj dks le`) cuk;k A
(x) ^oqQks dh iwN* esa O;ax; fokku
mkj;'kiky dh dgkfu;ksa esa fopkj dh Hkwfedk vk/kkjHkwr gksrh gS A mlh fopkj ds vuq:i og ik=ksa dh l`f"V djrs gSa A ^dqs dh iwaN*
dgkuh esa Hkh fopkj gh eq[; gS A og e/;eoxhZ; ekufldrk] mudh izn'kZufiz;rk] >wBh izfr"Bk dh ykylk vkSj [kks[kyh uSfrdrk ds lkFk&lkFk
iwathoknh 'kks"k.k dh wjrk ds izfr viuk jks"k] {kksHk vkSj vkks'k izdV djuk pkgrs gSa A vr% bl dgkuh esa e/;e oxZ ds nks ik=ksa & odhy
lkgc rFkk mudh iRuh rFkk 'kks"kd oxZ ds izfrfuf/k gyokbZ dh vorkj.kk dh x;h gS A d{; vkSj izfrik| ds vuq:i gh fLFkfr;ksa dk pquko
vkSj mudk la;kstu rFkk Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS A
;'kiky lekt esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, O;aX; dh Hkwfedk dks vPNh rjg tkurs gSa vkSj mUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa esa mldk iz;ksx Hkh cM+s

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dkS'ky ls fd;k gS A ^dqs dh iwaN* dgkuh vkjaHk ls var rd O;aX; dh var/kkZjk dks latks;s gq, fodflr gksrh gS A ys[kd us e/;eoxZ ds ik=ksa
dks mudh lksp] muds <ksax vkSj vkMEcj ij djkjh pksV dh gS A cqf)thoh oxZ fdl izdkj ekDlZoknh 'kCnkoyh dk rksrk&jaVr i)fr dk iz;ksx
djrk gS mldk mnkgj.k gS odhy lkgc dk ;g okD; euq"; }kjk euq"; ds 'kks"k.k dh dksbZ lhek ugha A iRuh vius Kku dk izn'kZu djrh
gS] ifr ls ;g iwN dj fd ml vesfjdh izsflMsaV dk D;k uke Fkk tks et+nwj gksrs gq, Hkh vejhdk ds loksZPp in izst+hMsaV ij vklhu gqvk Fkk
A iRuh dh vkMEcjfiz;rk lekt dks izfr"Bk ikus dh yyd] mnkjrk vkSj d#.kk dh ewr cuus dk <ksax ys[kd us O;aX;iw.kZ 'kSyh esa gh mn~?kkfVr
fd;k gS vkjEHk esa og g#vk dks gjh'k cukus dks cM+h mRlkfgr] rRij fn[kk;h nsrh gS] ij 'kh?kz gh mldh dybZ [kqy tkrh gS vkSj mldk
mRlkg mQurs nw/k esa ikuh esa NhaVs iM+us tSlk lekIr gks tkrk gS] mldk vlyh jax izdV gks tkrk gS A mudh lksp LokFkZi'rk] VqPph izd`fr
dks fn[kkus ds fy, ys[kd us cM+h lVhd 'kCnkoyh vkSj O;aX;iw.kZ mfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS A
^i<+ pqdk og] cl [kkus dh gk;&gk; yxh jgrh gS A tkus dSlk HkqDdM+ gS A bu yksxksa dks fdruk gh f[kykvks] le>kvks] budh Hkw[k c<+rh
gh tkrh gS A mldh yksHk&ykyp dh eukso`f dk irk rc pyrk gS] tc og g#vk dks gyokbZ dks lkSaius dk fu.kZ; djus ds ckn ykyk ds laHkkfor
O;ogkj ls vkrafdr gks mBrh gS og lkB #i;s dh ckr dj jgk Fkk A dgha ml ewy jde ij og lwn Hkh tksM+us yxk] rks jde dgka ls
dgka igqpsxh \ csdkj gh >xM+s esa iM+us ls D;k Qk;nk \ ys[kd dh blh O;aX;iw.kZ 'kSyh dh iz'kalk djrs gq, MkW- uxsU us fy[kk Fkk ^^lekt
