REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCED CONCRETE 1
0423522
Dr. Murat Serdar Krl
NM 1-024
www.yildiz.edu.tr/~kircil
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes

Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
Outline of the course
Brief history
Basic information on ingredients of reinforced
concrete: Cement, sand-aggregate, water
Mechanical properties of concrete
The fundamentals of the design of reinforced
concrete structures: Methods and assumptions
Design of reinforced concrete elements
Flexural design
Shear design, shear & torsion
Members subjected to axial force only
Members subjected to axial force and flexure
Bond and anchorage

Serviceability

Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING?
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS
THE ART OF USING MATERIALS
that have properties which can only be estimated
TO BUILD REAL STRUCTURES
that can only be approximately analyzed
TO WITHSTAND FORCES
that are not accurately known
Edward L. Wilson,
(Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures)

Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete is a structural material that has high compressive
strength while its tensile strength is low. It is produced by
mixing sand-aggregate, cement and water. Some admixtures
may be added to concrete if they are required.
Reinforcement steel is used to compensate the tensile
strength deficiency of concrete.
The material as a combination of concrete and reinforcement
steel is called REINFORCED CONCRETE (R/C).
The compressive force is sustained by the compressive
zone of the R/C sections.
The tensile forces is sustained by reinforcement steel bars
which are placed on the tension side of the RC sections.

Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
HISTORY
In ancient period, the human-being was used stones as a structural
material since its compressive strength is high. Some Hellenistic and
Roman templates were constructed by using such massive stones.
Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
HISTORY
However, the span of the stones were limited since stones

tensile strength is pretty low and because of the absence of
binder. The longer span requires larger section height and
heavier stone; and those heavy stones cause some operational
difficulties.
To overcome this difficulty, the human-being developed new
structural forms which all sections are under the effect of
compression such as arch and dome.

Yrd.Do.Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
HISTORY
The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as a binder, and
Egyptians made further progress by the discovery of lime
and gypsum mortar as the binding agent for monumental
structures, such as pyramids.
The Romans developed a cement by mixing slaked lime

and volcanic ash. The volcanic ash was obtained from
Mount Vesuvius and called Pozzolona.

HISTORY
During the middle ages the art of making cement was lost.
The first hydraulic cement that hardens under water was
discovered by an English engineer John Smaeton in 1756.
This product is still known today as hydraulic cement.
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a brick layer in England, patented

portland cement, as much superior product. The production
and usage of portland cement became widespread in many
countries in the second half of 19th century.

HISTORY
In 1849, J.Louis Lambot used the reinforced concrete at the
first time for the production of RC boat that was floated on river
Sen. He used iron wires as reinforcement.

HISTORY
W.Wilkinson constructed a building with reinforced
concrete slabs, as the first production of reinforced
concrete in building type structures, in 1854. He
conctructed a two storey cottage with reinforced concrete
slabs. He used iron bars and wires as the reinforcement steel.

HISTORY
Reinforced concrete was patented first time in 1855 by Coignet and
then in 1857 by Monier. Monier produced huge RC flowerpots for the
garden of Versaille Palace and led the todays RC circular water tanks
by using circular wires as tensile reinforcement.

HISTORY
One of the important RC building structure was constructed in 1875
by an American engineer, William E. Ward. He noted all the problems
he had got and the solutions he had developed. He published his
studies in 1883 with an article titled as Beton in Combination with Iron
As a Building Material (American Society of Mechanical Engineers).

HISTORY
The first book, titled as Das System Monier, which defines the
principles and design methods have been written by Wayss and
published in 1887.

HISTORY
The first RC arch bridge was concstructed in New South Wales in
1900 by using Monier System.

HISTORY
In Turkey, the first multistorey RC building have been constructed in
1918 by Mimar Kemaleddin. (Merit Antique Hotel in Laleli)

HISTORY
French engineer Franois Coignet carried out many beam and
column experiments and led the design methods of modern RC
building systems. He published a book with Napoleon De Tedesco on
the basis of knowledge obtained from the afromentioned experiments.
They developed straight line theory which based on the elastic
behaviour of concrete and reinforcement steel.

