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Section 1
Multiband & Multilayer
Optimization
Module 1
Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture
3JK11166AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem

Multiband and Multilayer GSM network radio optimization - B10
3FL11535ADAAZZZZA Issue 01
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112
Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem Multiband and Multilayer GSM network radio optimization - B10
Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Define relevant architectures for multilayer networks design
Define relevant architectures for multiband networks design
113

Module Objectives [cont.]
114

Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!
115

Table of Contents [cont.]

116

1 Concepts and Strategies
117

Introduction to Multilayer Networks

Multiband/Multilayer network: a powerful solution for:

Network capacity enhancement
extra capacity provided by new cells / new TRXs
specific radio algorithms send MSs to these new cells
Coverage increase
when introducing microcells (better indoor penetration, even for outdoor
microcells)
While keeping a good QoS

Confined coverage for microcells easier frequency planning
New frequency band less tigh frequency planning
Less congestion
118

Support of Multilayer and Multiband Features

Alcatel-Lucent is providing multilayer solutions:

Mini, microcells and Indoor layer
smart speed discrimination
external Directed Retry
Alcatel-Lucent is providing multiband solution

Multiband BSC
Multiband cells
119

Network Strategy (Multilayer)

Multilayer networks can be introduced as continuous layer or hotspots,

for:
Capacity increase
Coverage increase
Indoor solution
All types of mobiles can use both layers
1 1 10

Network Strategy (Multiband)

The new band introduction can be done

In a mono-layer network
In the same layer
In a new layer
In a Multilayer network
In the upper layer
In the lower layer
As part of an existing cell design: multiband cells

Depending on the architecture chosen:

Different parameters settings
Different ways of QoS and traffic monitoring
Each architecture has drawbacks and advantages
The main issue is to achieve an efficient traffic sharing between the 2

bands
Risk of congestion on one band and low traffic on the other band
1 1 11

2 Cellular Network Architecture
1 1 12

Cell Environment
Conventional

Hierarchical: introducing Upper and Lower cell layers

Single cell
Concentric cell
Extended cell
Multiband cell
Indoor cell
Micro cell
Mini cell
Umbrella cell
Multiband: Classical and Preferred frequency bands
1 1 13

Cell Profile
One unique combination of the five parameters

CELL_DIMENSION_TYPE: macro, micro

CELL _LAYER_ TYPE : single, upper, lower, indoor
CELL _PARTITION_ TYPE : normal, concentric
CELL _RANGE: normal, extended inner, extended outer
FREQUENCY_RANGE : PGSM(GSM900); DCS1800; EGSM; DCS1900; PGSMDCS1800; EGSM-DCS1800 and GSM 850
based on BCCH frequency
A multiband cell is defined by:

FREQUENCY_RANGE = PGSM-DCS1800 or EGSM-DCS1800
CELL _PARTITION_ TYPE of the cell is then forced to concentric
1 1 14

Exercise
Link the logical cell types (as defined in the OMC-R) with
the cell profile parameters.
Cell Type
Cell Dimension
Type
Cell Layer Type
Umbrella
Mini
Micro
Indoor
5 minutes
1 1 15

Mono-Band Cell Profiles

Parameters
Cell Profile
Cell dimension
type
Cell layer
type
Cell partition
type
Cell
range
Cell band
type
Frequency range
GSM single cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS single cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM micro cell
Micro
Lower
Normal
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS micro cell
Micro
Lower
Normal
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM mini cell
Macro
Lower
Normal
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS mini cell
Macro
Lower
Normal
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM umbrella cell
Macro
Upper
Normal
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS umbrella cell
Macro
Upper
Normal
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM extended inner cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Extended-inner
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS extended inner cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Extended-inner
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM extended outer cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Extended-outer
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS extended outer cell
Macro
Single
Normal
Extended-outer
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM concentric cell
Macro
Single
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS concentric cell
Macro
Single
Concentric
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM concentric umbrella
Macro
Upper
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS concentric umbrella
Macro
Upper
Concentric
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
GSM indoor micro cell
Micro
Indoor
Normal
Normal
GSM
PGSM or EGSM
DCS indoor micro cell
Micro
Indoor
Normal
Normal
DCS
DCS1800 or DCS1900
1 1 16

Multiband Cell Profiles

Parameters
Cell Profile
Cell dimension type
Cell layer type
Cell partition type
Cell range
Cell band type
Frequency range
GSM multiband single cell
Macro
Single
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
DCS multiband single cell
Macro
Single
Concentric
Normal
DCS
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
GSM multiband micro cell
Micro
Lower
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
DCS multiband micro cell
Micro
Lower
Concentric
Normal
DCS
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
GSM multiband mini cell
Macro
Lower
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
DCS multiband mini cell
Macro
Lower
Concentric
Normal
DCS
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
GSM multiband umbrella cell
Macro
Upper
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
DCS multiband umbrella cell
Macro
Upper
Concentric
Normal
DCS
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
GSM multiband indoor micro cell
Micro
Indoor
Concentric
Normal
GSM
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
DCS multiband indoor micro cell
Micro
Indoor
Concentric
Normal
DCS
PGSM-DCS1800 or
EGSM-DCS1800
1 1 17

Cell Profiles: Example
1 1 18

3 Choosing a Relevant Architecture
1 1 19

Concept
Multilayer concept: 3 available layer types

umbrella
mini
umbrella
UPPER
SINGLE
single
mini
micro
micro
indoor
umbrella
micro
micro
indoor
LOWER
INDOOR
All these cells can be or not operating in the same band and defined as
concentric cells
1 1 20

Microcell Classes
Microcells configuration will depend on their position in the lower layer

Microcell classes are introduced to deal with typical parameters settings in
each of these cases
Border Microcell
Inner Microcell
Hotspot Microcell
1 1 21

Indoor Microcell
Mono-layer architecture
In a mono-layer network, a new band may be introduced:

900
1800
1800
Macro 900 (single)

Macro 1800 (single)
900-1800 interworking managed by priority set by the operator
In a separate layer

1 1 22
900
In the same layer
900
900
mini1800
mini1800
Macro 900 (umbrella)

Macro 1800 = mini
900-1800 interworking driven by a dual layer architecture (easier to
introduce but less flexible)

Multilayer architecture (1/3)

In a multilayer network, a new band may be introduced:

In the upper layer
900

Micro 900
900
900
900
In the lower layer

Macro 1800 = mini
Micro 900
900
900
mini1800
900
1 1 23
1800

900
1800

Higher Priority to 1800 macrocell

GSM 900 macrocell as a pool of traffic resources when the preferred cell is
congested
900
Traffic
based
handover
1800
Directed retry
Emergency Handover
1
900
Initial access
2
1 1 24


Higher Priority to 900 microcell

GSM 900 & 1800 macrocell as a pool of traffic resources when the preferred
cell is congested
900
Traffic
based
handover
1800
Directed retry
Emergency Handover
2
900
Initial access
1
1 1 25

Multiband cell solution

Also called single BCCH
Based on the concentric cell feature

New band is introduced in existing cells
In the INNER zone (contains only TCH)
The OUTER zone contains BCCH, SDCCH and TCH
1800
900
1800
900
900
1 1 26

4 Requirements
1 1 27

4 Requirements
Software & Hardware Requirements

Multilayer architecture
Hardware: All generations
Note : Any BTS can be declared with the cell type = MICRO
Software
External Directed Retry in B6.2 ( cells and umbrella cells from different BSC
possible)
INDOOR layer
Multiband architecture
Hardware :
The BSC can manage TRXs from different bands
The Evolium BTS can support TRXs from different bands within one cell
1 cell can be split over 2 BTS's (TRX 900 and TRX 1800 in different BTS's possible)
1 1 28

4 Requirements
Cell split for the multiband cells

1 cell can be split over 2 BTS HW

As soon as these BTSs share the same clock
Master / Slave configuration needed
G2 & G3 BTSs can be mixed
Example of site configurations:

G2 BTS 3x4 TRX 900 + 1 Evolium BTS 3x4 TRX 1800
3 multiband cells 4(900)+4(1800) TRX
Evolium BTS 6+6 TRX 900 + Evolium BTS 6 TRX 900

+ Evolium BTS 3*4 TRX 1800
3 multiband cells 6(900)+4(1800) TRX
1 1 29

Exercise
Give the major advantages and drawbacks

of the multiband cells solution
15 minutes
1 1 30

Self-Assessment on the Objectives

Please be reminded to fill in the form

for this module
The form can be found in the first part
of this course documentation
1 1 31

End of Module
Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture
1 1 32

Section 1
Optimization
Module 2
Algorithms and Associated Parameters

Blank Page
1 1 34

Module Objectives
Describe algorithms dedicated to multilayer and multiband networks
management
1 1 35

1 1 36

Table of Contents
1 1 37


1 1 38

1 Introduction
1 1 39

1 Introduction
Justification
Multiband/Multilayer brings new features and algorithms :

Designing, managing and monitoring complex networks is more difficult
A relevant choice of architecture and parameters settings will precede the
introduction of a new layer in the existing network
To be sure to implement correctly the best strategy for your network,

knowledge of all algorithms and parameters is mandatory.
1 1 40

1 Introduction
Typing Conventions
In all this document

SYSTEM PARAMETERS (can be set at the OMC-R level) will always be written
in BLUE BOLD FONT
VARIABLES (averages, internal system variables, etc.) will be typed in
NORMAL FONT
1 1 41

2 Neighboring cells list
1 1 42

Purpose
Neighboring cells list is sent to the MS regularly and contains all BCCH
frequencies of neighbor cells to be monitored by the MS
The MS measures them regularly in order to :

Perform cell selection & reselection (in idle mode)
Report 6 BCCH RxLev to the BSS for handovers (in dedicated mode)
800
800
798
798
45
45
805
805
22
1 1 43
20
20

Idle Mode
2 possibilities, the MS camps on either :

A cell with a BCCH on a DCS 1800 frequency
BCCH 1800
SI 2 and 2bis : 1800 neighboring cells
SI 2ter : 900 neighboring cells
805
805
Or a cell with a BCCH on a GSM 900 frequency

BCCH 900
SI 2: 900 neighboring cells
SI 2ter (& 2bis): 1800 neighboring cells
20
20
1 1 44

Dedicated Mode
2 possibilities, the call is performed on either :

A cell with a BCCH on a DCS 1800 frequency
SACCH
SI 5 and 5bis: 1800 neighboring cells
SI 5ter: 900 neighboring cells
805
805
Or a cell with a BCCH on a GSM 900 frequency

SACCH
SI 5: 900 neighboring cells
SI 5ter (& 5bis): 1800 neighboring cells
20
20
1 1 45

Multiband configuration
Which ever is the band of the current cell, the MS can receive BCCH list
that belongs to the other band only with :
SI-2ter
SI-5ter
To enable/disable this SI messages on BCCH and SACCH

EN_INTERBAND_NEIGH = enable (1)
EN_INTERBAND_NEIGH = disable (0)
Description : BSC parameter that enables / disables the multiband

operation by filtering the sending of SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE
2ter/5ter.
1 1 46

Cell Monitoring
In dedicated mode, a MS can only report 6 measurements :

MEAS REPORT
N1 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
N2 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
N3 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
N4 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
N5 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
N6 : (BSIC, RXLEV)
805
805
Standard behavior in a mono-band network : MS reports the 6 strongest

cells
Problem : in a multiband network, 1800 cells provides less signal

strength and might not be included in the 6 strongest neighbors !
1 1 47

Cell Monitoring [cont.]

Reported neighbors from each band can be forced thanks to the cell
parameter :
MULTIBAND_REPORTING
4 possible values
0: 6 strongest cells irrespective of the frequency band
1: 1 strongest cell (non-serving cell frequency band) + 5 strongest cells
(serving cell frequency band)
2: 2 strongest cells (non-serving cell frequency band) + 4 strongest cells
3: 3 strongest cells (non-serving cell frequency band) + 3 strongest cells
Default value:
0 for mono-band network
3 for multiband network
1 1 48

Cell Monitoring Optimization

MULTIBAND_REPORTING has to be tuned carefully in multiband

network, since no handover can be done to a cell which is not reported
The parameter value is depending on network strategy and may be
tuned differently in each band
Example: give priority to 1800 cells

In 900 layer cells
MULTIBAND_REPORTING = 1 is most of the time sufficient to make a
handover towards the preferred band
In 1800 layer cells
MULTIBAND_REPORTING = 3 : 1800 neighboring cells have to be reported to
keep the MS in the same band when possible, but 900 cells should be reliably
reported as they are rescue cells.
1 1 49

Number of neighboring cells

Neighboring cells list limited to 32 BCCH's in OMC-R :

Limit easily reached in a network with 3 or 4 layers, and 2 bands
A special care must be taken when defining the list of neighboring cells
The multiband cells solution dramatically reduces this problem when
introducing new frequency band
1 1 50

3 Idle Mode Selection and Reselection
1 1 51

Strategy
Adding a new band/layer is a powerful way of increasing network

capacity if the MS can be sent to the preferred cell
In dedicated mode: see next sections
But also in idle mode, so that the call is established directly in the preferred
cell
Really increase capacity
Maintain high QoS level, without creating extra HO
1 1 52

Selection and Reselection Principle

At startup (IMSI Attach), the MS is selecting cell with

Defined priorities with CELL_BAR_QUALIFY
Best C1 amongst highest priority cells (using CBQ)
Once camped on one cell (in idle mode)
The MS can decide to reselect another one if:

C1 criterion < 0
The MS cannot decode downlink signalling blocks of Paging Channel
The current cell is becoming forbidden (e.g. barred)
A random access attempt is still unsuccessful after "Max retrans" repetitions
MS detects the network has failed authentication check
There is a better cell, regarding C2 criterion
1 1 53

Cell Selection with CBQ

Cell selection, use of CELL_BAR_QUALIFY:

Set on a per cell basis
Broadcast on the BCCH
2 possible values:
0 = normal priority (default value)
1 = lower priority
The MS selects the suitable (C1 > 0) cell with the highest C1 belonging
to the list of highest priority
1 1 54

Cell Selection with CBQ [cont.]

Example: highest priority set on microcell

25
25
microcell
CELL_BAR_QUALIFY = 0
20
20
macrocell
CELL_BAR_QUALIFY = 1
The MS will select the microcell (if available, C1>0), whatever the level
of the macrocell
1 1 55

Cell Selection with CBQ [cont.]

WARNING:
usage of CELL_BAR_QUALIFY:
interacts with CELL_BAR_ACCESS

A cell with low priority (CELL_BAR_QUALIFY = 1) cannot be barred
Some MSs will be able to access it, whatever the value of CELL_BAR_ACCESS
Cell selection priority Status for cell reselection
CELL_BAR
QUALIFY
CELL_BAR
ACCESS
normal
normal
barred
barred
low
normal (see note 1)
low
normal (see note 1)
1 1 56

C1 Criterion
C1
ensures that, if a call was attempted, it would be done with a sufficient
downlink and uplink received level
based on 2 parameters, broadcast on the BCCH
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN [dBm]

Minimum level to access the cell

Default value (for Evolium): -103 dBm
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH [dBm]

1 1 57
Maximum level for MS emitting

Default value: 33 dBm

C1 Criterion [cont.]
C1
evaluated every 5 s (minimum)
C1 = A - MAX(0,B) > 0
A = RxLev - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
assess that the MS received level is sufficient
B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - P
P maximum power of MS
assess that the BTS received level will be sufficient
if MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH < P
1 1 58

C2 Criterion
C2
If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND= not present
C2=C1
1 1 59

C2
If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND= present
And if PENALTY_TIME Infinity ( 640s)

Cell is arriving in neighbor list :
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET (T)
Cell has been in neighbor list for more than PENALTY_TIME
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET used to favor a cell among other (e.g. microcell vs. umbrella, once T > PENALTY_TIME)
1 1 60

C2
If CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND= present
And if PENALTY_TIME = Infinity (= 640s)

C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET used to handicap some cells among others
1 1 61

Case of "better cell" reselection
The MS will select the neighbor cell if :

Cells in same Location Area
C2neighbor > C2current
Cells in different Location Area
C2neighbor > C2current + CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS
1 1 62

C2 Parameters
CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND
C2 parameters are broadcast if = ENABLE (default)
otherwise C2 = C1
PENALTY_TIME
From 20s to 620s, in "20s" increment step
Default value = 20s
640s : infinite penalty
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
From 0 dB to 126 dB, in "2dB" increment step
Default value = 0dB
TEMPORARY_OFFSET
From 0 dB to 60 dB, in "10dB" increment step (+ Infinity)
Default value = 0dB
1 1 63

Applications
MINI
MINI
MINI 900
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET = 6 dB
TEMPORARY_OFFSET = 0 dB
PENALTY_TIME = 0 (20 s)
UMB
UMB
UMBRELLA 900
MS in Idle Mode
RxLev(Mini) = -70dBm C2(Mini) =
RxLev(Umb) = -65dBm C2(Umb) =
=> Which cell is favored in Idle Mode ?
1 1 64

Applications [cont.]
MINI
MINI
MINI 1800
UMB
UMB
MINI 900
MS in Idle Mode
RxLev(M900) = -70dBm C2(M900) =
RxLev(M1800) = -72dBm C2(M1800) =
=> Which cell is favored in Idle Mode ?
1 1 65

CRO Tuning
In a multiband network :
Differences in TRX output power
TRX 1800 MP (TRADE) = 45.4 dBm
TRX 900 MP (TRAGE) = 46.5 dBm
Differences in path loss

On a same path :
1 1 66

CRO Tuning [cont.]