ds oS"kE; ij izgkj djrs le; ;'kiky dk iz[kj O;aX; vfHkO;fDr dk es#naM cu tkrk gS A**
^dqs dh iwaN* esa ifjos'k vkSj okrkoj.k ds fp= Hkh izR;Ur ;FkkFkZ gSa rFkk fcEckRed 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSa A vk/kh jkr gksus ij gyokbZ
dh nwdku dk ;g fp= nsf[k,
gyokbZ dh nwdku Fkh A lkSnk mB pqdk Fkk A fctyh dk ,d cYc vHkh ty jgk Fkk A ykyk nwdku ds r[r ij fpye myV dj nhokj
ds lgkjs vkSa jgk Fkk A uhps lM+d ij cM+h d<+kbZ bV ds lgkjs fVdkdj j[kh xbZ Fkh A mls ekatus ds iz;Ru esa ,d NksVh mez dk yM+dk mlh
esa lks x;k Fkk A dkfy[k ls Hkjk twuk mlds gkFk esa Fkek Fkk vkSj mldh ckg QSyh gqbZ Fkh A nwljk gkFk dM+s dks Fkkes Fkk A d<+kbZ dks f?klrs&f?klrs
yM+dk vkSa/kk x;k vkSj QSyh gqbZ ckg ij flj j[k lks x;k ---A
dgkuh dh Hkk"kk loZ= lgt] LokHkkfod] cksypky dh rFkk ik=ksa ds laLdkjksa rFkk ckSf)d Lrj ds vuq:i gS A O;aX; dk NkSad rks mldh
'kfDr dks pkSxquk cuk nsrk gS A iRuh dk ;g okD; mlh dh le> rFkk eu%fLFkfr ds vuq:i gS
^^D;k rks cPps dh mez gS vkSj jkr ds ,d cts rd ;g d<+kbZ ftls og fgyk rd ugha ldrk] mlls eatkbZ tk
jgh gS----**
vFkok
^^yM+ds dks dgh Hkxk, FkksM+s gh fy, tkrs gSa A yM+ds ij bl rjg ds tqYe dk gd vkf[kj dkSu&lk dkuwu nsrk gS \ yM+ds ds ek&cki
vk,axs rks yM+dk ns fn;k tk;sxk A
ykyk dks f>M+drs&/kedkrs gq, odhy lkgc us ftl Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k gS] og odhyksa dh Hkk"kk gh gS ^^ykyk tks gqvk vc pys tkvks
oukZ yM+dk Hkxkus vkSj w,YVh Vq fpYMu ds tqeZ esa fxjrkj gks tkvksxs ----
iRuh dh Hkk"kk esa ftu eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS os izk;% e/;eoxZ dh ?kjsyw fL=;ksa dh cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa iz;qDr
gksrs gSa A ukyh dh xykt+r ij iyk&ikslk yM+dk ukyh dk dhM+k gh jgrk gS A og dqs dk xwa gS] u yhius dk u ikFkus dk] og dqs dh iwaN
gh lkfcr gksrk gS] tks ckjg lky uyh esa j[kh tkus ij Hkh lh/kh ugha gksrh A bl izdkj ys[kd us Jherh dh lksp] eukso`f rFkk ladh.kZrk
dks cgqr gh iSus 'kCnksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS A
dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd Hkh vR;Ur dykRed gS A mldk vk/kkj Jherh th dk g#vk ds izfr dgk x;k pqVhyk okD; rks gS dqs dh iwaN ckjg
cjl uyh esa jgh ij lh/kh ugha gqbZ] 'kh"kZd esa
e/;eoxZ ij O;aX; Hkh gS fd e/;eoxZ pkgs fdruk gh fn[kk;s fd og mnkj gS] mlesa xjhcksa ds izfr d#.kk Hkko gS] og mUgsa nhu fLFkfr
ls eqDr djuk pkgrk gS] ij mldh ekufldrk dh tM+sa bruh xgjh gSa fd og viuh fod`fr;ka ugha R;kx ikrh A
iz'u (?k) ok.kHkV~V dh vkRedFkk dk lkekftd&jktuhfrd lanHkZ