HISTORY
The first code has been published in 1904 and 1906 in Germany and
France, respectively.
The German code was used in Turkey until 1953. In 1953 the first
Turkish code for RC structures was published by Turkish Association
for Bridge and Structural Engineering (Trkiye Kpr ve naat
Cemiyeti). It was revised in 1962.
In 1969, TS500 has been published by Turkish Standards
Institution (TS500 Betonarme Yaplarn Hesap ve Yapm Kurallar)
In 1984, it was revised and Ultimate Srength Design has been
introduced.
The last revision was made in 2000 and elastic theory has been
repealed.
There are some international codes those effect the national
codes. The most importants are ACI-318 (published by American
Concrete Institute), CEB (published by Europen Concrete Committee),
and Eurocode 2 (code for Europen Union countries).

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

It is economic for short and mid-span lenghts (L<8~10m) comparing
to other materials.
It is a viscous material and can be shaped easily.
Production of concrete is easy. High qualified workmanship is not

required.
Maintenance of reinforced concrete is easier than that of steel
structures. Furthermore, it is more durable against the harmful effect
like water or some chemicals.
It is durable to fire and high temparature.

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Construction defects, especially made with reinforcement, can not be
realized after concreting; until the observation of deformations and
cracks in structural elements.
Retrofitting and strengthing of RC structures is not quite easy since
diffuculties in providing compatibility of new and existing concrete.
The quality of concrete is completely depends on the site conditions if
its not ready-mixed.
It is not economic anymore with increasing span length (L>10-12 m)

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Frame with shear wall
Shear wall
Shear wall /
perde
Column /
kolon
Beam
kiri
Column
Beam
FOTORAFLAR PROF.DR.AHMET TOPUNUN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.

http://mmf2.ogu.edu.tr/atopcu/


Frame with shear wall
FOTORAF N. MH. MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.


Shear building



Frame structures
Beam
Column

CONCRETE
Concrete is a material as the mixture of cement, sand, aggregate
and water. If it is prepared using the proper portion of the
afromentioned ingridients then a plastic material, which can be
molded into a predetermined shape, is obtained.
It starts to harden as soon as molded and its strength increases with
time.
FOTORAFLAR
PROF.DR.AHMET TOPUNUN
DERS NOTLARINDAN
ALINMITIR.

CEMENT
Cement is a pulverized material which consists of clay and limestone.

Those materials are mixed, fused and then pulverized in rotary kilns.
It is called hydraulic bind since it becomes plastic when it interacts
with water.

CEMENT
There are several types of cement with different ingredients and

production type. The most widely-used one is Portland Cement.
TS19 is the Turkish Standard which gives the minimum specifications
of portland cement. The portland cement is classified by its
compressive strength; P 32.5, P 42.5 and P 52.5 have
compressive strength of 32.5 MPa, 42.5 MPa and 52.5 MPa,
respectively. It reaches its specified strength in 28 days.
Some other types of cements are Portland Blast Furnace Cement
and Puzzoloniz Cements .

WATER
Mixing water for concrete may be taken from any supply suitable for
drink. Natural waters also can be used for mixture. Waters which
contain clay, acid, organic materials and industrial wastes can not be
used as mixing water. Sea water either can not be used since it
contains high amount of salt that causes corrosion.

AGGREGATE
Aggregate is used in concrete mainly to reduce the amount of
cement paste. It also limits volume change of concrete and makes
more durable as compared to cement paste. Aggregate should be
clean, hard, strong and durable. Aggregate containing considerable
amount of silt or clay should not be used in concrete unless it is
washed.
Fine aggregate (sand) < 7mm
Coarse aggregates diameter varies from 7 mm to 70 mm

CONCRETE
KUM
AKIL
SU
BETON
MENTO
Concrete is a material as the mixture of sand, aggregate, cement
and water. It gets harder with time.
It starts to get hardener as soon as its molded into a prescribed shape.
It reaches its characteristic srength in 28 days.

CONCRETE
The most important property of concrete is its compressive
strength. Furthermore, durability became an another important
property in recent years.
Concrete mixture must be designed mainly to obtain the required

strength and workability. Slump test is a widely used method to test the
workability of concrete.

CONCRETE / Slump Test

Slump test is a widely used test to check the workability of the fresh
concrete.
The test is carried out using a mould known as a slump cone or
Abrams cone. This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages,
each time it is tamped using a rod of standard dimensions (12,
l=60cm). At the end of the third stage, the cone is carefully lifted
vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the concrete cone. Concrete
subsides. This subsidence is termed as slump.


CONCRETE / Slump Test

It is expected to have slump 50-100mm. The concrete
will be used for foundations must have slump between
30 mm and 80 mm. For the concrete will be placed with
vibration, drier concrete with slump 0-50 mm is
acceptable.