Therefore, a 1800 cell will provide less coverage than a 900 cell

Delta = 8~10dB
Less traffic is carried by 1800 cells (more capacity available)
Additionally, the 1800 frequency planning is usually cleaner than the

900 one.
Even at low RxLev, a 1800 cell might provide a coverage with good
quality and good capacity
For this reason, CRO is used to advantage 1800 cells over 900 cells.

1 1 67
Within a same layer : CRO(1800) = CRO(900) + 2~8dB

Among different layers : CRO(1800) = CRO(900) + 4~12dB

Exercise

Is there a way to keep fast-moving mobiles in the upper layer ?
TEMPORARY_OFFSET(lower/indoor) = Infinity
PENALTY_TIME(lower/indoor) = 20s
2 minutes
1 1 68

4 Call Setup
1 1 69

4 Call Setup
Principles
Call setup is made on the cell (re)selected in idle mode

Idle mode parameters favour the preferred cells
Lower layers
Preferred band
What is the risk?
1 1 70

4 Call Setup
Congestion in the Preferred Cell

The risk is to have congestion in the preferred cell!

Classical band / upper cells are unloaded
as all MSs are sent to new cells in idle mode
This phenomenon is further amplified by handovers behavior

Multiband/multilayer algorithms are based on CAPTURE mechanisms
Send the MS in the preferred cell as soon as it is OK
Without comparing serving and preferred cells
to reach the maximum capacity increase
(See handover parts for details)
1 1 71

4 Call Setup
Algorithms Principles
Traffic
increase
Old capacity
New capacity
1 1 72

4 Call Setup
Algorithms Principles (cont.)
Traffic
increase
Water Valve with filter:

Dual layer algorithms
Old capacity
New capacity
1 1 73

4 Call Setup
Algorithms Principles (cont.)
Traffic
increase
Water Pump:
Forced
Directed Retry and
Fast Traffic
handover
Old capacity
New capacity
1 1 74

4 Call Setup
Directed Retry Principles

A Directed Retry:

SDCCH to TCH intercell handover

Triggered during a call setup procedure
MS
Serving
Cell
Target
Cell
MSC
BSC
SDCCH
SDCCH Assignment
Assignment Phase
Phase
(SDCCH)
SDCCH
SDCCH Phase
Phase
Assignment Request
Channel
Activation
ack
HO Command
(TCH)
T11
HO Access
Handover
Handover
HO Complete
Assignment Complete
1 1 75

Serving cell is
congested, waiting to
find a neighbor cell
4 Call Setup
Directed Retry Principles [cont.]
Normal
Normal Directed
Directed Retry
Retry
Forced
Forced Directed
Directed Retry
Retry
Handover detection based on

standard intercell HO algorithms:
Handover detection based on a

specific algorithm (Cause 20).
Candidate cell evaluation based

on specific criteria.
Too low level

Too bad quality
Power Budget / Traffic HO
Capture (14, 21, 24)
etc. (except Fast Traffic HO)
Internal and External Directed Retries are possible
1 1 76

4 Call Setup
Normal Directed Retry

Set on a per cell basis with parameter EN_DR

EN_DR = enable (DR execution is enabled in the cell)
EN_DR = disable (DR execution is disabled in the cell)
Executed only if no TCH available in serving cell and standard intercell

HO detected
Except Intracell HO causes 10, 11 and 13 (concentric cells) and causes 15 and
16 (interference HO)
Except Cause 28 (Fast Traffic HO)
The target cell is chosen by the BSC based on the HO detected
1 1 77

4 Call Setup
Forced Directed Retry (Cause 20)

CAUSE 20: Forced Directed Retry

AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) >> L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
And
And EN_FORCED_DR
EN_FORCED_DR == ENABLED
ENABLED
To activate FDR : EN_FORCED_DR = Enable AND EN_DR = Enable
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is calculated with the A_PBGT_DR window
If less than A_PBGT_DR samples are available

AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is calculated with the available "n" samples and
remaining "A_PBGT_DR n" are filled with -110 dBm
1 1 78

4 Call Setup
FDR Parameters
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n): level required in the neighboring cell n

The parameter considered is the one set in the neighboring cell
The default value depends on the network architecture
See the next slide
Freelevel_DR(n): number of free TCH channels required in the

neighboring cell n
The parameter considered is the one set in the neighboring cell
Default value = 0 to 4 TCHs (linked to the nb of TRXs)
(cf. Candidate Cell Evaluation)
A_PBGT_DR: average window

Default value = 4 SACCHs
1 1 79

4 Call Setup
Managing DR Parameters
Normal DR
Pro's: no radio problem as MS's remain within the service area of the new
serving cell
Con's: poor probability of happening, as MS is already camping on the best
server cell
Forced DR
Pro's: Probability of detecting a FDR depends on parameter settings.
Con's: Interference problems because MS is perhaps outside the cell normal
service area
Umbrella cell
capture
FDR
Micro cell
1 1 80

4 Call Setup
Access Strategy
Prevention of congestion in the old cells

MSs are sent in idle mode to the preferred cell
HO strategy favoring the preferred cell in dedicated mode
Prevention of congestion in the preferred cell

Forced Directed Retry to the old cells
1 1 81

4 Call Setup
Exercise
A dual layer network is considered

Umbrella cells 900
Micro cells 900
Set FDR parameters to avoid

interference and allow a powerful TCH
resource usage
Umbrella cells
Time
allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 82
Microcells

5 Handover Strategies
1 1 83

Objectives
1. Maximize capacity of the network, with:
Intelligent MS sharing between available resources

Avoid congestion of historical band (for old MS)

Consider traffic conditions of all layers
Use full capacity of new resources (1800 band is offering more channels)
Consider MS speed for layer discrimination
Avoid too many handovers

Degradation of voice quality
In order to ease traffic analysis, it is recommended to avoid too many handovers
between layers.
1 1 84

Objectives [cont.]
2. Insuring good quality communications and avoiding call drops
Send MS towards the layer that will provide the best QoS
Minimize the number of HO between cells for good speech Quality
Fast moving mobiles are handled by the macrocell layer
Identify a best target for emergency handovers cases
The tuning of the parameters will result in trade-offs
1 1 85

Handover Algorithms
Next parts will detail available HO causes for multilayer network

management
Standard Handovers
Multilayer and Multiband Handovers
Concentric cell "Interzone" Handovers
1 1 86

Functional Entities
BTS
BSC
Radio
Link
Measurements
Active
Channel
Pre-processing
HO Detection
HO Candidate
Cell Evaluation
HO
management
HO
protocol
Assignment of HO functions in the ALCATEL BSC
1 1 87

MSC
HO Causes
Standard HO causes

EM

cause 2
cause 3
cause 4
cause 5
cause 6
cause 15
cause 16
cause 26
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
too low quality on the uplink

too low level on the uplink
too low quality on the downlink
too low level on the downlink
too large distance between the MS and the BTS
high interference on the uplink (intra-cell HO)
high interference on the downlink (intra-cell HO)
AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR)

BC

cause 12
cause 23
cause 27
cause 28
cause 29
cause 20
:
:
:
:
:
:
power budget evaluation

traffic
AMR channel adaptation HO (FR to HR)
Fast traffic HO
TFO HO
FDR
1 1 88

HO Causes [cont.]
HO causes for multilayer and multiband networks

EM
cause 10
cause 11
cause 7
cause 17
:
:
:
:
too low level on the uplink in the inner zone

too low level on the downlink in the inner zone
consecutive bad SACCH frames received in a microcell
too low level on the uplink in a microcell compared to
a high threshold
too low level on the downlink in a microcell compared
to a high threshold
cause 18 :
BC
cause 13
cause 14
cause 21
cause 24
:
:
1 1 89
too high level on the uplink and the downlink in the

outer zone
high level in the neighboring cell of a lower or indoor
layer for slow mobile
high level in the neighboring cell in the preferred band
general capture

HO Causes Priority

cause 7
cause 17
cause 18
cause 2
cause 3
cause 4
cause 5
cause 6
cause 10
cause 11
cause 26
cause 15
cause 16
EM
: consecutive bad SACCH frames received in a microcell

: too low level on the uplink in a cell compared to a high threshold
: too low level on the downlink in a cell compared to a high threshold
: too low quality on the uplink
: too low level on the uplink
: too low quality on the downlink
: too low level on the downlink
: too large distance between the MS and the BTS
: too low level on the uplink in the inner zone
: too low level on the downlink the in inner zone
: AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR)
: high interference on the uplink (intra-cell HO)
: high interference on the downlink (intra-cell HO)
BC
cause 21
cause 14
cause 24
cause 12
cause 23
cause 13
cause 27
cause 20
cause 28
1 1 90
: high level in the neighboring cell in the preferred band

: high level in neighboring cell of a lower or an indoor layer cell for slow mobile
: general capture
: power budget evaluation
: traffic
: too high level on the uplink and downlink in the outer zone
: AMR channel adaptation HO (FR to HR)
: Forced Directed Retry DR
: Fast traffic HO

6 Main Standard Handover Algorithms
1 1 91

Emergency Intercell Algorithms

Emergency intercell handovers

cause 2
cause 3
cause 4
cause 5
cause 6
: too low quality on the uplink

: too low level on the uplink
: too low quality on the downlink
: too low level on the downlink
: too large distance between the MS and the BTS
May be triggered
From any serving cell (any band, any zone, any layer)
Towards any neighbour, except the serving cell
Note : EM HO detected while in the inner zone of a cell
the outer zone is a candidate
1 1 92

Handover Cause 2: UL Quality

CAUSE 2: too low quality on the uplink
QUAL
LEV
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO >> L_RXQUAL_UL_H
L_RXQUAL_UL_H ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO <=
<= RXLEV_UL_IH
RXLEV_UL_IH
and
and MS_TXPWR
MS_TXPWR == min
min (P,
(P, MS_TXPWR_MAX)
MS_TXPWR_MAX)
and
and EN_RXQUAL_UL=
EN_RXQUAL_UL= ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for averaging quality:

Size of window for averaging level:
1 1 93
A_QUAL_HO
A_LEV_HO

Handover Cause 3: UL Level

QUAL
CAUSE 3: too low level on the uplink

LEV
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO <=
<= L_RXQUAL_UL_H
L_RXQUAL_UL_H ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO << L_RXLEV_UL_H
L_RXLEV_UL_H
and
and MS_TXPWR
MS_TXPWR == min
min (P,
(P, MS_TXPWR_MAX)
MS_TXPWR_MAX)
and
and EN_RXLEV_UL=
EN_RXLEV_UL= ENABLED
ENABLED

1 1 94
A_QUAL_HO
A_LEV_HO

Handover Cause 4: DL Quality

CAUSE 4: too low quality on the downlink
QUAL
LEV
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO >> L_RXQUAL_DL_H
L_RXQUAL_DL_H ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO <=
<= RXLEV_DL_IH
RXLEV_DL_IH
and
and BS_TXPWR
BS_TXPWR == BS_TXPWR_MAX
BS_TXPWR_MAX
and
and EN_RXQUAL_DL
EN_RXQUAL_DL == ENABLED
ENABLED

1 1 95
A_QUAL_HO
A_LEV_HO

Handover Cause 5: DL Level

QUAL
CAUSE 5: too low level on the downlink

LEV
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO <=
<= L_RXQUAL_DL_H
L_RXQUAL_DL_H ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO << L_RXLEV_DL_H
L_RXLEV_DL_H
and
and BS_TXPWR
BS_TXPWR == BS_TXPWR_MAX
BS_TXPWR_MAX
and
and EN_RXLEV_DL=
EN_RXLEV_DL= ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO

Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
1 1 96

Handover Cause 6: Distance

CAUSE 6 : Too long distance
AV_RANGE_HO
AV_RANGE_HO >> U_TIME_ADVANCE
U_TIME_ADVANCE
and
and EN_DIST_HO
EN_DIST_HO == ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for averaging distance : A_RANGE_HO
1 1 97

Emergency Intracell Handovers

Emergency intracell handovers

cause 15
cause 16
: high interference on the uplink (intra-cell HO)

: high interference on the downlink (intra-cell HO)
May be triggered
From any serving cell (any band, any zone, any layer)
Towards only the serving cel
Note : If the MS is on a non-hopping TRX, the BSC will tend to allocate a TCH
on another TRX.
1 1 98

Handover Cause 15: UL Interference

CAUSE 15: High interference on the uplink
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO >> THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15
THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO >> RXLEV_UL_IH
RXLEV_UL_IH
and
and EN_CAUSE_15
EN_CAUSE_15 == ENABLED
ENABLED
and
and [[ no
no previous
previous intracell
intracell handover
handover for
for this
this connection
connection failed
failed
or
or EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED
EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED == ENABLED
ENABLED ]]

1 1 99

Handover Cause 16: DL Interference

CAUSE 16: High interference on the downlink
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO >> THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_16
THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_16 ++ OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH
and
and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO >> RXLEV_DL_IH
RXLEV_DL_IH
and
and EN_CAUSE_16
ENABLED
and
and [[ no
no previous
previous intracell
intracell handover
handover for
for this
this connection
connection failed
failed
or
or EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED
EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED == ENABLED
ENABLED ]]

1 1 100

New Parameters for Causes 15 & 16

CAUSE 15 and CAUSE 16:

THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 (or 16) and EN_CAUSE_15 (or 16) are specific to
variable computed by the BSC :
THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 (or 16) =
L_RXQUAL_XX_H for a non AMR call (same threshold as CAUSE 2 or CAUSE 4)
L_RXQUAL_XX_H_AMR for an AMR call
EN_ CAUSE _15 (or 16) =

EN_INTRA_XX for a non-AMR call
EN_INTRA_XX_AMR for an AMR call
1 1 101

Causes 15 & 16: specific case of concentric cells

For an MS in the INNER zone, if cause 15 or 16 is triggered:

TCH may be allocated in the outer zone or in the inner zone
For an MS in the OUTER zone, if cause 15 or 16 is triggered:

TCH is always allocated in the outer zone
INNER
OUTER
1 1 102

Handover Cause 12: Power Budget

Definition
of PBGT HO :
Comfort handover type, no matter of emergency

Possible targets depend on the cells layer type :
Serving Layer Type
Target Layer Type

MS Speed FAST
MS Speed = FAST
Single
Single or Upper
Single or Upper
Upper
Single or Upper
Single or Upper
Lower
Lower
Upper or Lower
Indoor
Indoor
Upper or Indoor
If the MS is measured as fast, HO

preferably towards upper cells with
low traffic load
1 1 103

Handover Cause 12: Power Budget [cont.]

