The attitude of Saint Gabriel College level 4-B student nurses towards smoking.

A Research paper presented to

The faculty and staff of Saint Gabriel College
Old Buswang, Kalibo, Aklan

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for subject

Nursing Research 1

Janyawadee S. Sengsod
BSNIV-B

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as curable but few people try to control
themselves from doing it. People, students and even professionals are often tempted to smoke.
For some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among others, curiosity, satisfaction, and a form
of self deception but the adverse consequences of smoking is ones own health.
Smoking exist everywhere even in school campuses that conclude to be huge problem.
According to Toni Christopherson, a problem that everyone tries to eradicate but fails to act on it
because they themselves cannot practice what they preach. It is obvious that smoking is one of
the major problems of every college student. Many college students are fond of smoking, it
driven oneself to heavenly feeling. But it is not an excuse to be free from any complication
someday.
Many people tried self discipline to control the temptation of smoking. Others would try
re- lifestyle and refocus their attention just to stop themselves from doing it. But worse, others
dont know what to do and they simply give in. Others on the other hand, would smoke not
because they dont know what to do but simply because they wont get belong to the in group.
As mentioned earlier, smoking is curable; one always has the power to control ones self.
Because of smoking, few qualified people get to be successful. Its because of smoking is one of
the reason that word's mortality rate. Smoking could never be eradicated unless we try to start the
battle against it and heart attack in those with heart disease.
Studies have indicated that some student does smoking during their vacant time than
studying their lessons. Smoking in college especially in nursing students is becoming popular
substitute for learning. There are some factors of smoking which has the social approval from
parents, faculty and friends. Some studies shows that student with low self esteem is actually
more likely to smoke than student with high self esteem because of the negative evaluation that
they might receive from the people around them.

Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this is to know the attitude of Saint Gabriel College level 4-B student
nurses towards smoking.
Specifically, this study answers the following questions:
1. What are the attitudes of Saint Gabriel College level 4-B student nurses toward smoking?
a) Favorable.
b) Unfavorable
2. What are the attitudes of male and female student nurses toward smoking?
3. What are the attitudes of regular and second courser students toward smoking?
4. What is the influence of smoking on the academic and clinical performance of the student in
Saint Gabriel College of nursing?
5. What will Saint Gabriel College level 4-B student nurses to stop smoking?
a) b. Fine of 100 pesos when caught of smoking.
b) c. Make an incident report when caught of smoking while on school or clinical area

Assumptions
The basic assumptions considered in this investigation are as follows:
1. Male and Female student nurses possess different attitude toward smoking.
2. Everyone is entitled to choose his or her own recreational activities.
3. Each school has certain ways to prevent unnecessary misdoing inside the school campus.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable

Dependent Variables

Demographic
Characteristics

Age
Sex
Weekly
allowance

Figure1. Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the independent and dependent Variable

Theoretical Framework
Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Perception
surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another; holy and sinful,
sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only recently, and primarily in
industrialized Western countries, has smoking come to be viewed in a decidedly negative light.
Today medical studies have proven that smoking is among the leading causes of diseases such as
stenosis, lung cancer ,heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and can also lead
to birth The well- proven health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high
taxes on tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in an attempt to
curb smoking.
The reasons given by smokers for this activity are broadly categorized as "addictive
smoking", "pleasure from smoking", "tension reduction/relaxation", "social smoking",
"stimulation", "habit/automatism", and "handling". There are gender differences in how much

each of these reasons contribute, with females more likely than males to cite "tension
reduction/relaxation", "stimulation" and "social smoking"
A clear majority of alcoholics smoke. According to the National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, between 80and 95 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes, which is more
than three times higher than among the population as a whole.
Research has also shown that smokers with a history of alcoholism are more nicotine
dependent than smokers with no such history, and suggests smoking cessation may prompt a
relapse to drinking among a small number of smokers with a history of alcoholism.
"This study refutes the common perception that smokers with a history of alcoholism
have more difficulty quitting smoking and are likely to relapse back to alcoholism," said John R.
Hughes, professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. "Our
results suggest smokers with this history need to be encouraged to attempt to stop smoking.
"Hughes also said that for "for 85 percent of smokers with past alcoholism, quitting
smoking is not a problem. Furthermore, as our findings indicate, we found smokers with past but
not current alcoholism were able to quit as well and benefited from nicotine-patch treatment to
the same degree as smokers without this history.
Social approval whether it is from parents, faculty or friends, is a factor that attributes to
smoking. Crowne and Marlou found college student with a high need for approval of smoking
more often because they as concerned about negative evaluation.

Scope
This study covers all the level 4 nursing student of Saint Gabriel College level 4-B
The sample size was predetermined because of the inadequate list of student

involves in smoking. To enable to identify male and female respondents in their affection in
smoking and school objectives to handle the necessary precautions toward smoking.

Limitations
In view of financial and time constraints on the part of the researchers, only level 4-B student
nurses were selected: Level 4-B because it is easy and accessible on the part of the researchers as
they are also in the same year level. Aside from that, level 4-B is the time were the student nurses
are expose to the clinical area for their internship.

Definition of Terms
Academic Performance conceptually academic performance refers to the over all evaluation of
the academic performance reflected in student's grades. Operationally, these terms refer to the
over all grades of students in all his subjects.
Age refers to the length of time of level 3 students which measured by yearsfrom birth that
considerably existed.
Attitude refers to mental disposition, feelings or emotion toward a state
or fact. In this study, this term means the student's feeling and disposition toward smoking.
Clinical Performance the term refers to the evaluation of the performance in the clinical setting,
hospital or community.

Sex-conceptually this term refers to the sum of structural and functional

differences of every individual. Operationally this term refers to male and femaleengage in
smoking.
Smoking - is a practice where a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the smoke
tasted or inhaled. This is primarily done as a form of recreational drug use, as combustion
releases the substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption
through the lungs. In this study, this term refer to the inhalation of burned tobacco stick of the
students.

Significance of the Study

This study will be great significance to the following:
Clinical Instructors in Saint Gabriel College level
As clinical instructors guide and are the one who are always there for the students, they have a
great responsibility in motivating the students. This study will provide and support
the students in giving good quality education and health teaching which could necessarily extend
benefits in the school and for the students. In terms of school performances, level 3 student
nurses could practice self discipline through the help of Clinical Instructors who handle them.
They should give advices and health teachings for the students to be more aware of the effects
of smoking towards their health, academic and clinical performance.

Dean of the College of Nursing

In order for the dean to assess the immediate needs of the student services and supervises the
level 3 student nurses through their academic performance and health status. Furthermore, to
determine whether this study towards smoking has
a great impact in the student nurse's academic
and clinical performance. Also for the dean of the college to be alarmed and to implement
actions that could alleviate the students attitude towards smoking. This is not only for the college
but also for the school to uplift its name and produce quality nurses in the near future.
For Academic Performance Administrators
For them to give a future program that will draw out a plan for the school. They could provide
objectives and support the program which could serve as baseline for decision making
For the class advisers
Who could give student nurses care and guidance
andwhich could possibly help students in managing their life. They could provideobjectives and
identify all their perspective needs from the different policy of the school.
For Level 4 student nurses
So their goals could be identified, and for the benefits of their future plans, health and career.
This could be chance of opportunity for them to gain self discipline and be a role model to their
responding clients in the clinical area, school and community. They will realized that what they
are doing will affect their studies.
For the researcher
to encourage changes in the health habit of their fellow students and be knowledgeable on the
effects of smoking, health discipline and an anchor individuals to maintain and strengthen the
health condition of the students nurses in terms of primitive, preventive and curative aspects of
the course.
For Academic Performance Administrators

For them to give a future program that will draw out a plan for the school. They could provide
objectives and support the program which could serve as baseline for decision making.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter covers more on the study, which is basically related to the research study of the
attitude of Saint Gabriel College of Nursing level 4 student nurses towards smoking. This
chapter contains the related reading, ideas, concept and research studies of different authors and
sources in relation to the effect of smoking tones attitude
Conceptual Literature
Smoking is the practice of inhaling tobacco from a pipe or cigarette. The custom of
smoking tobacco is thought to have started in the Americas. In the late 1400's, English and
Spanish explorers returning from the New World brought back to Europe the custom of pipe
smoking, which they had learned from Indians. Cigarette smoking may have started among the

Aztecs of Mexico, who smoked shredded tobacco rolled inside corn husks. Until the 1900's
tobacco was used mainly in cigars, chewing tobacco and snuff. Later cigarette smoking
became popular and increased sharply after World War 1 (1918) and again after World War II
(1945).
In 1964 the United States Public Health Service released a landmark document, smoking
in health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, which concluded that
smoking is a major cause of cancer of the lung, mouth and throat. Since, then researchers have
shown that each year cigarette smoking cause more than 300,000 premature deaths in the United
States alone, principally from the heart disease, cancer and chronic (long lasting) obstructive
lung disease, such as emphysema. In 1965, congress adopted legislation requiring that all
cigarette packages carry a warning about the health hazard of smoking. Cigarette advertisements
on radio and television have been banned since 1970.
One of the more recent concerns about smoking is the effects of tobacco smoke has on
nonsmokers (" passive or involuntary'' smoking). The 1986 Surgeon Generals Report, the health
consequences of involuntary smoking, came to three major conclusion: (1) Involuntary smoking
is a cause of disease, including lung cancer, in healthy nonsmokers; (2) the children of parents
who smoke have more respiratory infection, such as pneumonia and bronchitis, than the children
on non- smokers. (3) The separation of smokers and non- smokers may reduce, but does not
eliminate, the exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke. These findings support
recent trend towel restricting or banning smoking in public places and in the workplace. In fact,
the surgeon general and Public Health Service have called fro smoke free society in succeeding
years.
Campaigns aimed at educating the Public about the health hazards of smoking have been
very successful. Studies shows that 90% of the U.S. adult population now recognizes that
cigarette smoking cause lung cancer, heart disease and emphysema. Teenagers have begun
turning away from cigarettes. The percentage of high school seniors who smoke every day has
fallen from 29 % in 1977 to about 20% in 1987. It is critical that people recognize that dangers of
smoking before they consider taking up the habit. Smoking causes smokers cough, a lower
capacity for exercise, addiction to nicotine, and in the long run, severe disability and death.

Local Literature
In the Philippines, the number of women who smoke is constantly on the rise. Its a phenomenon
that, in recent years, seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of girls between the ages of
13 and 18 smoke regularly.
According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control
Alliance,18.7% of Filipino young women between the ages of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The
numbers go up if the sample is restricted to teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10already
have the smoking habit. Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at
the age of 18, while the remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young.
They continue to smoke despite the fact that they are aware of the risksconnected to smoking:
nine girls out of ten know that smoking can cause lung cancer,
infertility, early menopause, osteoporosis, andhysterectomy. For this reason, the country has
begun an anti-smoking campaign supported by the local Catholic Church: the first initiatives
include that of putting warning labels on packaging.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the method of research use, the subject and respondent
of the study, the sampling procedures, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the data
processing technique use. Since the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking in the health
condition and the academic and clinical performances of the student nurses.
Research Design
In this study, the descriptive research design is use because we want to know if smoking has
great effect on the clinical and academic performance of nursing students. What is really their
reason of smoking? Descriptive research is the most widely research design, indicated by the
numerous thesis dissertations and non-academic researches, the primary aim of which is to

describe existing belief, opinion or condition of social group; compare sub groups in terms of
selected variables; determine the relationship between among variables covered16.
Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study will be the level 3 male and female student nurses of West Negros
University. These students' respondent will be identified in terms of their academic performance,
and clinical performance. With the use of purposive sampling procedure, there were 300 level
student nurses who were taken as respondent. To determine the sample size, Solvin's formula
was used.
n = __N__
1 + Ne
Where: n = sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error set at 0.5 level of confidence
Thus: n = _200_

1+ 500(.05)
Data gathering Procedure
The researcher requested the approval of the dean of College of Nursing to gather the
pertinent data necessary to answer the objectives of the investigation. Approval from the College
Registrar for the procurement of grades was also sought upon approval; the researcher personally
copied the averages of the academic grades as well as the clinical grades of the level 3 student
nurses. Other information which was needed to establish the profile of the respondents was also
gathered from the same office.
Research Instrument
This study will make use of a survey questionnaire compose parts to gather the needed
data. It will be supplemented by the academic and clinical record of the level 3student nurses in
second semester S.Y. 2008 2009. It will be further supplied with interview to level 3 student
nurses to collaborate and substantiate the information gathered from the questionnaire.

Data Analysis Procedure

The following statistical tools were utilized to analyze the gathered data to answer the
first objective which sought whether level 3 student nurses of WNU are favorable or not, towards
smoking. Objective 2 and 3 determine the attitudes between the male and female and the regular
and second courser level 3 student nurses towards smoking.
The formula to be used:
Descriptive Statistics
% = F/N 100
% = percent
F = frequency
N = total # of the respondent
Objectives 4 sought to determine the level of academic and clinical performance of the level 3
nursing student when group according to attitude of student, regular or second courser, smoking
habit, the mean was used. According to Basilio, the mean is the most dependable measure of
central tendency.
The formula is as follows:
X = __efx__ N
where:
x = the meane
fx = sum of the weighted scores
N = total # of the respondents
QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I. Bio Profile
Direction: Please indicate your response by checking the appropriate box or by filling the blank.
1. Name (optional)___________________
2. Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female
3. Age: _____________
4. Estimated allowance for a week ______________
5. Regular: ( ) Second Courser: ( )
6. Active Smoker: ( ) Passive Smoker: ( )
PART II.
Direction: Please check the parenthesis which corresponds to your answer.
1. I usually smoke when I'm bored. ( ) Yes ( ) No2.

I usually smoke when I see my classmates do the same.( ) Yes ( ) No

3. I consume more than 5 sticks of cigarette per day.( )Yes ( )No
4. I smoke when I encounter problems. ( ) Yes ( ) No
5. Smoking affect my study habits, my performance in the academic and clinicalarea.( ) Yes ( ) No
I believe smoking makes me release my tension.( ) Yes ( ) No
6. I believe smoking is risk full in my health in the future.( ) Yes ( ) No
7. I believe smoking is already a part of my lifestyle. ( ) Yes ( ) No
8. West Negros University should implement rules and regulations to eliminate smoking. ( ) Yes ( ) No

http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/nicotine/a/blacer030618.-Loh.htm