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ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
AND
HOW
TO.
TEACH
IT,
by
HEKEY
L.
BOLTWOOD,
CHICAGO:
Geo. Sherwood & Co
A. M,
p^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^OI
#
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.!
hag.
.glit
JJo.
ENGLISH
-2.
GRAMMAR
AND
HOW TO TEACH
IT;
/
BY
.
HENRY
LI
BOLTWOOD,
A.M.,
^CHICAGO:
GEO.
SHERWOOD
e^
/r?
&
CO
f n
CO.,
printed by
& Brainard,
hartford, conn.
Case, Lockwood
Washington.
PEEFAOE.
The
many
tains.
PREFACE.
'
ever attempted to
is
given.
it
in sentences taken
familiar to him.
is
which
PREFACE.
Suffixes.
may
New
book
sion of originality.
The study
in the
Many
ble assistance.
PREFACE.
The
necessity for a
new
No
essential
is
thorough
disposed to insist
drill in
Princeton,
III.,
Nov.
10, 1871.
Peimaet Grammar
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
young children a text-book on grammar, expecting them to profit by its study- They must learn
The
to use language by imitation, and by oral teaching.
young pupil should first receive from the teacher correct and
It
is
useless to give
It
is
grammar.
The
It
It
is
is
spell incorrectly.
be a model for
common mistake
A teacher
to speak incorrectly,
than to count, or to
Most
pupils bring to
daily
should no
to
The
home example,
These the
strengthened by
to
ten.
(7)
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
8
that dull
replied,
The
Had
she stopped
The little
child, whose habits are forming, claims more time, more patience, and more thorough teaching than the older pupil, who
might have
at nineteen, she
is
lost all
her pains.
and
uses.
common
Examples of simple
how the
show
other teaching.
NAMES OP THINGS.
Let the teacher, standing
name all
pupils to
slate, fur-
of
letters,
name
parts.
all
Few
in
To name
correctly
lists,
and
longest
at least, to
name
all their
them
for themselves.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
To
illustrate
may be
which
exercise, a list
this
derived from a
is
common
pocket-knife
handle,
blade,
edge,
point,
back,
notch,
shank,
rivet,
spring,
cap,
plate,
iron,
steel,
wood,
brass.
name.
say
" This
is
a knife."
list.
" This
Do
is
not be satisfied
;"
the pupils
till
all
correctly.
Always require
the
names
and
Look
be written.
to
closely to
every
to the spelling of
word.
Names
of iron
house
of birds
in
;
which we eat
of four-footed animals
in the school
of
all
of
may
and machines
first
in a store
names of
names of carpenter's
;
things
made
things used in a
of flowers
last
tools
all
names
the boys
names of all
;
of farming-
of trees.
PRIMARY COURSE,
10
Name
tree,
body,
door,
room,
house,
window,
ship,
chair,
watch,
book,
clock,
hand,
bird,
head,
stove,
house,
wagon,
year,
table.
The
which
teacher
may add
to this list
reaper,
ACTIONS OF THINGS.
to living objects.
the perception of
answer,
hunts,
"
The dog
etc.
runs, barks,
bites,
dog hunts.
the
full.
Thus
In like manner
let the
bird,
mouse,
squirrel,
horse,
cat,
boy,
hen,
sheep.
life
let
What
does
etc.
sun,
ram,
fire,
wind,
saw,
gun,
pm,
knife.
these actions.
many
to give as
tell
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
11
Naming the common animals, let the pupils tell ivhat sound
The horse neighs the dog howls the
aach makes thus
etc.
^at mews
:
Name
tell
what each
does.
trades
the black-
run,
eat,
sleep,
jump,
grow,
work,
play,
swim.
this drill.
The
teacher's skill
secured
is
parrots,
when
is
exhibited in
mak-
PROPERTIES OF THINGS.
Let the teacher show the pupils some familiar object, as
an apple, a rose, a crayon, a pencil, asking them to look at
it
Then, removing
carefully.
tell
something about
The
apple
it,
is large,
it
from
sight,
thus
The
pencil
is
long,
Take
in the
knife,
coin,
slate,
book,
rubber,
ruler,
glass,
water.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
12
The
The
The
us a red
clear glass
brittle.
is
rubber is square.
red apple is round and
soft
ripe.
The
apple.
black pencil
smooth.
The white rose
is
long and
soft
is
and
pretty.
on.
The long
ruler
is
black.
common
after these
things are
as, square,
as,
little,
round.
large.
you
Of what
color
is
apple,
on
The
If
rose is red.
The apple
If
is
round.
In-
USES OF THINGS.
The
its uses.
to
make
letters, etc.,
may be made
lowing models
1.
2.
3.
The
The
The
pencil
is
pencil
is
pencil
is
paper,
wood,
coal,
water,
knife,
cloth,
leather,
fire,
light,
book,
spade
PRIMARY COURSE.
13
is
Mortar
useful to wear.
is
used in building.
what
limits
action
performed.
is
these facts
The
name of the
may
why
the
uses to express
How
When does
Why
happy.
The man
merchant
eats
sells
the
Write under the word works words that show how work
is
done.
is
done.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
14
The
bird
An
swiftly because
flies
it is
frightened.
quired of
the pupils
all
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE.
What
What
is
name of this
made of? It
the
is it
and
Name
rod,
.
its
What
What
color
its
It is
used
is it
a mark, and
wood and
iron,
some-
silver.
ram-
brown.
What
of
is its
is
made
is
parts.
hammer,
a gun.
It is
is
It
for ?
to kill
It
is
hollow.
is
men with
fire at
in war.
is
called a lead-pencil.
It is
the point.
shape
own
is
describe a pencil
Its surface
It is
blacktip
smooth.
is
and
Its
paper.
The above
exercise
is
The power
particularly valuable.
knows
is
most
desirable.
own
words.
its
substance
PRIMARY COURSE.
see that every
To vary
word
is
to
understood, and
it
own
in their
its
spelling learned.
15
it
calls
Then require
words.
be read aloud.
to
This
to
make
efficient correc
tions.
The
If an incorrect expression
and
do
let
it,
them,
if possible,
is
correct themselves.
patient
effort.
maybe
The
be
If they
right,
fail to
The common
Good-humored
overcoming such
if it
ridicule
is
by
often successful in
evil habits.
The
patience.
more
interest
more rapid
the progress.
and
The
Such
may be
Correct habits of
required to memorize.
of
all kinds,
will
pupils
Accustom
Ko
pupil
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
16
The
mean.
Many
and
who
desires to
them-
a bird,
may
A leaf, a flower,
Be
try to
careful not to
make
a child will
hension.
too
many
make
points at once,
Do
not
is
Intekmediate
Grammar
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
The
title
Intermediate
is
Common
down
upon
in
Having
School Course.
attained to a tolerable
now
tions,
the
preliminary
into classes.
name
drill
had
proceed
slowly, giving prominence to the composition of simple sentences, until the pupil forms
It
is
The average
commencedeasily learn
own language
as to
much
And,
certainly, pupils at
grammar
are used as
flection is just
is
as possible.
simple sentence
irregular,
anom-
technical terms of
The
Case
little
simple construc-
upon
The
school.
principle of in-
may
be led on to
Rules of Syntax are not laid down, because they are not
needed by the
child.
The
(17)
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
18
as complete, and
beyond
comprehend and
use.