Definition
of PBGT HO :
Possible targets depend also on the cells band type :
Target Band Type

Serving Band Type
(MS not in inner zone of EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO
a MB cell)
= Enable
= Disable
GSM
Any
GSM
DCS
Any
DCS
A multiband cell is "GSM" if the outer zone

is in GSM (cf. note)
1 1 104


Definition
of PBGT HO :
And if the MS is in the inner zone of a multiband concentric cell :
Target Frequency Band

Serving Band Type
(MS in inner zone of a MB EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO
cell)
= Enable
= Disable
GSM
Any
GSM-DCS
DCS
Any
GSM-DCS
When in the MB inner zone, it is possible

to force PBGT HO only towards other
MB cell.
1 1 105


If EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = disable
Single
900
Single 1800
Upper
900
fa
fast
st
Upper
900
1 1 106
900
900
indoor900

Upper
900
1800
Upper
900
mini1800
fast
mini900
indoor900
Upper 1800
fast
fast
1800

If EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = enable
Single
900
Single 1800
Upper
900
fa
fast
st
Upper
900
1 1 107
900
900
indoor900

Upper
900
1800
Upper
900
mini1800
fast
mini900
indoor900
Upper 1800
fast
fast
1800

Based on Power budget equation
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n) ==
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) -- AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
-- (BS_TXPWR_MAX
(BS_TXPWR_MAX AV_BS_TXPWR_HO)
AV_BS_TXPWR_HO)
(B)
-- (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)
(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) MS_TXPWR_MAX)
MS_TXPWR_MAX)
(C)
-- PING_PONG_MARGIN(n,
PING_PONG_MARGIN(n, call_ref)
call_ref)
(D)
Size of window for level averaging: A_PBGT_HO
1 1 108
(A)


A Handover cause 12 is detected only if the following conditions are

met :
ifif
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) == DISABLED
DISABLED
then
then PBGT(n)
PBGT(n) >> HO_MARGIN(0,n)
HO_MARGIN(0,n) ++ OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER (*)
(*)
and
and
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO
RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO
and
and
EN_PBGT_HO
EN_PBGT_HO == ENABLED
ENABLED
1 1 109


In case the feature "Traffic HO" is enabled, the previous condition is

modified :
ifif
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) == ENABLED
ENABLED
then
then PBGT(n)
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER (*)
(*)
++ max(0,
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n))
max(0, DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n))
and
and
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO
RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO
and
and
EN_PBGT_HO
EN_PBGT_HO == ENABLED
ENABLED

max(0,
max(0, DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n))
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)) is
is always
always positive
positive
itit increases
increases the
the HO_MARGIN(O,n)
HO_MARGIN(O,n)
1 1 110


DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n): evaluated according to the traffic

situation of the serving cell and the neighboring cell n
(Traffic_load(n)) in the following way:
IfIf
Traffic_load(0)
Traffic_load(0) == high
high and
and Traffic_load(n)
Traffic_load(n) == low,
low,

DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) == -- DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN
DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN
(A)
IfIf
Traffic_load(0)
Traffic_load(0) == low
low and
and Traffic_load(n)
Traffic_load(n) == high,
high,

DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) == ++ DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN
DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN
(B)
Else
Else
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) == 00
(C)
Philosophy:
This mechanism aims at penalizing cause 12 detection when the traffic
in the serving cell is low and is high in the cell n
1 1 111


What is the traffic_load() ?

Computed for every cell by the BSC
Not available for neighbour cells that are external (different BSC's)
Can have three values:
HIGH: cell is loaded
LOW: cell is unloaded
INDEFINITE: cell load is neither loaded nor unloaded, or unknown
Modified according to the long term traffic evaluation algorithm using

the following parameters:
A_TRAFFIC_LOAD, N_TRAFFIC_LOAD : averaging windows
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD, IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD, LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD: load
thresholds
TCH_INFO_PERIOD: cannot be modified (5 s)
Annex 1
1 1 112

Handover Cause 12: Inter-band situation

Separated 900 1800 coverages
Allow the flow of PBGT HO between the 2 bands

EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = enable
HO_MARGIN(0,n) = 2 dB
1800 cells
900 cells
HO_MARGIN(0,n) =5 dB
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = enable or disable
1 1 113

Handover Cause 12: Inter-band situation [cont.]

Common 900 1800 coverages
Solution 1 : Allow the exit from "border 1800", but use other HO causes
to manage "core 1800"
macro 900
HO_M(1800,900)
= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN(900,1800)
= 8 dB
macro 1800
"Border" strategy
Smooth exit of the 1800 area
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = Enable
1 1 114

"Core" strategy
Prevent PBGT HO, to keep MS in 1800
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = Disable
Handover Cause 12: Inter-band situation [cont.]

Common 900 1800 coverages
Solution 2 : Manage all intra-layer HO with HO cause 12.

HO_M(900,900) = 5 dB
macro 900
M
HO_
HO_
=8
M=
HO_M(1800,900)
= 8dB
HO_M(900,1800)
= 2dB
dB
2d
B
macro 1800
HO_M(1800,1800) = 5 dB
"Border" strategy
Smooth exit of the 1800 area
"Core" strategy
Allow PBGT HO, favour MS in 1800
1 1 115

HO Cause 12: Tuning of Microcells Parameters

HO_MARGIN(0,n) optimization
PBGT HO between micro cells 1, 2
Not triggering too many HOs

(ping-pong)
Not triggering HO to a transient
cell (for example, the
perpendicular cell at a
crossroads)
Micro 2
Micro 1
Micro 3
-50
-60
Avoid emergency HO to the

umbrella if there is an available
microcell (after a street corner).
-70
rxlev(cell 1)
rxlev(cell 2)
rxlev(cell 3)
-80
-90
-100
1 1 116

19
17
15
13
11
-110
HO Cause 12: Tuning of Microcells Parameters [cont.]

HO_MARGIN(0,n)

Avoid ping-pong HO in urban environment

Avoid emergency HO after street corners
Avoid transcient PBGT HO
Default value: up to 10 dB in dense urban microcellular area, with
short A_PBGT_HO.
Optimized: can be reduced to 5dB or 0dB when applying an anti pingpong mechanism and long A_PBGT_HO.
A_PBGT_HO
To find a compromise with HO_MARGIN(0,n)
Default value: 8 SACCHs for urban microcells, 6 for dense urban
1 1 117

HO Cause 12: Tuning of Microcells Parameters [cont.]

HO_MARGIN optimization
if HO_MARGIN(0,n) > 5dB
Interferer
PBGT HO delayed
C/I might drop below -9dB
in case of adjacent frequencies between
2 neighbouring microcells, degradation
of voice quality
BTS2
fn+1
Building
BTS1
if HO_MARGIN(0,n) 5dB (0dB)

adjacent frequencies between
neighbouring microcells can be used
BUT A_PBGT_HO should be increased
AND the anti ping-pong mechanism
should be applied (PING_PONG_HCP &
T_HCP)
1 1 118

fn
Area of potential interferences:

(C/I)adj < -6dB
Cause 12: Speed Discrimination in Lower/Indoor

Transfer of fast MSs from lower or indoor layers to upper layer

If EN_SPEED_DISC = ENABLED
Traffic Load low
Traffic Load = low

HO (12)
HO
MIN_CONNECT_TIME
At
At call
call setup:
setup:
After
After 1st
1st HO:
HO:
Next
HO:
Next HO:
1 1 119
HO (12)
HO (12)
HO (12)
C_DWELL
C_DWELL == 00 and
and is
is incremented
incremented by
by 11 every
every MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT REPORT
REPORT
MS_SPEED
is
set
to
indefinite
MS_SPEED is set to indefinite
MS_SPEED
MS_SPEED is
is kept
kept at
at indefinite,
indefinite, and
and C_DWELL
C_DWELL reinits
reinits to
to 00
MS_SPEED
MS_SPEED is
is set
set to
to fast
fast if
if
C_DWELL
<
2
x
MIN_CONNECT_TIME
C_DWELL < 2 x MIN_CONNECT_TIME
HO
HO is
is aa Power
Power Budget
Budget HO
HO (cause
(cause 12)
12)
EN_SPEED_DISC
EN_SPEED_DISC == ENABLED
ENABLED in
in serving
serving cell
cell
Otherwise
Otherwise MS_SPEED
MS_SPEED is
is kept
kept at
at indefinite
indefinite and
and C_DWELL
C_DWELL reinits
reinits to
to 00

Exercise
Draw arrows to indicate among which cells the HO cause

12 can be detected
UMBRELLA
LOWER
INDOOR
1 1 120

Handover Cause 23: Traffic
The aim of this cause is to speed-up HO detection when

The serving cell is loaded
The target cell is unloaded
Counter-reaction of cause 12
Checked between :
SE
U
CA
23
SE
U
CA
LAYER :
12
Cells with the same CELL_LAYER_TYPE
BAND :
If EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = disable Cells with the same CELL_BAND_TYPE
if MS in inner zone of a multiband cell, it can only go to another multiband cell
If EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = enable Any CELL_BAND_TYPE
1 1 121

Handover Cause 23: Traffic [cont.]

CAUSE 23: Traffic Handover
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) << 00 dB
dB
AND
AND
PBGT(n)
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
++ DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)
AND
AND
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) == ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for level average: A_PBGT_HO

DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) uses the same algorithm as in p.77.
1 1 122

Handover Cause 28: Fast Traffic HO

CAUSE 28: Fast Traffic Handover

Push out of a cell a mobile in dedicated mode to allow a queued request to
be served in the serving cell
New call attempt
Most appropriate MS
to be pushed out
Congested cell
HO
Upper Layer Cell

HO
New call attempt
Most appropriate MS
to be pushed out
May be triggered
From any non-concentric cell OR concentric outer zone
Towards any cell except the serving one
1 1 123

Handover Cause 28: Fast Traffic HO [cont.]


Cause 28 is only checked if the channel of the candidate MS can support
the channel rate (HR or FR) required by the queued request:
Queued Request
Candidate MS
HR
HR
or
FR on dual rate TRX
FR
FR (whatever the TRX type)
HO is triggered when a request is queued at the top of the queue
1 1 124

Handover Cause 28: Fast Traffic HO [cont.]

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >>
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
++ max
max (0,
(0, [MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)
[MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) -- P])
P])
and
and
t(n)
t(n) >> FREELEVEL_DR(n)
FREELEVEL_DR(n)
and
and
EN_CAUSE_28
ENABLED
and
and
EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO
EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO == ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for averaging level: A_PBGT_DR

Same thresholds and window as Cause 20 (FDR)
EN_CAUSE_28 is an internal HOP process variable, ENABLED when a request
is queued
1 1 125

Exercise
Detection of cause 12
Parameters settings

No Power Control DL, no anti ping-pong

EN_PBGT_HO = enable
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) = disable
RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO = -47 dBm
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER = 0 dB
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER = 0 dB
In each case, determine if cause 12 is detected or not

30 minutes
1 1 126

Exercise [cont.]

Is cause 12 triggered?
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = ENABLE
Source
Target
Inputs
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Type
Single
Micro
Micro
Mini
Band
900
900
900
900
EN_SPEED_DISC
No
Yes
Yes
No
MS speed
Ind
Slow
Fast
Fast
Rx_Lev(0)
-85 dBm
- 90 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
Type
Single
Umbrella
Umbrella
Micro
Band
900
1800
900
900
Traffic(n)
IND
LOW
LOW
HIGH
Rx_Lev(n)
-80 dBm
- 65 dBm
-65 dBm
-80 dBm
PBGT ?
Cause 12 ?
1 1 127

Exercise [cont.]

EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = DISABLE
Inputs
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Type
Single
Single
Multiband
Upper
Multiband
Upper
Multiband
Upper
Band
900
900
900
900
900
Zone
---
---
Inner
Outer
Inner
Rx_Lev(0)
-85 dBm
-85 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
Type
Single
Single
Single
Single
Multiband
Upper
Band
900
1800
900
900
900
Rx_Lev(n)
-80 dBm
-70 dBm
-65 dBm
-65 dBm
-65 dBm
Source
Target
PBGT ?
Cause 12 ?
1 1 128

Exercise [cont.]

EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO = ENABLE
Inputs
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Type
Single
Single
Multiband
Upper
Multiband
Upper
Multiband
Upper
Band
900
900
900
900
900
Zone
---
---
Inner
Outer
Inner
Rx_Lev(0)
-85 dBm
-85 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
Type
Single
Single
Single
Single
Multiband
Upper
Band
900
1800
900
900
900
Rx_Lev(n)
-80 dBm
-70 dBm
-65 dBm
-65 dBm
-65 dBm
Source
Target
PBGT ?
Cause 12 ?
1 1 129

7 Emergency Handover Algorithms for

MBML Networks
1 1 130

7 Emergency Handover Algorithms for MBML Networks
Emergency Handovers: Introduction

In a hierarchical network, the MS can camp in any layer. Each layer is
characterized by a certain cell type.
Depending on the dimension type, the BSC is able to trigger some specific
"microcell" emergency handovers in order to save the call.
1 1 131
Available Emergency HO causes
Serving Cell
Type
Dimension Type
Standard
(2,3,4,5,6)
Micro
(7,17,18)
Single
Macro
YES
NO
Umbrella
Macro
YES
NO
Mini
Macro
YES
NO
Micro
Micro
YES
YES
Indoor
Micro
YES
YES

Emergency Handovers: Introduction [cont.]

Recommended strategies :
An MS is located in a micro or an indoor cell
During an emergency HO, the MS is directed preferably towards an upper
or a single cell
umbrella
in
single
An MS is located in a mini cell

During an emergency HO, the MS is directed preferably towards
neighboring mini cells
umbrella
mini
1 1 132

mini
Emergency Handovers Specific to Microcells

Emergency handovers specific to microcells

cause 7 : consecutive bad SACCH frames received in a microcell
cause 17 : too low level on the uplink in a microcell compared to a high
threshold
cause 18 : too low level on the downlink in a microcell compared to a high
threshold
May be triggered
From microcells only (cell_dimension_type = micro)
Outdoor microcell (micro layer)
Indoor microcell (indoor layer)
Towards any cell except the serving one

Note : If the MS in inner zone of a multiband cell, the serving cell is a
candidate
1 1 133

Microcell Emergency Handovers

CAUSE 7: consecutive bad SACCH frames received in a microcell
Last
Last N_BAD_SACCH
N_BAD_SACCH frames
frames received
received are
are not
not correct
correct
and
and
EN_MCHO_RESCUE
EN_MCHO_RESCUE == ENABLE
ENABLE
N_BAD_SACCH
Rule : "Radio Link Recovery shall be triggered before the handover"
N_BAD_SACCH > RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS - N_BSTXPWR_M
Default values:
RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS = 18 SACCH
N_BSTPWR_M = 15 SACCH
N_BAD_SACCH = 4 SACCH
1 1 134

Microcell Emergency Handovers [cont.]

CAUSE 17: too low level on the UL in a microcell compared to a high

threshold
AV_RXLEV_UL_MCHO(i)
AV_RXLEV_UL_MCHO(i) <=
<= U_RXLEV_UL_MCHO
U_RXLEV_UL_MCHO
and
and
AV_RXLEV_UL_MCHO(i-1)
AV_RXLEV_UL_MCHO(i-1) >> U_RXLEV_UL_MCHO
U_RXLEV_UL_MCHO
and
and
EN_MCHO_H_UL
EN_MCHO_H_UL == ENABLE
ENABLE
Averaging window: A_LEV_MCHO
1 1 135

Microcell Emergency Handovers [cont.]