(Compressive strength)
Concrete is a typical brittle, nonlinear and nonhomogeneous material
with high compressive strength while its tensile strength is very low.
The compressive strength is defined as the strength of 28 days old
specimen tested under the monotonic uniaxial compression. The
universal standard test specimen is cylindrical specimen with diameter of
150 mm and height 300 mm.
FOTORAF YRD.DO.DR.HAYR NN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.


Sometimes cube specimens can be used instead of cylindirical one.
The cube specimens edge length is 200mm.
FOTORAF MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.


The ratio between strength values obtained using cylindir and cube
specimen is averagely 0.8-0.85. 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 values are
proper for normal strength concrete, high strength concrete and very
high strength concrete, ( Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme, Evrim
Yaynevi).
FOTORAF MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.


Concrete gets harder with time. Hardening is very fast during the first 7
days and its strength rises up to %70 percent; then, hardining speed
decreases.
1.6
1.4
Dayanm
1.2
1
Strength at 1
year
Strength after 3 months
0.8
28 days old strength
0.6
0.4
7 days old strength
0.2
3 days old strength
0
0
100
200
Gn
300
400


Characteristic strength of concrete is defined as the 28 days old
strength by all national and international codes. TS500 defines the
concrete with strength between 16 Mpa and 50 Mpa as normal strength
concrete.
C 20
Concrete
fck=20
28 days old characteristic

compressive strength (MPa)
2
N/mm


Characteristic
compressive
strength
Equivalent
cube
strength
(150mm)
Characteristi
c tensile
strength
28 days old
modulus of
elasticity
MPa
Mpa
MPa
MPa
C16
16
20
1.4
27000
C18
18
22
1.5
27500
C20
20
25
1.6
28000
C25
25
30
1.8
30000
C30
30
37
1.9
32000
C35
35
45
2.1
33000
C40
40
50
2.2
34000
C45
45
55
2.3
36000
C50
50
60
2.5
37000
Concrete
class
Concrete grades and strengths defined by TS500/2000


Sress-strain curve (uniaxially loaded)
Stress ()
fc
co
cu
Strain()
Obtained with uniaxial load

Strain = Axial shortening
F
A
F
=
A


Stress ()
fc
co
cu
ekil
deitirme ()
Typical stress-strain relationship for concrete

The curve is almost linear at the level of low stress values.
It becomes parabola with increasing load and strain
The top of the curve shows the strength of concrete (fc)
Beyond this point, strain increase achived decreasing stress.
It is crushed when the failure (crushing) strain is reached (cu). The
stress corresponding to crushing is lower than maximum stress
(compressive strength).


fc
co
cu
Typical stress-strain relationship for concrete

Is the shape of
stress-strain
curve same
always?


Tek eksenli basn etkisinde beton silindirler iin gerilme-ekil deitirme erileri (Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme)
It is not possible to find a unique curve.

The initial slope of curves increases with the increasing strength
Deformation corresponding to maximum stress is almost always
0.002 and not effected by compressive strength.


Tek eksenli basn etkisinde beton silindirler iin gerilme-ekil deitirme erileri (Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme)
BRITTLE
DUCTILE
The top point of the curve becomes evident with increasing
strength.
Ductility decreases with increasing strength
Its not possible to define a stress-strain curve with one equation
since it has different characteristics at different stress levels. Its
linear at low stress levels while it becomes parabola with
increasing stress.


What can we use

stress-strain curve
of concrete (uniaxial
stress) for?

This part of section is
under the effect of
compressive force and it
is shortening.
(Compression side)
This part of section is

elongating since it is
loaded by tensile
force.(Tension side)

M
M
FC
FC
FT
FT

1/1
FC
FT
ASSUMPTION: The stress distribution of concrete in compression
is assumed to be same as the - curve obtained experimentally
from uniaxially loaded specimen.
0.85f
cd
0.002
0.003
Streess-strain curve
given by TS500/2000.

REDISTRIBUTION (Yeniden dalm)
At a certain stage of loading, extreme compression fiber reaches maximum
stress and relevant strain level. Failure is not observed at this stage although
maximum stress is reached since adjacent fibers are not fully stressed.
These adjacent fibers help the fully stressed extreme fiber and prevent
failure. The fully stressed extreme fiber has greater deformation capacity than
but a loss of stress. Finally failure is occurred when the extreme fiber
reaches ultimate strain ( ). This behavior of concrete is called
redistribution.
FC
N.A
fc
co
cu


Is loading rate
effective on
stress-strain?