Practical
Grammar
criticism,
The common
it.
is
the only
means of
grammar
order of topics in
The
order of nature.
classifying
reverses the
wo ids
in
may
words accurately.
bly indicates
by
its
There
is
yet use
infalli-
part of speech.
use in a sentence.
its
Words and
make
say "
John
is
Tins
may seem
trivial,
but
it
is
only
im-
is
portant.
Let
pupils,
on commencing
this
word employed,
frequently.
fix
this
In no other way
Each
plan requires
quire of letter paper, and the teacher should take great care
that the books be written neatly
and kept
An
ill-written
exercise, uncorrected
work
by the
All errors
is
it is
generally correct.
If this
done
well.
teacher, does
made should
Sentence
clean.
makes slow
if
need
be,
progress,
it
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Although the book
not
paragraph
may
19
single
is
'
work.
The
teacher
It
is
LESSON
I.
1. Fire burns.
What is said of fire ? What
About what are we talking?
does
fire
is
do
said
What
is
burns ?
called
Subject,
We
is
a subject.
John reads.
Of whom is something
is
said ?
What is
thesubject ?
What
That
ivliich is
Predicate.
The
subject,
ject, is called
is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
20
The words which we use are called our lanThey are signs of ideas. If one says to
guage.
you, "I have a horse in my barn" the words
horse and bam make you think of some horse
and some barn, even if you do not see them,
and you make a sort of picture of them in your
The words make you think of this picmind.
ture.
Let the teacher
have never seen
predicate
Why ? What is
subject
the predicates.
Tell
Name
What
why each
is
a sentence.
My
Name
its
the words
subject of
runs horse.
Torn your
is
book.
Why do
is
house the.
little
the climbs.
make
sense
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Make them
into sentences,
21
predicates.
meaning.
Which comes
predicate
first
subject or the
The
My
girl
was
in the garden.
The boys
Good
Chicago
is
a beautiful city.
Helen's book
The
is
in
her hand.
beautiful house
Analysts.
is
after the
following
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
22
often
made up
of several words.
mark
at the
Notice that
LESSON
letter.
II.
CLASSES OF WORDS.
by
their studies.
classes,
classes.
Words
are classified
you have
Dog
is
is
written, thus
the
name
of something
therefore, the
a noun.
word dog
Tell
w hy each
7
a noun.
Analyze
each sentence.
to assert
something
The
Verbs generally express action.
Chinese call verbs live words, and nouns dead
Until a verb is put into a group of
words.
verb.
INTERMEDIATE COURSIt.
23
lessons, tells
but
lessons,
you
if
something,
tell
Scholars
or
something of
assert
scholars.
Call attention frequently to the fact that the verb is not always a
single word, but often two or more ; as, was trotting, have been playing.
Name
why
each
Burns
burns
is
a verb, thus
asserts or tells
tell
a verb.
is
tell
why
Write verbs
What
what each
subjects
the cat,
the doctor,
the cooper,
the sun,
the rabbit,
the barber,
the blacksmith,
the wind,
the squirrel,
the farmer,
the tailor,
the rain.
Of what
cate
part of speech
is
word
the asserting
in the predi-
Write
ten-
INVERTED SENTENCES
Dark was
own
selection.
the night.
Where
Sometimes, as
is
the book
in
The sentence
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
24
How
was the
raged the
Wild swept
the
Great
battle.
ice,
eagles,
spring,
marbles,
mouse,
books,
knowledge.
coming,
good,
rolls,
jumps,
plants,
are useful,
falls,
swings,
flashes.
is
LESSON
III.
is
modified.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
25
"Good boys
is
made only
limited.
is
Either
others limit.
may
be
prefers.
is
for sale.
House
its
is
mean-
They
That
qualities.
are said to
limits house
name
its
properties or
is
meant.
This book
is
Yonder, tree
mine.
is tall.
is
meant. Yon-
vessels
to
an exact
number.
A few
Few
men
assembled.
to a small
number.
2
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
26
11. An Adjective is a word which modifies a noun by naming some quality or property,
or by pointing out which, or how
An
cate,
adjective
maybe used
as a part of a predi-
An
known by
its
directly before
the noun.
which we
tell its
The silver
The spoon
Jewelers
In the
cord
is
is
property, and
is
by
part of speech.
loosed.
made of silver.
silver their
first
is
work.
In the second,
an adjective.
naming a metal.
In the third,
it
by naming a
it is
asserts something,
a noun,
and
is
verb.
The
sailors
man
the boat.
He
skates.
Of what
tences
my
part of speech
is
man
is
wood.
Chalk
useful.
We
to
what part
belong.
broken.
We saw
is
italics
tell
Anglers
The
fish.
Girls
wear
rings.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
The
following words
sentences containing
may be
them
27
in both uses
skate,
swing,
ride,
box,
pin,
plant,
cart,
wheel,
spur,
bridle,
whip,
saddle.
The
may be
rule,
verbs.
uses
following words
Write
paper,
light,
cross,
stone,
front,
rear,
iron,
square.
This exercise
is
LESSON
may
be extended.
IV.
13, Chalk
Soft, white, brittle,
erties, or qualities
is soft,
and
useful, are
of the chalk.
They make
sense
when they
stand directly before the noun, and they can not be used
alone as the subject of a sentence.
jectives.
A thing
is
described
that there
is
sweet,
and
ripe,
by naming
you give a
its
properties.
description of
it
If
you say
by these names
of qualities.
Name
the qualities of
rubber,
ivory,
iron,
wood,
paper,
glass,
lead,
snow,
a knife.
Urge pupils
make
ball,
V
V
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
28
is
What
What
table ?"
book is
The book
What
sentence
The
The
is
is
is
my
What
is
in
in
my
That book
hand.
hand,
book
this
Should
is
on the
useful.
is useful.
first
other tree
latter
is full
of
fruit.
modifiers.
city.
1 There
#
definite.
Those which name Qualities or Properties. These are called Descriptive Adjec1.
tives.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
29
Those which point out which or ivhat obThese are called Specifying'
jects are meant.
2.
Adjectives.
When
the
this is
case,
is
omitted, thus
Both were mistaken.
mistaken.)
'The wise
A noun
frame.
as
an
is
It
say.
may
men
say.)
as, stone
wall
iron
adjective.
jective belongs
The
other horse
is
black,
That
The poor
men
Several
are
happy.
old
silvery cloud
best.
man
severe
tive
and
ten,
ten,
is
lame.
battles
rich
were fought.
pupils
containing a De-
word which
the subject.
Few
attentive
beautiful.
Those industrious
is
is
word which
not a modifier of
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
30
LESSON
V.
modified by
the,
still
further.
It is
all soldiers
Union
Fought
fought.
and by in
My dog
Dog
is
is
modified by
war, telling
the
whom
belongs,
Words
The
the garden,
subject, words,
of all words.
eight classes,
the dog
is
Are divided
is
is
made
how each
modifiers,
and
assertion.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
31
The
sailor
19.
simple
is
called a
subject.
called a
is
modified
subject.
fied.
is
always a verb.
verbal modifiers.
CLAUSES.
A modifier
cate, is called a
Two
for use,
Clause.
or
called a Flsrase.
In the house,
and
William,
is
is
a phrase.
a phrase.
My
booh, is
Down
a phrase.
Thomas
by the mill-pond,
is
phrase.
tell
in torrents.
The
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
32
cars
move
swiftly.
were going
miller
fell
trusted.
Boys skate on
He
school.
he would go.
order of
Three children
the ice.
said that
When
Who
How
to
its
words
is
honest will be
is
a semteiace becomes a
The
clause the
often changed,
as,
LESSON
VI.
