Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Springer-Verlag 1999
ARTICLE
D. Large E. Walcher
Abstract The Rammelsberg polymetallic massive sulphide deposit was the basis of mining activity for nearly
1000 y before nally closing in 1988. The deposit is
hosted by Middle Devonian pelitic sediments in the
Rhenohercynian terrane of the Variscan Orogen. The
deposit consists of two main orebodies that have been
intensely deformed. Deformation obscures the original
depositional relationships, but the regional setting as
well as the geochemistry and mineralogy of the mineralisation display many characteristics of the SHMS
(sediment-hosted massive sulphide) class of ore deposits.
Rammelsberg is briey compared to the other massive
sulphide deposits in the European Variscan, including
Meggen and those deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt.
Introduction
The Palaeozoic volcano-sedimentary succession in the
Variscan of Central Europe hosts economically important stratabound base-metal massive sulphide and barite
deposits (including Rammelsberg and Meggen, both are
now exhausted), stratiform iron mineralisation of the
Lahn-Dill type, and numerous vein-type base-metal,
barite and siderite deposits.
The purpose of this work is to describe the geology of
the Rammelsberg deposit as an example of the sedimenthosted massive sulphide (SHMS) class of mineralisation.
Large (1980, 1983) emphasised the variability of the
Editorial handling: DR
D. Large (&)
Consulting Geologist, Paracelsusstr. 40,
D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
E. Walcher
Consulting Geologist, Pointweg 7,
D-95652 Waldsassen, Germany
(previously Chief Mine Geologist, Preuag AG Metall,
Goslar, Germany)
History of mining
The earliest documentation of mining at Rammelsberg dates from
968 AD, and it was in more or less continuous production until its
nal closure in June 1988. The original discovery was made at the
outcrop of the ``Old Orebody'', and according to legend the outcrop was scraped free by a horse's hoof during a hunting expedition. The wealth generated by the mine was the basis for the
development of the city of Goslar, which is located immediately to
the north of the mine in the Harz Mountains. The mine was an
important source of revenue for the German Emperors during the
Middle Ages, and an Imperial residence was built for their frequent
visits to Goslar. In 1859 the discovery of additional resources in the
``New Orebody'', which did not outcrop and was identied during
underground development from the ``Old Orebody'', provided a
renewed stimulus to the mining activities.
Agricola (1557) mentions the Rammelsberg mine only once (De
re Metallica 6th Book), and describes it as the site of a major
disaster in which ``about 400 women were robbed of their husbands''. However, the mining activity at Rammelsberg (as
throughout Central Europe) reached a peak during Agricola's
lifetime in the early 16th Century, and remarkable annual production levels of 30 000 to 40 000 t ore are recorded (Slotta 1983).
During its nal years, under the management of Preussag AG
Metall, the mine was exploited from the two deepest of the 12
levels. The mine was accessed by two open shafts and one blind
shaft to a vertical depth of 460 m below the surface. After the ore
contained in the original pillars had been extracted, the deposit was
523
exhausted. No economic reserves had been discovered by exploration, and the mining operation closed in 1988 after a carefully
planned phase to extract virtually all the mineable reserves with
only very minor wastage.
The mine, including many of the historically important underground mining facilities as well as the surface ore-processing plant,
is now preserved as a museum and UNESCO ``World Cultural
Heritage Site''.
In addition to the Rammelsberg Mine, the Harz Mountains
also contain numerous other, mostly vein-type, mineral deposits
(including base metals, barite and uorite) that were once the basis
of a ourishing mining industry (Stedingk and Stoppel 1993a).
Fig. 1 Variscan terranes, massifs and massive sulphide deposits in Central and Western
Europe
524
Fig. 2 Simplied geological
map of the area around the
Rammelsberg deposit, Upper
Harz. The sections demonstrate
the facies and thickness variations between the West Harz
Rise and the Goslar Trough.
