VI.

Discussion
Parrot fish
Tilapia as feeders that are tend to be omnivorous, meaning it does not require special feed. In
addition, tilapia also has an advantage, that tilapia ability to live in a wide range of salinity, so tilapia
can be cultivated in freshwater, brackish, and marine. Tilapia (Oreochromisnilotikus) including
vertebrate animal species whose entire body scaly and has lateral scales. Tilapia is included in the
phylum of chordates that means vertebrates. Part of tilapia consists of caput (head), trunchus (body),
caudal (tail), which between trunchus and caput there are no real limits. The body is always in a
state of tilapia mucus, which serves to facilitate the movement of the water. Tilapia has a medium
sized body, dorsal fin (back) with a sharp fin, anal fin (anal). Body colored black or dark gray with
some transverse pattern (stripes) are increasingly blurred in adult fish
Muscular System
Type of fish body muscles still showing the arrangement of primitive segments with septa. If the
body of the fish is cut perpendicular to the spine, it would seem that the muscles are arranged
according to a circle concentric circles. Pieces of circular muscle is composed of shaped caudal
direction karnial to konimaskuli . The muscle is called miomer, arranged in segmental. Each miomer
wrapped and separated by connective tissue miocommata. Cartilaginous fish and bony fish are true,
axial muscles are separated by lateral septum into epaksial muscles in the dorsal and ventral muscle
hipaksial section. Epaksial muscles innervated by the dorsal branches of spinal nerves while
hipaksial muscles innervated by the ventral branches of spinal nerves.Branchial muscle serves to
close and open the gills and mouth holes, especially konstritor muscles (dorsal and ventral) and
elevators. This muscle is innervated by spinal nerves, unlike axial muscles innervated by the nerve
karnial. Another group is the muscle that extends hipobrankialventro-antrior gills, ranging from
korakoid to the jaw area and ventral arch brankialis.
In the shark muscle, muscular body and tail muscles are composed segmental, muscle function is to
hold the lateral undulation movement during swimming. ErahSome more specialized muscle
function in the paired fins, gill area and structures located on the head. More tail fin movement tends
to cause body parts to move forward toward the bottom, while the fin movement of the front of the
chest causing his body lifted, the combined effect of this motion causes the fish raised. This is
important because the sharks do not have a swim bladder. (Artawan.2004)
Circulatory system
Circulatory system in fish form a single circulation system. Fish heart filled only blood that does not
contain oxygen. Blood before entering into the atria first pass through the sinus venosus, blood from
the atrium into the ventricle, then pumped to the conusarteriosus direction towards the ventral aorta.
Ventral aortic blood to the gills through the arteries to the area next aferentiabrankia of gill brankia
efferent artery blood collector on the dorsal aorta. This is called the aortic arch vessels that will be
the ventral and dorsal aorta. Blood from the head of the anterior kardial collected by vein, and blood
from the kidneys, gonads collected by posterior cardinal vein. Cuvier vessel is latero abdominal vein
that receives blood from the body and locomotordiding. Conusarteriosus in cartilaginous fish have 8
pairs of valves to prevent blood back to the heart, while the true bony fish only one. Blood from the

right antrium lung fish towards the right side of the ventricle, and pulmonary artery through the
pump to the wake as a primitive lung that is branching 6 pairs of ARKOS aortikus.
Insharksthere are twoportal veinthatthe renalportal veinthat drainsbloodfrom
theveincaudalis(derived from thetail) that leadstokidneyandhepaticportal veinthatcarries
bloodfromthe digestivetractto thelivertobe filteredto. (Artawan.2004)
digestive system
Digestive systemin vertebratesincludingfishconsists oftwomajor parts ofthe
digestivetractanddigestivegland. Digestivetractstartsfromthe oral cavity, pharynx, esophagusshort,
stomach, intestine, andanus. Generally in the formof digestive glandsmucousglands,
liverandpancreas.Thereforethe fishlives in water,does notrequirea lot ofglandsin the mouthto
wetfood, yet there are still someglandularmucosa.
Shark'smouthis locatedonthe ventralpart ofthe headthat haspointyandsharpteeth,teethare
oftendatedandreplacedby anew tooth. Sharpteeththatare usedtocaptureprey.If thepreyis smaller, then
itwillimmediatelyswallowprey. (Artawan.2004)
Shark'smouthis locatedonthe ventralpart ofthe headthat haspointyandsharpteeth, teethare
oftendatedandreplacedby anew tooth. Sharpteeththatare usedtocaptureprey.If thepreyis smaller, then
itwillimmediatelyswallowprey. (Artawan.2004)
respiratory system
The gills are characteristic of the respiratory system in fish embiologis, gill slits grow as a result of a
series of invagination pharyngeal growing out and meet with invagination of the outside. Whenever
mouth opened, the water from the outside will go towards the pharynx and then out again pass
through the gill slits. These events involve the cartilage as a proponent of the gill filaments. Each
filament or holobrankia separated into two parts called hemibrankia. Gill lamellae in the form of
thin plates which conceal the respiratory epithelium and the vascular tissue closes the aortic arc, so
that carbon dioxide can be exchanged blood with oxygen in the water.
Urogenital System
Urogential system consists of two parts, namely excretion and urogenital system. Excretory system
of fish as well as other vertebrates, which has many functions, among others, for the regulation of
body water content, maintaining the balance of salt and eliminate the rest netrogen result of protein
metabolism. For that develops three types of kidney, namely pronefros, mesonephros, and
metanefros. Kidney-type fish mesonephros, serves as opistonefros on amniotic embryo. Each tubule,
both proximal and distal, then gather the longitudinal direction is called ductal arkinefridikus.
Proximal tubules gather some encapsulated hemisphere as bowman capsule on glomerolus. Capsules
and glomerolus, forming the renal capsule.Water, salt and metabolic waste in the blood flow into the
capsule and flows into the tubular duct to arkinepridikus and eventually out of the body. Fish true
cartilage and bone generally have a pair of gonads and sex are generally separate. Female fish
usually have two oviduct. Vertebrate ovary generally not directly linked with the oviduct, eyes
theoretically eggs into the body cavity and ends at the ostium.
nervous system
Vertebrate central nervous, it embriologik derived from the thickening of the ectoderm that forms

the medullary plate. Subsequent developments will be the potential of neural networks called neural
tube axial section of the anterior part of the body and therefore growing faster than in other parts of
the brain will develop into primitive. The primitive brain consists of three vesicles (bubbles) primer.
In sharks, from two saccusolfactorius (sac smell) found on the muzzle there olfatorius tract that
extends to olfactorius lobe in the cerebrum. In the dorsal part in encephalon there is a called the
pineal stalk. On the ventralnyaare infundibulum, pituitary attachment. In the dorsal midbrain there
are two optic lobes are rounded. The brain behind it consists of the cerebellum and medulla
oblongata. (Artawam.2004)
sensory organs
Fish, because the waters of life, development is very good chemoreceptors to detect taste and smell.
Location sense organs in fish may not only located in the head or in the mouth, may be expanded in
some parts of the body surface as well as in the fin. Most fish, organ olfaktoria (olfactory) in the
form of a pair of striped hole with folds in the form of sensory epithelium.
Sense organs on sharks generally rely more on smell senses to observe the existing stimulus to the
surrounding water. Eyes shark can move because there are three pairs of muscles that attach his eyes
in the eye sockets. (artawan.2004)
reproductive system
In the male sharks there are two long testes located in the anterior part of the body cavity.
Spermatozoa produced is transported through the vasa vasadiferentiaefferentia heading toward the
posterior. Which eventually empties into the urogenital sinus through the urogenital papilla. In
female fish there are two ovaries are often fused. Eggs produced is transported through two oviduct
toward . In the posterior part, the egg channel widens to form the uterus where the embryo
development. Shark is an animal that ovovivipar. (artawan.2004)
Inthis labwefound someproblems, such aslack ofreferenceso that whenwegetto make observationson
theanatomy ofthe body ofthe fishthere areseveralorgansthatwe do not know, it resulted in
thelabbecomeslonger.