ADVERBS.
21 He
distinctly.
where, or
My
brother lives
You have
here.
learned well.
(Where.)
(How.)
(When.)
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
is too
is
very large.
was over
colonel
is
The
apple
The
beautiful enough.
is
confident.
The weather
cessful.
adjectives.
rather pretty.
It is
Our school-room
33
excessively hot.
am
somewhat
weary..
The
You ought
You
fast.
to study
more
dil-
igently.
t
The boy
was
sent.
Perhaps I
Certainly the
money
you
The
and
upon the
He
day.
tell
lightning
was bright
shore..
The storm
The
rages fiercely.
He comes
every
last evening.
because she
34
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
CLAUSES AS MODIFIERS.
He
with
me was my
is
uncle.
respected.
worked.
may be
adjective
Adjective
clauses
usually begin
with who,
This
is
the
I used to
drive.
The oak
Man
Our
she
would go.
nation
is
prosperous, because
it is free.
clauses.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
LESSON
35
YIT.
PRONOUNS,
may be
shortened
into, "
These
and pleasanter to the ear.
words are Ms and they ; his standing for the
farmer's, and they standing for the farmer and
to speak,
Mary goes
to school,
A
his
person
who
own name
put in
well.
word
the sense ?
is
the
word L
When
calls
him by name
in the sentence
first,
which
he uses you
but
in-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
36
Pronouns.
Instead of the names of those persons
are speaking, the pronouns,
who
I,
whom we
we
speak,
thee, ye,
we
In
common
and
thee are
used mostly
in
speech
dressing God.
objects of
classes of pro-
nouns.
1.
him.
he, his,
we
is
unimpor-
we
use
we
Name
the pronouns,
person spoken
to,
my
INTERMEDIATE COUiiSE.
Your
37
You
He
them
The
The
in their garden.
found
my
hers.
knife,
bird feeds
its
we do our
and
duty.
lost it again.
for them.
its finger.
The name of
pronoun standing
the second person.
a person spoken
for his
name,
is
to,
or a
said to be of
its
Antecedent.
28.
Personal
in
one
pronouns.
EELATIVE PRONOUNS.
nouns.
The Antecedent
to
Relative Pro-
of a relative pronoun
is
stands<directly before
it.
ENGLISH GltAMMAlt.
38
that, to either
persons or things.
relative 'pro-
nouns.
Select from your reader ten sentences containing relative
pronouns.
pronouns.
word
them.
it,
self
and
added to
our,
selves, in
the
same way.
Those pronouns with the word thus added,
are called
They
noun
Compound personal
are used
is
when
pronouns.
it
emphatic.
am
to blame.
descriptive
adjective
standing before
wise man.
shining star.
clause
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
39
My friend
sub-
arrived.
has come.
Washington
house.
is called a patriot.
They
We
found a guide
book
last fall.
the
man
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
31. Who
Whom
What
did it?
did you
say?
gone?
It has already
is
sometimes
In the sentence,
do do how
is
This
subject.
"
How
is
do you do
?"
you
is
the sub-
the predicate.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
40
f
form of a question
is
called an
Interrogative
sentence.
thus
is
.
Who
In
this question,
who stands
James broke
it.
for James.
clauses.
LESSON
VIII.
PREPOSITIONS.
33.
My dog
Charles
the table.
is
sits
The book
lies
Father stood
the table.
the table.
the table.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE,
Under,
at,
on, by,
41
table
placed,
is
or in
are used
to
is
expressed,
preposition.
usually
is
related to
called the
subsequent
make an
IIS,
is
LIST
its
of the
subsequent
adverbial phrase.
OF COMMON PREPOSITIONS.
about,
before,
for,
through.
above,
behind,
from,
till,
across,
below,
in,
to,
after,
beneath.
into,
toward,
along,
beside,
of,
under,
amid,
between,
off,
until,
among,
beyond,
on,
up,
around,
by,
over,
with,
at,
down,
since,
without.
and
Of
is
are. used
often em-
When
omitted, the
adverb.
preposition
usually
is
becomes an
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
42
Notice that
many
may be arranged
in pairs, thus
Name
before,
behind,
over,
under,
above,
below.
make
stick, a,
the, struck,
do not
any thing.
The same words make sense when placed
to express
thus
The boy
is
Men
plant corn.
Men
hoe corn.
cates.
Generally
we
is
found
in
both predi-
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
word
Men
and,
rest
43
The
Compound;
The
The subject
is
way as
in the
examples above
The
The
The
The
lion is fierce.
soldiers fought.
Apples are
soldiers conquered.
Peaches are
ripe.
lion is strong.
goods.
ripe.
The merchant
sells goods.
Conjunctions,
And,
or Mnd-words.
subjects.
Write four
Sometimes a sentence
spell.
is
joined to another
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
44
by a con-
junction, thus
The company
will come, if
it
His courage was neyer doubted, but bis judgment was not
trustworthy.
but.
or.
because.
A clause
introduced by a relative or an
inter-
word before
it.
EXCLAMATIONS.
3. Certain words are used to express feeling which the speaker can not well express by
sentences.
examples.
are
the
tives.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Any
45
is
used
becomes a substan-
For example,
in the sentence,
word
we
it is
for.
"
For
is
Therefore,
a preposition,"
it is
we
the subject of
it is
a noun.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
Before going further, the parts of speech are to be thoroughly
re-
viewed, and
at once.
Write a sentence containing a pronoun in the second person, a preposition and an exclamation.
Write a sentence containing the eight classes of words.
The
sentence, "
&c, varying
Many good
many
ways.
would con-
and
learn.
it
The
may criti-
way as
this.
relative
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
46
relative pro-
The
the apple
was riding
father.
4
The
teacher.
made with a
blue pencil.
At
first
the
ten
and
till
correct their
own
errors.
LESSON
IX.
all
meaning.
word.
They
The changes
When
one word
letters of the
word.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
47
four ways:
1.
By changing
letters
as,
By
as,
By adding
letters to the
word;
as, care,
to another
as,
watch-
factory.
changes in form.
same change
Inflection.
in
is
called
adverbs
are inflected.
4. Pencil,
book,
house.
books,
houses.
Pencils,
first
by adding s.
Each noun in the upper line denotes one thing ; the noun
in the lower line derived from it denotes more than one
line,
thing.
it
ENGLISH GRAMMAR,
48
To
means
to
place after
To prefix means
to
place before.
like those
glass,
match,
bush,
boxes,
glasses,
matches,
bushes, churches.
church,
letters within
the
word
as,
lar,
In
27 both
plural.
DIFFERENCE OF SEX.
4S.
A few nouns
are
male or female.
Actor, actress; count, countess;
ine
widower, widow
hero, hero-
Francis, Frances.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Names
49
mascu-
feminine gender.
POSSESSION.
How
What
does the
my father show ?
phrase of
Which sounds
or, " This
my
is
is
the ring of
Do
my mother/'
in
meaning
or
?
;
in the sentence.
When
the preposition
of,
and
its
subsequent
it
modified.
Change the phrases
Of audits subsequent
sion,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
50
by adding
preceded by an
apostrophe. The apostrophe shows the omission
of i which was once written in the ending.
lation of possession
Mary's,
Nouns
teacher's,
s,
pupil's,
in
bird's.
s,
add the
soldiers
eagles',
Nouns whose
7
,
babies'.
end in s
preceded by an
apostrophe; as
men,
oxen,
men's,
oxen's.
nouns
monkey,
hero,
king,
queen,
fox.
soldier,
officer,
teacher,
doctor.
in the
possessive.
slon.