CAUSE 18: too low level on the DL in a microcell compared to a high

threshold
AV_RXLEV_DL_MCHO(i)
AV_RXLEV_DL_MCHO(i) <=
<= U_RXLEV_DL_MCHO
U_RXLEV_DL_MCHO
and
and
AV_RXLEV_DL_MCHO(i-1)
AV_RXLEV_DL_MCHO(i-1) >> U_RXLEV_DL_MCHO
U_RXLEV_DL_MCHO
and
and
EN_MCHO_H_DL
EN_MCHO_H_DL == ENABLE
ENABLE
Averaging window: A_LEV_MCHO
1 1 136

Cause 17 & 18: Comparison to High Threshold

High threshold (U_RXLEV_XX_MCHO)

the HO is triggered when the signal drops under the threshold
the corresponding HO causes consist in comparing, at 2 successive SACCH
periods, the DL and UL levels in the serving microcell with a high threshold
AV_RXLEV_XX_MCHO
AV_RXLEV_XX_MCHO
no HO alarm
HO alarm
High
Threshold
High
Threshold
t
i-1
t
i-1
Beginning a call under the threshold does not trigger an HO
1 1 137

Cause 17 & 18: Comparison to High Threshold [cont.]

High threshold (U_RXLEV_XX_MCHO)

With high value, mobiles will be sent too early to the macro layer
With low value, mobiles turning at a street corner will be maintained in
the microcell layer during a longer period
Problems for MS's with a signal strength level close to the high threshold :
due to fading, multiple handovers can be triggered during a call:
MS in Indoor cell : decrease in RXLEV leads to emergency HO Umbrella
MS in Umbrella : RXLEV of indoor cell becomes good again, capture HO Indoor
and so on.
1 1 138

Cause 17 & 18: Comparison to High Threshold [cont.]

U_RXLEV_XX_MCHO compared to L_RXLEV_XX_H

Default settings recommends a +2dB gap :
for DL:
L_RXLEV_DL_H = -93 dBm
U_RXLEV_DL_MCHO = -91 dBm
for UL:
L_RXLEV_UL_H = -95 (M2M), -98 (M4M), -102 (Evolium) dBm
U_RXLEV_UL_MCHO = -93 (M2M), -96 (M4M), -100 (Evolium) dBm
Averaging:
A_LEV_MCHO : 10 SACCH
A_LEV_HO : 4 (dense urband) ~ 6 (urban) SACCH
1 1 139

Cause 17 & 18: Default Strategy

Default strategy : U_RXLEV_XX_MCHO > L_RXLEV_XX_H

AV_RXLEV_XX_MCHO
HO alarm
High Threshold
Based on 10-SACCH sliding averages

Goal : detect slow degradation
Standard Threshold
t
i-1
AV_RXLEV_XX_HO
Std HO alarm
High Threshold
Standard Threshold
t
1 1 140

Goal : detect quick drops in level

Cause 17 & 18: Alternative Strategy

Alternative strategy : U_RXLEV_XX_MCHO < L_RXLEV_XX_H

AV_RXLEV_XX_MCHO
HO alarm
Standard Threshold

Goal : detect corner street effects
High Threshold
i-1 i
AV_RXLEV_XX_HO
Std HO alarm
Standard Threshold
High Threshold
1 1 141

Goal : detect MS slowly exiting the cell

8 Better Conditions Handover Algorithms

for MBML Networks
1 1 142

8 Better Conditions Handover Algorithms for MBML Networks
Cause 14: Lower/Indoor Capture for Slow MS

Capture handover
Improved in B7 (indoor & anti ping-pong)
Send traffic in lower layers, even though the call is
fine in upper layers
UPPER
umbrella
May be triggered
From upper layer cells
Towards lower or indoor layer cells
From lower layer cells
Towards indoor layer cells
mini
Note : It can be triggered between different

frequency bands or not
1 1 143

micro
indoor
LOWER
INDOOR
Cause 14: Lower/Indoor Capture for Slow MS [cont.]

In order to keep dual band MSs in the preferred band

Cause 14 is not checked if
serving cell or zone is "preferred band" AND target cell is "non preferred"
AND EN_BI-BAND_MS(n) = DISABLED
CELL_BAND_TYPE = Preferred_band
CELL_LAYER_TYPE =
upper
CELL_LAYER_TYPE =
lower or indoor
EN_BI-BAND_MS = DISABLED
CELL_BAND_TYPE = CELL_BAND_TYPE(0)
CELL_BAND_TYPE <> Preferred_band
1 1 144

CELL_BAND_TYPE Preferred_band

If cell_layer_type (0) = upper

umbrella
mini
micro
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >> L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
and
and
MS_SPEED
MS_SPEED == SLOW
SLOW
and
and
EN_MCHO_NCELL
EN_MCHO_NCELL == ENABLED
ENABLED
Averaging window: A_PBGT_HO

Anti ping-pong: not checked if T_INHIBIT_CPT is running
1 1 145

indoor

If cell_layer_type (0) = lower

mini
micro
indoor
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
and
and
MS_SPEED
MS_SPEED FAST
FAST
and
and
EN_MCHO_NCELL
EN_MCHO_NCELL == ENABLED
ENABLED

Anti ping-pong: not checked if T_INHIBIT_CPT is running
1 1 146

Cause 14: Speed Discrimination

Only available for UPPER layers (umbrella cells)
Speed discrimination objectives :

Maximize capacity (maximum traffic in lower/indoor cells)

While optimizing quality (minimize the number of handovers)
Smart speed discrimination :

1. If the load of umbrella is too high reduce the time a MS can stay in the
umbrella
2. If the load of umbrella is low increase the time a MS can stay in the
umbrella
3. If the MS speed is fast in lower/indoor cells it is sent to the umbrella
cell
1 1 147

Cause 14: Speed Discrimination [cont.]

Interlayer HO are based on speed discrimination

Upper layer
Cause12
MS_speed = FAST
Cause14
MS_speed = SLOW
Cause12
MS_speed = FAST
Lower layer
Cause14
MS_speed = SLOW or INDEFINITE
Indoor layer
1 1 148


MS speed in umbrella cells :

Speed estimation based on the consecutive time the same lower/indoor
cell is received as a neigbour by the MS
Upper layer
C_DWELL(1)
C_DWELL(2)
Lower layer
Cell 1
Lower layer
Cell 2
If for one neighboring cell n, C_DWELL(n) 2 x MIN_DWELL_TIME

MS_SPEED is set to SLOW
1 1 149


Initialization of C_DWELL(n) in serving umbrella cell :
if EN_SPEED_DISC = ENABLE
C_DWELL(n) = 0
MSs will handover to the lower/indoor layer after MIN_DWELL_TIME seconds
if EN_SPEED_DISC = DISABLE
C_DWELL(n) = 2 x (MIN_DWELL_TIME - L_MIN_DWELL_TIME)
MSs will handover to the lower/indoor layer after L_MIN_DWELL_TIME seconds
1 1 150


Example with default values (EN_SPEED_DISC = disable)

Initialization values
H_MIN_DWELL_TIME = 20s (= MIN_DWELL_TIME at initialization)
L_MIN_DWELL_TIME = 8s
C_DWELL(n) = 2 x (MIN_DWELL_TIME - L_MIN_DWELL_TIME)
= 2 x (20 - 8) = 24 SACCH (= 12 seconds)
Algorithm
MS is deemed as slow if C_DWELL(n) > 2 x MIN_DWELL_TIME
C_DWELL(n) starts at 24, and is increased by 1 when RXLEV_NCELL(n) >
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
: EN_SPEED_DISC = Enable
: EN_SPEED_DISC = Disable
C_DWELL
12
C_DWELL
16
20
24
MIN_DWELL_TIME
28
32
36
40
44
Maximum time to reach

MIN_DWELL_TIME
=
L_MIN_DWELL_TIME
INDEFINITE or FAST
1 1 151

SLOW

Traffic regulation through the variation of MIN_DWELL_TIME
Traffic load umbrella
Default values
dependent on
the number of
TRXs
H_LOAD_OBJ
L_LOAD_OBJ
End of BH
decreasing traffic
End of day
low traffic
Start of day
low traffic
DWELL_TIME_STEP
2s
L_MIN_DWELL_TIME
8s
1 1 152

H_MIN_DWELL_TIME
20 s
Cause 24: General Capture

capture handover
Improved in B7 (anti ping-pong)
Serving cell
Band Type
MS in inner zone
of a multiband cell
Preferred band
NO
Possible Neighbours
EN_BI-BAND_MS(n) = ENABLE
Or CELL_BAND_TYPE(n) = PREFERRED_BAND
Not preferred band
Any cell
Preferred band
EN_BI-BAND_MS(n) = ENABLE
Or CELL_BAND_TYPE(n) CELL_BAND_TYPE(0)
YES
Not preferred band
Any cell
Can be used to capture traffic by any cell, whatever its type, band, etc.
1 1 153

Cause 24: General Capture [cont.]

In order to keep dual band MS in the preferred band, cause 24 is not

checked when EN_BI-BAND_MS(n) = DISABLED, from preferred cell to
classical cell.
CELL_BAND_TYPE = CELL_BAND_TYPE(0)
1 1 154

Cause 24: General Capture [cont.]

CAUSE 24: general capture

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) >>
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n) ++ max
max (0,
(0, [MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)
[MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) -- P])
P])
and
and
Traffic_load(0)
Traffic_load(0) == CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION
CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION
and
and
Traffic_load(n)
Traffic_load(n) HIGH
HIGH
and
and
EN_GENERAL_CAPTURE_HO
EN_GENERAL_CAPTURE_HO == ENABLED
ENABLED
Size of window for averaging level: A_PBGT_HO

CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION can take 3 values: ANY_LOAD (default),
HIGH, NOT_LOW
Anti ping-pong: not checked when T_INHIBIT_CPT is running
1 1 155

Exercise
Use of cause 21 or 14?

Considering the following network
Umbrella 900
Mini 1800
Which cause has to be used for capture? 14 or 21?
Highlight one complexity linked to causes 14 and 21
interworking when using traffic discrimination
Time allowed: 5 minutes
1 1 156

Exercise [cont.]
Input settings for the next slide

EN_MCHO_NCELL(source) = ENABLED
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(source, target) = -85 dBm
Is cause 14 triggered in each of the following

cases ?
See next slide
1 1 157

Exercise [cont.]
Source
Target
Inputs
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Type
Single
Umbrella
Umbrella
Umbrella
Multiband
Multiband
Micro
Mini
Band
900
900
900
1800
900
900
900
900
Zone
---
---
---
---
Outer
Inner
---
---
Speed Disc
IND
IND
HIGH
IND
IND
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
MS Speed
Slow
Slow
Slow
Slow
Slow
Slow
Indefinite
Fast
Rx_Lev(0)
-84 dBm
-60 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
-90 dBm
-60 dBm
-90 dBm
Type
Micro
Micro
Mini
Mini
Mini
Mini
Indoor
Indoor
Band
900
900
1800
900
1800
1800
900
1800
En Biband
MS
Enable
Enable
Disable
Disable
Disable
Disable
Enable
Disable
Rx_Lev(n)
-84 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-70 dBm
-80 dBm
Cause 14 ?
1 1 158

Exercise [cont.]
Speed discrimination
What is the role of parameter EN_SPEED_DISC?
If EN_SPEED_DISC is disabled, can fast MSs be
directed toward microcells?
What is the difference between EN_SPEED_DISC =
DISABLED and EN_SPEED_DISC = ENABLED when
L_LOAD_OBJ = 0% and H_LOAD_OBJ = 100%?
1 1 159

Cause 21: Preferred Band

Capture handover
Improved in B7 (anti ping-pong)
Send traffic in preferred cells, even though the
call is fine in classical cells
Cell
May be triggered
900
From Classical cells

Towards Preferred layer cells
Cell
Note : It can be triggered between

different layers or not
1 1 160

Cell
1800
Cause 21: Preferred Band [cont.]

Cause 21: high level in the neighboring cell in the preferred band
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
and
and TRAFFIC_LOAD(0)
TRAFFIC_LOAD(0) == MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION
MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION
and
and TRAFFIC_LOAD(n)
TRAFFIC_LOAD(n) HIGH
HIGH
and
and EN_PREFERRED_BAND_HO
EN_PREFERRED_BAND_HO == ENABLE
ENABLE

MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION can take 3 values: ANY_LOAD (default),
HIGH, NOT_LOW
Anti ping-pong: not checked when T_INHIBIT_CPT is running
1 1 161

Capture handovers
Tuning of L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n)
Recommended range of investigation: from -65dBm to -85dBm

Propose a method to define the initial setting
Propose a method to tune this value
1 1 162

Capture handovers [cont.]

Tuning of MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION and

CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION
Recommended setting: ANY_LOAD
If HIGH or NOT_LOW:
Capture to the preferred cell is limited to the loaded hours
This choice is sensible: during unloaded hours, the non-preferred cells
provide a good coverage, with little interference.
The following parameters will impact the computation of traffic_load :

Avg windows: TCH_INFO_PERIOD, A_TRAFFIC_LOAD, N_TRAFFIC_LOAD
Thresholds: LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD, IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD,
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD
1 1 163

Capture handovers [cont.]

Inhibition of capture handovers
Cell A
2
T_INHIBIT_CPT_HO
CP
TH
O
3
O
CPT H
QU
AL
HO
2
3
Cell B
The MS experiences a poor RXQUAL, and

a HO due to quality is triggered (causes
2, 4 or 7)
During T_INHIBIT_CPT_HO, a capture
HO towards cell B is inhibited for this
call.
A capture HO to another cell is still
possible
Cell C
Refer to comments for
further details
1 1 164

Exercise
Input settings for the next slide

EN_PREFERRED_BAND_HO(0) = ENABLED
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n) = -85 dBm
MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION = NOT_LOW
Is cause 21 triggered in each of the following cases ?

See next slide
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 165

Exercise [cont.]
Source
Target
Inputs
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Type
Single
Micro
Single
Multiband
Single
Multiband
Upper
Multiband
Upper
Single
Single
Band
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
Zone
---
---
---
Outer
Inner
Outer
---
---
Traffic(0)
IND
IND
HIGH
IND
IND
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Rx_Lev(0)
-84 dBm
-60 dBm
-95 dBm
-84 dBm
-84 dBm
-90 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
Type
Single
Single
Mini
Single
Single
Multiband
Upper
Single
Single
Band
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
900
1800
1800
Traffic(n)
IND
IND
LOW
IND
IND
LOW
IND
HIGH
Rx_Lev(n)
-84 dBm
-80 dBm
-86 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-80 dBm
-70 dBm
-70 dBm
Cause 21 ?
1 1 166

Exercise [cont.]

