SWITCH10S08L02

Lesson 2
Assessing the Impact of

WLANs on Campus
Overview
Assess the impact of WLANs on campus infrastructure operations
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to <please complete here>. This ability includes
being able to meet these objectives:
Wireless LAN Implementations
Standalone vs. Controller-based WLAN Solution
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone Solution
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controller-based Solution
Power over Ethernet
Wireless LAN Implementations

This topic describes Cisco Wireless LAN Implementations
Cisco WLAN Implementations
Standalone WLAN solution

Standalone access points
Controller-based WLAN solution

Controller-based access points
WLAN controller
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
SWITCH v1.08-4
Cisco offers two WLAN implementations:
8-4
The standalone WLAN solution is based on standalone access points.
The controller-based WLAN solution is based on controller-based access points and

WLAN controllers.
Implementing Cisco Switched Networks (SWITCH) v1.0
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Standalone WLAN Solution

This subtopic describes the Standalone WLAN Solution

ACS
WLSE
Access Control Server (ACS)

RADIUS / TACACS+ server
Cisco Wireless LAN Solution Engine
(WLSE)
Centralized management and
monitoring
Wireless Domain Services (WDS)
Management support for WLSE
Network infrastructure
PoE switch and router
Standalone access point
WDS
SWITCH v1.08-5
The figure shows the components of the distributed WLAN solution:
Standalone access points that use Cisco IOS software.
Network infrastructure with router and switches. Switches can be used to supply power to
the access points (PoE).
Wireless Domain Services (WDS) for radio frequency (RF) management and fast, secure
roaming.
CiscoWorks Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) for management (optional).
Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) for security using RADIUS and TACACS+
protocol.
Integrating Wireless LAN into a Campus Network
8-5
Traffic Flow between Clients Standalone WLAN

This subtopic describes Traffic Flow between Clients Standalone WLAN
Traffic Flow between Wireless Clients

WLSE
ACS
WDS
Data traffic
between
wireless clients
flows via switch
SWITCH v1.08-6
The data traffic between two clients on the same subnet on different access points flows via the
layer 2 switch infrastructure
8-6
Controller Based WLAN Solution

This subtopic describes the Controller Based WLAN Solution
Controller-based WLAN Solution

LOC
WCS
Access Control Server (ACS)

RADIUS / TACACS+ server
Wireless Control System (WCS)
Centralized management and
monitoring
Location appliance
Location tracking
Wireless LAN Controller
AP and WLAN configuration
Network infrastructure
PoE switch and router
Controller-based access point
ACS
WLC
SWITCH v1.08-7
The figure shows the components of the controller-based WLAN solution:
Controller-based access points
Network infrastructure with router and switches. Switches can be used to supply power to
the access points (PoE)
Cisco Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) for the configuration of the access points
Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) for management (optional)
Cisco Wireless Location Appliance for location tracking
Cisco Secure ACS for security using RADIUS and TACACS+ protocol
8-7
Controller Based WLAN Solution

This subtopic describes the Controller Based WLAN Solution
Access point MAC functions:

802.11: Beacons, probe responses
802.11 control: Packet acknowledgment
and transmission
802.11e: Frame queuing and packet
prioritization
802.11i: MAC layer data encryption and
decryption
Controller MAC functions:

802.11 MAC management: Association
requests and actions
802.11e Resource reservation
802.11i Authentication and key
management
SWITCH v1.08-8
The controller-based architecture splits the processing of the 802.11 protocol between two
devices, the access point and a centralized Cisco WLC. The processing of the 802.11 data and
management protocols and the access point functionality is also divided between the two
devices. This approach is called split MAC.
The access point handles the portions of the protocol that have real-time requirements:
The frame exchange handshake between a client and access point when transferring a
frame over the air
The transmission of beacon frames
The buffering and transmission of frames for clients in power save operation
The response to probe request frames from clients
Forwarding notification of received probe requests to the controller
Providing real-time signal quality information to the controller with every received frame
Monitoring each radio channel for noise, interference, and presence of other WLANs
Monitoring for the presence of other access points
All remaining functionality is handled in the Cisco Aironet WLC, where time-sensitivity is not
a concern and controller-wide visibility is required.
8-8
802.11 authentication
802.11 association and reassociation (mobility)
802.11 frame translation and bridging
Controller-based Access Point Protocol

