Japans Defense for next decades

Building a Dynamic Joint Defense Force

Ministry of Defense, Japan

MG Atsushi Hikita
Defense Attach, Japan

Table of Contents

NSS, NDPG and MTDP

Security Environment Surrounding Japan

Japans Basic Defense Policy

Future Defense Forces

Mid-Term Defense Program

NSS, NDPG and MTDP

NSS, NDPG and MTDP

NSS

Basic policy for national security centered

around diplomatic and defense policies
(approx. 10-year time frame)

NDPG

Prescribe future defense force and target

levels of defense force
(approx. 10-year time frame)

MTDP

Indicate (limits of) five-year total expenditures

and quantity of major equipment

annual budget

Examine based on the current situations

3

Changes in the Concept of Defense Force

NDPG1976

background
Detente
Military Balance between US and USSR
Domestic requirement

Basic Theory

Concept of Basic Defense Capability

19y.
NDPG1995

background
End of Cold War
Uncertainty
International Contribution

9y.
NDPG2004

background
New threat/ Terrorism, BM
Global Peace for JPN
Deterrence to Response

Basic Theory

Concept of Basic Defense Capability

Defense of Japan+Dealing with various

contingencies, e.g. major disasters,Contributing
to building a more stable security environment
Basic Theory

Multifunctional, flexible, effective defense capability

6y.
NDPG2010

background
Change of global power balance
Complexity of military condition
Change of the role of military power

Basic Theory

Dynamic Defense Forces

3y.
background

New NDPG

Increasing complexity of the Security Environment

US Rebalancing
Lesson from the great earthquake

Basic Theory

Dynamic Joint Defense Force

Security Environment Surrounding Japan

Security Environment Surrounding Japan

Global Security Environment
Interdependence
Trends of gray zone situations
Infringing freedom of the high seas
Use of outer and cyber spaces
Security Environment in the Asia-Pacific
Region
Gray zone situations: tend to linger, evolve into more serious situations
North Korea: nuclear and missile development
China: wide and rapid military reinforcement, expanding and intensifying
activities
U.S. : strategic rebalance towards the Asia-Pacific region
Japans Geographical Features etc.
Safety of maritime and air traffic lays foundation for peace and
prosperity
Response to large-scale natural disasters

North Koreas newly

developed missile

Senkaku islands

Disaster Relief for Great

East Japan Earthquake

Conclusion
Security environment surrounding Japan has become increasingly severe.
Countries need to further cooperate and actively respond in pursuit of stability in
the region and the international community.
6

Reference 1 Recent Security Incidents surrounding Japan

Nuclear testFeb, 2013

Missile launch(Dec, 2012)

Tu-95 flight around Japan

Mar/ Dec, 2013

as of Jan. 6, 2014
RS navys EXAug-Sep, 2-13
2 RS fighters encroachment of Japan
air spaceFeb, 2013
RS combat readiness inspection
Jul, 2013

Submarine navigation within Japan

contiguous zoneMay, 2013
UAV flight
Sep, 2013

CH establishment of ADIZ
Nov, 2013
4 PLA aircrafts flightNov, 2013
CMS aircrafts encroachment of
Japan air spaceDec, 2012
PLAQ navy ships encroachment of
Japan waterstotal 52 times for
last 1 year

PLA navy ships painting radar on

MSDFs destroyerJan, 2013
4 PLA navy ships navigation
between two Japan islands
Dec, 2012, May, 2013

3 PLA navy ships navigation to

Pacific OceanMar/ Dec, 2013

16 RS navy ships
Navigation through Soya
channelJul/ Aug, 2013
2 RS aircrafts
encroachment of Japan air
spaceAug, 2013
5 PLA navy ships navigation through
Soya channelJul, 2013
3 PLA navy ships
navigation through
Osumi channel
Jun/ Aug, 2013
12 PLA aircrafts
Flight around
Okinawa
Jul/ Oct, 2013
5 PLA navy ships navigation to Pacific
OceanJan/ May/ Oct, 2013