In a multiband network,
How can you ensure capture will be performed from
900 cell towards 1800 cell, until 80% traffic load is
achieved in the 1800 cell ?
Parameters ?
Settings ?
Once this load is exceeded,

What happens ?
Will the 1800 cell accept more traffic ?
What are the other possibilities of incoming traffic ?
Time allowed:
10 minutes
1 1 167

9 Multiband Cells
1 1 168

9 Multiband Cells
Introduction
When changing a cell from "normal" to "concentric", 3 more handovers

are available !
Those are only INTRA-CELL handovers

Cause 13 : entry in inner zone, from outer zone
Causes 10 & 11 : exit to outer zone, from inner zone
outer
inner
cause 13
cause 10/11
Cell A
1 1 169

9 Multiband Cells
Introduction [cont.]
Setting these 3 handover causes is simple

1. Work with downlink thresholds first
2. Propose an entry threshold, i.e. -75dBm
MS enters in the inner zone only if the expected received level in the
inner zone is above -75dBm
3. Propose an exit threshold, i.e. -83dBm
MS exits the inner zone if the received level is less than -83dBm
outer
inner
-75dBm
-83dBm
Cell A
1 1 170

9 Multiband Cells
4. Compute the entry threshold as measured from the outer zone
Due to 10dB propagation loss, it should be -65dBm
5. Compute the difference between
the entry threshold from outer zone (-65dBm)
the exit threshold (-83dBm)
outer
inner
-65dBm
-75dBm
18dB
-83dBm
Cell A
1 1 171

Only these two values

are needed in order to
tune a concentric cell
9 Multiband Cells
Cause 10: Low uplink level in inner zone

CAUSE 10: too low level on the uplink in inner zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO << RXLEV_UL_ZONE
RXLEV_UL_ZONE
and
and
MS_TXPWR
MS_TXPWR == min
min (P,
(P, MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
1 1 172

9 Multiband Cells
Cause 11: Low downlink level in inner zone

CAUSE 11: too low level on the downlink in inner zone
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO << RXLEV_DL_ZONE
RXLEV_DL_ZONE
and
and
BS_TXPWR
BS_TXPWR == BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
1 1 173

9 Multiband Cells
Cause 13: High UL & DL level in outer zone

CAUSE 13: too high level on the UL and the DL in the outer zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO>>RXLEV_UL_ZONE
RXLEV_UL_ZONE++ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
++(MS_TXPWR
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
(MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
++PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
call_ref)
And
And
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO>>RXLEV_DL_ZONE
RXLEV_DL_ZONE++ZONE_HO_HYS_DL
ZONE_HO_HYS_DL
++(BS_TXPWR
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
++PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
call_ref)
And
And
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n) NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(0,n)
NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(0,n)
And
And
EN_CAUSE_13
EN_CAUSE_13==ENABLE
ENABLE
Averaging windows:
1 1 174
A_LEV_HO
and A_PBGT_HO (for AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS)

9 Multiband Cells
Cause 13: High UL & DL level in outer zone [cont.]

ZONE_HO_HYS_DL and ZONE_HO_HYS_UL

Differences between "entry threshold" and "exit threshold"
They must be greater than the propagation loss, by at least a certain
hysteresis
Recommended
Recommendedvalues
values
ZONE_HO_HYS_DL
ZONE_HO_HYS_DL==12dB
12dB16dB
16dB
ZONE_HO_HYS_UL
ZONE_HO_HYS_UL==9dB
9dB13dB
13dB
There are 3dB difference between UL and DL, due to the value
"MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER" = 3dB
1 1 175

9 Multiband Cells

PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) = penalty of PING_PONG_HCP during

T_HCP only if
MS is coming from the inner zone to the outer zone with an interzone
handover
In all other cases, PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) = 0

outer
inner
MS in the 1800 inner zone of a cell can perform an emergency

"intercell" HO towards the outer zone. In this case, the penalty
is not applied.
1 1 176

9 Multiband Cells

Avoid sending a MS in the inner zone if a neighbour cell is too strong
Tuning depends on frequency planning
By default, NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(0,n) = 47dBm
When inner zone frequency planning is very tight (i.e. reuse cluster = 3)
1 1 177
In this example, the inner zone of cell C_3 can be

interfered locally by the inner zone of cell B_2
C_2 by E_3
Therefore, to avoid degraded situations:

NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(C_3, B_2) = -70dBm
NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(C_2, E_3) = -70dBm

9 Multiband Cells

EN_CAUSE_13: Traffic Load balancing

MS will not be sent in the inner zone if the inner zone is more loaded than
the outer zone
Depends on EN_LOAD_BALANCE & current load in each zone
EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
Outer zone more loaded (Load_sample_inner Load_sample_outer)
EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
Inner zone more loaded (Load_sample_inner > Load_sample_outer)
EN_CAUSE_13 = DISABLE
EN_LOAD_BALANCE = DISABLE
EN_CAUSE_13 = DISABLE
1 1 178

9 Multiband Cells

RXLEV_UL_ZONE : Uplink level threshold for inner to outer zone handover.

From -110dBm to -47dBm. [-86 dBm]
RXLEV_DL_ZONE : Downlink level threshold for inner to outer zone handover.
From -110dBm to -47dBm. [-78 dBm]
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL: Hysteresis applied to RXLEV_DL_ZONE for outer to inner
zone handover. From -40dB to +40dB. [13 dB]
ZONE_HO_HYS_DL: Hysteresis applied to RXLEV_UL_ZONE for outer to inner
zone handover. From -40dB to +40dB. [16 dB]
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER: MS maximum allowed transmission power in the inner
zone of a concentric or multiband cell. From 5dBm to 43dBm. [30 or 33 dB]
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) : This parameter defines the power reduction relative
to the maximum GMSK output power of the TRX of the inner zone in a
concentric or multiband cell. From -30dB to 0dB. [0dB]
NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(0,n) : Threshold of maximum received level from the
neighbour cells for cause 13. From -110dBm to -47dBm. [-47dBm]
1 1 179

9 Multiband Cells
Call Setup
1. Radio Link Establishment Phase
2. SDCCH Phase
3. TCH Assignment Phase
In which zone will the TCH be allocated?
OUTER
INNER
The TCH is allocated in the inner zone if :

UL and DL RxLev in outer zone are satisfying
BSC can allocate a TCH in inner zone
MS is multiband
Otherwise, TCH is allocated in the outer zone
1 1 180

9 Multiband Cells
Call Setup [cont.]

The choice of inner or outer TCH is based on :

IFIF
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO>>RXLEV_UL_ZONE
RXLEV_UL_ZONE++ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
++(MS_TXPWR
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
(MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
And
And
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO>>RXLEV_DL_ZONE
RXLEV_DL_ZONE++ZONE_HO_HYS_DL
ZONE_HO_HYS_DL
++(BS_TXPWR
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
And
And
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n) NEIGHBOUR_RXLEV(0,n)
And
And
EN_CAUSE_13
EN_CAUSE_13==ENABLE
ENABLE
THEN
TheTCH
TCHisisallocated
allocatedininthe
theINNER
INNERzone
zone
THEN::The
ELSE
ELSE::The
TheTCH
TCHisisallocated
allocatedininthe
theOUTER
OUTERzone
zone
1 1 181

9 Multiband Cells
Outgoing intercell HO
What are the possible outgoing handovers from the inner zone ?
Emergency ?
YES
Better conditions ?
YES
Only 2 parameters have an influence

EN_BI-BAND_MS(n)
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO(0)
outer
DCS1800
inner
outer
serving cell
1 1 182
GSM900

inner
9 Multiband Cells
HO Cause 12
If the MS in inner zone of a concentric cell, the PBGT equation is

modified :
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n) ==
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) -- AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO
-- (BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
(BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER AV_BS_TXPWR_HO)
AV_BS_TXPWR_HO)
-- (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)
(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
-- PING_PONG_MARGIN(n,
PING_PONG_MARGIN(n, call_ref)
call_ref)
Cell 1
1800
900
RxLev on TCH = -79dBm
1 1 183
900
Cell 2
RxLev of BCCH = -70dBm

1800
9 Multiband Cells
HO Cause 12 [cont.]

What is happening in this situation ?

How to fix the problem ?
Cell 1
Serving
1800
900
900
RxLev on TCH = -75 dBm

1800
RxLev of BCCH = -66 dBm
HO_MARGIN(1,2) = 5dB and HO_MARGIN(2,1) = 5dB

OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER= 0dB
Inner zone entry threshold DL = -70dBm
1 1 184
Cell 2
Target

10 minutes
9 Multiband Cells
HO Cause 12 [cont.]
If the MS in inner zone of a concentric cell :

HO cause 12 is detected if :
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n) >>
HO_MARGIN(0,n)
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER is used to compensate the difference of

propagation between inner and outer zones (carrying BCCH)
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER = 0dB [monoband concentric cell]
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER = 7 12dB [multiband concentric cell, with
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER = 0]
Warning : The OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER is used regardless of the

frequency band of the target cell !
1 1 185

9 Multiband Cells
Incoming intercell HO
Is an incoming handover directly to the inner zone possible ?

Emergency ?
YES
Better conditions ?
YES
GSM900
outer
inner
DCS1800
outer
target cell
inner
1 1 186

9 Multiband Cells
Incoming intercell HO [cont.]

It can be done if

TCH available in the inner zone

MS is dual-band
Serving cell is internal (same BSC)
The following conditions are verified:
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)>>RXLEV_DL_ZONE
RXLEV_DL_ZONE++ZONE_HO_HYST_DL
ZONE_HO_HYST_DL
++(BS_TXPWR
(BS_TXPWR--BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
And
AndEN_BETTER_ZONE_HO
EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO==ENABLE
ENABLE
And
AndEN_CAUSE_13
EN_CAUSE_13==ENABLE
ENABLE
1 1 187

9 Multiband Cells
Intracell Handovers
Interference: Causes 15 & 16

MS in the inner zone, all TRX's are candidate
MS in the outer zone, only outer TRX's are candidate
Note: the serving TRX can never be a candidate
For other intracell handovers, the MS will stay in the same zone as
before (TFO, AMR, return to CS zone)
1 1 188

9 Multiband Cells
Limitations
Power Control
Same target levels are used for the inner zone and the outer zone, based on:
L_RXLEV_DL_P & U_RXLEV_DL_P (resp. UL)
L_RXQUAL_DL_P & U_RXQUAL_DL_P (resp. UL)
A_LEV_PC, A_QUAL_PC
Rule : ensure 10dB separation between

RXLEV_DL_ZONE and L_RXLEV_DL_P
RXLEV_UL_ZONE and L_RXLEV_UL_P
Packet Switched service and Voice Group Call service

PDCH or VGCH timeslots can be allocated only in the outer zone
Preemption of a MS in the inner zone is not possible
External handovers are always sent in the outer zone of the target cell
1 1 189

9 Multiband Cells
Additional Features
Multiband cell secured TCH assignment

Subsequent TCH allocation in outer zone, if previous attempt in the inner
zone failed
Improved CSSR (TCH assignment failure due to radio is reduced)
EN_LOAD_OUTER
ENABLE: all load computations (short, medium and long terms) are based on
the outer zone load
DISABLE [default]: all load computations are based on the overall amount of
timeslots (inner + outer)
Enable only if ratio of dualband MS is very small
1 1 190

9 Multiband Cells
Exercise
Accordingly to this RMS report (monoband cell), find the

initial settings for the planned urban multiband cell
3 TRX in outer zone
2 TRX in inner zone
Cumulated traffic per RxLevel
100%
90%
80%
OUTER
70%
60%
-67dBm
50%
Cumulated traffic
distribution
40%
30%
20%
INNER
10%
0%
[-110,104]
]-104,-97] ]-97,-91] ]-91,-85] ]-85,-79] ]-79,-72] ]-72,-66] ]-66,-60] ]-60,-53] ]-53,-47]

RxLevel ( dBm )
1 1 191

9 Multiband Cells
Exercise [cont.]
Multiband cells parameters tuning
1800
900
An important parameter to be tuned in a multiband cell is

Takes into account the propagation difference between 900 and 1800
Proposed values between 7dB to 12dB
Using all available optimization tools (RNO, drive-tests, traces, ), propose a

method for tuning accurately this parameter
1 1 192

10 Candidate Cell Evaluation
1 1 193

From HO Detection to Candidate Cell Evaluation

As soon as an intercell HO alarm has been detected

BSC
BSC
Raw cell list
Handover
cell 1: cause C1
cell 2: cause C2
cell 3: cause C3
Detection
Max 32 cells
Candidate
Cell
Evaluation
PREF_LAYER
HO Detection sends to Candidate Cell Evaluation

the list of potential candidates (it depends on type of handover cause)
the HO cause value
the preferred layer for the target cell indicated by the variable
PREF_LAYER (it depends on the cell network architecture and on the
operator strategy)
1 1 194

Raw Cell List and PREF_LAYER

Standard cell environment

CELL_LAYER_TYPE = SINGLE
Better condition HO cause
Raw cell list

PREF_LAYER
subset of cells verifying the HO causes

upper + single
Emergency HO cause
Raw cell list
all neighboring cells*
PREF_LAYER
upper + single
* if the MS is in the DCS 1800 inner zone of a multiband cell then it includes the
serving cell
1 1 195

Raw Cell List and PREF_LAYER [cont.]

Hierarchical cell environment

CELL_LAYER_TYPE = UPPER
Raw cell list

PREF_LAYER
subset of cells verifying the HO causes

none
Emergency HO cause
Raw cell list
all neighboring cells*
PREF_LAYER
upper + single
serving cell
1 1 196


CELL_LAYER_TYPE = LOWER or INDOOR

MS_SPEED = FAST and
There is a cell in the list because of cause 12
MS_SPEED <> FAST or

HO Cause <> 12
Raw cell list
Subset of cells verifying the HO causes plus all

neighboring umbrella cells with Traffic_Load(n) = LOW
Subset of cells verifying the HO

causes
PREF_LAYER
Upper
none
Emergency HO cause
EN_RESCUE_UM = ENABLED
Raw cell list
PREF_LAYER
EN_RESCUE_UM = DISABLED
EN_RESCUE_UM = indefinite
All neighboring cells except umbrella cells which do not verify AV_Rxlev_Ncell(n) >
OUTDOOR_UMB_LEV(0,n)
Upper + Single
Lower + indoor
none
serving cell
1 1 197


Emergency handovers from lower or indoor layers

Standard parameter settings for minicells
EN_RESCUE_UM = DISABLED
Because a LOWER/INDOOR layer composed of MINI cells should offer good
coverage
Standard parameter settings for microcells

Because a LOWER/INDOOR layer composed of MICRO cells might not offer
continuous coverage
Risk of choosing a neighbor cell from LOWER/INDOOR layer with poor coverage
1 1 198

Summary
Fill up this table

BC HO
(incl. FDR and Fast Traffic HO)
EM HO
Raw cell list
Single
Single
Umbrella
Upper
Mini/Micro
Lower
Indoor
1 1 199
All
All
PREF_LAYER
Raw cell list
PREF_LAYER
Upper + Single
subset of cells
verifying the HO
causes
Upper + Single
Upper + Single
subset of cells
verifying the HO
causes
None
subset of cells
verifying the HO
causes
None
All, except umbrellas with

Depends on
AV_Rxlev_Ncell(n) <
EN_RESCUE_UM
OUTDOOR_UMB_LEV(0,n)
Indoor

Evaluation Process
Measurement
result
Measurement
Preprocessing
HO Detection
Raw cell list
Preprocess
measurement
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause
A_LEV_HO
A_QUAL_HO
A_PBGT_HO
A_RANGE_HO
Performed every SACCH
2: uplink quality
3: uplink level
4: downlink quality
5: downlink level
6: distance
12: power budget
Max
every SACCH
Performed every SACCH
Cell 1: cause C2
Cell 2: cause C2
Cell 3: cause C2
Cell 4: cause C2
Cell 5: cause C2
Cell 6: cause C2
Cell 7: cause C2
Cell 8: cause C2
... max 32 cells
HO Candidate Cells Evaluation

Pre-ranking
Priority (0, n) = 0
Cell 2: cause C2
Cell 3: cause C2
Cell 4: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 1
Cell 1: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 2
Priority (0, n) = 3
Cell 5: cause C2
Cell 6: cause C2
Cell 7: cause C2
Cell 8: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 4
Priority (0, n) = 5
1 1 200
PBGT filtering
HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
Priority (0, n) = 0
Cell 2: cause C2
Cell 3: cause C2
Cell 4: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 1
Priority (0, n) = 2
Priority (0, n) = 3
Cell 6: cause C2
Cell 8: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 4
Priority (0, n) = 5
Cell evaluation process (Order or Grade)

Grade
Priority (0, n) = 0
Cell 4: cause C2
Cell 2: cause C2
Cell 3: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 1
Priority (0, n) = 2
Priority (0, n) = 3
Cell 6: cause C2
Cell 8: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 4
Priority (0, n) = 5

Order
Priority (0, n) = 0
Cell 4: cause C2
Cell 3: cause C2
Cell 2: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 1
Priority (0, n) = 2
Priority (0, n) = 3
Cell 6: cause C2
Cell 8: cause C2
Priority (0, n) = 4
Priority (0, n) = 5
Evaluation Process [cont.]