Teachers will find that errors in writing possessive forms are very
'common, and will need to spend considerable time upon this subject.
The possessive plural is most frequently mistaken.
51
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
LESSON
X.
CONJUGATION.
I
I turote yesterday.
46. I twite to-day.
John ivrites. The letter
shall write to-morrow.
is written.
is
The letters
spoken of; the action of writing.
w-r-t are the root of the verb, and contain the
principal meaning.
The verb
is
By changing
wrde, wrote.
By annexing
letters
ivithin the
word;
as,
ing.
By
tion,
their
make some
asser-
of the
know,
throw,
hear,
see,
feel.
finished or unfinished
some show4 the person of the subject ( 28) some show whether
the subject is the doer of the action some show
whether the subject is singular or plural.
;
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
52
EXAMPLES.
Soldiers fought.
Soldiers fVght.
The change
I
in the
am writing
The
action
a letter.
the
in
sentence
first
time.
is
in the
unfinished,
second, finished.
Thou God
God
The change
is
changed.
second
seest me.
He
is
in ending
spoken
subject
in the
of.
did
first
;
is
same action
is
is
tell
who
it.
The man
is here.
The change
of
The men
are here.
is to
number
of the subject.
48. Time
or
Fu-
ture.
Actions
may be spoken
of as finished or un-
Present unfinished, I
Present finished,
We
Past unfinished,
r
Past finished,
-n
-i
He
(
<
am
writing a
has written a
letter.
letter.
were writing a
letter.
They
had toritten a letter.
J
They tvrote a letter.
:
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Future unfinished,
53
I shall write.
each subject.
the action
ject
is
finished, or unfinished.
is
The
river rose.
The
Tell whether
in each sen-
as,
river is rising.
Do
it is
when
its
is
the
Active Voice.
the verb
is
said to be in the
Passive Voice.
ENGLISH GRAMMAk.
54
Write
unfinished action
Write
action
as,
five sentences in
as,
Write
Mother
which there
five sentences, in
The
Write
my
mending
five
mentioned some
five sentences
is
is
skating.
as,
kite,
my
She was
knife.
sing-
ing a hymn.
Write
five sentences
finished, or unfinished;
as,
The boy
will
The mail
fall.
will
THE PARTICIPLE.
ffA. Verbs have adjective forms, or forms
which are used to modify nouns. These forms
commonly
are
Adjectives.
or in n,
This laboring
He was
In the
first
man
as,
seen.
adjective, but
assertion,
as,
i,
in
bal adjective.
an
other ends in d or
Verbal
called Participles, or
it
is
it
may
still
is
is
a ver-
be called
or,
called a
of the
form of
Imperfect
is
called
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
55
Perfect
(or
finished) Participle*
The
principal difference
The
may have
all
participle of a verb,
Compound
is,
makes what
participle, as,
having
is
called a
seen.
Clause
reading.
leave.
is
very tiresome.
rapidly.
But
sentence.
Therefore
it
is
it
differs
a noun, because
is
it is
the sub-
it
56
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Talcing his gun, the farmer
The
went
out.
The
by the
battle,
letter,
he put
it
in his pocket.
won
rebels.
THE INFINITIVE.
54. Verbs have another substantive form
besides that in ing.
This form is usually pre-
to,
and
is
called the
We
have learned
pains.
to spell correctly.
The
differs
to
from other
often omitted.
LESSON XL
COMPARISON.
Comparison.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
When
it
said to
is
57
as,
But when, besides naming the quality, a comparison is expressed by the adjective, the adjective is said to be in the Comparative degree.
The comparative form annexes r or er
to the positive
form
The
Superlative degree.
said to be in the
is
positive form
This
is
is
Thomas is
Never use
Do
might as well
Some
meaning
a large boy.
This boy
ing two.
not say,
say,
He
adjectives
;
is
woolen, triangular.
Such adjectives
adjectives of one
Compare
You
oldest
Variable descriptive
lable,
when compar-
as, square,
He
is
with an adjective
est
syl-
syllable, ad-
58
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
i
as, soon,
sooner, soonest.
may
the adjective
as, beautiful,
All adjectives
may
more
be compared in
this
Compare
DIMINUTIVES.
5.
From nouns
sometimes formed
are
called a
Primitive word.
cat
Form
we form
hill
we form
hillock ;
hit.
lance,
flower,
wave,
lake,
bull,
brook,
leaf,
isle,
eye,
bird,
top,
duck.
ABSTRACT NOUNS.
57. Besides those names of qualities which
modify nouns, we have names which can be used
as subjects of sentences.
good,
or,
We
say,
Nfoun names
nouns*
is
God
is
very
very great.
Abstract
59
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
They
by annexing
Form
from
fluent, fluency.
abstract
wide,
strong,
deep,
high,
broad,
active,
agile,
acid,
plural,
docile,
neat,
useful,
idle,
happy,
weary,
elegant,
affluent,
competent,
different,
truant.
LESSON
XII.
KINDS OF SENTENCES.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES.
58, The
turn.
succeed.
diligently.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
Can your
Why
story be true?
IMPERATIVE
Let seven sentences be
turn immediately.
SENTENCES.
written.
Lend me a
knife.
re-
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES.
What
a beautiful sunset
strange story
How
How
very ridiculous
he does talk
A very
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
60
59.
thing as
be
true,
it
as a fact.
The
and
is
An Exclamatory sentence
A sentence of this
feeling.
is
gener-
usually omitted.
expresses strong
plete.
A Simple
6.
ject
is
it
caught.
contains a clause
We
will
call.
and
it is,
therefore, a complex
sentence.
If
you do
this,
you
will
be
sorry.
The principal thing asserted here is, " You will be sorry."
But this is not said as a thing which will certainly happen.
The clause " If you do this," modifies the whole assertion.
The sentence is, therefore, complex.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
Compound
more simple
tions
made up of two or
connected by conjunc-
sentences are
sentences,
or connected
61
connecting word.
and Emily is reading.
came, he saw, he conquered.
went to Chicago, but he did not stay.
Sarah
He
He
is
writing,
go,
you
You who
may
bought
A sentence
predicate
it,
as,
may have
If
it,
as,
as,
will see
A sentence
He
as,
is
pal
Icadipg'
or
subject,
and
tence, "
its
sentence,
told
them what
61.
subject
The king
its
is
is
king
is
INCOMPLETE SENTENCES.
sentence
is
often left
incomplete
is
called Ellipsis,
elliptical
ENGLISH GIlAMMAi:.
62
The
subject you
How
is
omitted.
strange
This sentence in
would be "
full
How
strange
it is
!"
speaking
in 'writing, because
meaning
Go
me
his
plain.
Supply the
Give
may make
ellipsis in
a book.
to that
Why ?
chamber.
To the city.
For his boohs,
your book ?
Exclamations
generally
stand
kind of
alone,
They
and
are a
elliptical sentence.
words used
in answering questions, do not modify the senThey
tence with which they stand connected.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
63
Yes,
Supply sentences
if
there
any
is
it.
to
ellipsis,
may
be answers, and
it.
Analysis of sentences.
63.
On
1.
a traveler
This
is
was riding
one predicate.
It asserts
fore declarative.
made, and
is,
something as a
traveler is that of
fact,
and
is
there-
Was riding
is
leisurely
Traveler
the predicate.
therefore, a noun.
a.
