Stress Concept

FF
Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science
Strength of Materials I
Prof. Dr. E.I. Imam Morgan

Head of Mechatronics Department
Vice Dean of EMS for Academic Affairs
elsayed.morgan@guc.edu.eg
C7.110
(1)
Office hours: Monday, 2nd slot (10:00 12:00)

Teaching Assistant: Eng. Bola George, Bishoy Emil, Micheal Wahba [C7:116]
Eng. Mona Nader [C7:101], Eng. Sara Elkhamisy [C3:123]
Eng. Andrew Nagy [C3:127]
Text book:
Beer, F.P., and Johnston, E.R. Mechanics of Materials,
fourth Edition (2006), Fifth edition is now available.
McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY, ISBN 007-124999-0.
and:
J.M. Gere Mechanics of Materials,
sixth Edition (2004), eights edition is available.
Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0-534-41793-0.
Course Assessment:
10% 4 Assignments
25% 2 Quizzes (best 2 out of 3)
25% Mid term exam
40% Final exam.
Attendance: 75% of the course must be attended
How to drop:
Dropping of the course not later than 2 weeks after the start by
notice to the admission office.
(2)
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter is devoted to the study of stresses occurring in

many of the elements contained in the shown excavator, such
as two-force members, axles, bolts, and pins.
Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan
Head of MCTR Department
(4)
Introduction
Strength of Materials
or, (Mechanics of Deformable Bodies)
or, (Mechanics of Materials)
??
The Strength of Materials is the branch of applied mechanics that deals

with the behavior of elastic bodies subjected to various types of loading.
The bodies under investigations represent the components of a machine or
a structure.
Bars (axial loading)
Shafts (torsion)
These components may be
Beams (bending)
Columns (compression)-buckling
Objective

Is to provide the future engineer with the means of

analyzing and designing the various components of
any structure or any machine such that they must
operate safely.
(5)
The most important

concepts in Strength of
Materials are:
Stress and Strain
These concepts will be
illustrated (in this chapter)
by considering a prismatic
bar subjected to axial
forces.
But, there are other
types of loadings such
as torsion (in shafts)
and bending moment
loads (in beams).
Later, these loadings
produce other types of
stresses.

Bars
(axial load)
Shafts
(torsion load)
Beams
(B.M load)
(6)
Static Review
The first step in studying an element is to determine the
loads applied on it in order to decide whether it can support
these loads or not.

Therefore, methods of statics are used to determine the static
forces in the supports of the structure as well as the forces
applied on the component itself. In machines, the applied
dynamic forces are calculated using a similar technique
based on the method of inertia forces (Later in theory of machines).
The steps of study (analysis and design) of a certain
structure as well as the concept of stress are investigated
using the following example.

(7)
The shown structure is designed

to support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a boom AB
and rod CB joined by pins at the
junction B and supports A and C.

(8)
Static Analysis
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports.
The boom and rod are 2-force
members, i.e., the members are
subjected to only two forces which
are applied at member ends.
For equilibrium, the forces must be
parallel to an axis between the
force application points, equal in
magnitude, and in opposite directions.
Therefore, in this case we can use the
method of equilibrium of pin at B (or resolve
the 30kN force into 2 directions)that had been
given in the previous semester [Mechanics I].
(9)
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium of concurrent forces
which may be expressed in the form of a force polygon (triangle):
Fy 0
FBC 0.6 30 0
FBC 50 kN
Fx 0
FAB 50 0.8 0
FAB 40 kN
Or, from force

polygon
FAB FBC 30
4
5
3
FAB 40 kN
FBC 50 kN
Note : According the obtained positive values we conclude that:

member AB is in compression.
member CB is in tension.
(10)
Concept of Stress
A question is waiting
for an answer!!
Can the structure safely support

the 30 kN load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
dBC = 20 mm
Consider, for example the rod BC.

Its ability to withstand the internal
tensile force FBC depends on:
the internal force in the rod, FBC
the cross section area of the rod, A
the material of which the rod is made
Combined in
one parameter,
called Stress
Compare
and
decide
Each material has its

own mechanical
properties (parameters)
(11)
In general, the force per unit area, or intensity

of the force distributed over a given section is
called the stress (sigma).
As shown in figure:
P
A
N / m2
or , Pa
we have:
1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 MPa = 106 Pa
1 GPa = 109 Pa

commonly used
Animation
(12)
Back to the example:
Analysis
dBC = 20 mm
From a statics analysis
Now assume that the rod BC is
made of steel.
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
P
50 103 N
BC
159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m2
From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
all 165 MPa
BC all
Conclusion: the strength of

member BC is
adequate (safe).
(13)
Design
d=?
Design of new structures requires selection

of appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance
requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P
all
A
d2
A
4
d
4A
all
50 103 N
100 106 Pa
4 500 10 6 m 2

for safety
Choose
material
500 10 6 m 2
2.52 102 m 25.2 mm
An aluminum rod 26 mm or
more in diameter is adequate
(14)
Types of Stresses
Normal Stress
Bearing Stress
Shear Stress