Case of MS in "MINI" cell, HO cause 2 detected :

Layer Type
Priority
Band Type
= Serving Cell
Priority(0,n) = 0
Preferred Band
Cell 4
Cell 5
Cell 7
Cell 1
Raw cell list
Cell11
Cell
Cell22
Cell
Cell
Cell33
Cell
Cell44
Cell55
Cell
Cell66
Cell
Cell
Cell77
Cell
Cell88
= Serving Cell
Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell 1
Cell 6
Cell 4
Cell 5
Cell 7
List 1
1. Cell 7
2. Cell 4
3. Cell 5
List 2
List 2
List 3
List 3
Cell 1
Serving Cell
Cell 1
1. Cell 1
List 4
List 4
List 5
List 5
List 6
List 6
Cell 6
= Serving Cell
Non Preferred Band
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 8
Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 8
1 1 201
Serving Cell
List 1
Cell Evaluation Process
NONE
Cell 4
Cell 5
Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 4
Cell 5
Cell 7
Power Budget Filtering
Cell 2
Serving Cell
Cell 3
Cell 8

Pre-Ranking in Complex Networks [cont.]

Pre-ranking in case of emergency HO, plus cause 20 and 28 :

Cell_band_type = serving cell
Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell_layer_type = Pref_layer
Raw cell list
Priority(0,n) = 1
Priority(0,n) = 5
Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell_layer_type Pref_layer
Priority(0,n) = 1
Priority(0,n) = 5
1 1 202

Cell_band_type serving cell
Pre-Ranking in Complex Networks [cont.]

Pre-ranking in case of better condition HO:

Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell_layer_type = Pref_layer
Raw cell list
Priority(0,n) = 1
Priority(0,n) = 5
Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell_layer_type Pref_layer
Priority(0,n) = 1
Priority(0,n) = 5
1 1 203

Pre-Ranking in Standard Networks

With PRIORITY(0,n) settings

One target cell can be favourized or penalized.
From 0 (max) to 5 (min).
It cannot supersede PREF_LAYER.
Two main purposes:

Favour 1800 cells, when exiting 900 cells.
Direct traffic flow towards a certain neighbour.
Safety belt:
Favourite target would still be filtered out if its level is not good enough.
Candidate cell 1: RxLev: - 70 dBm, pbgt: + 10 dB
P1
Serving cell
P0
Candidate cell 2: Rxlev: - 90 dBm, PBGT: + 5dB
1 1 204

PBGT Filtering
PBGT filtering
Enabled with EN_PBGT_FILTERING
For Emergency HO and Fast Traffic HO only
Filter out cells from the target list that do not fulfill:
or
or
or
or
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n)>>HO_MARGIN_QUAL
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(0,n)
(0,n)
PBGT(n)
>
HO_MARGIN_LEV
(0,n)
PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN_LEV (0,n)
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n)>>HO_MARGIN_DIST
HO_MARGIN_DIST(0,n)
(0,n)
for
forcauses
causes2,
2,4,
4,77
for
forcauses
causes3,
3,5,
5,17,
17,18,
18,28
28
for
cause
6
for cause 6
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER is only applied when the MS is in the inner

zone of a concentric or multi band cell
The average window is A_PBGT_HO
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n)>>HO_MARGIN_XX
HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
(0,n)++OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
1 1 205

PBGT Filtering [cont.]

Recommended values
Parameter
Strategy
Proposed values
HO_MARGIN_QUAL
A neighbor cell with a lower RxLev

can be a good candidate, but there is
a risk of PBGT HO back to the serving
cell.
MICRO/INDOOR : -127dB, with anti

ping-pong mechanism
Other cells : -5dB +2dB
HO_MARGIN_LEV

will also trigger an emergency HO
HO_MARGIN_DIST

can be a good candidate, but there is
a risk of PBGT HO back to the serving
cell.
1 1 206

+2dB +5dB
-127dB if mandatory HO, with anti

ping-pong mechanism (*)
+2dB if optional HO (*)
Level Filtering
For all HO causes, this last filter is used:
Cell "n" is kept if:
AV_RXLEV_NCELL
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
(n)>>
1 1 207
RXLEVmin
RXLEVmin(n)
(n)
++max
max[0;(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)]
[0;(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)]

Order Evaluation

CELL_EV = ORDER
For all HO causes, candidate "n" is ranked among others according to
the best ORDER:
If EN_LOAD_ORDER = ENABLED and cell n is internal to the BSC
ORDER(n)
ORDER(n)==
PBGT(n)
PBGT(n)++LINK_FACTOR(0,n)
LINK_FACTOR(0,n)--HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
++[[FREEfactor(n)
FREEfactor(n)--FREEfactor(0)
FREEfactor(0)]]
LINK_FACTOR(0,n) is an operator parameter to give a bonus/penalty to a cell

FREEfactor(0) and FREEfactor(n) are a bonus/penalty based on the absolute load
of the cell
If EN_LOAD_ORDER = DISABLED or cell n is external to the BSC

ORDER(n)
ORDER(n) ==PBGT(n)
LINK_FACTOR(0,n)--HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n)
1 1 208

Grade Evaluation

CELL_EV = GRADE [Recommended]

For all HO causes, candidate "n" is ranked among others according to
the best GRADE:
If EN_LOAD_ORDER = ENABLED and cell n is internal to the BSC
GRADE(n)
GRADE(n)==
PBGT(n)
LINK_FACTOR(0,n)LOAD_FACTOR(n)
LOAD_FACTOR(n)
LINK_FACTOR(0,n) is an operator parameter to give a bonus/penalty to a cell

LOADfactor(n) is a bonus/penalty based on the relative load of the cell
If EN_LOAD_ORDER = DISABLED or cell n is external to the BSC

GRADE(n)
GRADE(n) ==PBGT(n)
LINK_FACTOR(0,n)
1 1 209

Forced Directed Retry is different!

Pre-ranking
using PREF_LAYER, PRIORITY(0,n), frequency band
Filtering process
AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) > RXLEVmin(n) + max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - P)
Number of free TCHs t(n) > FREElevel_DR(n)
The remaining cells are sorted according to their PBGT_DR(n)

(averaging window A_PBGT_DR)
PBGT_DR(n) = AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) - AV_RXLEV_PBGT_DR
(BS_TXPWR_MAX - BS_TXPWR)
(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - MS_TXPWR_MAX)
1 1 210

Summary
Fill up this table

EM HO
BC HO
FDR
FTH
PREF_LAYER
Priority
Same Freq Band
PBGT Filtering
Level Filtering
Free TS filtering
1 1 211
PBGT DR Ordering
Order/Grade Evaluation

Exercise
In a hierarchical network (umbrella + micro cells)

EN_SPEED_DISC is ENABLED
A slow moving MS starts a call in lower layer
After a while, this MS becomes a fast moving MS (for
example, a car starting at traffic light)
Explain the exact process that will send the MS

towards the umbrella layer
Time allowed:
5 minutes
1 1 212

Exercise [cont.]
Which is the best target cell?

Emergency qual ho triggered in serving cell

HO_MARGIN_QUAL(0,n) = -2 dB
PRORITY(0,n) = 1
LINK_FACTOR(0,n) = 0 dB
Source
Time
allowed:
5 minutes
Possible
Target
Type
Single
Band
1800
EN_SPEED_DISC
Yes
MS speed
Slow
Rx_Lev(0)
-82 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella (2)
Single (3)
Band
900
900
1800
EN_BI-BAND_MS
Disabled
Enabled
Disabled
Rx_Lev(n)
-74 dBm
-80 dBm
-84 dBm
Best Target ?
1 1 213

Exercise [cont.]

PRORITY(0,n) = 1, LINK_FACTOR(0,n) = 0 dB
Source
Possible
Target
Type
Umbrella
Band
900
EN_SPEED_DISC
Yes
MS speed
Slow
Rx_Lev(0)
-76 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella
(2)
Single (3)
Micro (4)
Micro (5)
Indoor (6)
Band
900
900
1800
900
1800
900
EN_BI-BAND_MS
Disabled
Enabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
Rx_Lev(n)
-74 dBm
-80 dBm
-82 dBm
-75 dBm
-85 dBm
-80 dBm
Time
allowed:
5 minutes
Best Target ?
1 1 214

Exercise [cont.]


PRORITY(0,n) = 1, LINK_FACTOR(0,n) = 0 dB
EN_RESCUE_UM = Enabled
Source
Possible
Target
Type
Micro
Band
900
EN_SPEED_DISC
No
MS speed
Slow
Rx_Lev(0)
-68 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella
(2)
Single (3)
Micro (4)
Micro (5)
Indoor (6)
Band
900
900
1800
900
1800
900
EN_BI-BAND_MS
Disabled
Enabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
Rx_Lev(n)
-84 dBm
-80 dBm
-82 dBm
-75 dBm
-85 dBm
-80 dBm
Time
allowed:
5 minutes
Best Target ?
1 1 215

Exercise [cont.]


EN_PBGT_FILTERING=Enable
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(0,n)=-2dB
CELL_EV=GRADE
EN_LOAD_ORDER=Disable
LINK_FACTOR(0,n)=0dB RXLEVmin=-100 dBm
Source
10 minutes
Possible
Target
Type
Single
Band
1800
Rx_Lev(0)
-82 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella
(2)
Single (3)
Single (4)
Single (5)
Band
900
900
1800
1800
1800
PRIORITY
Rx_Lev(n)
-74 dBm
-80 dBm
-84 dBm
-101 dBm
-81 dBm
Best Target ?
1 1 216

Exercise [cont.]


CELL_EV=GRADE
Source
10 minutes
Possible
Target
Type
Single
Band
1800
Rx_Lev(0)
-82 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella
(2)
Single (3)
Single (4)
Single (5)
Band
900
900
1800
1800
1800
PRIORITY
Rx_Lev(n)
-74 dBm
-80 dBm
-84 dBm
-101 dBm
-81 dBm
Best Target ?
1 1 217

Exercise [cont.]


CELL_EV=GRADE
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER = 10 dB
Source
10 minutes
Possible
Target
Type
Single
Multiband
Band
900
Zone
Inner
Rx_Lev(0)
-82 dBm
Type
Single (1)
Umbrella
(2)
Single (3)
Single (4)
Single (5)
Band
900
900
1800
1800
1800
PRIORITY
Rx_Lev(n)
-74 dBm
-80 dBm
-84 dBm
-101 dBm
-81 dBm
Best Target ?
1 1 218

Exercise [cont.]

If a call is setup, what will happen next ?

What changes can you propose ?
A : Concentric cell 900 (monoband)

BS_TXPWR_MAX = 0dB
BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER = -10dB
-- IDLE mode -RxLev(A) = -71dBm C2 = 29
RxLev(B) = -75dBm C2 = 25
MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER = 33dBm
RXLEV_DL_ZONE = - 85dBm
ZONE_HO_HYST_DL/UL = 6dB
RXLEV_UL_ZONE = - 95dBm
HO_MARGIN(A,B) = 5dB
A
8/16
13/19
HO_MARGIN_INNER_OFFSET = 0dB
EN_LOAD_BALANCE = Enable
B : Single cell 900
used_ts / nb_ts
HO_MARGIN(B,A) = 5dB
1 1 219



for this module
1 1 220

End of Module
Algorithms and Associated Parameters
1 1 221

Section 1
Optimization
Module 3
Creating a Multilayer Network

Blank Page
1 1 223

Module Objectives
Define relevant parameters settings to introduce a new layer in an existing
network
1 1 224

1 1 225

Table of Contents
1 1 226


1 1 227

1 Adding a Microcellular Layer
1 1 228

Introduction
The principle is to implement antennas below roof level

confined propagation and low Tx power
interferences avoided
easier frequency planning
Benefits :

Higher network capacity per sq. km

The right capacity at the right place (Airport, shopping malls, etc.)
Improve the outdoor coverage and the indoor coverage (at street level)
Improve the voice quality, thanks to cleaner frequencies
Confined micro cell propagation
0
1 1 229
100 m

Field Example: Busy Hour Traffic

Microlayer commercial opening
140
117.9
120
112.5
78
45.9
17.9
29.1
42.9
19.2
31.4
36.4
71.1
60
54.7
60
40
115.1
72.3
76.8
72.5
71.6
80
41.7
124.5
98.4
71
94.3
116.1
70.5
100.7
68.6
95.9 95.1 98.4 94.6
70.6
100
114 116.9
121.6
121.6
118.5
20
Macrocells
Microcells
20% of new traffic generation

50% of old macro traffic is handled by microcells
1 1 230

30/9
29/9
28/9
27/9
26/9
25/9
24/9
23/9
22/9
21/9
20/9
19/9
18/9
17/9
16/9
15/9
14/9
13/9
12/9
11/9
10/9
9/9
8/9
Keep a good QoS

Avoid call drops on microcells
Specific emergency HO towards umbrella rescue cells
Avoid unnecessary handovers

To ensure good QoS and speech quality
Force idle mode in microcells to avoid subsequent capture
Fast MSs are kept in the umbrella layer
1 1 231

Architecture
Capture towards microcells, emergency towards umbrella
umbrella
micro
micro
umbrella
micro
single
micro
Capture HO is used to send slow MSs to the overlaid layer

Capture HO (cause 14):
PBGT HO (cause 12):
Emergency HO (Level or Quality):
1 1 232

UPPER/SINGLE
LOWER
Strategy
Choose a handover to push traffic from these cells to the microlayer

Cause 24 if all collocated cells and micro cells are all "Single"
Cause 14 if collocated cells are Umbrella and micro cells are Micro
The exercise next slide will show the best solution
1 1 233

Exercise

Case 1 : Strategy based on cause 24

Case 2 : Strategy based on cause 14
NORMAL CELLS
What are the pro's and

con's of each solution ?
Which one would you
choose ?
MICROCELLS
10 minutes
1 1 234

Call Setup
MICRO
MICRO
MICRO 900
TEMPORARY_OFFSET = infinity
UMB
UMB
UMBRELLA
Only slow MS reselects a MICRO
1 1 235

Call Setup [cont.]

DR and FDR are ENABLED

An FDR (cause 20) is triggered when the average level of a neighboring cell is
higher than L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n)
DR only
PRIORITY(umb, umb) = 1
DR & FDR
PRIORITY(micro, umb) = 1
DR only
PRIORITY(umb, micro) = 0
DR & FDR
PRIORITY(micro, micro) = 1
1 1 236
Umbrella
EN_DR = ENABLED
EN_FORCED_DR = DISABLED
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) = -88 dBm
FREElevel_DR(n) = 0

Micro
EN_DR = ENABLED
EN_FORCED_DR = ENABLED
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) = -47 dBm
FREElevel_DR(n) = 0
Microcell Classes
Parameter settings will depend on the microcells position in the lower

layer
Microcell classes are introduced to deal with typical parameters settings in
each of these cases
Border Microcell
Inner Microcell
Indoor Microcell
1 1 237

Inner Microcell Class

Definition
A microcell surrounded by other microcells in a dense environment
Rule
The MS is comfortably installed in the microcell area. Calls have to be
handled by a micro layer, which is a traffic-catcher
Fast capture HO from the umbrella to micro cell
If the MS is already on call in the micro-layer, it must stay on it
Favour PBGT handover to neighbour microcells
Inner Microcell
1 1 238

Inner Microcell: Better Condition Handovers

Causes 12 and 14
Cause 12 / 23
HO_MARGIN(umb, umb) = 5 dB
DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN = 2 dB
DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN = 2 dB
Cause 14
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(umb, micro)
= -80 dBm
Only fast mobiles can perform a PBGT

HO to an umbrella cell (with low load)
HO_MARGIN(micro, umb) = 5dB
Cause 12
PRIORITY(micro, micro) = 1
HO_MARGIN(micro, micro) = ?dB
1 1 239
Umbrella
EN_PBGT_HO = ENABLED
EN_MCHO_NCELL = ENABLED
EN_SPEED_DISC = DISABLED

Inner Microcell
EN_SPEED_DISC = ENABLED
A_PBGT_HO = 6
Inner Microcell: Tuning of Cause 12 Parameters

HO_MARGIN(micro,micro) and A_PBGT_HO(micro) tuning

Case 1 : Avoid PBGT HO to a transcient cell (i.e. micro 3)
Case 2 : Avoid an EM HO to an umbrella
Reduce A_PBGT_HO & increase HO_MARGIN
or
Increase A_PBGT_HO & decrease HO_MARGIN
Micro 2
Micro 1
Micro 3
1 1 240