This subtopic describes the Controller-based Access Point Protocol
Controller-based Access Point Protocol

Real-time frame exchange and certain real-time portions of MAC
management are accomplished within the access point.
Authentication, security management, and mobility are handled by WLAN
controllers.
Data and control messages are encapsulated between the access point
and the WLAN controller using CAPWAP or LWAPP.
Control messages are encrypted
All client data traffic is sent via the WLAN controller.
LWAPP Lightweight Access Point Protocol
CAPWAP New protocol (software version 5.2 and later)
CAPWAP / LWAPP is a UDP/IP packet
WLAN controller and access point can be in the same or different
broadcast domains and IP subnets.
Access point obtain an IP address via DHCP
Access points join controller via CAPWAP / LWAPP discovery
SWITCH v1.08-9
The control traffic between the access point and the controller is encapsulated with the
LWAPP. The control traffic is encrypted via the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
The data traffic between the access point and controller is also encapsulated with LWAPP. The
data traffic is not encrypted. It is switched at the WLAN controller, where VLAN tagging and
quality of service (QoS) are also applied.
8-9
Traffic Flow between Clients Controller-based WLAN

This subtopic describes the Traffic Flow between Clients Controller-based WLAN
Traffic Flow between Wireless Clients

LOC
WCS
ACS
WLC
Data traffic
between
wireless clients
via controller
SWITCH v1.08-10
The data traffic between two clients flows via the wireless LAN controller
8-10
Comparison of the WLAN Solutions

This topic compares the WLAN Solutions
Comparison of the WLAN Solution

Standalone
Controller-based
Access points
Standalone IOS
Controller-based IOS
Configuration
Access point
WLAN controller
Operation
Independent
Dependent on WLC
Management and
monitoring
WLSE
WCS
Redundancy
Access point
Access point
WLAN controller
SWITCH v1.08-12
The two WLAN solutions have different characteristics and advantages.

Standalone access points are configured per access point. Their Cisco IOS software operates
independently. Centralized configuration, monitoring, and management can be done via the
CiscoWorks WLSE. Standalone access points can be installed with redundancy per access
point.
Controller-based access points are configured via the WLAN controller. They depend on the
WLAN controller for control and data transmission. Only in Remote-Edge Access Point mode
does a controller-based access point not depend on the WLAN controller for data transmission.
Monitoring and security is implemented by the WLAN controller. Centralized configuration,
monitoring, and management can be done via the Cisco WCS. WLAN controllers can be
installed with redundancy within WLAN controller groups.
8-11
Access Points and Bridges

This subtopic describes Cisco access points and bridges
Cisco Access Points and Bridges

Most access points can used with standalone and controller-based IOS
Indoor access points
521G
1130AG
1140AGN
Indoor rugged access points
1240AG
1250AGN
Outdoor access points