Sources: Hinze (1971) and
Brinckmann et al. (1986)
525
Table 1 Stratigraphic column in the Rammelsberg area, Upper Harz
Stratigraphic unit
Map Notation
Thickness
Lithology
Well bedded greywackes with
interbedded shales
Thinly bedded cherts and
interbedded black shale
Dark grey, locally pyritic shale
Shales, green near base becoming
red and more calcareous
upwards
Dark grey, fetid limestone
(regional marker horizon)
Streaky shales with occasional
limestone beds, local limestone
breccia beds
Grey shales with occasional
limestone interbeds Dolerite
sills in dmt3
Dark grey, locally dotomitic,
shales lateral to Rammelsberg
orebody
Dark grey shales with occasional
limestone and sandstone, minor
tu
Light grey sandy shales and
interbedded sandstones
Dark grey calcareous shales with
occasional sandstone
Interbedded sandstone and shale
Quartzitic sandstones with thinly
interbedded shales
L
C
a
r
b
Fammenian
Kulm greywacke
>1,500 m
Kulm cherts
20 m
Alum shale
Shales
30 m
300 m
Frasnian
Kellwasser Horizon
<1 m
Banded shales
200 m
Givetian
E
i
f
e
l
i
a
n
Emsian
dmt2 + dmt3
400 m
Ore-equivalent horizon
LH
60 m
dmt1
2040 m
Sandband Shale
dms
40400 m
Calceola Shale
dmc
60120 m
Speciosus Beds
Kahleberg Sandstone
30 m
>500 m
framboidal aggregates. The ore-equivalent horizon contains enhanced Zn and Pb values (see section `host rock geochemistry'), but
sphalerite and galena are only rarely observed and then always in
the ankeritic dolomite laminae. Walcher (1986) suggested that the
carbonate component of the ore-equivalent horizon may be hydrothermal in origin.
The Wissenbach Shales (dmt2+3) above the ore-equivalent horizon become increasingly calcareous and paler grey up towards the
top of the Eifelian. Pelagic styliolina become increasingly common
in the upper Eifelian and Givetian shales.
In the Goslar Trough, several kilometres from the Rammelsberg itself, the upper Eifelian shales are intruded by ``diabase''
(doleritic) sills that were described as ``sub-eusive'' by Hinze
(1971) (Fig. 2). This mac magmatism in the Goslar Trough during
the Eifelian may be an important indicator of local tensional tectonism and crustal fracturing during the development of the Goslar
Trough (Large 1986, 1988). The only other igneous activity during
the Eifelian is represented by the keratophyre tu horizons (usually
a few millimetres to decimetres thick, maximum 1 m, typically
green colour) that are suggested by Kraume and Jasmund (1951) to
have been derived from intermediate to acidic volcanism. The
eruptive centres that might have been the source for these tutes
have not been identied.
Middle Devonian Givetian
Fig. 3 Palinspastic reconstruction of the facies distribution, stratiform
orebodies and kniest in the ore-equivalent horizon. AL, Old Orebody;
NL, New Orebody; HW, Hangingwall Ore Occurrence
526
Fig. 4 Sketch cross section
through the Rammelsberg at
the time of deposition of the
ore-equivalent horizon, demonstrating lateral thickness and
facies changes in the dms unit
(Sandband Shales) that dene
the approximate location of the
hinge zone between the Goslar
Trough and Rammelsberg Rise.
Stratigraphic terminology as in
Table 1. LE, massive sulphide
ore; BE, banded sulphide ore;
Kniest, cross-cutting sulphide
mineralisation; orebody terminology as in Figs. 2+3. (Modied from Sperling 1986;
Walcher 1986)
Upper Devonian
Structure
Lower Carboniferous
A regionally extensive, very distinctive, black pyritic shale (Alaunschiefer or alum shale) and overlying chert sequence occurs near
the base of the Lower Carboniferous.
The alum shale and cherts are stratigraphically overlain by silty
shales and nally greywackes, which are considered to reect the
onset of compressive tectonics and ysch-type turbidite deposition
with a provenance in the uplifted Central German Rise to the south
(Franke 1989). These greywackes are at least 2000 m thick, and
they conceal much of the prospective stratigraphy in the Upper
Harz (Fig. 2).
Pb
Zn
Cu
Range
Range
Mean
2865 ppm
90130 ppm
2841 ppm
48 ppm
110 ppm
37 ppm
Mean
527
Fig. 5 Cross section through
the Rammelsberg deposit extending into the Goslar Trough
(simplied from Sperling 1986).