Inner Microcell: Emergency Handovers

Use Level, Quality causes

Umbrella
Pref_layer = upper + single
PRIORITY(umb,umb) = 1
PRIORITY(umb,micro) = 0
PRIORITY(micro,umb) = 1
PRIORITY(micro,micro) = 1
1 1 241

Inner Microcell
A_QUAL_HO = 4
A_LEV_HO = 4
Inner Microcell: Candidate Cells Evaluation Process

HO_MARGIN_LEV(umb,umb)= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(umb,umb)= -2 dB
HO_MARGIN_DIST(umb,umb)= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN_LEV(micro,umb)= -127 dB
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(micro,umb)= -127 dB
HO_MARGIN_DIST(micro,umb)= -127 dB
OUTDOOR_UMB_LEV(micro,umb)=
-100 dBm
HO_MARGIN_LEV(umb,micro)= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(umb,micro)= -2 dB
HO_MARGIN_DIST(umb,micro)= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN_LEV(micro,micro)= 2 dB
HO_MARGIN_QUAL(micro,micro)= -2 dB
HO_MARGIN_DIST(micro,micro)= 2 dB
1 1 242
Umbrella
EN_PRIORITY_ORDERING = ENABLED
EN_PBGT_FILTERING = ENABLED
CELL_EV = GRADE

Inner Microcell
EN_PRIORITY_ORDERING = ENABLED
EN_PBGT_FILTERING = ENABLED
CELL_EV = GRADE
Border Microcell Class

Definition
A microcell bordering the microcell area
Hybrid situation between the inner microcell and the hotspot microcell
Rule
Ensure the MS is slow & well covered before a capture in microlayer
Ensure a MS will exit this cell safely
PBGT HO are of no use here
Border Microcell
1 1 243

Border Microcell: Better Condition Handovers

Causes 12 and 14
Umbrella
H_MIN_DWELL_TIME = 16s
Cause 12 / 23
Cause 14
= -75 dBm

Border Microcell
Cause 12
1 1 244

Border Microcell: Emergency Handovers


Umbrella
Emergency HO considered as a
"safe exit" HO, based on cause 5.
Border Microcell
EN_MCHO_H_DL = ENABLED
A_LEV_HO = 6
A_LEV_MCHO = 4
1 1 245

Indoor Microcell Class

Definition
An indoor area located within the micro cell area
This indoor cell aims at absorbing traffic in a strategic building
Rules
Absorb indoor traffic, and only indoor traffic
Do not catch outdoor MS (Idle or Dedicated)
An MS nearby the building door but still outside should camp on the outdoor
cell
Beware of "indoor" exit strategy
Beware of jamming at higher floor
Indoor Microcell
1 1 246

Indoor Microcell: Better Condition Handovers

Causes 12 and 14
Umbrella
Cause 12 / 23
Cause 14
= -75 dBm

Cause 12
1 1 247

Indoor Microcell
EN_SPEED_DISC = DISABLED
Indoor Microcell: Emergency Handovers


Umbrella
PRIORITY(micro,micro) = 1
1 1 248

Indoor Microcell
A_LEV_HO = 6
A_LEV_MCHO = 4
Indoor Microcell: High Floors Case

In high floors, the level from surrounding umbrella cells is very high
More than 6 cells might be measured at -47dBm (maximum measured value)
How can we ensure the indoor cell is included in the chosen 6 ?
One solution

Dedicate one cell to cover these floors

Set a high CRO (8dB 12dB) : the C2 is not limited
Define many incoming adjacencies but just few selected outgoing adjacencies
Use SFH with broad band to avoid interferences
1 1 249

2 Adding Hot Spot Microcell for Traffic
1 1 250

Hotspot Microcell Class

Definition
A microcell totally isolated from any other microcell
Rules
Capture shall occur only if the MS is not moving
There are no neighbour from the same layer
No better cell handover can be triggered
An emergency HO shall be used as an exit strategy
Hotspot Microcell
1 1 251

Hotspot Microcell: Better Condition Handovers

Causes 12 and 14
Cause 12 / 23
HO_MARGIN(umb, umb) = 5 dB
DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN = 2 dB
DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN = 2 dB
Cause 14
= -75 dBm
Umbrella
No better condition HO from a micro

to an umbrella cell (different layers)
Fast MS detection is not possible
Hotspot Microcell
1 1 252

Hotspot Microcell: Emergency Handovers


Umbrella
Hotspot Microcell
A_LEV_HO = 6
A_LEV_MCHO = 4
A_QUAL_HO = 4
1 1 253

3 Monitoring QoS in a Multilayer

Network
1 1 254

3 Monitoring QoS in a Multilayer Network
Indicators Monitoring
QoS indicators in each layer

Create a cell zone for each cell type : Umbrella, Mini, Micro, Indoor, Single
Perform your QoS Monitoring per cell zone
Goal 1 : Traffic split

RTCH_Load_BH (TCTRBHR) in lower layers above 80%

RTCH_Load_BH in upper layers below congestion
RTCH_duration_avg (TCTRMHT) should be long in lower layers (> 20s)
and might be shorter in umbrellas, because of cause 14 (Min Dwell Time)
Goal 2 : Quality of Service

Main KPI's shall be better or identical in lower than in upper

TCH Drop Rate, CSSR, SDCCH Congestion rate
HO Incoming & Outgoing efficiency rates
Handover causes split should reflect your parameter settings
DL Level HO (5) as exit strategy for hotspot/border cells
Capture HO (14) shall be the main cause of HO for Umbrellas
1 1 255

3 Monitoring QoS in a Multilayer Network
Indicators Monitoring [cont.]

Goal 3: Simplicity of parameter settings

Apply the same settings within each cell type
Find the best "overall" settings in order to obtain the best results (regarding
goal 1, goal 2 or both)
Once this is achieved, fine tune problematic cells only
Additional investigation : Forced Directed Retry

With good settings, FDR should not occur too much
But if it does, ensure it is working correctly
DR_Out_success_rate (DRORSUR) in lower layers
DR_Inc_internal_success_rate (DRIBSUR) in upper layers
Specific indicators : Traffic flows

HO per couple of cells (PMC type 180)
In case of problem, use ODMC type 26 and 27 for detailed incoming and
outgoing HO causes (max. 40 cells)
1 1 256



for this module
1 1 257

End of Module
Creating a Multilayer Network
1 1 258

Section 1
Optimization
Module 4
Creating a Multiband Network

Blank Page
1 1 260

Module Objectives
Define relevant parameters settings to introduce a new band in an existing
network
1 1 261

1 1 262

Table of Contents
1 1 263


1 1 264

1 Introduction
1 1 265

1 Adding a Microcellular Layer for Traffic and Coverage Increase
Strategies
Several cases should be considered in order to cover all the possibilities

What is the current architecture prior to the introduction of the new band ?
1. Monolayer
2. Multilayer
What is the planned architecture after the introduction of the new band ?
1. Monolayer : the new band is located in the current layer
2. Multilayer : the new band is located within an existing layer
3. Multilayer : the new band is located within a dedicated layer
In order to save cost, the new cells will be collocated with the existing cells
1. Dual-BCCH ? (two different cells)
2. Single-BCCH ? (multiband concentric cells)
1 1 266
For each architecture, which settings to choose ?

1 Introduction
Examples
The main situations will be studied :

Collocate the new band with :

1. Existing single cells (monolayer)
2. Existing umbrella cells

Existing micro cells in classical band
3. Existing mini cells
Existing umbrella cells in classical band
Implement the new band in a new layer

1. New micro layer (for hotspot coverage)

2. New mini layer (for continuous coverage)

refer to previous chapter "Adding a Microcellular Layer"

this solution is not practical: macro cells in the new band are always Collocated with
existing cells
3. New umbrella layer (for extension of coverage)

1 1 267
this solution is not realistic: umbrella cells are always deployed first in a network

2 Collocate the new band in a

monolayer network
1 1 268

2 Collocate the new band in a monolayer network
Single vs. Umbrella

If the network is monolayer, there is no difference between Singles

and Umbrellas.
The only difference will appear if introduction of microcells in the

future :
1. For Umbrellas, the cause 14 is available to push traffic to microlayer
2. For Single, the cause 24 (General Capture Handover) must be enabled
In a case study, we will see the differences between the two

solutions.
Future proof solution: set all your cells as "Umbrella"
1 1 269

Collocated cells
If the cells are collocated, two solutions

Dual-BCCH or Single BCCH
outer
inner
cause 13
CRO(B)
CRO(A)
cause ?
cause 10/11
Cell B
Cell A
Cell A
Single-BCCH
1 1 270
cause ?
CRO(A)
Dual-BCCH

Collocated cells [cont.]

For single-BCCH cells, refer to algorithms of causes 10, 11 and 13.

CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET must be set accordingly
to the other cells
outer
inner
cause 13
CRO(A)
cause 10/11
Cell A
CAUSE 13: Entry HO, based on DL and UL RxLev

of the outer zone
RXLEV_UL_ZONE & DL_ZONE
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL & DL
MS and BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO
EN_LOAD_BALANCE
PING_PONG_HCP, T_HCP
CAUSE 10/11: Exit HO, based on DL or UL RxLev
of the inner zone
RXLEV_UL_ZONE & DL_ZONE
INTERCELL HO: no changes
Rule
Rule::OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNERPropagation
Propagation--MS
MSTxPwr
TxPwr
1 1 271


For dual-BCCH cells, use "Preferred band HO" (cause 21)

CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET(A) > CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET(B)
cause 21
CRO(A)
CRO(B)
cause 5
Cell B
Cell A
CAUSE 21: Entry HO, based on DL RxLev of cell B

L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(A,B)
MS_TXPWR_MAX(B)
MULTIBAND_TRAFFIC_CONDITION(B)
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD(A)
EN_PREFERRED_BAND_HO(B)
T_INHIBIT_CPT(A)
CAUSE 5: Exit HO, based on DL RxLev of cell B
L_RXQUAL_DL_H(B)
L_RXLEV_DL_H(B)
EN_RXLEV_DL(B)
Avoid ping-pong HO
HO_MARGIN(B,A) = +127dB
Rule
Rule::L_RXLEV_DL_H(B)
L_RXLEV_DL_H(B)L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(A,B)
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(A,B)5dB
5dB
1 1 272


For dual-BCCH cells, beware of neighbour cells
Cell B
Cell A
PBGT HO
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO(A) = Enable
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO(B) = Enable
With 900 cells
HO_MARGIN(B, 900) = Propag + 5-3 = 12dB
HO_MARGIN(A, 900) = 5dB
With "standalone 1800 cells"
HO_MARGIN(B, 1800) = Propag + 5 = 15dB
HO_MARGIN(1800, A) = 8dB
HO_MARGIN(1800, B) = 5dB
With "collocated 1800 cells"
HO_MARGIN(B, 1800) = 5dB
HO_MARGIN(A, 1800) = -2dB
At
Atnetwork
networklevel,
level,such
suchsettings
settingsare
areunmanageable
unmanageable!!
1 1 273


For dual-BCCH cells, beware of neighbour cells

PBGT HO
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO(A) = Disable
EN_MULTIBAND_PBGT_HO(B) = Disable
With 900 cells
With "standalone 1800 cells"
HO_MARGIN(B, 1800) = Propag + 5 = 15dB
With "collocated 1800 cells"
HO_MARGIN(B, 1800) = 5dB
Cell B
Cell A
ItItisiseasier
easierto
tomanage
manage
Typical
interband
HO
are
only
Typical interband HO are onlycause
cause21
21or
orcause
cause55
1 1 274


Regarding Radio Parameters :
Single-BCCH:
1. Less parameters
2. Much simpler settings, especially adjacency parameters
3. PBGT HO towards all neighbours are possible
Dual-BCCH:
1. Cause 21 is using load conditions in serving and target cells
2. Cause 21 can push a MS from one 900 cell to its collocated cell and to
other 1800 cells as well
1 1 275

3 Collocate the new cells in upper layer

of a multilayer network
1 1 276

3 Collocate the new cells in upper layer of a multilayer network
Single-BCCH strategy
As seen earlier, it is simpler to use single-BCCH

In the OMC-R, create your collocated cells as "Concentric"
Choose a handover to push traffic from these cells to the microlayer

Cause 24 if collocated cells and micro cells are all "Single"
Cause 14 if collocated cells are "Umbrella" and micro cells are "Micro"
The choice has been done previously:

The best solution is "cause 14" in order to take into account fast moving
mobiles.
This strategy was fully studied in "Adding a Microcellular Layer""
1 1 277

Dual-BCCH strategy
In case this solution is preferred, some settings to manage Umbrella

1800 / Umbrella 900 were given in the previous chapter.
In this chapter, we introduce a Microcell layer.
UMBRELLA 900
(21)
(5)
UMBRELLA 1800
(14)
(5)
(5)
(14)
MICRO 900
1 1 278

Call Setup
MICRO 900
TEMPORARY_OFFSET = infinity
UMBRELLA 900
MICRO
MICRO
UMB
UMB
UMB
UMB
UMBRELLA 1800
1 1 279

Better Conditions HO
Traffic routed to Micro
Umbrella
Ho_Margin(900,900)=5dB
L_Rxlev_Cpt_Ho(900,)
= -80dBm
12
EN_Pbgt_Ho = Enable
EN_Multiband_Pbgt_Ho = Disable
EN_Preferred_Band_Ho = Enable
EN_Mcho_Ncell = Enable
L_RxLev_Cpt_Ho(0,n) = -80dBm
= -80dBm
12
Multi_Band_Traffic_Condition=Any_Load
EN_Speed_Disc = Enable
14
H_Load_Obj = 70% / L_Load_Obj = 30%
L_Min_Dwell_Time = 8s
H_Min_Dwell_Time = 20s
Ho_Margin(1800,1800)=5dB
12
12
12
Micro
21
21
14
= -80dBm
EN_Pbgt_Ho = Enable
EN_Preferred_Band_Ho = Disable
EN_Speed_Disc = Enable
High_Traffic_Load = 80%
1 1 280
Ho_Margin(,)=010dB

: Fast MS only
Emergency HO
Favour umbrella 900 + Preventive exit from Micro
Umbrella
Pref_Layer = single + upper [fixed]
By default, same band as serving is
preferred
T_HCP = 60s
1
1
: top choice
: second choice
: third choice
: last choice
1
1
If microcell 900
1
1
Micro
EN_Rescue_Um = Enable
Pref_Layer = upper
EN_Mcho_H_DL = Disable
L_RxLev_DL_H -86dBm
Outdoor_Umb_Lev(mini,umb) = -100dBm
1 1 281

Forced Directed Retry & Fast Traffic HO

Rescue capacity with umbrella 900 & 1800
Umbrella
Pref_Layer = none [fixed]
L_RxLev_Ncell_DR = -85dBm
Free_Level_DR = 0
EN_DR = Enable
EN_Fast_Traffic_Ho = Disable
EN_FDR(900) = Disable
EN_FDR(1800) = Enable
0
: top choice
: second choice
: third choice
: last choice
1
1
If microcell 900
Micro
1

Free_Level_DR = 0
EN_DR = Enable
EN_FDR = Enable
EN_Fast_Traffic_Ho = Enable
HO_Margin_Lev(,umb) = -5dB
1 1 282

Candidate Cell Evaluation

Easy exit from micro
Umbrella
En_Priority_Ordering = Enable
En_Pbgt_Filtering = Enable
Cell_Ev = GRADE
Ho_Margin_Lev(0,n) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(900,coloc1800) = -12dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(0,n) = -2dB
Ho_Margin_Dist(0,n) = 2dB
Micro
If microcell 900
Cell_Ev = GRADE
Ho_Margin_Lev(,umb) = -5dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(,umb) = -127dB
Ho_Margin_Dist(,umb) = -127dB
Ho_Margin_Lev(, ) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(, ) = -2dB
Ho_Margin_Dist(, ) = 2dB
1 1 283
: special settings
: default settings