Was riding
It
is
by
leisurely,
morning and in
the
On,
name
of an object, and
in,
Its
how ; by
is
form shows
It is
modi-
ing
is,
where
riding.
is
an adverb
was
the
is
is
Their re-
valley.
Morn-
specifying adjective a.
Autumn
is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
64
is
the.
The tree which stood by the roadwas struck by lightning last night.
4.
side
2.
A declarative sentence;
The
The noun
cate.
subject
clause
is
The
is,
modified by
tree is
the,
ive,
is
Which
meant.
roadside
is
is
It is modified
Was
where.
fore,
Its
be
is
it
is,
time, finished,
It
is
It
action
there-
and also
is
said to
modified by the
;
also
by
the
was done.
Had you
time, fin-
and
when the
the
a verb
is
a verb.
in
Its
which
Stood by
Stood
by the phrase by
it
It is the sub-
tree.
tells
it
a relative pronoun.
This
because
adjective,
Its antecedent is
which
the predi-
is
roadside.
the
tree
a specifying adject-
Valley
the.
3.
finished
clause.
name
is
It is
Had
finished
is
is
is,
therefore, of the
modified
an adverbial
second person.
Its
the subject.
finished,
The
It
is
and by the
subject of the
65
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
clause
is I,
name
of the speaker,
is
You
saw.
ing
is
When
is
modified by
is
Walk-
66.
modern
4.
all
art is profane.
A compound declarative
sentence, consisting of
two simple
other,
67a
5.
to notice a difference.
a treaty of peace.
ANALYSIS BY WORDS.
A simple declarative
Three
is
sentence.
kings.
Kings
Had
met
is
is
a
a
had
met,
had
met.
Treaty
is
a noun, modifies
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
66
So
The
following sentences are selected from the Third Readers of sevseries, as presenting the kind of sentences with which
children are expected to be familiar.
Teachers must remember that
pupils at this stage are not expected to analyze very complex sentences.
eral
common
came
in
from the
your store
to
How
Never give up
Out of
the
is
little
field.
this
morning?
and de-
it.
a good motto.
twigs these
tall trees
were made.
if
The
frost
And
whispered,
Now
is,
and what
still,
is
his
name.
clear night,
you give
my
kite a
lift
?" said
my
little
nephew
to
his sister.
I think John
Brown has
Around
the
it,
fire
for I
up.
The
it
sat.
made of
metal.
queer-
Among
robin.
is
the Australian
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
67
to the
hand.
"
"
Keep your
!"
!"
said the
He
heard
mossy
it
ringing,
and saw
glancing
it
down
the old
stones.
LESSON
XIV.
LETTER WRITING.
Some
who
Of one hundred and
High Schools.
in
The
commonly
It
which the
letter is sent.
;
on the
which
at
it is
written.
of the page
first
line, as
a general rule.
Care
left to
pre-
vent crowding.
The name
office
comes
first,
: :
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
68
name of
name
thus
cities
where
the county
letter carriers
is
are given,
New
York, June
1st,
1869.
fully.
Next
same
thus
It
on the
on the second or
left
of the date
Monticello, Jones
Co.,
Iowa, Jan.
10th, 1869.
is
the
common one
slightly acquainted.
following forms
may
is
for addressing
whom
one
is
addressed, the
be used
Farwell &
Co.,
Gentlemen
A married woman
Mrs.
is
addressed thus
Mary Martin,
Dear Madam
An
unmarried
woman
is
addressed thus
addressed by their
first
may be
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
the relationship, or
by the
name, or by the
name
last
title
as,
69
Dear Mother
first
Cousin James
The heading
letter proper,
should be in the
to
)
)
Sir:
your
letter of inquiry, I
beg leave
to say,
etc.
244
Messrs. P. Smith
We
and
&
Canal
St.,
1st, '69.
Co.
list,
with the
latest additions
corrections.
23
Carondelet
St.,
New
November
letter
Orleans, La.,
25th, 1867.
of the 15th
inst.
since.
If the full
name
it
is
customary to write
it
at
A broad
left
on the
left
of the
Great
mistake
may
consequences.
many
forms.
A few
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
70
common
of the
They should
stand to tbe
Hoping
to receive
Yours
H. Wilder
J.
&
Co.
Yours
truly,
James A. Lockwood.
Agent
P. Sanders.
fpr S.
Yours with
respect,
John Holmes.
Daniel Anderson, Esq.
Letters to friends admit more variety.
Your
affectionate son,
Henry.
EEN,
To Mrs. Ellen Green,
Indianavolis*
is, Ind.
\
)
Cordially yours,
James Bowen.
J.
R. Clark,
Derry,
Yours
may he
No
Yours
in love,
Yours
mentioned.
special directions
simple rule
paper should
looks
H.
in the
One
JV.
fill
is
to
make
as few
folds as possible.
it.
letter.
The
Nothing
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
of paper crowded into
press
down
A paper-folder should be
it
71
used to
inside.
The common
The
to begin too
is
is
The
ope.
is
corner, and the writing should not interfere with the stamp.
The
plain.
tion.
288 Broad
St.,
New
Care of Kipley
The gummed
flap, is
to
very
are to deliver
whom
it
fices in the
is
York.
Morse.
state should be
who
&
They do not
it.
to go, as
where
The
letter.
it is
is,
the movable
convenience of those
much to know
So many post of-
care so
to go.
Boston,
etc.,
the
name
New
Except
York, Philadelphia,
is
enough.
Washington, D. C, April
19th, 1831.
this date, in
answer
to
my
letter to
is
one expression in
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
72
to
be the substance
language.
Your obedient
servant,
John Branch.
His Excellency,
Andrew
Jackson,
\
j*
Messrs. G.
The
&
W. Sherwood
C.
III.,
August
1st,
1869.
me
Twelve (12)
in
bill
on receiot of the
goods.
Yours
truly,
William A. Dickinson,
Chairman of Board of Education*
Dover, Bureau
Messrs.
me
at this
Co.,
Iowa, and
oblige,
Yours
respectfully,
William H. French.
Messrs.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
73
FAMILIAR LETTERS.
Alpine House,
House, Gorham, N.
H.,
Dear Mother
According
our arrival
after
to
our promise
among
we
the mountains.
We
are so tired
with our long journey, and so much confused with the hundreds of new and strange things that we have seen, that we
have decided
to wait until
we
are a
little
full
are too
Your
affectionate sons,
Dear Joe
You know
that you
you
all
l&th,
1869.
about
it.
slip
We
owe me two
tell
letters
already, but I
Our Act-
just played a
won
the
game handsomely.
tell
I played
I
made a
Your
old friend,
Harry McKee.
Joseph Martin.
70.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
74
Whenever and
from his own speech, and from that of his pupils.
wherever they occur, in the school-room or out of it, make war upon
them. Keep" the most common and most offensive posted on the blackboard until they are overcome.
WRONG EXPRESSION.
When do you take up
school
I meant to go.
to
go.
We
He saw
seen him.
There he
mence school ?
He
When
I allowed to go.
We
CORRECT EXPRESSION.
him.
There he
sot.
sat.
was me.
It was her.
It was him or them.
Who wants this ? Me.
It
was
I.
It
was
she.
It
was he or
You
It
Who
think
wants
ought
Ought
they.
this ?
to go.
I to go
you had.
Give me them books.
Give me
Them
That molasses.
He
you
I think
ought.
molasses.