mkj^ck.kHk dh vkRedFkk* dk 'kh"kZd ns[kdj yxrk gS fd og vkRedFkk gS] mlesa ck.kHk dk thouo` gksxk] mlds thou dh ?kVukvksa]
mlds lkfgfR;d d`frRo dk ifjp; fn;k x;k gksxk] ij miU;kl esa ys[kd us ck.k dh thou&dFkk dks izeq[krk ugha nh gS A mlds lkfgfR;d d`frRo
dk] lkfgR;dkj dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu gS gh ugha A izeq[k gS g"kZdkyhu ?kVuk,] laLd`fr] /keZ&lk/kukeksa] mRloksa ,oa laxhr&u`R; ds n`'; A blds
fy, mUgksaus dYiuk dk lgkjk fy;k gS A dfYir ?kVukvksa vkSj ;qx ds okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy dfYir ik=ksa dh l`f"V dh gS rFkk muds }kjk rRdkyhu
ifjos'k dk thoUr fp= izLrqr fd;k gS A miU;kl esa g"kZdkyhu mj Hkkjr lkdkj gks mBk gS A bl ifjos'k ds fp=.k ds fy, mUgksaus ck.kHk
}kjk fy[kh x;h iqLrdksa ^dknEcjh*] g"kZpfjr] jRukoyh vkfn dk lgkjk fy;k gS A blesa g"kZdkyhu Hkkjro"kZ dk ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLd`frd ifjos'k

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gh iz/kku gS] dFkk dk lw= fojy gS A blesa dqN egoiw.kZ ik= ,sfrgkfld gSa ( tSls g"kZo/kZu] d`".ko/kZu] ck.k] 'khyHknz] jkT;Jh A blesa fpf=r
'kgj] uxj] rhFkZ&LFkku] lk/kuk&LFky ;k rks fpf=r 'kgj] uxj] rhFkZ LFkku] lk/kuk&LFky ;k rks ,sfrgkfld gSa ;k bfrgkl&lEer gSa A ijUrq izFke
rks miU;kl ck.k dks NksM+dj 'ks"k ,sfrgkfld ik=ksa dh Hkwfedk ux.; gS A nwljs muds vklikl ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,a vkSj muds }kjk fd;s x;s
dk;Z dkYifud gSa A dqN vU; ik=ksa tSls rqojfefyUn] yksfgr nso] /kkod] /kzqo'kekZ] bZ'oj lsu dk bfrgkl esa ukeksYys[k rks gS] ij os fdl dky
esa gq, Fks ;g fooknkLin gS A miU;kldkj us Lo;a miU;kl ds milagkj esa rqojfefyUn dks ,d leL;k crk;k gS A
f}osnh th dh iz'kalk bl ckr ds fy, djuh gksxh fd miU;kl ds ik=] muds LoHkko] dk;Zdyki] euksHkko lc g"kZdkyhu O;fDr;ksa ds
ln`'k gSa A mUgksaus ?kVukvksa] izlaxksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dk fp=.k bl izdkj fd;k gS fd ,sfrgkfld okrkoj.k vkSj ifjos'k lpeqp g"kZdkyhu yxrs
gSa A ikBd dks yxrk gS fd og g"kZdkyhu Hkkjr esa fopj.k dj jgk gS A g"kZdkyhu /keZ&lk/kukvksa dk ifjp; nsus ds fy, mUgksaus v?kksj
HkSjoegkek;k] lqpfjrk fojfrotz] lqxrHknz ls lEc) izlaxksa dh ;kstuk dh gS rFkk viuh dYiuk vkSj laosnu'khyrk ls mUgsa vR;Ur fo'oluh;
,oa ekfeZd cuk fn;k gS A ;g ys[kd dh vkSipkfjd ltZu'khyrk dk Toyar izek.k gS A
miU;kl esa ,sfrgkfld ik=ksa dk mruk ego ugha gS] ftruk dkYifud ik=ksafuiqf.kdk] Hkfuh] egkek;k enuJh] lqpkfjrk]
