Wishing you a very happy and successful new year-2015

Welcome to PYL100 course

Lecture-2 on 06/01/2015
By: Rajendra S. Dhaka
(rsdhaka@physics.iitd.ac.in)

PYL100:
Electromagnetic Waves and
Quantum Mechanics

Ch.1: The Divergence: Brief overview

From the definition of , we can construct

the dot product of with a vector, called
divergence

the divergence of a vector function is itself a

scalar..
we cannot have the divergence of a scalar
it tells us how much the function v spreads
out (diverges) from the point in question.
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The Divergence

The mathematical definition of divergence is:

where the surface S is a

closed surface that completely surrounds a very small
volume v at point r , and where ds points outward
from the closed surface.
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The Divergence
From the definition of surface integral, divergence
basically indicates the amount of vector field A(r)
that is converging to/diverging from, a given point.
For example, consider these vector fields in the
region of a specific point:
v

 The field on the left is converging to a point,

Therefore, the divergence of the vector field at that
point is negative.
Conversely, the vector field on the right is diverging
from a point.
As a result, the divergence of the vector field at that
point is greater than zero.
Consider some other vector fields in the region of a
specific point:

The Divergence:
Geometrical Interpretation:
a measure of how much
the vector field spread out at the point where the
derivatives are evaluated:
Examples:
Taps/fountain: points of +ve divergence
Sink/drain: points of ve divergence

The Curl:
From the definition of , we can construct
the cross product of with a vector, called the curl:

which, when we expend, yields the following---

Curl creates another vector out of the vector field

The Curl:

It means:
a measure of how much the vector curls
around the point in question or how much is the
rotational effect.

The Curl:

A magnetic field has the property

An electrostatic field has the property

Integral Calculus: Line integral

is vector function
is infinitesimal displacement vector
vIntegral is to be carried out along a path P from a-b.

At each point on the path, we take

the dot product of with the displacement
to the next point on the path.
For a closed loop path:

An example: work done by a force

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Integral Calculus: Surface integral

is vector function
is infinitesimal path area,
with direction perpendicular to the surface

For closed surface:

for closed surface, outward is positive
for open surface, it is arbitrary.
If represent the flow of liquid (i.e. mass per unit
area per unit time)
Then

= total mass per unit time passing through

the surface = flux
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Integral Calculus: volume integral

T is scalar function
d is infinitesimal volume element

v
In Cartesian coordinates: d = dxdydz

For example, if T = T(x, y, z) = density of

substance, then.

The fundamental theorem of calculus:

Suppose f(x) is a function of one variable:
the fundamental theorem of calculus states:
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The fundamental theorem of calculus:

Note that the value of this integral depends only on
the value of the functions f(x) at the end points of
the integral and does not depend on how the
function varies in between

If you chop the interval from a to b into many tiny

pieces, dx, and add up the increments df from each
little piece, the result is equal to the total change in f
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The fundamental theorem for Gradients:

Suppose we have a scalar function of three
variables T(x, y, z)
starting at point a, we move a small distance dl1, the
function T will change by an amount

total change in T

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The fundamental theorem for Divergences:

[Divergence theorem or Gausss (Greens) theorem]
It states that:
If v = flow of incompressible fluid
= total amount of fluid passing out through
the surface per unit time.
Divergence measures the spreading out of the
vectors from a point
a place of high divergence is like a faucet pouring
out liquid& if there are many faucets..
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The fundamental theorem of Curls: (Stokes theorem)

The integral of a curl
over some surface or the flux of the curl through that
surface represents the total amount of swirl
Flux of curl through the surface
= Total amount of rotation

Line integral of vector around

the boundary

This can be determined by going around the edge &

finding how much the flow is following the boundary
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Second Derivatives:
The gradient, the divergence, and the curl are first
derivatives, which use
If we apply twice, we can construct five species
of second derivatives.
The gradient is a vector, so we can take the
divergence and curl of it:

The divergence
take gradient---

is a scalarall we can do is to
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Second Derivatives:
The curl
is a vector, so we can take its
divergence and curl:

Divergence of gradient of a vector is:

unlike del the operator,

scalar, it is called the Laplacian.
It can operate on both scalars and vectors.

is a
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Second Derivatives:
Curl of the gradient:
this follows from our definition of curl.
Gradient of divergence:
Please also note the following:

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Other self-study topics:

Cartesian Coordinates:
1.4 Curvilinear Coordinates:
1.4.1 Spherical Polar Coordinates
1.4.2 Cylindrical Coordinates
Also, please read the following:
Gradient, Divergence and Curl in the
above mentioned different coordinate systems
*************END*****************

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