Stratigraphic nomenclature as
in Table 1
528
Fig. 7 Stratigraphic correlation
of dierent ore types in the
Rammelsberg. LE, massive ore;
BE, banded ore; GE, grey ore
(barite)
Mineralogy
The principal sulphide minerals are sphalerite, pyrite
and barite, with lesser amounts of galena and chalcopyrite. The primary minerals are ne grained (10
529
530
531
Discussion
Palaeogeographic setting of the Rammelsberg
Regional palaeogeographic setting
Fig. 11 The Rhenohercynian and Moravo-Silesian Massifs: volcanichosted massive sulphide (VHMS) and sediment-hosted massive
sulphide (SHMS) deposits: M, Meggen; R, Rammelsberg; L,
Lohrheim; LD, Lahn Dill district; ZL, Zlaty Hori; HM, Horni
Mesto; HB, Horni Benesov
532
Table 3 Summary of basin evolution in the Rhenohercynian using
the nomenclature of White and McKenzie (1988)
Phase of Basin
Evolution
Age
Initial rifting,
Lower Devonian
rapid subsidence
Middle to Upper
Devonian
Compression
Lower
Carboniferous
Lithologies and
thicknesses
Thick
sequences
(>2000 m) of coarse
clastics and felsic volcanics deposited in
fault-bound, rapidly
subsiding, rifting basins
Filling of the less rapidly
subsiding (rate of
subsidence exponentially decreasing) basin
with pelites; thick
clastic sequences and
associated
sediment
loading at the Old Red
Sandstone continental
margin in the NW
Rapid sedimentation of
thick sequences of
ysch-type
greywackes derived from the
uplift of the Variscan
Orogen to the south
In spite of the local dierentiation into the Rammelsberg Rise and Goslar Trough, there is no direct
evidence for the development of a small ``basin'' before
or during deposition of the shales in which the Rammelsberg mineralisation was formed. The density of the
massive sulphides themselves might have resulted in local subsidence, dewatering and minor fracturing as
proposed by Walcher (1986).
Comparison of the Rammelsberg to the SHMS class
The attributes typical of the SHMS class (Large 1981;
Gustafson and Williams 1981; Lydon 1983; Krebs and
Gwosdz 1985; Goodfellow et al. 1994) are compared to
the geological observations at Rammelsberg in Table 4.
With few exceptions, the Rammelsberg possesses most
of the SHMS attributes.
In addition to the European Variscan, Palaeozoic
sequences in the American Cordillera, Alaska, Siberia
Kazakhstan and North Africa also contain important
stratabound massive sulphide and barite deposits (Table 5). These mineralised successions were all developed
on the cratonic margin of Laurussia prior to the main
Hercynian deformation event caused by the collision of
Laurussia with Gondwana (Ziegler 1990).
The mineralisation at Rammelsberg is relatively
copper-enriched as compared to most Phanerozoic examples (with the possible exception of the poorly known
SHMS deposits in Kazakhstan). The reasons for this are
not clear, copper-enriched source rocks such as basic
volcanics, and/or relatively higher temperatures of the
mineralising solutions might be possible causes. Both
533
Table 4 Attributes of the Sediment-hosted massive sulphide (SHMS) class of deposits compared with the observations at Rammelsberg
Attributes of SMS deposits
Features at Rammelsberg
these are represented by the stratabound massive sulphide mineralisation and the Kniest cross-cutting mineralisation respectively.
In the exhalative model, the metal sulphides are precipitated from a hydrothermal solution that is expelled at
a vent into the submarine environment. Typical uid
chemistry for an SHMS ore-forming solutions might be:
temperature, 260 C; salinity, 8 to 10 equivalent wt. %
NaCl; very low O2-activity: very high CO2-activity; low
H2S activity; and weakly acid to neutral pH. These gures were derived by Goodfellow and Rhodes (1990)
from their studies on the Tom SHMS deposit, Yukon
Territory, Canada. There are no uid inclusion data
from Rammelsberg, but the mineral assemblage and
sulphur isotope data indicate that the chemistry of the
ore-forming hydrothermal solution probably did not
vary very signicantly from these gures.
534
Table 5 Sediment- and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide mineralisation in the Variscan and other orogens marginal to the Laurussia
craton
Terrane/basin
Country
Type
Examples
Age
Portugal, Spain
VHMS
L. Carboniferous
Rhenish Basin
(Rhenohercynian)
Moravia
Germany
SHMS
Czech Rep.