(15)
Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity (force per unit area) on that
section is defined as the normal stress.
F
A0 A
lim
ave
P
A
The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
Animation

(16)
Normal Stress in case of Centric and Eccentric Loadings

A uniform distribution of stress in a
section implies that the line of action
for the resultant of the internal forces
passes through the centroid of the
section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
This case will be studied in Ch.4.
(17)
Example (1)
P = 115 kN
A short post constructed from a hollow

circular tube of aluminum supports a
compressive load of 115 kN. The outer and
inner diameters of the tube are do= 115 mm
and di= 100 mm, respectively.
Determine the compressive stress in the post
(average stress).
Solution
P
A
Note that:
P 115 10 3 N
A
2
o
di2
115
4
4
115 10 3
45.4 MPa
2532 .91
100 2 2532 .91 mm 2
Substituting P in N
and the area A in
mm2
will give, directly, the
stress in MPa.
(18)
Example (2)
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and
BC are welded together at B and
loaded as shown. Determine the
average stress at the midsection of:
(a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
+160 kN
Solution
At first determine the axial force in each
rod. So, draw the Normal Force Diagram.
a- rod AB (rod 1)
1
A1
-80 kN
P2
A2
P2 80 10
50 2 1963 .5
mm 2
4
160 10 3
1
81.49 MPa
1963 .5
b- rod BC (rod 2)
P1
A1
P1 160 10
N. F. D.
A2
75 2 4417 .86
mm 2
+ tensile stress
Compressive
stress
4
80 10 3
2
18.1 MPa
4417 .86
(19)
Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave
P
A
Our interest in this chapter
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed

uniform.
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value (Ch.6).
(20)
x
1
2
2
Shearing stress distribution due

to transverse load (Ch. 6).
Note that P acts in plane of the
section.
(21)
Examples of Shearing stress
Single Shear
Double Shear
F/2
F/2
P F /2
ave
P F
A A
ave
P F
A 2A
(22)
Bearing Stress
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
The bearing area is defined
as the projected area of the
curved bearing surface
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress.
b
P P
A td
(23)
Example (3)
Application to Analysis of Simple Structure
We Would like to determine

the stresses in the members
and connections of the
structure shown.
From a statics analysis:
Must consider :
maximum normal
stresses in AB and BC,
shearing stress at pins,
bearing stress, on
members at each pinned
connection
(24)
A- Normal Stresses: (rod BC and boom AB)

Rod BC
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = d2/4 = 314.15 mm2) is
BC = +159 MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 40 25 300 mm 2
BC ,end
FBC
P 50 10 3

167 MPa
A
300
Boom AB
The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.

(25)
B- Shear Stresses: (pin supports)

The cross-sectional area for pins at
A, B, and C,
d 2
252 491
mm2
Pin C
The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC. The pin has
single shear.
C ,ave
P 50 103

102 MPa
A
491
Pin A
The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
A,ave
P 20 103

40.7 MPa
A
491
(26)
Pin B
Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
FBC 50 kN
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)
Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,
B ,ave
PG 25 103
50.9 MPa
A
491
Note that we can consider that the pin is

subjected to double shear with P=50/2 kN

(27)
C- Bearing Stresses: (at supports)
Support at A
Bracket
Boom
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 103
b
53.3 MPa
td 30 25
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 103
b
32.0 MPa
td 50 25
The bearing stresses at B in member AB, at B and C

in member BC, and the bracket at C are found in a
similar way.
(28)
Example (4)
The shown system is used to support 2000N. The upper
portion of link ABC is 10 mm thick and the lower portions
are each 6 mm thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the two
portions at B. The diameters of pins at A and C are 10 mm
and 6 mm, respectively. Determine:
a- the shearing stress in pin A,
b- the shearing stress in pin C,
c- the largest normal stress in link ABC,
d- the average shearing stress on the bonded surface at B,
e- the bearing stress in the link at C
30 mm
150 mm
45 mm
175 mm
250 mm
2000 N
125 mm
Solution:
Draw the F. B. D. for the entire

system. Link ABC is two force
member.
MD 0:
125 mm
2000 375 FAC 250 0

FAC 3000 N

tension
250 mm
2000 N
(29)
(a) Shear stress at pin A: (A)

pin A is single shear:
FAC
3000
A
10 2
4
A 38.2 MPa
150 mm
45 mm
(b) Shear stress at pin C: (C)

double shear.
F
3000
C AC
2 A 2 6 2
4
C 53.1 MPa
175 mm
250 mm
2000 N
125 mm
3000 N
(c) Largest Normal stress in link ABC:

The largest stress occurs at cross section at A
(smallest area)
The area at A is: Anet= 10 x (30-10) = 200 mm2
A
FAC 3000
Anet
200
A
15 MPa
(30)
(d) Average shear stress at B: (B)

B
F1
AB
F1 3000 / 2 1500 N
For one side :
AB 30 45 1350 mm 2
B
1500
1.1 MPa
1350
150 mm
45 mm
175 mm
250 mm
2000 N
125 mm
3000 N
(e) Bearing stress in link ABC at C :

For each portion:
F1 = 1500 N
bearing area = 6x6 = 36 mm2
F1 1500
A
36
b 41.7

MPa
(31)
Example (5)
The steel bar is to be designed to support a
tension force of P = 120 kN when bolted
between double brackets at A and B. The bar will
be fabricated from 20 mm thick steel plate. The
maximum allowable stresses for this steel are
= 175 MPa, = 100 MPa, and b = 350 MPa.
a- Determine the diameter d of the bolt.
b- Determine the dimension b at each end of the
bar.
c- Determine the dimension h of the bar.
Solution:
Given:
P = 120 kN
t = 20 mm
allowable stresses:
= 175 MPa
= 100 MPa
b = 350 MPa
20 mm
Required:
d = ? (for bolt)
b = ? (at end of the bar)
h = ? (for the bar)
(32)
Given:
P = 120 kN
t = 20 mm
allowable stresses:
= 175 MPa
= 100 MPa
b = 350 MPa
Required:
d = ? (for bolt)
h = ? (for the bar)
(a) Diameter of the bolt:

at A or B we have double shear
all
100
F
A
where : F P / 2 60 103 N
60 103
d 2
4
d 27.6 mm
use :
d 28 mm
Check (for bearing stress on bolt or bar):

P 120 103
b
214 MPa 350 MPa
td
20 28
b b ,all OK
(33)
Given:
P = 120 kN
t = 20 mm
allowable stresses:
= 175 MPa
= 100 MPa
b = 350 MPa
(b) Dimension b:
all
P
Anet
Required:
d = ? (for bolt)
h = ? (for the bar)
120 10 3 120 10 3
175
t b d
202a
a 17.14 mm
b d 2a 28 217.14
b 62.3
mm
(c) Dimension h:
P
th
120 103
175
20 h
h 34.3 mm
use :
h 35
mm
(34)
Stresses on an Oblique Plane

Under Axial Loading
Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
However, we shall show that either axial or transverse forces may
produce both normal and shear stresses with respect to a plane other
than one cut perpendicular to the member axis.

(35)
Pass a section through the member forming

an angle with the normal plane.
Consider the left part. Note that +ve is in
CCW direction from the vertical.
From equilibrium conditions, the distributed
forces (stresses) on the plane must be
equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos
V P sin
The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are:
Animation
F
P cos
P
cos2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P
sin cos
A A0
A0
cos
(36)
Normal and shearing stresses on

an oblique plane:
P
cos2
A0
P
sin cos
A0
= ? for which
Maximum Stresses
The maximum normal
stress occurs when the
reference plane is
perpendicular to the
member axis,
m
P
A0

The maximum shear

stress occurs for a plane
at + 45o with respect to
the axis,
P
P
m sin 45 cos 45
,
A0
2 A0
(37)
Stress Under General

Loading Conditions
Q
Stress Components
A member subjected to a general

combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing through
an internal point Q. Assume that the
plane is parallel to yz plane.

The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A
xy lim
A0
V yx
A
Vzx
xz lim
A0 A
For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
(38)
Stress components are defined for the planes

cut perpendicular to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx My Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:

M z 0 xy Aa yx Aa
xy yx
similarly, yz zy
and yz zy
It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
(39)
Finally: The General State of Stress at a point Q is completely

defined by 6 independent stress components, namely:
x , y , and z
Normal stresses
x .. Stress along x-axis
Similar definitions for y , and z.
xy ,yz , and zx
Shear stresses
xy . Stress perpendicular to x-axis and
directed along y-axis.
Similar definitions for yz and zx.

(40)
Factor of Safety
Structural members or
machines must be designed
such that the working stresses
(allowable stresses) are less
than the ultimate strength of the

material.
FS Factor of safety
FS
u
ultimate stress
all allowable stress
or, an alternative def.