4 Collocate the new cells in lower layer

of a multilayer network
1 1 284

4 Collocate the new cells in lower layer of a multilayer network
Single-BCCH vs. Dual-BCCH

Assumptions:
New cells are Collocated with classical Mini cells
Umbrella cells are in the classical band
The easiest solution is to create Concentric Multiband Mini cells

Refer to "Create a multilayer network"
The new band is "transparent", it does not impact algorithms other than
intra-zone handovers (causes 10, 11, 13)
In this chapter, the dual-BCCH solution is studied
1 1 285

Call Setup
MINI 900
UMBRELLA 900
MINI
MINI
UMB
UMB
MINI
MINI
MINI 1800
1 1 286

Better Conditions HO
Traffic routed to Mini 1800
Umbrella
EN_Pbgt_Ho = Enable
EN_Multiband_Pbgt_Ho = Disable
EN_Preferred_Band_Ho = Disable
EN_Mcho_Ncell = Enable
12
EN_Speed_Disc = Disable
L_Min_Dwell_Time = 6s
21
L_Rx_Lev_Cpt_Ho(0,n) = -80dBm
14
14
12
12
Mini
EN_Pbgt_Ho = Enable
EN_Preferred_Band_Ho = Enable
L_Rx_Lev_Cpt_Ho(0,n) = -80dBm
EN_Speed_Disc = Disable
High_Traffic_Load = 80%
12
21
12
12
: Fast MS only
1 1 287

Emergency HO (1/2)
Umbrella is the rescue cell
Umbrella
preferred
T_HCP = 60s
: top choice
: second choice
: last choice
Mini
EN_Rescue_Um = Enable
Pref_Layer = upper
L_RxLev_DL_H -86dBm
1 1 288

Emergency HO (2/2)
Rescue cells are from the same layer
Umbrella
preferred
T_HCP = 60s
: top choice
: second choice
: last choice
Mini
EN_Rescue_Um = Disable
Pref_Layer = lower + indoor
L_RxLev_DL_H -86dBm
1 1 289

Forced Directed Retry and Fast Traffic HO

Rescue capacity in Umbrella
Umbrella
EN_DR = Enable
EN_FDR = Disable
EN_Fast_Traffic_Ho = Disable
Free_Level_DR = 0
: top choice
: second choice
: last choice
Mini
EN_DR = Enable
EN_FDR = Enable
EN_Fast_Traffic_Ho = Enable
Free_Level_DR = 0
HO_Margin_Lev(mini,umb) = -5dB
1 1 290

Candidate Cell Evaluation

Umbrella
: special settings
: default settings
Cell_Ev = GRADE
Ho_Margin_Lev(umb,n) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(umb,n) = -2dB
Ho_Margin_Dist(umb,n) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(umb, mini 1800) = -12dB
Link_Factor(umb, mini1800) = +12dB
Mini
Cell_Ev = GRADE
Ho_Margin_Dist(mini, n) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Lev(mini,umb) = -5dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(mini,umb) = -127dB
Ho_Margin_Lev(mini, mini) = 2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(mini, mini) = -2dB
Ho_Margin_Qual(mini, coloc1800) = -12dB
1 1 291

Use 1800 band for quality HO
5 QoS Monitoring
1 1 292

5 QoS Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
QoS indicators in each layer
Create a cell zone for each cell type & band

Umbrella 900
Mini 900
Micro 900
Indoor 900

Umbrella 1800
Mini 1800
Micro 1800
Indoor 1800
Perform your QoS Monitoring per cell zone

Goal 1: Intelligent traffic split
Goal 2: Balanced QoS between different layers and bands
Goal 3: Globalized settings
1 1 293

5 QoS Monitoring
Investigation
Special attention to:

HO/Call and RTCH Duration Avg in intermediate layer

Too many incoming HO from top layer (probably due to capture)

Too many outgoing HO CPT (towards bottom layer)
Action 1: L_RxLev_Cpt_Ho(top, intermediate) = -80dBm -70dBm
Action 2: Cell_Reselect_Offset(bottom) = 8dB 12dB
TOP
capture
INTERMEDIATE
capture
capture
BOTTOM
1 1 294



for this module
1 1 295

End of Module
Creating a Multiband Network
1 1 296

Section 1
Optimization
Module 5
Case Studies

Blank Page
1 1 298

Module Objectives
Define relevant parameter settings for the following field cases
1 1 299

1 1 300

Table of Contents
1 1 301


1 1 302

1 Radar Cell
1 1 303

1 Radar Cell
Exercise
A radar cell is covering an industrial zone

Find relevant parameter settings to favor IZ cells in idle and connected mode
Propose 2 architectures
1 1 304

2 Symmetric Microcells at a Street

Corner
1 1 305

2 Symmetric Micorcells at a Street Corner
Exercise
An indoor microcell is introduced within a monolayer network, for a

new coverage
Define relevant parameter settings to obtain good QoS in the microcell layer
for
symmetric microcells at a street corner
Cell B
1 1 306

Cell A
3 Asymmetric Microcells at a Street

Corner
1 1 307

3 Aymmetric Micorcells at a Street Corner
Exercise
Define relevant parameter settings to obtain good QoS in the microcell

layer for
Asymmetric microcells at a street corner
1 < x < 2.5
Cell B
x.d
1 1 308

Cell A
4 Indoor Microcell within a Monolayer

Network
1 1 309

4 Indoor Microcell withing a MonolayerNetwork
Exercise
An indoor microcell is introduced within a monolayer network, for a

new coverage
Define parameter settings for both idle and connected mode
Indoor Microcell
1 1 310

5 Trilayer Network: Indoor Cell within a

Multi-Layer Network
1 1 311

5 Trilayer Network: Indoor Microcell withing a Multi-Layer Network
Exercise
An indoor microcell is introduced within a multi-layer network (macro +

micro cells), for capacity & coverage increase
So called trilayer network
Define parameter settings for both idle and connected mode
1 1 312

6 Indoor Cell Congestion
1 1 313

6 Indoor Cell Congestion
Exercise

An indoor microcell has been introduced within a multi-layer network

(macro + micro), based on the previous exercise recommendations
When an indoor microcell is congested, the FDR may not be working as
some MSs can be covered only by this cell
Define parameter settings to find a good solution in case of indoor cell
congestion
1 1 314

7 Transforming a Microcell into an

Indoor Cell
1 1 315

7 Transforming a Microcell into an Indoor Cell
Exercise

Within a multi-layer network, a microcell has been designed in the

micro-layer, with parameters of the microcell class
One may want to configure this cell in the indoor layer
Propose parameter settings
1 1 316

8 Picocells in Skyscrapers
1 1 317

8 Picocells in Skyscrapers
Exercise
Skyscrapers may need several picocells to achieve a sufficient coverage

while avoiding interference (sufficient received level from the serving
cell
Define parameters settings to deal with this configuration
1 1 318



for this module
1 1 319

End of Module
Case Studies
1 1 320

Section 1
Optimization
Module 6
Appendix

Blank Page
1 1 322

Module Objectives

Describe
List
Explain
Identify ...
1 1 323

1 1 324

Table of Contents
1 1 325


1 1 326

1 Load and Traffic Evaluation
1 1 327

Cell TCH Radio Resource Evaluation Usage
Load
evaluation
Period
Usage
short term
TCH_INFO_PERIOD
FREEfactors
LOADfactors
medium
term
LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD
Speed discrimination for hierarchical network

Full Rate / Half Rate channel allocation
N_TRAFFIC_LOAD x A_TRAFFIC_LOAD x
TCH_INFO_PERIOD
Power budget Handover

Traffic Handover
Multiband capture Handover
General capture Handover
long term
Back
Cause 12
1 1 328

Short Term Evaluation

LOADfactors and FREEfactors are determined from Nb free TCH

samples every TCH_INFO_PERIOD seconds (short term evaluation)
LOADlevels are boundaries of load intervals associating a LOADfactor
(db) to a Nb free TCH sample
FREElevels are boundaries of Nb free TCH intervals associating a
FREEfactor (db) to a Nb free TCH sample
1 1 329

Short Term Evaluation [cont.]

FREEfactor determination:
Nb free TCH
t <= FREElevel_1
FREELevel_1< t <= FREElevel_2
FREELevel_4< t
FREElevel in absolute number of TCHs
FREEfactor in dB
1 1 330

Nb free TCH
FREEfactor_1
FREEfactor_2
FREEfactor_3
FREEfactor_4
FREEfactor_5

LOADfactor determination:
t = (1 - Nb free TCH/Total Nb TCH) x 100
t <= LOADlevel_1
LOADLevel_1< t <= LOADlevel_2
LOADLevel_4< t
LOADlevel in %
LOADfactor in dB
1 1 331

LOADfactor
LOADfactor_1
LOADfactor_2
LOADfactor_3
LOADfactor_4
LOADfactor_5

Example: cells with 4 TRXs (28 TCHs)

Nb free TCH
FREEfactor
Load = (1-Nb free TCH/Total TCH)x 100
LOADfactor
- 16 dB
t <= 10%
+10 dB
3 < t <= 8
- 8 dB
10% < t <= 25%
+5 dB
8 < t <= 15
0 dB
25% < t <= 50%
0 dB
15 < t <= 21
+7 dB
50% < t <= 80%
-10 dB
21 < t
+10 dB
80% < t
-15 dB
t <= 3
Nb free TCH = 4
Load = 85,7%
Nb free TCH = 20
Load = 28,6%
HO?
Cell 0
FREEfactor(0) = -8 dBm
LOADfactor(0) = -15 dBm
Cell n
FREEfactor(n) = +7 dBm
LOADfactor(n) = 0 dBm
in evaluation of cell n for outgoing HO from cell 0 :

in ORDER(n): + FREEfactor(n) - FREEfactor(0) = +7 - (-8) = +15 dB
in GRADE(n): + LOADfactor(n) = +0 = 0 dB
1 1 332

Medium Term Evaluation

Medium term measurement of the load of a cell

corresponds to function AV_LOAD(cell)
a new sample of the Nb free TCHs in the cell is available every
TCH_INFO_PERIOD seconds
AV_LOAD() is a non-sliding window load average from Nb free TCH samples
updated every LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD s
1 1 333

Medium Term Evaluation [cont.]

AV_LOAD(cell n) calculated from N Nb free TCH samples available

during LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD s
1
AV_LOAD(n) =
Nsamples
1 1 334
Nsamples
i =1
(1
Nb free TCH (n)

) *100
Nb Tot TCH (n)

Long Term Evaluation

Long term measurement of the load of a cell

corresponds to function Traffic_load(cell)
Traffic_load() value is determined from a number N_TRAFFIC_LOAD of
consecutive non-sliding window load averages AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD calculated
from Nb free TCH samples updated every A_TRAFFIC_LOAD x
TCH_INFO_PERIOD s
1 1 335

Long Term Evaluation [cont.]

3 possible values for Traffic_load(): high, low, indefinite

initialization: Traffic_load() = indefinite
Traffic_load() becomes : corresponds to function Traffic_load(cell)
high if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load
averages are all greater than the HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold
low if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load
averages are all lower than the LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold
1 1 336


Traffic_load() becomes indefinite if:

Traffic_load() was high and the last AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is lower
than LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if not 0%)
Traffic_load() was low and the last AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is greater
than HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if not 0%)

Traffic_load(n) is always equal to indefinite if cell n is external to the

BSC
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD
1 1 337


Example with N_TRAFFIC_LOAD = 3
Back
Cause 12
1 1 338

2 Extended Cell Overview
1 1 339

Presentation - General
One BTS (G3 or G4): 2 cells

INNER cell: range from 0 to 35 km
OUTER cell: range from 33 to 70 km
1 1 340

Presentation - Synchronization
Freq BCCH OUTER <> Freq BCCH

INNER
MS reports measurements on both
cells for the handover algorithms
BSICINNER = BSICOUTER
INNER cell can decode the RACH
received on OUTER BCCH frequency
INNER cell always BARRED

MS always camps on OUTER cell
1 1 341
INNER cell

OUTER cell
Presentation - RF Interference
UL interference on TS0 of the INNER cell if

Access burst received in the INNER cell (on frequency BCCH OUTER)
AND
Call on TS7 of the OUTER cell
Then, TS7 of the OUTER cell is always set to IDLE (never used)
1 1 342

Radio Link Establishment - MS Located in the Outer Cell Area
1 1 343

Radio Link Establishment - MS Located in the Inner Cell Area
1 1 344

Radio Link Establishment - MS Located in the Overlap Zone
1 1 345

Radio Link Establishment - MS Located in the Overlap Zone [cont.]
1 1 346

Handover - From the INNER Cell to the OUTER Cell

CAUSE 6 : Too long distance

AV_RANGE_HO > U_TIME_ADVANCE
and EN_DIST_HO = ENABLE

U_TIME_ADVANCE = 62
EN_PBGT_FILTERING = Disable
1 1 347

Handover - From the OUTER Cell to the INNER Cell

CAUSE 22 : Too short distance

AV_RANGE_HO < L_TIME_ADVANCE

L_TIME_ADVANCE = 0
EN_PBGT_FILTERING = Disable
Cause 22 is only checked if
Cell_range(serving) = extended_outer
1 1 348

Handover - From the INNER Cell to the OUTER Cell toward Another Cell
All the standard HO causes can be used

Emergency HO causes 2, 3, 4, 5
Better condition HO causes 12, 23, 24
The OUTER or INNER cell is always present in the Candidate Cell

Evaluation
1 1 349

Packet Service (B9 MR4)

Activation of the PS service in an Extended cell

No specific parameter is foreseen
Same procedure as the one used for standard cell is applied
TRX_PREF_MARK = 0
If used, PS must be activated in both INNER and OUTER cell

Reselection
Because the INNER cell is barred
this cell should must not be declared in the neighbor cells reselection adjacencies
NC2 is not allowed
NACC and (P)SI STATUS are not allowed The INNER cell and OUTER cell must belong
to the same location area
The Master channel is not allowed in both INNER and OUTER cell
1 1 350

Packet Service (B9 MR4) [cont.]

Packet access procedure

Same principle as in CS, since its performed on CCCH only
The MS always performs its access on the RACH of the outer BCCH frequency
The BTS provides the BSC with the initial TA
Depending on the TA value, the BSC chooses the suitable cell (INNER or
OUTER)
In UL, whatever the multislot class of the MS, only one PDCH is allocated
Its right or left TS can not be allocated neither for PS nor for CS (see comment)
This TS is considered as a restricted TS by the MSF
The same constraint is applied in DL for the TS carrying the PACCH
OUTER
INNER
Allocated
Allocated
UL
Restricted
1 1 351

Restricted
PS Parameters Setting

NETWORK_CONTROL_ORDER = NC0
EN_NACC = Disable
EN_PSI_STATUS = Disable
NB_TS_MPDCH= Disable
MAX_PDCH, MAX_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD and MIN_PDCH must be set to
even values (see comments)
EN_STREAMING = Disable
1 1 352



for this module
1 1 353

End of Module
Appendix
1 1 354


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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

Module Objectives [cont.]

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

Table of Contents [cont.]

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

1 Concepts and Strategies

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

1 Concepts and Strategies

Introduction to Multilayer Networks

Multiband/Multilayer network: a powerful solution for:

While keeping a good QoS

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Support of Multilayer and Multiband Features

Alcatel-Lucent is providing multilayer solutions:

Alcatel-Lucent is providing multiband solution

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

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Network Strategy (Multilayer)

Multilayer networks can be introduced as continuous layer or hotspots,

All types of mobiles can use both layers

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Multiband & Multilayer Optimization Multiband Multilayer Network Architecture

1 Concepts and Strategies

Network Strategy (Multiband)

The new band introduction can be done

As part of an existing cell design: multiband cells

Depending on the architecture chosen:

The main issue is to achieve an efficient traffic sharing between the 2

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2 Cellular Network Architecture

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2 Cellular Network Architecture

Hierarchical: introducing Upper and Lower cell layers

Multiband: Classical and Preferred frequency bands

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One unique combination of the five parameters

CELL_DIMENSION_TYPE: macro, micro

A multiband cell is defined by:

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Cell Layer Type

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