and bridges
1300G
1400A
1520AG
SWITCH v1.08-13
Access Points and Bridges

Cisco offers different access points and bridges for different physical environments. In addition
to controller-based and standalone access points, Cisco has integrated access points into the
ISR with either built-in or access point network modules, depending on the ISR model.
All Cisco Aironet controller-based access points connect to Cisco WLCs, so customers can mix
and match access points within their network, yet still take advantage of all the rich Cisco
Unified Wireless Network capabilities in an integrated manner.
Cisco has products for the carpeted enterprise, ruggedized environments, and challenging
environments such as the outdoors.
8-12
Cisco Aironet 1130AG Series Access Point is for the carpeted enterprise that has little
environmental variability and operates within a controlled environment.
Cisco Aironet 1140AGN is the 802.11n draft 2.0 access point for the office environment.
Cisco Aironet 1240AG Series Access Point is for challenging environments that need a
ruggedized enclosure such as manufacturing, loading docks, and warehouses.
Cisco Aironet 1250AGN is the 802.11n draft 2.0 access point with external antennas and
for challenging environments
Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/Bridge or Cisco Aironet 1400 Series
Wireless Bridges offer high-speed, high-performance outdoor bridging for line-of-sight
applications. They both have a ruggedized enclosure for harsh outdoor environments with
extended operating temperature range. Both are available in an standalone version only.
Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/Bridge can be deployed as an standalone
access point, bridge, or workgroup bridge. It has a ruggedized enclosure and provides high-
speed and cost-effective wireless connectivity between multiple fixed or mobile networks
and clients.
Cisco Aironet 1520 Controller-based Outdoor Mesh Access Point is for cost-effective,
scalable deployment of secure outdoor WLANs for network connections within a campus
area, outdoor infrastructure for mobile users, or public access for outdoor areas.
8-13
WLAN Controllers
This subtopic describes WLAN Controllers types
Types of WLAN Controllers

Standalone controllers
2100 series
4400 series
Integrated controllers
WLAN controller modul for ISR
3750G switch with integrated WLAN controller
WiSM module for 6500 switch
SWITCH v1.08-14
Depending on the size of the campus and whether integration with Layer 3 infrastructure
devices is desired, one of two categories of WLCs is typically deployed.
Appliance controllers from the Cisco 4400 Series can be used to support from six to 100 access
points. These controllers can support from 40 to 2000 wireless devices, depending on the mix
of data and voice clients. Layer 3 routing is supported on another platform. The Cisco 4400
Series connects to the enterprise network using a 802.1Q trunk.
Controllers integrated in Layer 3 devices such as the Cisco Catalyst 3750G Integrated Wireless
LAN Controller or the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series WiSM support from 25 to 300 access points.
In this case, Layer 3 routing can be supported on the same platform. The integrated controllers
support Layer 2 connections internally and can use Layer 2 or Layer 3 connections to the wired
enterprise network.
The Cisco 2100 Series delivers WLAN services to small and medium-sized enterprise
environments. It supports up to six controller-based access points, making it a cost-effective
solution for smaller buildings and branch offices within a distributed enterprise
The Cisco 4400 Series Wireless LAN Controller is designed for medium to large facilities. It is
available in two models:
WLAN controllers are also available for the Cisco Catalyst 6500 and Cisco Integrated Services
Routers (ISRs).
8-14
Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Platforms

This subtopic describes Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Platforms
Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Platforms

Platform
Number of Access Points

Supported
Cisco 2100 Series Wireless LAN

Controller
6 / 12 / 25
Cisco Wireless LAN Controller

Module for ISRs
8 / 12
Cisco Catalyst 3750G Integrated

Wireless LAN Controller
25 / 50
Cisco 4400 Series Wireless LAN

Controller
12 / 25 / 50 / 100
Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series

Wireless Services Module
300
SWITCH v1.08-15
WLCs and Access Point Support

The table shows a summary of access points supported by the various Cisco Wireless LAN
Controllers.
Note
These counts may change as products are updated. Please check http://www.cisco.com
for the latest information.
8-15
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone

Solution
This topic describes SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone Solution
DHCP
Server
802.1Q Trunk / PoE
SWITCH v1.08-17
The standalone access points are connected to trunk ports on switches with power over
Ethernet. Management and data VLANs are connected to the standalone access points
8-16
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone Solution

This subtopic describes SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone Solution
WLANs, VLANs and Trunks in the

Standalone Solution
Mapping of SSID, VLAN and subnet at standalone access point

Client becomes a station within a VLAN connected to the AP
Client gets an IP address from a VLAN / subnet connected to the AP
Same VLANs / subnets on all APs
Layer 2 connection between APs
Layer 2 roaming only
SWITCH v1.08-18
Mapping of SSID, VLAN and subnet at WLAN controller