P
ultimate load
FS u
Pall allowable load
Factor of safety considerations:

uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
Ultimate Stress: is the stress at which the specimen will break or begins to
carry less load. (see next chapter).
(41)
Example (6)
The rigid beam BCD is attached by bolts to a control
rod at B, to a hydraulic cylinder at C, and to a fixed
support at D. Each bolt acts in double shear and is
made from steel with U = 280 MPa. The control rod
is made of steel with U = 420 MPa. If the minimum
factor of safety is to be 3 for the entire unit,
determine the largest upward force which may be
applied by the hydraulic cylinder at C.
Solution:
F.S. must be 3 in each of the three bolts and in
the control rod.
200 mm
150 mm
dB = dD = 10 mm
dC = 12 mm
Diameter of rod AB is
dA = 11 mm
Statics: Find the force C in terms of the force B

and the force D.
MD 0:
MB 0:
B350 C 200 0
C 150 D350 0
C 1.75 B
C 2.33 D
1
2
150 mm
200 mm
(42)
Calculation of C on the bases of:

Control Rod: For F.S = 3 we have,
3 U
all 420 3 140 MPa
all
C 1.75 B 1
C 2.33 D 2
d B2
112
140
13304 .6 N 13.3 kN
B all
4
4
From 1 : C 1.7513.3
So, C 23.28 kN
200 mm
150 mm
dB = dD = 10 mm
dC = 12 mm
Bolt at B : For F.S = 3 we have,
dA = 11 mm
all U 3 280 3 93.33 MPa

For double shear B all sheared area
d B2
10 2
93.33 2
all 2
4
4
14663 .4 N 14.66 kN
From 1
C 1.75 14.66

C 25.66 kN
(43)
C 1.75 B 1
C 2.33 D 2
Bolt at D : For F.S. = 3 we have,

all U 3 280 3 93.33 MPa
For double shear D B all sheared area
Again,
14663 .4 N 14.66 kN
From 2
C 2.33 14.66
C 34.16 kN
200 mm
150 mm
Bolt at C : For F.S. = 3 we have,

all 93.33 MPa
For double shear C all sheared area
dC2
12 2
93.33 2
all 2
4
4
C 21110 .7 N
C 21.11 kN
dB = dD = 10 mm
dC = 12 mm
dA = 11 mm
Conclusion: We have calculated, separately, four maximum allowable

values of C. Therefore we choose the smallest value:
C = 21.11 kN
(44)
Revision Problem
Given:
8x36 mm for the four links joining
BD and CE.
16-mm diameter pins at B, D, C, E
thickness of lever ABC is 10 mm
Answer:
a) +101.56 and -21.7 MPa
b) +56.42 (BD) & -21.7 (CE) MPa
c) 80.82 (B,D) & 31.08 (C,E) MPa
d) 126.95 MPa on links BD
and 203.13 MPa on lever
Required:
a) maximum normal stress in links
connecting: points B and D
points C and E
b) normal stress at mid points of the
four links.
c) Average shear stress at each pin.
d) At B, find the bearing stress
on links and on lever.
(45)

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FF

Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science

Prof. Dr. E.I. Imam Morgan

Office hours: Monday, 2nd slot (10:00 12:00)

This chapter is devoted to the study of stresses occurring in

The Strength of Materials is the branch of applied mechanics that deals

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

Is to provide the future engineer with the means of

The most important

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

these loads or not.

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

The shown structure is designed

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

Or, from force

Note : According the obtained positive values we conclude that:

Can the structure safely support

From a statics analysis

Consider, for example the rod BC.

Each material has its

In general, the force per unit area, or intensity

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

Back to the example:

From a statics analysis

From the material properties for steel, the

Conclusion: the strength of

Design of new structures requires selection

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

2.52 102 m 25.2 mm

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

The normal stress at a particular point may not be

The detailed distribution of stress is statically

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

Normal Stress in case of Centric and Eccentric Loadings

A short post constructed from a hollow

100 2 2532 .91 mm 2

Our interest in this chapter

The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed

Shearing stress distribution due

Examples of Shearing stress

The resultant of the force

Application to Analysis of Simple Structure

We Would like to determine

A- Normal Stresses: (rod BC and boom AB)

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

unstressed since the boom is in compression.

B- Shear Stresses: (pin supports)

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

Note that we can consider that the pin is

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

C- Bearing Stresses: (at supports)

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

The bearing stresses at B in member AB, at B and C

Draw the F. B. D. for the entire

2000 375 FAC 250 0

Prof. Dr. Imam Morgan

(a) Shear stress at pin A: (A)

(b) Shear stress at pin C: (C)

(c) Largest Normal stress in link ABC:

(d) Average shear stress at B: (B)