Results

Low Flow Rate

Laminar Flow (Armfield Experimental Rig), Pipe Length = 500mm, Pipe Diameter 3mm
No Flow Rate
Water
Water Manometer
Water Air
Dynamic
Temperature
Density Density Viscosity
Volume Time (C)
(ml)
(s)
1
58
60.19 31.0
2
124
60.12 31.0
3
180
60.34 33.5
4
280
60.44 33.5
5
330
60.31 34.0
6
340
60.25 34.0
7
320
60.12 34.5
8
360
60.06 34.5
9
390
60.18 35.0
10 390
60.12 35.0
Table 1. Raw experimental data.
No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

280
270
260
240
225
205
215
190
180
170

300
310
320
335
350
370
360
380
390
400

water
air
water
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/ms)
995.41 1.1481
0.000781
995.41 1.1481
0.000781
994.6 1.1397
0.000742
994.6 1.1397
0.000742
994.43 1.1381
0.000734
994.43 1.1381
0.000734
994.26 1.1364
0.000727
994.26 1.1364
0.000727
994.08 1.1348
0.00072
994.08 1.1348
0.00072

Estimated
Percentage
Volumetric
Pressure
Head
friction factor, f Error, %
Flowrate, Q Velocity, Reynolds drop, P
loss,
Friction =16/Re
( 10-6 m3/s)
v (m/s) Number
(Pa)
hloss (m) factor, f
0.96
0.136
521
195.07
0.020
0.127
0.031
75.74
2.06
0.292
1116
390.15
0.039
0.055
0.014
74.04
2.98
0.422
1697
584.75
0.059
0.040
0.009
76.20
4.63
0.655
2636
925.86
0.095
0.026
0.006
76.66
5.47
0.774
3146
1218.02
0.125
0.025
0.005
79.27
5.64
0.798
3245
1607.80
0.165
0.030
0.005
83.80
5.32
0.753
3089
1412.67
0.145
0.030
0.005
82.78
5.99
0.848
3479
1851.08
0.189
0.031
0.005
85.20
6.48
0.917
3797
2045.57
0.210
0.029
0.004
85.66
6.49
0.918
3801
2240.38
0.230
0.032
0.004
86.89
Table 2. Calculated Data

Graph 1. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for Low Flow Rate.

High Flow Rate

Turbulent Flow (Lotus Scientific), Pipe Length = 425 mm, Pipe Diameter = 7.74 mm
No Flow Rate

Water
Temperature

Volume Time (C)

(ml)
(s)
1
180 3.58 30.5
2
180 2.69 31.3
3
180 2.22 32.0
4
180 2.02 32.0
5
200 1.99 32.2
6
200 1.73 32.3
7
200 1.63 32.3
8
200 1.50 33.0
Table 3. Raw Experimental Data.

Mercury
Manometer

Water Mercury Dynamic

Density Density Viscosity

h1(mm) h2(mm) water

(kg/m3)
30
55
995.56
20
65
995.31
10
75
995.09
0
85
995.09
-10
95
995.02
-20
105
994.99
-30
115
994.99
-40
125
994.76

mercury
(kg/m3)
13553.45
13551.50
13549.80
13549.80
13549.31
13549.07
13549.07
13547.37

No
Volumetric
Flowrate, Q
( 10-5 m3/s)

Velocity, Reynolds
v (m/s) Number

1
5.03
1.069
10436
2
6.69
1.422
14118
3
8.11
1.723
17349
4
8.91
1.894
19067
5
10.05
2.136
21588
6
11.56
2.457
24897
7
12.27
2.608
26425
8
13.33
2.834
29130
Table 4. Calculated Experimental Data

Pressure
drop, P
(Pa)
3079.82
5542.93
8005.51
10468.74
12931.55
15394.44
17857.55
20318.28

Head
loss,
hloss (m)
0.315
0.568
0.820
1.072
1.325
1.577
1.830
2.082

Friction
factor, f
0.099
0.100
0.099
0.107
0.104
0.093
0.096
0.093

water
(kg/ms)
0.000789
0.000776
0.000765
0.000765
0.000762
0.000760
0.000760
0.000749

Graph 2. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for High Flow Rate.
From Moody Chart,

Therefore = 0.08 0.00774 = 0.0006192mm

Dynamic viscosity of water, water estimation

Reynolds Number
521
1116
1697
2636

Volumetric Flow Rate,

Pressure change,
Q ( 10-6 m3/s)
P (Pa)
0.96
195.07
2.06
390.15
584.75
2.98
925.86
4.63

Table 5. Data used to plot , P against Q graph.

From Graph 1 above, Reynolds Number from 521 to 2636 fall within the laminar region
and the rest are within the transition region. Therefore, pressure change, P and
volumetric flow rate, Q data from Re 521 to 2636 was taken to plot P against Q graph.

Graph 3. Graph of Pressure Change, P against Volumetric Flow Rate, Q in laminar

region

From equation displayed on graph above, the gradient is 200.54, therefore

= 7.97 10-10 kg/ms

= 7.62 10-4 kg/ms

The average dynamic viscosity of water, water from property table is 7.62 10-4 kg/ms

The percentage error of the value obtained experimentally is:

Appendix

Figure : Experimental Setup for Low Flow Rate.

Sample Calculations for Low Flow Rates Experiment

Volumetric Flow Rate, Q :

Q

Volume
58ml
1L
1m 3

9.64 10 7 m 3 / s
Time
60.19 s 1000 ml 1000 L

Velocity of water at the inlet and out of the pipe :

v

Q
9.64 10 7 m 3 / s

0.136m / s
PipeCrossS ectionalArea
(0.003) 2 m 2
4

Reynolds Number :
Re

waterVD 995.41kg / m 3 0.136m / s 0.003m

521
water
0.000781kg / m s

Pressure drop, P (Pa) :

P = (water - air) g (h2 h1)
= (995.41 - 1.1481) 9.81 (0.3 0.28)m
= 195.07 Pa

From First Law of Thermodynamics for a steady state one-dimensional flow with one
inlet and outlet, conservation of energy can be applied to a control volume

Eqn (1)

PQ flow energy, where Q is the volumetric flow rate

Dividing Eqn (1) by g, and assume T is very small therefore neglect U, the equation
reduces to
Eqn (2)

Eqn (3)

f friction factor
L length of pipe
D diameter of pipe
KL loss coefficient due to pipe fittings or accessories

Since mass flow rate is conserved,

Assuming fluid is incompressible and are at the inlet and outlet are equal

Since no fitting on the pipe,

Friction factor for low flow rate :

= 0.127