Client becomes a station within a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN controller
Client gets an IP address from a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN controller
Any VLAN / subnet can be conntected to the APs
APs and WLAN controller on same or different subnet
Layer 3 IP connection between APs and WLAN controller
Layer 2 and layer 3 roaming supported via WLAN controller
8-17
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controllerbased Solution

This topic describes SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controller-based Solution

802.1Q Trunk
DHCP
Server
Access Port / PoE
SWITCH v1.08-20
The wireless LAN controller is connected to trunk ports on. Management and data VLANs are
connected to the wireless LAN controller
The controller-based access points are connected to access ports on switches with power over
Ethernet. Only the access point VLAN is connected to the controller-based access points
8-18
SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controller-based Solution

This subtopic describes SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controller-based Solution
WLANs, VLANs and Trunks in the

Controller-based Solution

Client becomes a station within a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN
controller
Client gets an IP address from a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN
controller
SWITCH v1.08-21

Client becomes a station within a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN controller
Client gets an IP address from a VLAN / subnet connected to the WLAN controller
8-19
LWAPP / CAPWAP Protocol

This subtopic describesthe LWAPP / CAPWAP controller-based AP protocol
Controller-based AP Protocol
CAPWAP / LWAPP
Data
WLC
Data
Protocol between access point

and WLAN controller (WLC)
WCS
Split-MAC architecture
Access point
WLAN controller
Security policies
RF interface (radio)
QoS policies
MAC layer encryption
RF management
Mobility management
SWITCH v1.08-22
The CAPWAP / LWAPP tunnel connects the AP and the WLC.

Split MAC Architecture
Access point
RF interface (radio)
MAC layer encryption
WLAN controller
Security policies
QoS policies
RF management
Mobility management
8-20
Hybrid Remote Edge Access Point

This subtopic describes hybrid remote edge access points
Hybrid REAP
SWITCH v1.08-23
H-REAP is an enhancement to REAP that also enables customers to configure and control two
or three access points in a branch or remote office from the corporate office through a WAN
link without deploying a controller in each office. The H-REAP access points can switch client
data traffic locally and perform client authentication locally when their connection to the
controller is lost. When they are connected to the controller, they can also send traffic back to
the controller.
H-REAP provides more security options for the remote site:
Disconnected mode: When the controller is not reachable by H-REAP, the device goes
into the stand-alone state and does client authentication by itself. In stand-alone mode, HREAP supports WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK for client authentication.
Connected mode: When H-REAP can reach the controller, so that it is in a connected
state, H-REAP gets help from the controller to complete client authentication. In connected
mode, H-REAP supports WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, virtual private networks (VPNs), Layer
2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), and web
authentication for client authentication.
H-REAP is more delay-sensitive than REAP; round-trip latency must not exceed 200 ms
between the access point and the controller, and LWAPP control packets must be prioritized
over all other traffic.
H-REAP supports a one-to-one NAT configuration. It also supports Port Address Translation
(PAT) for all features except true multicast. Multicast is supported across NAT boundaries
when configured using the Unicast option.
8-21
Power over Ethernet

This topic describes Power over Ethernet
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Sending operating power over Ethernet Category 5 cable

Power-sourcing equipment (PSE)
Switches
Midspan power panels
Powered devices
Access points,
IP phones
IP surveillance cameras
Distances up to 100 meters
SWITCH v1.08-25
To decrease the cost and complexity of the installation, the access points can be powered over
an Ethernet cable, eliminating the need to run expensive AC power to remote access point
installation locations.
No electrician is required. Anyone qualified to run Category 5 cable can install the cabling that
is required to power Cisco Aironet access points. The standard Category 5 cable requirements
still apply (maximum 328 feet or 100 meters).
Power-sourcing equipment (PSE) can be switches, routers with switch modules, and power
injectors.
Powered devices are access points and other devices.
New PoE switches, such as the Catalyst 3560-24PS switch, can supply power of up to 15W per
port.
Up to 15W power is required for dual-mode access points
8-22
Power Sources for Access Points