v?kksj HkSjo fojfrotz] lqxrHknz dk dYiuk izlwr gksrs gq, Hkh bu ik=ksa dk pfj=kadu ys[kdh; vuqHko] laosnuk] v/;;u&fpUru ij vkfJr gS
vr% ;s ik= ltho vkSj izkef.kd yxrs gSa A
ys[kd us ftu leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk gS] os g"kZdky ls lEc) rks gSa gh] orZeku ;qx esa Hkh fpUrk dk fo"k; gSa A ys[kd us bu leL;kvksa
ls ikBdksa dks voxr djkus] muds izfr tkx:d jgus rFkk mudk lek/kku djus ds fy, dqN lw= Hkh fn;s gSa A
ukjh eqfDr dh vko';drk] ukjh&iq#"k dh lekurk] tkrh; fo"kerk ij izgkj] deZdk.M tfur feF;k :f<+;ksa dk fojks/k] Lok/khurk
vkanksyu ds fy, p&uhp esa foHkkftr ns'k ds lglzkf/kd Lrjksa dh ,drk esa ck/kk mRiUu djus okyh izo`f;ksa dk [kqydj fojks/k djrs gSa A ;g
dk;Z ,sfrgkfld ik=ksa }kjk laHko ugha Fkk A vr% dkYifud ik=ksa dh l`f"V dh x;h gS A
bfrgkldkj dky&[kaM fo'ks"k dh jktuhfrd n`f"V ls egoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa 'kkldksa] lkeUrksa] lsukifr;ksa dk] ?kVukvksa ;q)ksa esa t;&ijkt;]
jktk&iztk ds lEc/kksa dks ego nsdj mudk rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fooj.k izLrqr djrk gS A ,sfrgkfld miU;kl esa dky&fo'ks"k ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd
thou dk bfrgklkfkr fp= dYiuk dh lgk;rk ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS A mlesa tu&thou dk fp= gksrk gS rFkk lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ltho
vadu fd;k tkrk gS A blhfy, dgk x;k gS In history nothing is true except names and dates, in novel everything is true except
names and dates. ia0 gtkjh izlkn f}osnh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds iqtkjh Fks rFkk mUgksaus ml laLd`fr dk LoPN] LoLFk Lo:i tkuus ds fy,
fo'kn~rFkk xaHkhj v/;;u fd;k Fkk A ^ck.kHk dh vkRedFkk* esa muds bl v/;;u dh Nki Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A
lkaLd`frd thou ds izeq[k vax gSadykvksa ds izfr #fp] mRlo] ioZ] /keZ&n'kZu] os'kHkw"kk] izlk/ku] f'k"Vkpkj] ukjh ds izfr iq#"k dk
n`f"Vdks.k A ^ck.kHk dh vkRedFkk* esa ftruk ego buds fp=.k ij fn;k x;k gS] mruk jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ij ugha A blesa g"kZdkyhu mj
Hkkjr ds tu&thou rFkk fgUnw laLd`fr dk ltho vad gS A

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dykvksa esa #fp

g"kZo/kZu ds 'kklu&dky esa jktdqy ds lnL;ksa] lkeUrksa rFkk vfHktkR; oxZ ds lEiUu yksxksa esa gh ugha] tu&lkekU; esa Hkh laxhr] u`R;]
vkfn yfyr dykvksa esa izxk<+ #fp Fkh A ioks rFkk mRloksa esa os mRlkg&mYykl ds lkFk Hkkx ysrs Fks] xkrs Fks] ukprs Fks] fofHkUu izdkj ds ok|&;a=
