Fluid Flow in A Venturi

Fluid Flow in a Venturi
Leonard Sawyer, D1, Leonard.Sawyer.1@city.ac.uk
CITY UNIVERSITY
LONDON
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
Abstract
The main purpose of the test was to show the relationship between the fluid flow (velocity)
and pressure in a varying cross-sectional duct. The values attained in the experiment would be
used to compare with theoretical data calculated using equation 1. The results found were
conclusive though there was a significant error within the results. What was found out from
the results was there were two variables that significantly change the value of pressure which
were velocity and cross section area and that energy was being loss as the fluid travelled
through the duct. The conclusion made was that there is an inverse relationship between the
pressure of the system and the velocity of the fluid.
Introduction
To meet the objective an experiment was performed using a duct with a varying cross section
connected multi-tube manometer. The experimental method used would attain values of
pressure at certain points within the duct. This would be used to establish the relationship
between the fluid flow in the duct and the pressure within certain points in the duct.
Theory
In order to perform this test as effectively as possible, some background knowledge must be
attained. The section below should cover some basic definitions and basic information that are
needed in order to attain an understanding on purpose of the experiment and the relation the
quantities that would be measured to achieve the objective outlined.
Engineers use similar experiments to test Fluids flow properties to gain sufficient knowledge
on the reaction of fluids under steady flow conditions.
In Steady fluid flow, analysis of the fluids properties derives from the use of Conversation
laws.
One of the laws is the conservation of mass which states the total mass that goes into the
system is equal to the mass that comes out of a system when the system in under steady flow:
=

(1)
Where
= =
(2)
Where
is the density of the of the fluid
v is the velocity that the fluid is travelling at
A is the cross sectional area of the system the fluids is travelling through
This gives rise to the Mass Continuity [1] equation: =
(3)
Another conservation law that is considered is the conservation of energy. Daniel Bernoulli
theoretically derived an equation that considers the conservation of energy in various forms.
The Bernoulli equation [1] assumes: The fluid is Inviscid
The fluid is also incompressible
MEA Part 1 Engineering Lab

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The fluid undergoes steady flow

The fluid is acting along a streamline
Bernoullis equation is outlined as:+
1
2
(4)
Where
(5)
Is the Specific Flow energy
1
2
(6)
Is the Specific Kinetic energy
(7)
Is the Specific Potential energy
The equation gets reduced to another where h=p/ g and the g z term in Bernoullis equations
becomes 0 due to the orientation of the duct where gravitational potential effects are null.
+
(8)
There were some equations used to make the graphs see results the equations are as follows:
(9)
This equation is used to create the first graph fig 3.
2 ( )
(10)
This equation is used to create the second graph fig 4 which is based on the equation:!"#$
2 (& & )/ 2 (
=%
1 () ) )+
Note that the equation highlighted in grey is used to determine the theoretical static head in
the experiment see table 7 or fig 4.
(11)
And the final equation used in the experiment to work plot the third graph fig 5 is shown as

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2 ( )

+
(12)

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Experimental Arrangement
With the relevant information researched, the experimental procedure can be outlined as
below. The Armfield F series Machine (Bernoulli apparatus) is setup as shown in fig 1. The
machine acts as a Venturi meter. For the machine to be ready for procedure the machine need
a test run to check whether there were air bubbles in the apparatus system. If so 2 procedures
were carried out; one was to bleed out the air bubbles in the duct by increasing the flow
intake, then followed by the removal of air bubbles by letting the fluid reach the top of the
manometer. The when all the air bubbles were gone, the fluid level was lowered to reach an
equilibrium on the manometer. With the apparatus ready the experiment can start. The speed
setting is set at speed case 1and the water inlet and outlet taps were open. Once stabilisation
of the water level in the manometer was reached, a measurement of the water level at
particular taping numbers were taken and recorded. Once Complete the procedure was
repeated for 2 other speed cases 2&3 which are 2/3 and 1/3of the flow rate in speed case 1
respectively. Then recordings were tabulated and graphs were plotted using equations 9, 10&
12 and table 1.
To manometer
Tap 1
Water in
Water out
Duct
Figure 1: sketch showing the Bernoulli apparatus duct