He
He
throw ed a stone.
lie preached
I.
a funeral.
those books.
threw a stone.
preached a funeral
mon ;
or,
ser-
he conducted a
funeral service.
or,
a week
You was
You
there.
He
don't
know
nothing.
were there.
I was there.
I were there.
to their
He
knows nothing.
Every
house,
man went
to
his
INTERMEDIATE COURSE.
knowed
75
Sit
down and be
I knew
it.
quiet.
it.
I lay abed
Be
Be
A specie of shells.
my
I have got
species of shell.
my
This knife.
That
That book.
'are book.
Your book
wore out.
day.
all
I have
lesson.
lesson.
Your book
is
drawed a knife.
Have you wrote an exercise?
He
knife.
I hearn
I have heard of
is
He
He
tell
of
it.
meant
hope
worn
out.
exercise
I meant
to see
I hoped
to visit
him.
you.
intended
He said as how he
bought
it.
He
to write.
He
He
learned
I and
Do
my
me grammar.
taught
My father
father.
it.
to
to
drew a
He
it ?
it.
me grammar.
and
I.
I do.
Bo
of people.
Quite warm.
like
A heap
as I do.
pletely.)
got any.
I.
Very warm.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
76
list
and
REVIEW QUESTIONS.
tive
pronoun found ?
INTERMEDIATE COORSE.
77
For what
positions
What
is
and
inflected?
What is
What
What
is
sentence?
inflection ?
is
a declarative sentence
What
is
What
is
an interrogative
Define a
an exclamatory sentence?
78
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
simple, a compound,
Give exam-
ples.
LESSON XV.
71.
Language
is
that
by which thought
It includes signs,
of countenance, pictures or
and words.
A Word is
an
idea.
An 1 dea is a
with whom we are
mental picture.
The name
acquainted, calls up in
of a person
mind a kind of
(79)
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
80
to our-
we have never
The word
Different languages
employ
is
same
?2.
ramiiiar
seen.
idea.
laws,
General
are common
Grammar
treats of facts
to all languages.
English
and
which
1,
are the
same
in all
Language
Written.
is
Oral language
is
Oral and
spoken, and
written language
is
is
ad-
81
LESSON XVI.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Orthography
74.
sounds and
treats of
elementary
forty-three elemen-
tary sounds.
The
Alphabet.
its
letters of a
letters.
Since forty-three sounds are represented by twenty-six letters, it follows that either some letters must represent more than one sound, or
that some sounds must be represented by two or more letters combined.
Notice that the name of the letter is not the sound of the letter.
75.
styles of let-
ters.
Roman, A, a
Italic,
Each
size,
B, b
A, a;
B, b;
letter is represented
and generally
printed matter
is
in form.
made up
C, c
(7,
D, d
c;
by two
The
D, d;
E, e
F,
E, e;
f.
F.
characters, differing in
of small letters.
For
rules for
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
82
Capitals
see the
Appendix.
Emphatic words
Italics
commenced with a
are sometimes
faced type
is
employed
employed
to
capital
letter.
FiilE-
In
denote emphasis.
The other
times y.
is
A Diphthong
and
els,
is
is
voice.
In a
boil
'pro'per
is
sounded
as in
as in
beat, receive.
liquids
and Mutes.
The
liquids are 1,
m,
n, r.
They
Semi-
83
Labials,
2.
Gutturals,
3.
Unguals,
S,
z,
H
C is
is
and
(or /^-consonants) b,
(foft^e-consonants) d, j,
has
is,
hard
or
is soft,
<z ;
that
is
t, s,
z.
and
not a
is
its
c hard, g, h, k, q.
that
p, v.
f,
soft,
wise
into
letter.
and
e, i,
and
y,
is, it
sounded like
j,
before
h
and
e, i,
words
y, in
Otherwise
it
hard
is
as in go, bag.
A letter is
know,
78,
below
silent when
in often,
in
it
has no sound
as,
h and
in
hymn.
are given
and
gutturals,
Unguals.
Labials.
SONANT, NON-SONANT.
b.
p.
v.
f.
Gutturals.
SONANT, NON-SONANT.
g.
ph.
Unguals.
SONANT, NON-SONANT.
k. q.
d.
t.
ch hard.
z.
s.
j.
ch
zh, as
sh.
soft.
soft,
in azure,
th, as
th, as
in this, in thin.
word
slabs,
is
changed in sound.
Thus
in the
z.
but
In
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
84
easier
word
pronounced as
is
if
written cubboard ; an
to speak.
in spelling, or in
more pleasant
sound, to
make
word
etrphonic
a
changes.
A-way
im-in-tel-li-gi-ble
has
six.
Spelling
proper
sounds,
its
is
letters.
is
is
an emphatic
utter-
word by
its
spelling, or spelling
by
the expression of a
Phonic
the expression of a
word by
its ele-
mentary sounds.
Spelling by rule involves the study of prefixes and suffixes. The
Rules of spelling are contained in the appendix. Spelling lessons
should generally be written.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON
80.
Etymology
XVII.
treats of the
Meaning,
From
the Anglo-Saxon
81.
fied into
and
all
come
all
classi-
Compound.
(85)
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
86
ing
letters,
by changing
or syllables, or
hoy -ish,
as,
letters
tm-man,
man-fo/,
stroke.
A primitive word
From
called a stem.
the stem
The root
of a word
The
in its derivatives.
The vowels
nants.
is
root
of a
man
is
is
generally
unchangd
made up of
conso-
subject to change
A Simple
words
as,
two or more
of two or
more simple
window, machine.
as, door,
A Compound word
words
into
is
made up
is
upon the
first
part
as,
steam-boat, row-boat
Let the pupils think out the reason of this. If they have a clear idea
of emphasis, it will not be difficult.
For the use of the hyphen between the parts of a compound word,
see the subject of Punctuation.
Words
ing,
a glass house
is
For instance,
is
is
made.
82.
meant
By
their
their use.
Speech.
arrangement in
The
classes
is
classes according to
are called
Parts of
classes of
87
words
in ^English,
Verb, the Pronoun, the Adjective, the Adverb, the Preposition, the
Conjunction, and the Exclamation.
the
Noun,
the
The specifying adjectives, an or a and the are sometimes called ArtiThe verbal adjective ( 51,) is also made a separate part of speech
cles.
A Noun
is
Participle.
name
the
of an object, either of
itself
be the
subject of a sentence.
in
is
assert.
to
It usually asserts
the
A Pronoun
is
word used
to supply the
place of a noun.
An Adjective
is
meant.
An Adverb
is
word whose
office is
to
not a substantive.
A Preposition is
substantive to
its
A Conjunction is
subsequent.
a
word whose
office is to
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
88
tence?.
An Exclamation
is
word used by
itself
forming no part
of the sentence.
Theme
The
used as the
ing-point from which other forms are derived
;
by
inflection.
By Inflection
is
or in their
If a
inflected.
Wise, taken as a theme, has
wisest.
History
84. The
its
the inflected
of a
word
forms wiser,
theme
inflections of the
he.
it
has undergone.
Thus knave
first
meant
boy,
An Obsolete word
good
word
use,
is
Leasing,
but
is
lying,
now
rascal.
one which
meaning
then servant,
is
is
going out of
is obsolete ;
use.
is obsolescent.
LESSON
89
XVIII.
THE NOUN.
existing.
Substantire
words which
an
object
is
sition.
In grammatical analysis many sentences are formed whose subjects
These subjects
are phrases, or words used out of their common use.
should be called substantives, or substantive phrases. In analyzing the
sentence, " Will go is the predicate," call will go a substantive phrase.