ctkdj okrkoj.k dks laxhre; cukrs Fks A miU;kl esa fofo/k ok| ;a=ksae`nax] enZy] ppZjh] HkkfyaX;; o.kq] >Yyjh] dkaL;rky] dks'kh] dydkaL;]
ra=h vkfn dk mYys[k gS A dqekj d`".ko/kZu ds iq= ds tUeksRlo esa vUr%iqj ds deZpkjh gh ugha] lkekU;tu Hkh Hkkx ysrs gSa ukprs] xkrs
gSa A iqq#"k gh ugha fL=;ka jkto/kq,a] dqyhu ukfj;k] lkekU; fL=;ka lHkh ml volj ij viuk g"kksZYykl rFkk dyk&izse izdV djrh gSa A gksyh
ds volj ij enuksRlo euk;k tkrk gS A xf.kdk,a fofHkUu voljksa ij lkaLd`frd dk;Zeksa dk vk;kstu djrh Fkh rFkk turk muesa i;kZIr la[;k
esa Hkkx ysrh Fkh A miU;kl esa enuksRlo dk o.kZu n`"VO; gS A bu voljksa ij iq#"k vkSj ukfj;ka viuh&viuh gSfl;r ds cgqewY; oL= /kkj.k
djrs Fks A lkekU; fnuksa esa Hkh izR;sd o.kZ dh os'kHkw"kk muds Lrj ds vuq:i ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gksrh Fkh A jktk jkt&lHkk esa ve`r ds leku
LoPN o.kZ ds nks nqdwy /kkj.k djrk Fkk A czk.k 'kqDy /kkSr mjh; igurs Fks A uo;qofr;k cklauh fp=d vkSj dkSlqE; oL= /kkj.k djrh Fkha]
xf.kdk,a ihuka'kqe igurh Fkha] lf/kdk,a ihys dkSlqE; oL= /kkj.k djrh Fkha] ckS) fHk{kq ihr o.kZ dk pfoj igurs Fks] ;ksxh dUFkk /kkj.k djrs Fks
A ijLij ckrphr esa f'k"Vkpkj dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk A iq#"k L=h dks ^nsoh 'kqHks* 'kCnksa ls lEcksf/kr djrs Fks rFkk fL=;ka ^vk;Z* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx djrh Fkha A
ml le; /kkfeZd Lora=rk Fkh A jkT; dh vksj ls dksbZ ncko ;k fu;a=.k ugha Fkk A vr% lHkh /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksackS) /keZ] oSfnd /keZ]
oS".ko] 'kkDr] 'kSo vo/kwr] dkSy] vkfn esa turk ds yksx viuh bPNkuqlkj /kkfeZd vuq"Bku djus ds fy, Lora= Fks A
ys[kd us v?kksj HkSjo ds :i esa ,d ,sls rkfU=d lk/kd dk fp=.k fd;k gS] tks viuh okeekxhZ] rkfU=d lk/kuk ds ckotwn gekjh J)k
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dk ik= cuk jgrk gS A okeekxhZ lk/kuk lkekU; turk ds fy, lqxe vkSj lgtxzkg;~ ugha Fkh A HkfDr ekxZ dk fodkl gqvk A f}osnh th us bl yksdeq[kh
lk/kuk ds fodkl ds vadu ds fy, lqpfjrk vkSj fojfrotz dh dFkk dh jpuk dh gS A dkSy rU= esa ^'kfDr* L=h dks dgrs gSa A fojfrotz viuh
iRuh dks R;kx dj lk/kuk ds ekxZ esa vk;k gS A vkpk;Z mls osadVs'k Hk ds ikl Hkst nsrs gSa A vkpk;Z osadVs'k Hk dh lk/kuk yksdekxZ ls tqM+h gqbZ
HkfDrekxhZ lk/kuk gS A fojfrotz vkSj mldh iRuh lqpfjrk nksuksa muds f'k"; cu dj ,d fcydqy u;s <ax dh lk/kuk dk vkjEHk djrs gSa] tks lgt]
yksdHkkouk ds vuqdwy vkSj ijEijkxr HkfDrekxZ ls tqM+h gksus ds dkj.k turk esa vR;Ur yksdfiz; gks tkrh gS A Lo;a v?kksj HkSjo dk Hkh dguk gS