Reference 2 NK Ballistic Missile

Development to a new phase
Miniaturization of nuclear weapons/ nuclear warhead

Range of NK Ballistic Missiles

30

20

10
Variant

(m)
Toksa
R Approx.
G 20km

Scud B/C

Nodong

Taepodong Musudan

Taepodong 2

Approx.
300/500km

Approx.
1,300km

Approx.
Approx.
2,500
1,500km+
4,000km

Approx.
6,000km
/10,000km+

Launch of Missile on Dec 12, 2012

Reference 3 CH Defense Budget and Activities in waters near JP

(100 million yuan)

Announced Defense Budget

(%)
25

8000

Year-on-year growth rate(%)

7000

The number of CH official

boats intruding into Japan
territorial waters

20
6000

5000

15

52

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

23
1

08

09

10

11

12

13 year

4000
10

3000

5
1000

1988

1990

1995

2000

2003

2005

2009 2010

2013

JP Defense Budget

2000

The number of CH naval surface

vessels advancing to the Pacific
Ocean
15

Growth of double-digit percent every year

10

Growth of more than 33-fold over the past 25 years

approx. growth of quardrupled in size over the past ten years

11

14

0
08 09 10 11 12 13 year

CH announced a national defense budget for FY2013 of approx.

720.2billion yuan=approx. 94 billion dollars
Growth of approx. 10.7%(approx. 69.8 billion yuan) compared to the initial
budget amount for the previous FY.
9

Reference 4 Number of Scrambles

Quelle: Defence of Japan 2013

10

Reference 5 Example of Flight of Chinese Aircraft

Quelle: Defence of Japan 2013

11

Security Environment Surrounding Japan

Global Security Environment
Interdependence
Trends of gray zone situations
Infringing freedom of the high seas
Use of outer and cyber spaces
Security Environment in the Asia-Pacific
Region
Gray zone situations: tend to linger, evolve into more serious situations
North Korea: nuclear and missile development
China: wide and rapid military reinforcement, expanding and intensifying
activities
U.S. : strategic rebalance towards the Asia-Pacific region
Japans Geographical Features etc.
Safety of maritime and air traffic lays foundation for peace and
prosperity
Response to large-scale natural disasters

North Koreas newly

developed missile

Senkaku islands

Disaster Relief for Great

East Japan Earthquake

Conclusion
Security environment surrounding Japan has become increasingly severe.
Countries need to further cooperate and actively respond in pursuit of stability in
the region and the international community.
12

Japans Basic Defense Policy

15

Three Pillars of Approaches

Japans Own Effort
Build up Dynamic Joint Defense Force

Strengthening Japan-U.S. Alliance

Strengthen deterrent and response capability
Enhance and expand cooperation in broad areas
Steadily implement measures related to the stationing of USFJ

Active Facilitation of Security Cooperation

Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region
Cooperation with the international community
16

Dynamic Joint Defense Force

Increasing situations that require SDF commitment

Swiftly and sustainably conduct proper activities

Sufficient defense force in terms of quality and quantity
Total optimization of important functions and capabilities
Developing effective defense force capable of conducting
diverse activities based on joint operation seamlessly and
dynamically

Build up Dynamic Joint Defense Force with emphasis on

readiness, sustainability, resiliency and connectivity
17

Strengthen Japan-U.S. Alliance

Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements/ an axis for Japans security
Japan-U.S. Alliance/ public commons for stability and prosperity
Strengthen Deterrent and Response Capability
Review the Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation Guidelines
Establish seamless cooperation posture
Joint training with USMC
(Guam, Tinian)

Enhance and Expand Cooperation in Broad Areas

Contribute to peace and stability of the international community
In responding natural disasters, further enhance coordination
Enhance cooperation in broad areas
Operation Tomodachi

Steadily Implement Measures for Stationing of U.S. Forces in Japan

Stably support smooth & effective stationing of USFJ

Reorganization, integration or reduction of US facilities
Futenma Air Station

18

Active Promotion of Security Cooperation

Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region
Promote a variety of further cooperative initiatives in a multi-layered manner

Strengthen the relationship with the countries in the Asia-Pacific region

ROK Promote close cooperation and establish a foundation for further cooperation.
Australia Further deepen the cooperative relationship.
China Promote security dialogue/ Exchanges/ Develop confidence-building measures.
Russia Develop mutual trust
India Strengthen the relationship in a broad range of fields
Capacity Building Assistance Promote as it is effective in stabilizing the security
environment and bilateral defense cooperation.
Multilateral Security Cooperation and Dialogue Participate in multilateral joint training
/ Attaching importance to multilateral frameworks

Cooperation with Australia in

peace keeping activities

JP-RS 2+2 meeting

(November,2013

Joint training with India

ADMM-plusAugust,2013

19

Active Promotion of Security Cooperation

Cooperation with international community

Difficult for a single country to respond to global security challenges on its own.
The roles of military forces have diversified.
Promote various initiatives to improve the global security environment.

Continue and strengthen various initiatives

Arms control, disarmament, nonproliferation and capacity building assistance.
Cooperation with European countries
Cooperation and exchanges with regard to equipment and technology
Promotion of international peace cooperation activities
Various international peace cooperation activities in a multi-layered manner

Emergency relief
activities(Philippines)

Capacity building assistance

Japan-UK Defense
Ministerial Consultations

International Peacekeeping
20
Activities

Future Defense Forces

21

Roles of Defense Force & Important Functions and Capabilities

Roles of Defense Force
Effective Deterrent and Response Capabilities in Various Contingencies
Security in the surrounding waters
Ballistic missile attacks
Large-scale natural disasters

Attacks on remote islands

Attacks in outer space & cyber space

Stabilization of the Asia-Pacific region & Improvement of Global Security Environment

Facilitate defense cooperation and exchanges
Conduct training & exercises
Ensure maritime security
Promote capacity building assistance
Engage in International Peacekeeping Activities Cooperate in arms control & disarmament

Priorities in Strengthening Architecture of the Self-Defense Forces

Functions & Capabilities to be Focused on

Surveillance capability
Transport capability
Response to attacks on remote islands
Response to attacks in outer space & cyber space
Engage in International Peacekeeping Activities

Intelligence function
C3I capabilities
Response to ballistic missile attacks
Response to large-scale natural disasters

22

Architecture of SDF - GSDF (1)

Rapid deployment divisions
& Transform
brigades about half of divisions & brigades into rapid deployment

divisions & rapid deployment brigades

Introduce MCV
Strengthen air lift capability
Amphibious vehicle
Mobile Combat Vehicle (MCV)

Establish amphibious
mobile force

Establish amphibious mobile force, so as to land on, recapture,

secure remote islands if attacked

23

Architecture of SDF GSDF (2)

Establish Central Headquarters of GSDF

Establish Central Headquarters of GSDF

Present
directions
& orders
coordination

After Formation of Central HQ of GSDF

Defense
Minister
Chief of Staff,
Joint Staff

Northern
Regional
Army
Northeastern
Regional
Army

Role of GSDF Central HQ:

Nation-wide operation of
GSDF units
(nation-wide operation across
regional armies, logistics
operation etc.)

Defense Minister
Chief of Staff,
Joint Staff

International
Peacekeeping
Activities
Units under
direct control
of GSDF
Central HQ

ADC
****

Eastern
Regional
Army

ADC
****

Chubu*
Regional
Army
Western
Regional
Army

*Chubu = central region

of Japan

GSDF
Central
HQ**

Northern
Regional
Army

SF
***
Northeastern
Regional
Army

SF
***
Central
Readiness
Force

U.S.
Forces
Others:
directly
under
Minister

U.S.
Force

Role of GSDF Central

HQ:
Total coordination
among
Ground/Maritime/Air
SDF and U.S. Forces

Western
Regional
Army

Eastern
Regional
Army
Chubu*
Regional
Army

control, coordination
report, orders etc.

**Central HQ of GSDF
= tentative name

***SF = Self-Defense Fleet ****ADC=Air Defense Command

24

Architecture of SDF GSDF (3)

Facilitate efficiency & streamlining

Preparation is to be retained to the minimum extent as required for adapting to

unforeseeable changes in the future
Current
deployment
(tanks)

Future (tanks)
Deploy to
divisions &
brigades in
Hokkaido

Targeted organization of tanks, howitzers & rockets

Present

Future

End of FY2013

Integrate under direct

control of Western
Regional Army

Relocate tanks from units on mainland

tanks

approx. 700

approx. 300

howitzers
&rockets

approx. 600

approx. 300

substantial decrease from NDPG 2010

(approx. 400)

Introduce MCV to rapid deployment divisions/ brigades

Authorized Number of Personnel

Maintain approx.159,000
25

Architecture of SDF -MSDF (1)

Destroyer units

Destroyers
NDPG2010:48(12 destroyer units) NDPG2013:54 (14 destroyer units)
Introduce new destroyers
Increase 2 Aegis-equipped destroyers (6 8)
Continue to develop destroyers
new destroyer

Present
(End of FY2013)

Future
(in about 10 yrs)

47

54

Destroyers

Destroyers

25
MineSweepers

Introduce
new
destroyers
18
MineSweepers

Anti-submarine missions
with towed sonar etc.

28

Architecture of SDF MSDF (2)

Submarine
units
at the end of FY2013: 16 submarines

(NDPG 2010: 22 submarines NDPG 2013: 22

Patrol aircraft
units

Maintain system of fixed-wing patrol aircraft (P-1/3C) (65)

Increase patrol helicopter(SH-60K/J)

(NDPG 2010:72 aircraft NDPG 2013: 80
Others

Modification of transport vessels

Consider multipurpose vessels
Equip new destroyers with counter-mine function
Life extension of existing vessels (destroyers etc.) and aircraft (P-3C, SH-60J)

30

Architecture of SDF ASDF (1)

Air warning & control units
End of FY2013

NDPG 2013

8 warning groups
20 warning squadrons
2 AEW squadrons

28 warning squadrons
2

3 AEW squadrons

Abashiri

Toubetsu

Transform warning groups into squadrons

Establish 1 squadron in AEW group

20

Okushiri-tou

Develop new early warning &

control systems

Organize E-2C units into

2 squadrons

Wakkanai

minato

-
Yamada Misawa

takine-yama

Wajima 3

Erimo

Kamo

Sado 5

Nemuro

Kyouga-misaki
4

Mishima
7

Yozadake
7

Naha

Kasatori-yama
3

Mineoka-yama

20

Kushimoto
20

Takao-yama

Omaezaki

20 Okinoerabu-jima
Sefuri-san
(replacement maintenance
to be completed in FY2015) Fukue-jima 4

Kume-jima 4

Uni-shima

Shimokoshiki-jima

Hamamatsu

Takahata-yama
(replacement maintenance
to be completed in FY2016)
7

Miyako-jima

(replacement maintenance
to be completed in FY2017)

28

Architecture of SDF ASDF (2)

Fighter aircraft units
End of FY2013
Fighter aircraft units: 12 SQs
Fighters: approx. 260

NDPG 2013
Fighter aircraft units: 13 SQs
Fighters: approx. 280

Establish 13th fighter squadron

Increase fighter aircraft units at Naha Base to 2 SQs

2nd Air Wing

Chitose

FY2016

F-35 introduction from

FY2017
3rd Air Wing

Misawa
6th Air Wing

Komatsu

7th Air Wing

Hyakuri

New Tanker
8th Air Wing

Tsuiki
-

FY2015

5th Air Wing

Nyutabaru

1st Transport Squadron

(404th Tactical Airlift Tanker
Squadron)

Komaki

Aerial refueling/transport units

-
83rd Air Squadron

Naha

End of FY2013
1 SQs

NDPG 2013
2 SQs

Establish 1 squadron
-

29

BMD System
Major projects

Increase Aegis ships equipped with BMD capability to 8

Introduce PAC-3 MSE
Surface-to-air guided missile units

Aegis-equipped destroyers
<Present>

<Image of Future System>

Introduce advanced PAC-3

altitude

Kongo-class x 4
Kongo-class x 4
Atago-class x 2
New type x2

Range of PAC-3 protection

Kongo-class
Kongo-class

Kongo-class

Range of
PAC-3 MSE
protection

Atago-class

Improve simultaneous response capability (image)

distance

Expand footprint
Improve simultaneous engagement capability
Improve sustained combat capability
30

Mid-Term Defense Program

33

Major Development of Defense Force in MTDP(FY2014-2018)

Ensure security of the surrounding waters and airspace
4 new airborne early warning (control) aircraft
3 high-altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles

23 fixed-wing patrol aircraft (P-1)

5 destroyers (including 2 Aegis-equipped destroyers
5 submarines

Early Warning (Control) Aircraft

image

High-altitude long endurance UAV

image

New destroyerimage

Continuous ISR in broad areas, to strengthen posture for

detecting various symptoms in an early stage
34

Major Development of Defense Force in MTDP (FY2014-2018)

Respond to attacks on remote islands (Develop Continuous ISR system)

Deploy coastal surveillance Units to Yonaguni island

Organize a new squadron in AEW group, and deploy to Naha Air Base

Develop deployment foundation for mobile warning & control radar on remote islands
Deploy coastal surveillance units to Yonaguni island

Placement of Air warning & control units

1st air surveillance unit*

Misawa

Hamamatsu
Facility improvement
(image)

Yonaguni island
Establish Yonaguni station (scheduled)

Warning & control group

Okinawa
2nd air surveillance unit*
Naha

Newlyestablished

* = tentative name

Develop system necessary for Continuous ISR, to promptly respond to

contingencies
35

Major Development of Defense Force in MTDP (FY2014-2018)

Respond to attacks on remote islands (Obtain and secure air superiority)
28 next-generation fighter aircraft (F-35A)
Improve capability of existing fighter aircraft
3 new aerial refueling/transport aircraft
Organize fighter aircraft (F-15) at Naha Air Base into 2 squadrons
Comprehensively improve air defense capabilities including cruise missile
response capability
Respond to attacks on remote islands

(Obtain and secure maritime superiority)

Expand Aegis ship force (2 ships)

Introduce 2 new destroyers
23 rotary-wing patrol helicopters (SH-60K)
Steadily develop surface-to-ship guided missiles
By effectively accomplishing Continuous ISR and anti-submarine missions
etc., defend the surrounding waters

36

Major Development of Defense Force in MTDP (FY2014-2018)

Respond to attacks on remote islands (improve capability for prompt deployment)

Introduce 17 tiltrotor aircraft
Steadily develop 10 transport aircraft (C-2)
Improve transport vessels
Actively utilize civilian transport capability
Consider multipurpose vessels & boats

Secure capabilities for prompt and large-scale transport & deployment , to

enhance effective response capability
Respond to attacks on remote islands (Improve response capability)
Newly deploy security units in charge of initial response
Establish amphibious rapid deployment force
Promptly improve authentic amphibious operational capability
Expand shared use of U.S. facilities with SDF in the Southwest region

Enhance data-linking functions among respective SDF

Strengthen amphibious operational capability & C3I system
37

Major Development of Defense Force in MTDP (FY2014-2018)

Respond to ballistic missile attacks

Develop advanced interceptors (SM-3 Block-II A)

Advanced interceptor missile (PAC-3 MSE)
Examine BMD posture for the future
Considering response capability against ballistic missile launch

Aegis ship

PATRIOT system

Given North Koreas improved ballistic missile capability, seek for overall
enhancement of ballistic missile response capability

38

NDPG Annex Table

Category

GSDF

Authorized Number of Personnel

Active-Duty Personnel
Reserve-Ready Personnel

Rapid Deployment Units

Surface-to-Ship Guided Missile Units

Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units
Destroyer Units

MSDF

Major Units

Major
Equipment

Submarine Units
Minesweeper Units
Patrol Aircraft Units

Destroyers
(Aegis-Equipped Destroyers)
Submarines
Combat Aircraft
Air Warning & Control Units

Major Units

Major
Equipment

Fighter Aircraft Units

Air Reconnaissance Units
Aerial Refueling/Transport Units
Air Transport Units
Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units
Combat Aircraft
Fighters

Future

approx. 159,000
approx. 151,000
approx. 8,000

159,000
151,000
8,000

Central Readiness Force

1 armored division

3 rapid deployment divisions

4 rapid deployment brigades
1 armored division
1 airborne brigade
1 amphibious rapid deployment brigade
1 helicopter brigade

8 divisions
6 brigades

5 divisions
2 brigades

5 surface-to-ship guided missile regiments

5 surface-to-ship guided missile regiments

8 anti-aircraft artillery groups/regiments

7 anti-aircraft artillery groups/regiments

4 flotillas (8 divisions)
5 divisions
5 divisions
1 flotilla
9 squadrons

4 flotillas (8 divisions)
6 divisions
6 divisions
1 flotilla
9 squadrons

47
(6)
16
approx. 170

54
(8)
22
approx. 170

8 warning groups
20 warning squadrons
1 AEW group (2 squadrons)
12 squadrons
1 squadron
1 squadron
3 squadrons
6 groups

28 warning squadrons

1 AEW group (3 squadrons)

13 squadrons

2 squadrons
3 squadrons
6 groups

approx. 340
approx. 260

approx. 360
approx. 280

Major Units
Regional Deployment Units

ASDF

Present (as of the end of FY2013)

Note 1:The current numbers of tanks and howitzers/rockets (authorized number as of the end of FY2013) are respectively approx. 700 and approx. 600,
which will be reduced respectively to approx. 300 and approx. 300 in the future.
Note 2: Regarding major equipment/units that may also serve for BMD missions, acquisition/formation will be allowed within the number of Destroyers
(Aegis-Equipped Destroyers), Air Warning & Control Units and Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units specified above.

39

Annex Table of MTDP (FY2014-2018)

Service

Equipment

Ground SelfDefense Force

Mobile Combat Vehicles

Armored Vehicles
Amphibious Vehicles
Tilt-Rotor Aircrafts
Transport HelicoptersCH-47JA
Surface-to-Ship Guided Missiles
Mid-Range Surface-to-Air Guided Missiles
Tanks
Howitzers

Maritime SelfDefense Force

Destroyers
(Aegis-Equipped Destroyers)
Submarines
Other Ships
Total
(Tonnage)
Fixed-Wing Patrol Aircraft (P-1)
Patrol Helicopters (SH-60K)
Multipurpose Helicopters (Ship-Based)
New Airborne Early Warning (Control) Aircraft Fighters

Air Self-Defense
Force

Fighters (F-35A)
Fighter Modernization (F-15)
New Aerial Refueling/Transport Aircraft
Transport Aircraft(C-2)
Upgrade of PATRIOT Surface-to-Air Guided Missiles (PAC-3 MSE)

Joint Units

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Quantity
99
24
52
17
6
9 companies
5 companies
44
31
5
(2)
5
5
15
(approx.52,000t)
23
23
9
4
28
26
3
10
2 groups & education units
3

Note: Aquisition of ship-based unmanned aerial vehicles will be allowed within the number of Patrol Helicopters (SH-60K) specified above.

40