This subtopic describes Power Sources for Access Points
Power Sources for Access Points

PoE switch
Power adapter
Benefits
Power injector
Remote management
Disadvantages
Easy installation of UPS
Cannot be remotely managed
No additional power cabling
May require additional

configuration on access
points
Additional power cabling
SWITCH v1.08-26
Primary power sources for access points

PoE switch
Benefits
Remote management
Easy installation of UPS
No additional power cablingAlternatives:
Power adapter
Power injector
Disadvantages
Cannot be remotely managed
May require additional configuration on access points
Additional power cabling
8-23
Power over Ethernet 803.2af

This subtopic describes Power over Ethernet 803.2af

Two incompatible PoE detection methods
Cisco Inline Power (2000)
IEEE 802.3af standard (2003)
Up to 15.4 W per port
New Cisco devices (PSEs and powered devices) support both
PoE methods.
Access points 1131AG, 1242AG
Switches: 3560, 3750, 4500 and 6500 line cards
Router with PoE: 1812, switch modules
Automatic detection; no configuration is required.
SWITCH v1.08-27
Two power over Ethernet methods exist.

The Cisco inline power and the IEEE 802.3af standard.
The difference is the power detection which detects if the connected device needs power.
New Cisco devices (switches, access points) support both methods for backward compatibility.
No configuration is required.
8-24
Power over Ethernet New Development

This subtopic describes Power over Ethernet New Developments
Power over Ethernet Future

New devices like access points and IP surveillance cameras
need more than 15W of power
New 802.3at standard under development
Up to 30 W of power
Interim solution from Cisco
Enhanced PoE up to 20W
Available on 3560E and 3750E switches
Access point 1250AG requires 18W
3560 and 3750 switch with IOS 12.2(46)+ support AP1250AG
SWITCH v1.08-28
The IEEE 803.2af standard will be enhanced with a new standard 802.3at which will provide
more power.
As a interim solution from Cisco called enhanced PoE provides up to 20W of power with the
E-series switches.
With IOS 12.2(46) and later the 3560 and 3750 switches can power the 1250AG access point. It
requires 18W for full operation. With this IOS access point and switch communicate power
capabilities via CDP. This allows to operate the 1250AG access point with a reduced power op
15W.
8-25

This subtopic describes Power over Ethernet 803.2af

IEEE 802.3af Power Classes
Class
Usage
Minimum Power
Levels Output at the
PSE
Maximum Power Levels at the

Powered Device
Default
15.4W
0.44 to 12.95W
Optional
4.0W
0.44 to 3.84W
Optional
7.0W
3.84 to 6.49W
Optional
15.4W
6.49 to 12.95W
Reserved
for future
use
Treat as Class 0
Reserved for future use: A

Class 4 signature cannot be
provided by a compliant
powered device
SWITCH v1.08-29
PoE Configuration To decrease the cost and complexity of the installation, the access points
can be powered over an Ethernet cable, eliminating the need to run expensive AC power to
remote access point installation locations.
No electrician is required. Anyone qualified to run Category 5 cable can install the cabling that
is required to power Cisco Aironet access points. The standard Category 5 cable requirements
still apply (maximum 328 feet or 100 meters).
Power-sourcing equipment (PSE) can be switches, routers with switch modules, and power
injectors.
Powered devices are access points and other devices.
New PoE switches, such as the Catalyst 3560-24PS switch, can supply power of up to 15W
per port.
Up to 15W power is required for dual-mode access points
8-26
PoE Configuration
This subtopic describes PoE Configuration
PoE Switch
switch(config-if)# power inline {auto | never}
PoE configuration
switch# show power inline [interface]
Display PoE statistics
New screenshot
switch# show power inline

