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PROPORTIONALITY
Nature and Meaning
The Principle of Double Effect
In accordance with human nature, man tends to avoid what is evil. Evil
is never willed or desired for its owns sake. If man commits evil, it is not
because evil becomes desirable in and for itself, but because it assumes the
aspect of what is good- as something that brings or leads to certain
satisfaction.
Thus, evil, in and for itself, is undesirable for which man is held morally
accountable. Just as the evil act is avoided, so also, its evil effect. Now, what
about an act having two effects, one-good, the other- bad?
An act that produces both good and bad effects may be morally
excusable when the principle of double effect applies whose conditions are
satisfactorily met.
Implications to education
However noble and good they may be, no educational goal should be
achieved by means of imparting ideas, opinions and views contrary to the
truth and public morals, for the "end does not justify the means."
Teaching is anchored on nothing but the truth from which its integrity
emanates, making it what it truly is.
it just comes out after the right effect is attained, which is the main
motive for which such undertakings are sought.
no other means are available by which the desired good effect can be
obtained; and,
Case Example:
A college professor is trapped in the 8th floor of a burning university
building. There are no other means by which he can be saved from being
burned to death except to jump over the window. However, if he does, he will
also get killed upon hitting the ground. as he gets severely suffocated and
struggles to get away from his tragic situation, the professor jumps and
eventually dies upon falling to the ground.
Analysis:
1. The act of jumping to get away from the burning university building in an
effort to save the self is good, fulfilling the first condition.
2. The good effect which is professor's release from getting burned to death
is brought about by his act of jumping and not by the evil effect of getting
killed upon reaching the ground.
3. Obviously, there is sufficient reason for the performance of the act of
jumping.
4. Because the direct intention is to get away from the building on fire and to
be saved from getting burned to death and that the evil effect only
follows, the honest movie behind is established, meeting the fourth
condition.
The Principle of Indirect Voluntary Act
Aside from an act with two effects; directly intended good and the
unintended evil, there is also directly intended thought, it is foreseen or
foreseeable. Sometimes, in the performance of a directly willed act, an evil
effect sprouts which is not directly willed. That is why, oftentimes, remarks
like: "Sorry, I did not truly mean it" and "Sorry, it was not really intended" are
at once addressed by the one who performs the act to the affected person.
This is what indirect voluntariness of an act is all about.
Now, is there a moral culpability in an act that is directly willed but
whose evil effect is not directly willed by the agent? When those the evil
effect that is not directly meant become imputable to the agent?
A directly willed act whose evil effect is not directly willed holds the
agent responsible, provided that principle of indirect voluntary act is
employed whose conditions are fulfilled.
gives anyone the capacity to foresee that an evil effect, albeit indirectly
willed, by happen as it proceeds from a human act to be performed.
2. There must be freedom to choose not to do the act which is the
cause of the evil effect. As previously learned, a free act is elicited by
the will having the power to choose to do or not to do it. However,
freedom cannot be exercised if there is no light of knowledge in the
intellect. To foresee an evil effect means the light of knowledge is at play
such that the agent can exercise his freedom to withhold the performance
of an act from which the said effect stems.
3. Refraining from doing the act which is the cause of the evil effect
becomes the moral obligation of the agent. Reason dictates that
when the evil effect is foreseen or foreseeable and the agent is free, he is
morally obliged not to pursue the performance of an act which serve act
which serves as the cause of the evil effect.
Implications to Education
Prudence is also a virtue that an educator should live out which will help
him establish his foresight in insuring that no undesirable effects to
whatever sort will proceed from whatever acts he decides to perform.
Case Example:
Mr. Santos, an English instructor, discusses lessons with a loud voice in class
to ensure that his students listen and learn. Nevertheless, his loud discussion
happens to disturb a neighboring classroom only separeted to them by a wall
made of painted plywood.
Analysis:
1. The barrier between the classroom of Mr. Santos and that of the
neighboring class is just a wall made of painted plywood. It gives him the
common sense to foresee the indirectly willed evil effect, that is, the
disturbance of a neighboring class, caused by his directly willed act of
discussing lessons with a loud voice, thereby fulfilling the first condition;
2. As he foresees the evil effect of his act, Mr. Santos is, of course, free to
choose not to discuss loudly which is the evil effect to classroom
disturbance fulfilling the second condition;
3. Foreseeing the evil effect and being free to choose not to do the act of
loud discussion, Mr. Santos is ethically responsible to refrain from doing
the act. Thus, the third condition is fulfilled.
In this case, the directly willed act which bring about an indirectly willed evil
effect is ethically imputable to Mr. Santos.
effective in the termination of attack and release of the victim from such
ordeal. Otherwise, the victim's innocent life is definitely taken.
4. The use of arms (force) must not produce evils and disorders
graver than the evil to be eliminated. Overkill is prohibited and that the
amount of force to be used is amply enough to put an end to the attack. An
intention of retaliation is not morally valid and is inadmissible.
EXPLAIN:
1. Criminology students are required to take a physical education (P.E)
subject whose basic description is boxing. Each of them is also obligated to
engage in a one-on-one boxing competition at the designated arena to be
able to pass the subject. Otherwise, they fail." Boxing is a sport which,
however, entails an act of punching, inevitably inflicting or being subjected
to pain. In the case of criminology students, boxing has two effects: good
(their passing the P.E subject), and evil (their getting injured). Now, is boxing
morally justifiable?