Nouns
Proper,
are
divided
A Common
noun
distinguishing
noun
it
is
from
name of a class
number of individ-
the
all
and
the
is
A Proper
Common
into
name of one
others of
object,
its class
as,
The name
of the class
may
If the proper
him
alone.
to
apply
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
90
to
a CIa; a
exclusively to an individual.
There are
six
Williams
is
The
subject
applied to a class.
field.
Mr. Field
is
man.
Common
An Abstract noun
is
the substantive
name
tive.
in kindness
th
as in truth;
prudence, clemency
ce or cy
in ity as in ability.
as in
They
A
is
applied to a
number of
individuals
as, flock,
army, host
A
verb.
is
violent exercise.
To hear and
Diminutive
to see
is
Learning Latin
is
its
Floweret,
Ling
Peter, because
is, little
91
it
wifie, Mattie.
Dimin-
endearment
A group
compound applied
of names not
President William
Complex noun
Henry
Harrison;
to
as,
Marcus
Tullius Cicero.
LESSON XIX.
INFLECTION OF THE NOUN.
87.
Nouns
forms, to distinguish a
Number
tion of
They
sion (
( 40).
43).
This
nouns are
is
inflected to denote
is
is
Possesof Case.
A few
This
This
one object.
The Inflection
of a noun
a difference in Sex.
ender.
is
called
Declension.
by
one from
is
called
is
also
not indicated
inflection.
The
principal use of a
determine the
knowledge of these
pronoun, which
attributes
is
of the noun, and the form of the verb to which the noun
subject.
to
is
ENGLISH GUA31MAK.
92
88.
Singular number.
the noun.
the
ding
its class
is
in
is
as,
theme, es
is
added
Nouns ending
match, matches.
as,
h 9 x, and
in s,
cii soft,
add es;
as box-es,
add
esand
Others
knife, knives.
off
without change
Form
life,
hoof,
which form
their plurals in s.
Nouns ending
and add es
in
y preceded
by a consonant, change
Nouns ending
in
y preceded by a
vowel,
add
man, men
called
tootli, teetn.
strong plurals
the word without
;
wilhin
A few nouns
Housen
to
i,
that
is,
without
vowel
en
as,
oxen, childmz.
Compounds ending
their plural
as,
in
alderman, seaman.
into
men
to
form
93
8. A few
plurals.
Die,
Index,
Pea,
peas (individuals),
Penny,
pennies (coins),
pence (value).
Cow,
cows,
Genius,
geniuses
(men of genius),
staves (sticks),
Staff,
genii (spirits).
staffs (officers).
Some
an English
and
plural,
genus,
also re-
as
as,
cherubims).
Letters and figures form their plural
Nouns denoting
common
form
sense,
as,
have no plural
preceded
Make
; as,
wines, teas
as irons, brasses.
as,
no plural
s,
of the material
fs,
by adding
Names
or,
things
made
of chemical ele-
oxygen, iodine.
CoBIective nouns
plural.
of two
In
corresponding
parts
names of
as,
tongs,
as, victuals,
objects
drawers,
embers,
made up
scissors.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
94
9. In
nexed
to
Compound
which
to that part
is
made
really
is
an-
as man-trap,
title
before which
plural
When proper
a specifying or a
made
numeral
name
is
by a
is
title,
or whenever the
Misses
Harper
as,
Usage
inclines
end
s.
in
to
when
may
title
; or, the
as?
James
as, the
pounds, the
s is
the
added
be made
Miss Thompsons.
same
made
is
plural
the plural
In long comwill-o'-the-wisps.
oxes,
thiefs,
turkies,
chirimies,
Mussulmen,
ladys,
heros,
deers,
negros,
potatos,
gooses,
housen,
9s,
xs.
lynx,
calf,
pony,
foot,
fife.
Mary,
path,
monarch,
valley,
woman,
ox,
child,
mother,
priest,
lady,
countess,
pupil,
scholar,
man.
95
LESSON XX.
GENDER AND
91.
beings
Nouns are
named by them,
The only
pronoun
is
CASE.
two
classes, or
to
If the sex
is
is
in the third
if
sex, the
person
the ending of
gender
Masculine gender
determine what
Natural
the
to
is
Cienclers.
is
Gram-
are of the
be of the
Common
gender
as, child,
parent, cousin,
pupil.
change the
Ess
ponding feminine.
is
added
Ex.
to the
masculine form.
Actor,
actress
Joseph, Josephine
hunter, huntress
Wilhelm, Wilhelmine
executor, executrix
Some
count, countess
;
administrator, administratrix.
Such words
by
their
hero, heroine
meaning,
not by their
ending.
is
have
known
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
96
Sex
called
is
Pcrsonificationt
life
moon, the
rose, the
figure
lily,
by a
frost,
are masculine
the
In ordinary speech animals are masculine or feminine, according to their leading attributes.
as, "
the cat
used for
is
Thus the
All
men
ele-
generally feminine.
is
all
and
lion
general
are mortal
statements
;"
No man
"
Names
of
personified as
"Our
country
calls
as,
countless thousands,"
"
Old
Harvard (College)
calls
her
children home."
in
which
By
it
the
ae
of a noun
is
by
it
in
which
different endings.
when speaking
A noun
may be
in a sentence
different
There
is
no
Some
of nouns.
intro-
relations.
related to the
in each
(See 176.)
number
one
for the
97
relations.
Those who use the name of case for the relations call the
subject the Nominative cae ; the object of a verb, or
the subsequent of a preposition, the Objective cae 9 and
a noun in the possessive relation, the Posesive cae.
But
to
it is
Cae
in analyzing,
and
or a Posseive.
The Possessive gingnlar is formed by annexing to the theme the ending s, preceded by
an apostrophe ;
as, ship,
ship's
in s
river, river's.
(e
or
make
i)
which in old
their Pos-
the apostrophe
as,
eagles' wings.
form by adding
trophe as women's.
sessive
ends in a
cially before
in the singular, of
sibilant, it
hissing sounds
5,
to
many
avoid too
Moses' disciples
con-
mod-
as Achilles' shield
science' sake.
Complex
and
Compound
word
GeneraVs commission
the bookseller's store.
as,
the
title,
a Major-
Smith
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
98
Plural.
Masculine. Feminine.
(General form,
Posesve,
Masculine.
Feminine.
hero,
heroine,
heroes,
heroines,
hero's,
heroine's,
heroes',
heroines'.
Plural.
General form,
river,
rivers,
Possesie,
river's,
rivers'.
LESSON XXL
THE VERB.
94.
A Verb
is
word whose
office is to
and which usually asserts the esisteifjfe, action, or stete of its subject.
The word Yerh means word, and was given to this part
asert
as a complete sentence.
it
Other
As
The theme
of the verb
preposition to before
it
objects,
as,
is
that
to have,
to see.
substantive.
and
This form
is
is
generally a
99
man
la boring
& printed
and
-page.
their modifiers.
From
or verbs proper,
The
( 52),
ufotamlve
we have aertive
form-,
Adjective
forms.
forms, and
but do not
make
it
directly.
is
called
its
Conjugation.
Verbs are inflected to give a Substantive
to show the
form, and two Adjective forms
time of the act or state asserted and to indi;
cate the
of the subject.
the
Imperfect
or
(The Imperfect
is
Past participle.)
