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By andrian09
The natural greenhouse effect. The atmosphere reflects toward space about 30 percent of
the energy in incoming sunlight. The atmosphere absorbs about another 30 percent, and
the remaining 40 percent or so reaches the earth’s surface.
The earth’s surface reflects about 15 percent of the solar energy that reaches it back
toward space. The remaining energy heats the lands and seas. The warmed lands and seas
then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere, chiefly as infrared rays and in
evaporated water. Infrared rays are much like light waves but are invisible to the human
eye.
When the rays from the lands and seas strike certain substances in the atmosphere, such
as greenhouse gases and particles, those substances absorb the rays. As a result, the gases
and particles are heated. They then are cooled by sending out infrared rays of their own.
Some of the rays go into space. The remainder radiate back toward the earth’s surface,
adding to the warming of the surface layer of air. Without the natural greenhouse effect,
the average temperature of the earth’s surface would be about 59 degrees Fahrenheit (33
degrees Celsius) colder than it is now.
The chief greenhouse gases are made up of atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O). These gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. The
greenhouse particles include cloud droplets, soot, and dust.
Increases in greenhouse gases. Since the early to mid-1800’s, the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by about 25 percent and the methane
concentration has risen by about 150 percent. Most of the increase has been due to human
activities-chiefly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of
land. Fossil fuels contain carbon, and burning them creates carbon dioxide. Trees and
other plants absorb the gas through the process of photosynthesis. As land is cleared and
forests are cut down, carbon dioxide levels rise.
The average temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by about 0.9 to 1.6 degrees
Fahrenheit (0.5 to 0.9 degree Celsius) since the late 1800’s. Scientists have not yet
proved that an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has raised the surface temperature.
But in the likely event that this relationship does exist, the eventual results could be
severe. Many scientists estimate that by about 2050, the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere will have doubled from the preindustrial level. If this increase were to add to
the natural greenhouse effect, the earth’s surface temperature might rise 2.5 to 10.4
degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius) by 2100.
The increase in surface temperature, which is called global warming, could alter the
ecology of many parts of the earth. For example, global warming could change rainfall
patterns, melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level, increase the severity of tropical
storms, and lead to shifts in plant and animal populations. Ocean currents and wind
patterns could change, making some areas cooler than they are now. One remote
possibility is that a warming of northern regions will result in more winter snowfall,
causing some ice sheets to advance.
Studying the greenhouse effect. Researchers use high-speed computers to study how
carbon dioxide concentration may affect surface temperature. The computers manipulate
mathematical models, sets of equations that describe relationships between changeable
factors. Scientists do not have enough data to prove that variations in carbon dioxide and
other human-caused changes to atmospheric composition cause shifts in surface
temperature. They may need until the 2010’s to gather enough data. But certain models
suggest that the 2010’s may be too late to avoid some damage from global warming.
Scientists have also examined evidence from the distant past to determine whether
changes in carbon dioxide concentration cause temperature changes. Cores of ice drilled
from great depths in Greenland and Antarctica provide a record for the past 160,000
years. During those years, the climate warmed and cooled several times. Researchers
analyzed the gases and other substances that were trapped in the ice when it formed.
During the cooler periods, the atmosphere contained about 30 percent less carbon dioxide
and 50 percent less methane than during the warmer periods.
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Green houses are climate controlled. Jain Green Houses have a variety of applications,
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irrespective of the natural conditions outside.
In conventional Agronomical practices, the crops are being grown / cultivated in the
open field under natural conditions where the crops are more susceptible to sudden
changes in climate i.e. temperature, humidity, light intensity, photo period and other
conditions due to which the quality, yield of a particular crop can get affected and may
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