Sress-strain curve (loading rate)
Loading
rate is low
Ykleme hznn
gerilme-ekil
deitirme erisine
etkisi (Berktay, .,
Betonarme 1, MO st.
ubesi)
Loading rate
is high
Concrete is a material which deforms with time. This figure shows

the curves obtained from the experiments carried out in Munich Tech.
University under the supervision of Prof.Rsch.
Low loading rate is decreasing strength as its increasing the
ductility


Modulus of elasticity (Elastisite modl)
Initial
modulus
Secant modulus
Tangent modulus
fc
Intal modulus is the slope of tangent to the curve at the origin. It is

realistic if the stress level is low.


fc
Initial
modulus
Secant modulus
Tangent
modulus
Tangent modulus is the slope of the tangent to the - curve at a

given stress.


fc
Initial
modulus
Secant modulus
Tangent
modulus
Secant modulus is the slope of the secant at a given stress


Secant modulus
fc
0.4fc
Ec
TS500/2000 gives the secant modulus relevant to 0.4fc and it is

calculated with the given equation below.
Ec = 3250 (fck)0.5 + 14000
(N/mm2)


ACI318 equation for modulus of elasticity
Ec = 4750 (fck)0.5
(N/mm2)
Eurocode2 equation for modulus of elasticity
Ec = 9500 (fck + 8)1/3
For fc = 20 N/mm2
TS500
ACI318
Eurocode
Ec = 28534
Ec = 21243
Ec = 28848
(N/mm2)


Poission ratio, Shear modulus and Coefficent of thermal
expansion
Poission ratio given by TS500/2000 is 0.20
Shear modulus can be taken as
G = 0.40 E c
c
Coefficient of thermal expansion given by TS500/2000 is 10-5 1/oC


Tensile strength (ekme dayanm)
As mentioned before concrete has a very low tensile strength
comparing to its compressive strength (approximately %10 of the
compressive strength). There are different methods to determine tensile
strength of concrete; Direct Tension Test, Modulus of Rupture Test
(flexure test) and Split Cylinder Test. Each method may yield different
result. TS500/2000 gives the tensile strength obtained from Direct
Tension Test. For the computation of tensile strength, the equation shown
below is given by TS500.
fctk= 0.35 (fck)0.5
(N/mm2)
ACI318 gives the tensile strength obtained from Modulus of Rupture

Test with the equation shown below.
fctf = 0.63 (fck)0.5

Eurocode 2 gives the tensile strength determined with Direct Tension
Test.
fct = 0.21 (fck)2/3

Time dependent deformation of concrete

Shrinkage (bzlme)
The water necessary for the hydration of concrete is 25% of cement by
weight (Ersoy U., zcebe G., Betonarme). However, water used for
concrete mix is more so that workability is provided. The excess water that
not used for hydration evaporates after placing the concrete in the forms.
The volume of concrete decreases as it evaporates. This behavior of
concrete is called shrinkage.
Shrinkage()
t0 = time concrete starts

to harden
t0
Time (t)
Betonda bzlme ekil deitirmesi - zaman ilikisi, (Berktay, ., Betonarme 1, MO st. ubesi)


Shrinkage (bzlme)
If a concrete member is restrained by other members then shrinkage cracks
are observed on the member. The amount of shrinkage depends on
temperature, humidity, area of exposed surface and the water content of
concrete mix.
Shrinkage is almost completely reversible. Concrete that has undergone to
shrinkage in a dry environment can expand and return its original shape if it
is placed in water again.


CREEP (Snme)
Creep is the shortening of a concrete element under the effect of a longterm and constant compressive load.
All factors which effect shrinkage is also effective on creep. In addition to
aforementioned factors, the age of concrete is effective on the creep of
concrete. For younger concrete creep is more.
If the sustained load on the concrete specimen is removed there is some
recovery on in the deformations.


CREEP (Snme)
Sabit eksenel basn altnda zaman bal tipik snme erisi, (Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme)
This figure shows the creep behavior of a reinforced concrete element.

The portion OA (i) shows the instantaneous deformation occured as
soon as the concrete element is loaded. The deformation increases
between AB, although load is kept constant on the specimen.