Available:370.0(w) Used:61.6(w) Remaining:308.4(w)
Interface Admin Oper
Power
Device
Class Max
(Watts)
--------- ------ ------ ------- ---------- ----- ---Gi0/1
auto
off
0.0
n/a
n/a
15.4
Gi0/2
auto
on
15.4
Ieee PD
3
15.4
Gi0/3
auto
off
0.0
n/a
n/a
15.4
Gi0/4
auto
on
15.4
Ieee PD
3
15.4
Gi0/5
auto
off
0.0
n/a
n/a
15.4
Gi0/6
auto
on
15.4
Ieee PD
3
15.4
Gi0/7
auto
off
0.0
n/a
n/a
15.4
Gi0/8
auto
on
15.4
Ieee PD
3
15.4
SWITCH v1.08-30
Switch port configuration for PoE:
Enables and disables PoE
Auto (default)
Power detection enabled
Power is supplied if required by device
Never
Power disabled
Port shutdown turns power off
The command show power inline displays the configuration and statistics about the used
power drawn by connected powered devices and the capacity of the power supply.
8-27
PoE Verification
This subtopic describes PoE Switch Port Status
PoE Switch Port Status
New screenshot
SWITCH v1.08-31
The Catalyst switch device manager displays the port status and the PoE statistics.
8-28
Summary
This topic summarizes the key points that were discussed in this lesson.
Summary
Standalone and controller-based WLAN solutions are the Cisco
implementations of WLAN.
CAPWAP / LWAPP is the protocol used between controller-based
access points and WLAN controllers.
WLAN components include clients, access points, controllers,
management systems, infrastructure devices, and security server.
The Cisco Unified Wireless Network provides a unified enterpriseclass wireless solution.
Cisco Aironet access points are available for indoor or outdoor
use.
Access points and IP phones can be powered over Ethernet
cable.
SWITCH v1.08-32
8-29
8-30

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Lesson 2

Assessing the Impact of

Wireless LAN Implementations

Standalone vs. Controller-based WLAN Solution

SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Standalone Solution

SSIDs, VLANs and Trunks in the Controller-based Solution

Power over Ethernet

Wireless LAN Implementations

Cisco WLAN Implementations

Standalone WLAN solution

Controller-based WLAN solution

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco offers two WLAN implementations:

The standalone WLAN solution is based on standalone access points.

The controller-based WLAN solution is based on controller-based access points and

Implementing Cisco Switched Networks (SWITCH) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Standalone WLAN Solution

Standalone WLAN Solution

Access Control Server (ACS)

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The figure shows the components of the distributed WLAN solution:

Standalone access points that use Cisco IOS software.

CiscoWorks Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) for management (optional).

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Integrating Wireless LAN into a Campus Network

Traffic Flow between Clients Standalone WLAN

Traffic Flow between Wireless Clients

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implementing Cisco Switched Networks (SWITCH) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Controller Based WLAN Solution

Controller-based WLAN Solution

Access Control Server (ACS)

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The figure shows the components of the controller-based WLAN solution:

Controller-based access points

Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) for management (optional)

Cisco Wireless Location Appliance for location tracking

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Integrating Wireless LAN into a Campus Network

Controller Based WLAN Solution

Controller-based WLAN Solution

Access point MAC functions:

Controller MAC functions:

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The transmission of beacon frames

The response to probe request frames from clients

Forwarding notification of received probe requests to the controller

Monitoring for the presence of other access points

802.11 association and reassociation (mobility)

802.11 frame translation and bridging

Implementing Cisco Switched Networks (SWITCH) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Controller-based Access Point Protocol

Controller-based Access Point Protocol

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Integrating Wireless LAN into a Campus Network

Traffic Flow between Clients Controller-based WLAN

Traffic Flow between Wireless Clients

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implementing Cisco Switched Networks (SWITCH) v1.0

2009 Cisco Systems, Inc.

Comparison of the WLAN Solutions