fd izo`f;ksa ls Mjuk Hkh xyr gS] mUgsa fNikuk Hkh Bhd ugha vkSj muls yfTtr gksuk ckfy'krk gS A bl izdkj ^ck.kHk dh vkRedFkk* dks
g"kZdkyhu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk LoPN niZ.k dgk tk ldrk gS A
iz'u () ^flDdk cny x;k* dh 'kkguh dk pfj=k fp=k.k
mkj^flDdk cny x;k* dk vFkZ gSdgkuh 1947 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku foHkktu ij vkkkfjr gSA foHkktu gksus ij jkT; dk 'kklu
djus okys cny x,A Hkkjr dk 'kklu fgUnqvksa osQ gkFk esa rFkk ikfdLrku esa lkk rFkk 'kklu dh ckxMksj eqLyekuksa osQ gkFkksa esa pyh
x;hA foHkktu ls iwoZ gh ns'k dk okrkoj.k fo"kkDr gks x;k FkkA ijLij }s"k] oSeuL;] ,d&nwljs osQ izfr 'k=kqrk] izfrfgalk osQ Hkko
pje&lhek ij igqp x, Fks ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k osQ vusd Hkkxksa esa lkEiznkf;d naxs] gR;k,] ywVikV] vktuh dh foHkRl ?kVuk, ?kVhaA
fL=k;ksa osQ vigj.k vkSj cykRdkj dh vekuqf"kd ?kVukvksa osQ dkj.k L=kh tkfr lcls vfkd ihfM+r vkSj viekfur gks jgh FkhA 'kkguh
tks fd xko dh lEekfur efgyk gS rFkk mldk vius [ksrksa] gosyh rFkk xko okyksa ls vkfRed lacak gS] mldk tqM+ko mls muls vyx
gksus ij ihM+k igqpk jgk gS] mUgsa R;kxus osQ fy, ck; 'kkguh dh ihM+k gh bl dgkuh dh ewy laosnuk gSA viuh tehu ls m[kM+us
dh ihM+k bruh vfkd gSA fd mlosQ vkxs jkT; iyVus ;k flDdk cnyus dk dksbZ ego ugha gSA
'kkguh kked izo`fk dh L=kh FkhA vius keZ ls tqM+s fuR;&fu;eksa dk ikyu iwjh fu"Bk ls djrh Fkh'kkguh [kj dh pknj vks<+s
gkFk esa ekyk tirs gq, puko nfj;k osQ fdukjs ugkus osQ fy, igqph] rks ikS iQVus okyh FkhA 'kkgth us vius diM+s mrkjdj ,d vksj
j[ks vkSj ^Jh&jke&Jh jke* dgrh gqbZ ikuh esa pyh x;hA vatfy esa ikuh ysdj mlus lw;Z nsork dks ueLdkj fd;kA
og xko dh lEekfur L=kh gSA 'kkguh esa lkaiznkf;drk dh Hkkouk ugha gSA eqLyekuksa osQ izfr mlosQ n; esa Hkh lkSgknZ dh Hkkouk
gSA 'ksjk tks eqfLye gStSuk dh vkSykn gS mldk ikyu iks"k.k 'kkguh djrh gS] mldk fookg Hkh djkrh gS rFkk mls vkJ; Hkh iznku
djrh gSA bruk gh ugha tc mls oSaQi esa tkus osQ fy, foo'k gksuk iM+rk gS rc og viuh ku lEifk Hkh eqLyekuksa osQ fy, NksM+
nsrh gS^exj D;k gks ldrk gSflDdk cny x;k gSA 'kkguh dk ?kj ls fudyuk NksVh ckr ugha gSA xko dk xko gosyh osQ njokts
ls ysdj ml njokts rd [kM+k gS] ftls 'kkg th us vius iq=k dh 'kknh esa cuok;k FkkA rc ls ysdj vkt rd lkjs lykg&e'kfojs
vkSj iSQlys ;gh gksrs jgs gSaA 'kkguh dks fdlh ls cSj ugha FkkA og lc oqQN tkudj Hkh vutku cuh jghA
'kkguh dk vius ?kj vkSj [ksrksa ls vlhe eksg gSA og ogk ls tkuk ugha pkgrh ij foo'k gS