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Results
The results shown below were obtained from Tables 1, 3-8.
Distance (x)/m
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
-0.1
S1
G1/m
S2
S3
-0.2
-0.3
Figure 2: Graph showing the change in static head with respect distance x
Distance x /m
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
-10
-20
S1
S2
G2
S3
-30
Theory
-40
-50
Figure 3: Graph showing normalised variation in static head with respect to distance x

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Distance x /m
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
-10
S1
-20
G2
S2
S3
-30
-40
Figure 4: Graph showing normalised variation in Total head with respect to distance x
Tapping No.
Distance (x)/m
0.0603
0.0687
0.0732
0.0811
0.1415
0.025
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.01
0.025
0.000491 0.000154 0.000113 0.000095 0.000079
0.000491
Diameter (d) /m
Area (A)/ m2
Table 1: Table showing tapping dimensions of the Bernoulli apparatus used [2].
Uncertainty
h
V
t
d
0.003
0.05
1 0.0001
A/A Q/Q
v/v
0.02
0.073386
0.093386
G1
G2
G3
0.006
0.140661
0.01801
Table 2: Table showing the error analysis of tap 5: speed case 2.

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Discussion
From the results shown the previous section gives a deeper understanding on effective
analysis on characteristics of fluid flow in a duct. These results were compiled of
measurements of heights in manometers, calculation that give the values used in the graph and
the graphs plotted that show trends and characteristics of fluid flow in a much simpler way for
engineers to analysis better.
In this experiment the measurement of pressure was by the use of a manometer which
measures a manometric height which in turn gives a value of pressure. This was used to find
out the relation between pressure and 2 other variables which were cross sectional area and
velocity.
Graph 1 which shows the relationship between the difference between manometer heights
relative to tapping 1 height, which was set as the control height, and the distance the fluid
would travel in the duct. The general trend was that the pressure dropped when the distance
(x) was increased till a certain point then the pressure started to rise. This is due to the
decrease in cross sectional area until 73mm where the cross section increases. This means that
if the cross section area decreases the pressure also drops. Both variables have a correlation to
each other. When the speed setting is changed chronologically there is also drop in pressure at
each tapping. Therefore when the volumetric flow rate is dropped the pressure also drops.
This shows that both Q and cross sectional area can lead to changes in temperature.
Graphs 2 shows the normalised changes between the manometer heights and the distance the
fluid has travelled in the duct (x). The difference between graph 1 and graph 2 is the added
variable which is the fluid velocity. The trend meant that the pressure of the system dropped
as the velocity of the fluid increases. This meant that the velocity has an inverse relationship
to the pressure. Added to that is that there is also an inverse relationship between the cross
sectional area and velocity because when the cross sectional area decreased the velocity of the
fluid increased. Similar to the first graph this showed that when the speed case was changed
the pressure had dropped.
Comparing the measured results with the theoretical data calculated there was a variance
present in the results. This was down to other factors that affect the experiment such as
viscosity which was counted as negligible due to the velocity of the fluid was relatively slow
as well as other error caused by small pockets of air that meant there was both systematic and
random error present in the measured results.
Graph 3 shows the energy in the system. This is shown as the variance between the
normalised static head change and the ratio of control velocity and tapping velocity. The trend
showed that as the fluid was travelling through the duct, there was some energy lost hence the
decrease in energy. As drawn to previously, the reason could be that is existence of a resistive
force as the fluid enters and part of the duct that has a smaller cross section. As highlighted in
the graph the points (0.073, y) and (0.081, y) shown an increase in energy which is wrong as
the graph is supposed to show energy losses in the system therefore, an error has occurred in
the experiment.
This could be down to small air pockets disrupting an accurate measurement of the result or
there is a fault at tapping 4 which gives a measure of the height that is similar to tapping 5
even though the fluid is travelling at a higher speed.