CREEP (Snme)
Sabit eksenel basn altnda zaman bal tipik snme erisi, (Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme)
The difference between the deformations at A and B shows the timedependent deformation (t) of concrete (shrinkage + creep) since there is
no change in the load between those points.
There will be immediate recovery when the load is removed at point B which
is called elastic recovery (portion B-C, re). Some more recovery is
observed with time (portion C-D, rc) which is called creep recovery. The
deformation which is marked p is never recovered (permanent
deformation). This deformation is usually greater than initial instantaneous
deformation (OA).

Reinforcement steel (donat elii / donat)

The reinforcement steel, that is placed in the tensile zone of the section, is
used to compensate the weakness of concrete in tension. Reinforcement
bars are designated with their diameter in mm. The reinforcement steel used
in concrete may either plain bars or deformed bars. The deformed bars have
small projections (nervr) to engage the concrete so that slipping between
reinforcement bar and concrete can be prevented.
Deformed
bar
Plain bar


Cross-sectional
area(mm2)
Designation
Diameter (mm)
Weight (kg/m)
0.22
28
0.40
50
10
10
0.62
79
12
12
0.89
113
14
14
1.21
154
16
16
1.58
201
18
18
2.00
254
20
20
2.47
314
22
22
2.95
380
24
24
3.55
452
26
26
4.17
531
28
28
4.83
616
30
30
5.55
707
32
32
6.31
804
34
34
7.13
908
36
36
8.00
1018
38
38
8.90
1134
40
40
9.87
1257

Deformed
bar
Widely used
S420a
S420b
S500a
S500b
Plain bar
S220a
Not widely used

(maybe as transverse
reinforcement)



Deformed
bar
Plain bar
S 420 a
Steel
Manufacturing
process
Yield strength
(MPa)
Hot rolled steel reinforcement with the characteristic yield

strength of 420 MPa


S 420 a
Steel
Manufacturing
process
Yield strength
(MPa)
Hot rolled steel reinforcement with the characteristic yield

strength of 420 MPa
Characteristic yielding strength is denoted with fyk


The reinforcing bars can be grouped in 2 classes depending on their
manufacturing process
Hot rolled: S220a, S420a, S500a

Hot rolled steel is manufactured in the plant. Some is used directly
while some is added metals (nickel, silisium, manganese, crom etc.) to
increase their strength.
Cold worked (soukta ilenmi): S420b, S500b

In cold working process, steel is drawn or twisted under normal
temperatures. The molecules are rearranged and strength increases
but strain limit and ductility decreases.


Welded wire fabric reinforcement
R.150.250.8.5
R.150.150.8.8



The figure shows the curves of both hot rolled (a) and cold
worked (b) reinforcement steel, respectively.
elik iin gerilme-ekil deitirme erileri(Ersoy, U., zcebe, G., Betonarme)

elik iin gerilme-ekil

deitirme erileri(Ersoy,
U., zcebe, G.,
Betonarme)
Hot rolled steel has a definite yield point and yield plateau. Up to the
this point stress-strain relationship is linear. Strain hardening starts at
the end of the yield plateau. It keeps elongating until its maximum
strain capacity.
However, the cold worked steel (curve b) does not have a definite
yield point and yield plateau. The yield strength is defined as the stress
corresponding to a permanent strain of 0.002

However, the cold worked steel (curve b) does not have a definite
yield point and yield plateau. The yield strength is defined as the stress
corresponding to a permanent strain of 0.002.
A line is drawn parallel to the initial slope of the curve. The
horizontal projection of the intersection point is defined yield strength.


Steel grades and their mechanical properties in TS500

REINFORCED CONCRETE

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REINFORCED CONCRETE 1

Dr. Murat Serdar Krl

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes

Bond and anchorage

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

However, the span of the stones were limited since stones

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

The Romans developed a cement by mixing slaked lime

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a brick layer in England, patented

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Production of concrete is easy. High qualified workmanship is not

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

FOTORAFLAR PROF.DR.AHMET TOPUNUN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

FOTORAF N. MH. MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

FOTORAFLAR PROF.DR.AHMET TOPUNUN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Cement is a pulverized material which consists of clay and limestone.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

There are several types of cement with different ingredients and

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Concrete mixture must be designed mainly to obtain the required

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

CONCRETE / Slump Test

FOTORAFLAR PROF.DR.AHMET TOPUNUN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

CONCRETE / Slump Test

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Mechanical properties of concrete

FOTORAF YRD.DO.DR.HAYR NN DERS NOTLARINDAN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Mechanical properties of concrete

FOTORAF MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Mechanical properties of concrete

FOTORAF MUTLU ZTRKN ALBMNDEN ALINMITIR.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar