Beruflich Dokumente
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WAVE
OPTICS
Page # 1
By using the trigonometric identity sin A + sin B = 2 sin [(A + B)/2] cos [(A B)/2], we obtain
The amplitude of the resultant wave is 2E0 cos (/ 2). The intensity of a wave is proportional to the
square of the amplitude, so from equation wave have
(i)
If amplitudes of waves arriving at point P on the screen are different then resultant intensity is given by
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos
Also,
,
2
Imax =
I1 I 2 ,
Imin
I1 I 2
when cos = 1
when cos = 1
2
2
2
I1 I 2
I max
A1 A 2
r 1
I min = I1 I 2 = A1 A 2 = r 1
(ii)
A1
I1
r= A I
2
2
where
(iii)
Id
Iav =
0
2
1
(I1 I 2 2 I1I 2 cos I1 I 2
2 0
0
2
cos d 0
0
as the average value of intensity is equal to the sum of individual intensities, therefore the energy is not
destroyed but merely redistributed in the interference pattern.
Page # 2
All maxima are equally spaced and equally bright. This is true for minima as well. Also interference
maxima and minima are alternate. The intensity distribution in interference pattern is shown in figure.
Intensity (I)
(iv)
I max
I1 I 2
I av I1 I 2
O /2
I min
I1 I 2
(iv)
Path difference (x) and phase difference () are related as given below :
path difference = 2 phase difference
or
x =
S1
S2
dQ
S2
Monochromatic
Source
Screen
(D >> d)
Geometric construction for describing Youngs double-slit experiment
Let P be the point, at which we want to investigate the intensity. Two rays S1P and S2P starting from S1
and S2 reach P and interfere with each other.
If x is the path difference between two rays,
y
dy
For small angle sin tan
D
D
This equation assumes that S1P and S2P are parallel, which is approximately true because D is much
greater than d.
Maxima :
Point P will be a bright spot if the path difference x is integral multiple of .
(a)
yn =
nD
d
where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .......
Minima :
D 2D 3D
,
,
....... from O.
d
d
d
.
2
Page # 3
yd
( 2n 1)
=
D
2
i.e., if
yn =
( 2n 1)D
where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ........
2d
D 3 D 5 D
,
,
....... from O.
2d 2d
2d
Fringe width ()
It is the distance between two consecutive bright or dark fringes.
Let yn and yn 1 respectively, be the distances of nth and (n 1)th bright fringe from O,
= [yn yn1] = n
D
D
D
(n 1)
=
(n n + 1)
d
d
d
D
d
Similarly, it can be proved that distance between two consecutive dark fringes, is given by
or
D
d
= = D / d
Hence, the bright and dark fringes are equally spaced.
Ex. 3 : 1, 6
AR : 2
Remarks :
(i)
If whole apparatus is immersed in liquid of refractive index then,
D
i.e., fringes width decreases
d
Some times in numerical problems, angular fringe width () is given which is defined as angular separation
between two consecutive maxima or minima
=
(ii)
D d
In medium, other than air or vacuum,
d
Page # 4
yd
is valid when angular position of maxima or minima is less than . However x = d sin is
D
6
valid for larger values of provided d << D.
(iii)
x =
(iv)
Central bright fringe (CBF) is a point on screen where path difference is zero. In above case CBF is
formed at O. But in many situation it may not be located symmetrically w.r.t. slits.
(v)
If white light is used instead of monochromatic light then, interference pattern consists of white central
bright fringe surrounded by few coloured fringes and then uniform illumination due to overlapping of
interference pattern on each wavelength.
(vi)
If the interference experiment is performed with bichromatic light, the bright fringes of two wavelength
will be coincident for the first time under following condition.
Y = n ()Longer = (n + 1) Shorter or nLonger = (n + 1) Shorter
(vii)
In many numerical problems we have to calculate number of maxima or minima. We know that for
maximum.
sin =
n
d
or
d
1
n=
d sin
( sin 1)
d
nlighest =
Lighest order of maxima on one side.
d
works out to be 2.3 so, permissible values of n are 0, 1, 2. Hence,
Ex.
In YDSE experiment the distance between slits is d = 0.25 cm and the distance of screen D = 120 cm
from slits. If the wavelength of light used is = 6000 and I0 is the intensity of central maximum, at what
distance from the centre of the intensity will be
(A) 4.8 105 m
Ex.
[Sol.
I0
?
2
(C) 3.6 105 m
In the figure, if a parallel beam of white light is incident on the plane of the
slits then the distance of the white spot on the screen from O is [assume d
<< D, << d]
(A) 0
(B) d/2
(C*) d/3
(D) d/6
White spot will be central max., where path diff. is zero
P
x
S1
x
O
S2
S1
(A)
(B)
(C)
........(1)
= 3
= 2
=
X
=
3
=
If =
it represents 2nd minima
2
=
S2
If = 0 it represents central maxima,
If = , it represents 1st maxima etc.
Equation (1) represents a hyperbola with its two foci at S1 and S2
The interference pattern which we get on screen is the section of hyperboloid of revolution when we
revolve the hyperbola about the axis S1S2.
If the screen is to the X-axis, i.e. in the YZ plane, as is generally the case, fringes are hyperbolic with
a straight central section.
If the screen is in the XY plane, again fringes are hyperbolic.
If screen is to Y-axis (along S1S2) i.e. in the XZ plane, fringes are concentric circles with center on the
axis S1S2 ; the central fringe is bright if S1S2 = n and dark if S1S2 = (2n 1)
.
2
Ex.3 : 7, 12, 13
]
Ex.
Consider the situation shown in figure. The two slits S1 and S2 placed symmetrically around the central
line are illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength . The separation between the slits is d. The
light transmitted by the slits falls on a screen 1 placed at a distance D from the slits. The slit S3 is at the
central line and the slits S4 is at a distance z from S3. Another screen 2 is placed a further distance D
away from 1. Find the ratio of the maximum to minimum intensity observed on 2 if z is equal to
S1
S4
z
S3
S2
1
2
D
D
D
(b)
2d
4d
[Sol.(a) Let I is intensity due to slits S1 and S2 on screen S1. Further, intensity at any point on screen 1 is given
by
(a)
I P = 4I cos2
At slit S3,
=0
IS3 = 4I
At slit S4,
x =
Now on screen 2
Imax =
S3
IS4
Imin
S3
I S4
dz
=
D
2
IS 4 = 0
I
= I
= 4I
= 4I
I max
I min = 1 Ans
(b)
z=
D
4d
IS3 = 4I
At slit S4,
x =
dz
=
D
4
4
2
IS4 = 4I cos2 = 2I
4
Page # 7
IS3
= I (2 +
2 )2
IS3
Imax =
Similarly,
Imin =
I S4
4I
2I
I S4
4I
2I
2 2
I max
=
2 2
I min
=I 2
Ans.
HCV-Ex. 28
Ex.
Figure shows three equidistant slits being illuminated by a monochromatic parallel beam of light. Let
BP0 AP0 = /3 and D >> . (a) Show that in this case d = 2D / 3 . (b) Show that the intensity at P0
is three times the intensity due to any of the three slits individually.
C
d
B
d
A
D
P0
C
d
Sol.
d
A
BP0 AP0 =
or
or
P0
d tan =
3
d sin =
d/2
=
d
D 3
or
d=
(b)
2F
3
2
2
xA/B =
3
Similarly,
xB/C = d sin
Page # 8
3d / 2 3d 2
=
=d
=1
D
2D
B/C = 2
Now, phase diagram of the waves arriving at P0 is as shown below :
A
2A
120
120
A
3A
As intensity (I) A2
Intensity at P0 will be three times the intensity due to any of the three slits individually.
[Home Work : HCV : 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34
Sheet Ex-1 : 11, 12, 13
Ex.3 : 4, 14, 18
Q. Bank :
Single correct
4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24
MCQ
2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13
AR
3
]
GEOMETRICAL PATH AND OPTICAL PATH
Actual distance travelled by light in a medium is called geometrical path (x). Consider a light wave
given by the equation.
E = E0 sin (t kx + )
If the light travels by x, its phase changes by kx =
depend on the medium, but v, the speed of light depends on the medium as v =
c
.
(x)
C
It is clear that a wave travelling a distance x in a medium of refractive index suffers the same phase
change as when it travels a distance x in vacuum. i.e. a path length of x in medium of refractive index
is equivalent to a path length of x in vacuum.
= kx =
The quantity x is called the optical path length of light, xopt. And in terms of optical path length, phase
difference would be given by,
2
xopt = xopt
C
0
where 0 = wavelength of light in vacuum.
However in terms of the geometrical path length x,
2
(x) =
x
C
0
.
where = wavelength of light in the medium
Page # 9
1.
Displacement of fringe on introduction of a glass slab in the path of the light coming out of the slits.
P
t
S1
d
O
S2
D
On intrudction of the thin glass-slab of thickness t and refractive index , the optical path of the ray S1P
increases by t( 1). Now the path difference between waves coming from S1 and S2 at any point P is
p
= S2P (S1P + t( 1))
= (S2P S1P) t( 1)
p
= d sin t ( 1) if d << D
yd
t ( 1) if y << D as well.
D
for central bright fringe,
p = 0
yd
= t( 1).
D
and
D
= ( 1) t
d
y = OO = ( 1)t
D
B
= ( 1)t
d
Notice that this shift is in the direction of the slit before which the glass slab is placed. If the glass slab is
placed before the upper slit, the fringe pattern gets shifted upwards and if the glass slab is placed before
the lower slit the fringe pattern gets shifted downwards.
= ( 1)t
Ex.
1 2
(B) 1 t
2
(C) ( 2 1 ) t
(D) ( 2 1) t
Ex.3 : 2, 8, 19
Page # 10
r1,t2
at 1t2
r2,t1
gives a reflected wave of amplitude ar2t1 and transmitted wave amplitude at1t2.
So
ar12 + at1t2 = a
t1t2 = 1 t12
... (1)
Further, the waves of amplitudes at1r2 and ar1t1 must cancel each other.
at1r2 + ar1t1 = 0
r 2 = r1
... (2)
equation shows a difference of phase of between the two cases ; a reversal of sign means a displacement
in the opposite sense. If there is no change of phase on reflection from above, there must be a phase
change of from below and vice-versa.
When light gets reflected from a denser medium there is an abrupt phase change of ; no phase change
occurs when reflection takes place from rarer medium.
Thin film interference
When light passes the boundary between two transparent media, some light is reflected at the boundary.
As shown in the figure some light is reflected from first interface and some from second interface. If we
consider a monochromatic incident light the two reflected waves are also monochromatic and coherent
because they arise from the same monochromatic incident light wave via amplitude division. These
waves interfere, since they are superposed along the same normal line.
The phase difference between two interfering waves is due to :
(1) Optical path difference (due to distances travelled),
(2) Reflection from a denser medium.
Page # 11
2t = m
Condition for destructive interference :
1
2t = m
2
where m = 0, 1, 2, .......
(3) One of the reflected waves experiences a phase change of radian upon reflection and the other
waves does not.
It is material which wave suffers a phase change ; the conclusions in the previous case are first reversed.
Condition for destructive interference :
2t = m
Condition for constructive interference :
1
2t = m
2
where m = 0, 1, 2, .......
Ex.
A light ray is incident normal to a thin layer of glass. Given the figure,
what is the minimum thickness of the glass that gives the reflected light
an orangish color ( air = 600 nm)?
(A) 50 nm
(B*) 100 nm
(D) 200 nm
(E) 500 nm
[Sol.
(C) 150 nm
For reflected light to have orangish color, rays from A, C, E must be out of phase for l = 600 nm
or
= (2n + 1)
Reflected light
or
i.e.
or
2gt (2n + 1)
air
(rare)
glass A
E
t
t = (2n 1) 4
g
(dense)
(rare) water B
tmin = 4 = 100 nm ]
g
Transmitted light
N R1
R2
i
i
Air
A
r
t
r
B
Air
T1
Page # 12
Now,
AB = BC =
and
AN =
=2
AB
BM = BM sec r = t sec r
BM
AN
AC = AC sin i = 2 AM sin i
AC
sin i
AM
sin r
BM sin i = 2 (tan r) t
BM
sin r
sin 2 r
= 2t sec r sin2 r
cos r
Then,
= 2AB AN = 2t sec r 2 t sec r sin2 r
= 2 t sec r (1 sin2 r) = 2 t cos r
The ray AR1 having suffered a reflection at the surface of denser medium undergoes a phase change or
= 2t
.
2
At B the reflection takes place when the ray is going from a denser to rarer medium and there is no phase
change.
Hence, the effective path difference between AR1 and CR2 is given by
path diff. of
2
If the path difference x = n where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., constructive interference takes place
and the film appears bright.
= n
2
2t cos r
or
2t cos r = (2n + 1)
(ii)
2t cos r
= (2n + 1) or 2t cos r = n
2
2
Remarks :
(i)
If the thickness of the film is very small as compared to the wavelength of light used, so that 2t cos r can
be neglected, then the total path difference between AR1 and CR2 will reduce to
It should be remembered that the interference pattern will not be perfect because the intensities of the ray
AR1 and CR2 will not be the same and their amplitudes are
Page # 13
Ex.
Sol.
A wedge-shaped film of air is produced by placing a fine wire of diameter D between the ends of two flat
glass plates of length L = 20 cm, as in fig. When the air film is illuminated with light of wavelength = 550
nm, there are 12 dark fringes per centimeter. Find D.
A indicated in fig. only one of the reflected ray suffers a phase inversion. At the thin end of the wedge,
where the thickness is less than /4, the two rays interfere destructively. This region is dark in the
reflected light. The condition for destructive interference in the reflected light is
2t = m
m = 0, 1, 2, .....
the change in thickness between adjacent dark fringes is t = / 2. The horizontal spacing between
fringes d = 1/12 cm = 8.3 104 m. From figure we see that D / L = t / , so
(5.5 10 7 m) (0.2m)
L
=
=
16.6 10 4 m
2d
Thus
D = 6.6 105 m
Newtons Rings
When a lens with a large radius of curvature is placed on a flat plate, as to fig. a thin film of air is formed.
When the film is illuminated with monochromatic light, circular fringes, called newtons rings, can be with
the unaided eye or with a low power microscope (figure). An important feature of Newtons rings is the
dark central spot. Newton tried polishing the surfaces to get rid of it, The dark spot was also initially
puzzling to Young. It implied that the light wave suffers a phase inversion on reflection at a medium with
a higher refractive index. Young tested this idea by placing oil of sassafras between a lens of crown glass
and a plate of flint glass. The refractive index of the oil is between the values for these two glasses. Since
both reflections occur at a medium with a higher refractive index, they should both suffer a phase inversion
and therefore be in phase be in phase. This is precisely what happened : The central spot became bright
and undoubtedly gave Young much satisfaction.
Page # 14
Ex.
Sol.
In an experiment on Newtons rings the light has a wavelength of 600 nm. The lens has a refractive index
of 1.5 and a radius of curvature of 2.5 m. Find the radius of the 5th bright fringe.
If R is the radius of curvature of the lens, then from fig. we see that r2 = R2 (R t)2, where r is the radius
of a fringe and t is the thickness of the film. Since t is very small, we may drop terms in t2 to obtain.
r2 2Rt
... (i)
In order to find r, we must first find t. The condition for a bright fringe is
1
2t = m F
... (ii)
2
We note that n = 1 for the air film (the index for the glass is irrelevant) and that m = 4 for the fifth bright
fringe. Thus, from (ii)
t=
(4.5) (6 10 7 )
= 1.35 106 m
2
HUYGENS CONSTRUCTION
(This matter is from NCERT)
Huygens, the Dutch physicist and astronomer of the seventeenth century, gave a beautiful geometrical
description of wave propagation. We can guess that he must have seen water waves many times in the
canals of his native place Holland. A stick placed in water and oscillated up and down becomes a source
of waves. Since the surface of water is two dimensional, the resulting wavefronts would be circles
instead of spheres. At each point on such a circle, the water level moves up and down. Huygens idea is
that we can think of every such oscillating point on a wavefront as a new source of waves. According to
Huygens principle, what we observe is the result of adding up the waves from all these different sources.
These are called secondary wave or wavelets. Huygens principle is illustrated in (figure 10.1) in the
simple case of a plane wave.
(i)
Consider a plane wave passing through a thin prism. Clearly, the portion of the incoming wavefront
which travels through the greatest thickness of glass has been delayed the most. Since light travels more
slowly in glass. This explains the tilt in the emerging wavefront.
(ii)
Similarly, the central part of an incident plane wave traverses the thickest portion of a convex lens and is
delayed the most. The emerging wavefront has a depression at the centre. It is spherical and converges
to a focus.
Page # 15
(iii)
(iv)
A concave mirror produces a similar effect. The centre of the wavefront has to travel a greater distance
before and after getting reflected, when compared to the edge. This again produces a converging spherical
wavefront.
Cocave lenses and convex mirror can be understood from time delay arguments in a similar manner. One
interesting property which is obvious from the pictures of wavefronts is that the total time taken from a
point on the object to the corresponding point on the image is the same measured along any rays going
through the centre are shorter. But because of the slower speed in glass, the time taken is the same as for
rays travelling near the edge of the lens.
Page # 16