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From the error analysis there conclusions drawn are where certain variables like velocity and
flow rate have reasonable variances that can lead to inaccurate results, the uncertainties in
calculated values like G1 have very small abs uncertainties which leads to small % errors.
However, as highlighted before there were significant errors in the measurements therefore
the conclusions drawn in the error analysis is that the calculations made might be wrong
however do show variance that can lead to discrepancies in the results.
Conclusions
In conclusion the experiment provided key information on the procedure on a method that
would enable the ability to measure the pressure within a Bernoulli apparatus and determine
certain relationships between variables
The purpose of the test was to be able to attain the relationship between pressure in a system
and the fluids velocity. When looking at the results, the measurements attain and the graph
produced gave an insight as to the characteristics of the fluid and the variables that affect fluid
flow as well as certain relationships. Though there was a huge error in graph 3 which shows
energy gained where energy should be lost, conclusions can be made about the experiment to
achieve the objective.
The conclusions drawn are as follows:1
As the velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure in the system drops.
As the cross sectional area of the duct decreases, the pressure of the system drops.
1
As the cross sectional area of the duct decreases, the velocity of the fluid increases.
References
1. White Frank M., Fluid Mechanics, pg. 150-155&169-178, 7th Edition.
2. Armfield Limited, Instruction Manual of F1-15, 2013
Appendices
Manometer tap reading / x 10-3 m

Speed Setting (S)
1
2
3
293
220
170
225
185
155
170
155
142
68
100
120
49
91
115
158
142
134
Time/s
30.97
42.76
67.33
Q/m3s-1
0.000161
0.000117
0.000074
Table 3: Shows the recorded results from the experiment.

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g/ms-2
9.81
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LONDON

Velocity v ( Q /A) / ms-1
Speed Setting (S)

1
2
3
0.329
0.238
0.151
1.049
0.760
0.482
1.428
1.034
0.657
1.699
1.230
0.781
2.056
1.489
0.946
0.329
0.238
0.151
Table 4: Shows calculated values from recorded results in

Table 3 to be used in the calculating values in Table 7.
Speed Setting (S)
1
2
3
1.000
1.000
1.000
( v n / v 1 )2
18.838
26.680
18.838
26.680
18.838
26.680
10.168
10.168
10.168
39.063
39.063
39.063
1.000
1.000
1.000
Table 5: Shows results calculated results used to calculate values in Table 7.
G1= Vs. x
G1 /m
Speed Setting (S)

1
2
3
0
0
0
-0.068
-0.035
-0.015
-0.123
-0.065
-0.028
-0.225
-0.12
-0.05
-0.244
-0.129
-0.055
-0.135
-0.078
-0.036
Table 6: Shows the calculated results used to form Graph 1.
G2 =
Speed Setting (S)
-(./ 0.1 )
213
Vs. x
G2
1
2
3
0
0
0
-12.334
-12.102
-12.859
-22.309
-22.474
-24.003
-40.810
-41.491
-42.863
-44.256
-44.603
-47.150
-24.486
-26.969
-30.862
Theoretical Static Head/m
-9.16829
-17.838
-25.6802
-38.0625
Table 7: Shows the calculated results used to form Graph 3

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G3 =
Speed Setting (S)
1
2
3
-(./ 0.1 )
213
0
0
0
+ ( / ) 1 Vs. x
21
-3.165
-2.933
-3.691
-4.471
-4.636
-6.165
G3
-15.130
-15.811
-17.183
-6.193
-6.540
-9.087
-24.486
-26.969
-30.862
Table 8: Shows the calculated results used to form Graph 4.

Sample calculation taking tap 3 Speed case 2:-
8 = = 0.220 0.155 = 0.065
8 =
8A =
2 ( )
2 ( )
+(
2 9.81 0.065
= 22.47
1.034
) 1 = 22.47 + 18.838 1 = 4.64
Error analysis sample calculations:-
C = 2 x (C( = 0.02
C =
D C
D E + C = 0.073
vC = C + C = 0.093
8 = 2 x h = 2 x 0.003 = 0.006
8 =
C + (4 () + H2 C I = 0.141
8A = 8 x d = 0.018

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Fluid Flow in A Venturi

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Fluid Flow in a Venturi

Leonard Sawyer, D1, Leonard.Sawyer.1@city.ac.uk

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

Leonard Sawyer, D1, Leonard.Sawyer.1@city.ac.uk