VHMS
M. Devonian
North Brittany
France
VHMS
Pyrenees
Massif Central
Graz (Alpine belt)
Caucusus
Selwyn Basin
France/Spain
France
Austria
CIS
Canada
SHMS
VHMS
SHMS
SHMS
SHMS
Brooks Range
Altai
Alaska, USA
Kazachstan, CIS
SHMS
VHMS/SHMS
Omulevka Terrane
Franklin Basin
Ouachita Mts
Great Basin
Siberia, CIS
NWGreenland
Arkansas, USA
Nevada, USA
SHMS
SHMS
SHMS*
SHMS*
M. Devonian
L. Devonian
M. Devonian
U. Devonian
Devonian
?Devonian
(Cambrian -)
Carboniferous
Devonian
M. Devonian
L. Carboniferous
Devonian
Devonian
Devonian-L.
Carboniferous
* Barite only
Although an exhalative origin for the massive sulphides is incorporated into most models for SHMS
mineralisation (Large 1983; Lydon 1983), there is considerable argument about the origin of cross-cutting
mineralisation and the possible importance of replacement in the mineralisation mechanism. Stockwork
mineralisation in a vent may be an acceptable explanation for the Rammelsberg Kniest, where cross-cutting
and replacement mineralisation occurred in the watersaturated sediments immediately beneath the sea-oor.
However, at Mt. Isa a similar quartz-carbonate-sulphide
assemblage is considered to have formed during later
deformation and to be unrelated to the adjacent SHMS
stratiform zinc-lead mineralisation (Perkins 1984).
Sulphur isotopes indicate that the source of sulphur
for the pyrite was probably biogenically reduced seawater sulphate. They also suggest that the base metal
sulphide may have been hydrothermal in origin, and
barite-sulphate was derived directly from the seawater.
The buoyancy of the hydrothermal solutions with
respect to seawater, and the eect on the morphology of
the mineralisation, is discussed by Lydon (1983). Compared to other SHMS deposits, the Rammelsberg orebodies are not laterally extensive (compact) and have a
variable thickness. By contrast, the Meggen deposit is
laterally very extensive (6000 m) and the thickness is
relatively constant at about 8 m (Table 6). These characteristics of the Rammelsberg indicate that the precipitation of the base metal sulphides occurred immediately
above the vent (possibly as a mound), and that there was
only limited lateral dispersion. The mixture of barite in
much of the sulphide ore, and the development of discrete barite orebodies, may have resulted from precipi-
Czech
Republic
Czech
Republic
VHMS
VHMS
VHMS
Einheit
Zlate Hory
Horni
Benesov
Morphology
ca. 4 Mt @ 2%
Zn+Pb
(trial mining)
Past production
5 Mt @ 2%
Zn+Pb
Stratiform lenses
in complex
structure,
1500 m strike,
up to 45 m thick
Stratabound
lenses, up to 3 m
thick
Tonnage/grade
Stratigraphy
Upper Givetian
to Lower Frasnian
(Transition
Mid- to
Upper Devonian)
Eifelian
(lower Middle
Devonian)
Age
Pyrite, sphalerite,
galena, barite
Keratophyres and
keratophyre tus
Middle Devonian
Fine-grained,
massive, pyrite,
marcasite,
sphalerite,
galena, barite
Massive sulphides,
some streaky
laminations.
Pyrite, sphalerite,
galena,
chalcopyrite,
barite
Mineralisation
Abbreviations: SHMS, sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposit; VHMS, volcanic-hosted sulphide deposit; FW, footwall; HW hanging wall
Czech
Republic
GermanyHarz Mts
GermanyRhenish Mts
SHMS
Meggen
Location
GermanyHarz Mts
Type
Rammelsberg SHMS
Deposit
Table 6 Characteristics of sediment-hosted (SHMS) and volcanic-hosted (VHMS) massive sulphide deposits in the Variscan of Central Europe
Fojt (1966)
Pouba (1986)
Pouba (1986);
Constanides
and Pertold
(1971)
Scheer
(1973)
Krebs (1981),
Thein
(1985)
This study
Reference
535
536
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