^'kkguh le> xbZ] oDr vk x;kA og e'khu dh rjg uhps mrjh] ij M~;ks<+h u yka?k ldhA*
^csxw us viuk xyk lkiQ djrs gq, dgk^'kkguh jCc uw ,gh eatwj lhA* 'kkguh osQ dne Mksy x,A mls pDdj vk;k] vkSj og
nhokj osQ lkFk yx x;hA csxw lksp jgk FkkA 'kkguh ij D;k xqtj jgh gSA exj D;k gks ldrk gSflDdk cny x;k gSA 'kkguh dk ?kj
ls fudyuk NksVh ckr ugha gSA* nkmQn [kka pqipki 'kkguh osQ ikl x;k vkSj cksyk] 'kkguh nsj gks jgh gSA oqQN lksuk&pkanh lkFk ckak
yksA* 'kkguh us vLiqQV Loj esa dgk^lksuk] pkanh cPpk ;g lc rqe yksxksa osQ fy, gSA esjk lksuk rks ,d&,d tehu esa fcNk iM+k
gSA* 'kkguh dks iSls ls dskbZ eksg ugha gSA nkmQn osQ ckj&ckj dgus ij og dgrh gS^eq>s bl ?kj ls udnh I;kjh ugha ;gk dh udnh
;gh jgsxhA
blh osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kkguh LokfHkekuh Hkh gSA tc 'ksjk dgrk gS fd ^[kk lkgc nsj gks jgh gSA* rks 'ksjs dh ckr lqudj 'kkguh
pkSadh&^esjs ?kj esa eq>s nsjA eSa iqj[kksa osQ ?kj dh jkuh vkSj ;g esjs gh vUu ij iys gq,A* 'kkguh us iSQlyk fd;k fd og ;gk ls ysdj
M~;ks<+h ugha yka?ksxh] cfYd eku ls yka?ksxh ;g nsgjhA mlus yM+[kM+krs dneksa ls M~;ks<+h yka?khA
xko okys Hkh 'kkguh dk cgqr eku&lEeku djrs FksA 'ksjk tks ,d ckj mldk dRy djus dks Hkh rS;kj gks x;k Fkk ckn esa 'kkguh
dh eerk dks ns[k viuk fopkj R;kx nsrk gSA mlus lkspk vkf[kj 'kkguh us gekjk D;k fcxkM+k gS\ 'kkguh dh ckr 'kkguh osQ lkFk
xbZA og 'kkguh dks t:j cpk,xkA
bruk gh ugha tc og xko NksM+ dj tk jgh gksrh gS rks lkjk xko mlosQ lEeku esa ogk [kM+k gksrk gS rFkk mudh vk[ksa] ue gksrh
gSa
^nkmQn [kka] 'ksjk] iVokjh] tsynkj vkSj NksVs&cM+s] cPps&cw<+s lc mlosQ ihNs&ihNs py iM+sA nkmQn [kka us Vd dk njoktk [kksykA
'kkguh c<+h] ij bLekby us Hkkjh vkokt esa dgk^'kkguh oqQN dgk tkvksA rqEgkjs eqg ls fudyh vlhl >wB ugha gks ldrhA 'kkguh

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us fgpdh jksd dj :ks xys ls dgk&jCc rqgkuwa lyker j[ks] cPpk [kqf'k;ka c['ksA NksVk tu lewg jks iM+kA [kwuh 'ksjs dk fny VwV
jgk FkkA mlus 'kkguh osQ iko idMs+&'kkguh dksbZ oqQN ugha dj ldkA jkt gh iyV x;kA 'kkguh us dkairk gqvk gkFk 'ksjs osQ flj ij
j[kk&^rSuw Hkkx tx.k pUukA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd 'kkguh xko dh lEekfur L=kh gSA mldh lcus izfr ;gk rd fd fotkrh; yksxksa osQ izfr Hkh lkSgknZ
vkSj eerke;h Hkkouk jgrh gSA ij lkFk gh og LokfHkekuh Hkh gS vkSj xko esa mls vius :rcs dk vglkl Hkh gSA mldk viuh tehu
vkSj lEifk ls eksg LokHkkfod gS mldk O;ogkj mlosQ 'k=kqvksa dk Hkh n; ifjorZu dj nsrk gSA

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