The Imperfect
adding ing ;
is
is
called a
The
is
This form
Running
participle
is
also
used as a Substantive
Gerund,
or a
is
it
n.
as,
When so used
Verbal Noun.
violent exercise.
perfect Participle
en becomes
or
t,
and
Loved,
saved,
paid,
dealt,
discovered.
Written
thrown,
given,
seen,
known.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
100
The forms
Tense
Tenses.
Time is naturally divided into present, past, and future and any act may be spoken of as complete or
;
incomplete
any time.
at
PRESENT.
FUTURE.
PAST.
Complete.
Complete.
Complete.
Incomplete.
Incomplete.
Incomplete.
May
by a
simple tenses.
Infinitive forms
assertion
each
make an incomplete
assertion.
am
write.
The Present
tense
is
used
means that
and
St.
it
and may
The sun
in
the future.
commander
I go
to
historian de:
"
He comes
present as
if
101
He
uses the
sight.
is
wholly past
He gave me
the ball
We
is
may
yesterday
as, I ivrote it
In the sentence,
time mentioned
is
wholly
this
past,
morning,"
although the
not be.
98,
1st person.
3d person.
He
(she,
it,)
does.
PLURAL.
1st person.
We
2d person.
3d person.
You
The above
They go,
are the
common
forms.
made
in the
3d person
singular,
Notice
theme
which adds
or es to the theme.
is
used only
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
102
solemn
in
style,
st or est to
ding
or
Theme.
ed
theme;
to the
move,
as,
change,
live,
form,
lived,
into t
count,
as, builded,
same form
passed, past.
The Past
weak
or
Regular
conjugation.
mostly of one
of Anglo-Saxon origin form
Some verbs
syllable,
and
all
en
Theme.
draw,
grow,
ride,
fall,
drive.
Past Tense.
drew,
grew,
rode,
fell,
drove.
The
en.
'
103
strong, instead
of saying
Weak
Conjugation.
THEME.
PAST TENSE.
PAST PARTICIPLE
Change,
changed,
changed.
Pay,
paid,
paid.
Have,
ha(ve)d,
had.
Ask,
asked,
asked.
Gild,
gilt,
gilt.
Strong Conjugation.
Know,
knew,
known.
Eise,
rose,
risen.
See,
saw,
seen.
10.
the second person singular, (rarely used,) has the ending st.
its
old English, or
may
The endings
may be
subject.
used with
Thou
walkedstf
I,
may be
we.
found in
Thinks
Hence
He
I.
arises
dost well.
Up
Thou
these mistakes.
Thou knoweth
Many
all things.
advises
man come
Says
I.
ill.
hither.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
104
LESSON
101.
XXII.
Before taking up compound verbal forms, it seems necessary to discuss a relation of the verb which belongs to Syntax rather than to
Etymology.
In such expressions as
teas
The merchant
sold ; there
It
seems
is ;
is
I may ; That
gave
Franklin
affirmation
is
He
called
is
An
looks
is
ele-
not complete.
is
needed
to
Any
Com-
is
called a
be
filled
out thus
well.
He was
plement.
The
seems strange.
may
go.
may
That looks
It
in-
The
Some
words are
italicized
Complements.
as,
he
Some
ment
is
ment
to attend.
is
called good, he
is
is
called a mechanic
Henry
a student.
as,
Some
he
Henry
honest,
ment;
may
as,
Some
spell,
as,
to
as,
it
was not
so.
as,
Many
ment
he
is
here
he
is
at home.
fire
as,
105
we burn
ment
is
Direct object.
to be Transitive when
called the
A verb
is
said
quires no object.
If
it
it re-
requires no object,
it is
Intransitive.
The
itive
transitive verb
verb
which
is
called
is
also called
Meuter.
usually transitive
is
other verbs
that
v. n. ;
is,
The
v. a. ;
that
is,
verb
may
is
your
altars
object
;
as,
is
use of the
in the sentence,
The object of a
whom or what f
(object of saw).
What
were going.
(The clause
is
A customary object
(the ground),
and
fires !"
and your
sometimes intransitive, as
a verb active
But the
verb neuter.
intrans-
mark a verb
is
He
said.
often omitted
sells (goods).
from a noun
forming part of the predicate. If the verb admits an adjective complement, it is not transitive.
In the sentence, He
is
is
What
is
he
but
it
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
106
The
it is
object
is
nominative form.
LESSON
XXIII.
The most
jugation
is
is be,
whose con-
given below:
was, been.
Present tense,
plural number,
am,
art,
i.
Present tense,
sing.,
liave
Past
tense, singular,
Past
tense, plural,
* has no past
tense,
in all persons.
tense, I
went,
thou
wentest,
etc.
107
The
Fat,
might,
must,
could,
should,
will,*
ought.
would,
ought.
Errors in the use of the forms of be are frequent. The most commistake is to use the singular form of the verb instead of the
mon
plural
as,
instead of
we
were,
you
The pupil
Thus
were.
is
subject.
you yesterday
We
Were
it
John
Had
Where was
him.
The
obsolete form be
is
Be we men ?
Be is correctly used
as,
Be you going ?
in imperative sentences
as,
Be
still
Future Per-
fect.
any verb
as,
,
walked.
is
is
at
which the
regular.
asser-
**
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
108
tion
We
made.
is
We have
say, "
must not
"
made.
is
We
made
is
The form
'
'
is
)
y
)
We
you
shall,
will,
made up of
infinitive of
and
in the second
foreigner
;
nobody
who
any verb
as,
.,
they will }
The
drown
any
and will
and
made
walked*
To
is
participle of
as,
will
morning"
this
in the morning.
affirms that
at or before
which
at
used in the
Will in the
third.
and
is
shall help
person,
first
person,
fell
first
and
cried;
" I will
The form
ture time.
is
finished, at
made up
some
specified fu-
any verb
as,
We
shall,
1S.
Present.
you
will,
they will
^^ wa|ked
Examples of Tenses.
Fire burns. Birds fly. He
doeth
all
things
well.
She fainted.
Present Perfect,
Past.
Jesus wept.
at last.
I have
109
the
will
Future Perfect, We shall have finished our task beHe will, doubtless, have seen your father
fore you return.
before this time.
The
infinitive
have written
The
fect
present participle of
as,
the per-
compound
Weak Verb
Conjugation of the
106.
as,
is
participle of
participle;
Learn,
\
Present,
Past,
Compound,
Participles.
^-H
To
Present Tense.
Past Tense.
learning.
learned.
having learned.
L^. earned.
Singular.
Plural.
Singular.
Plural.
j
(
-,
learnea
na learaecl
-,
Future Tense.
Singular, i I shall, thou wilt, he will
Plural.
shall, you will, they will
\
We
ieam
'
We
way
the
weak
'
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
110
fall,
rise.
compound
LESSON XXIV.
PROGRESSIVE AND EMPHATIC FORMS OF THE VERB.
107.
Syepi
of a verb
is
verb send.
son, singular.
Present, is sending.
was sending.
Past,
Ill
will be sending.
am
was
writing,
writing,
verb
do,
as, I
do learn,
Did you
see
my
did
I
is
try,
he does
used in questions
friend
It is
see.
as,
Do
you know
it ?
may,
can, must,
infinitives
is
of the de-
and will,
and compound
shall,
SINGULAR.
1st person.
2d person.
Thou
3d person.
He
shall write.
PLURAL.
1st person.
We
2d person.
You may,
3d person.
They may,
1st person.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
112
2d person.
Thou
or shouldst
write.
3d person.
He
might,
could, woidd,
or should write.
of the Potential
Form
is
formed from the present, by substituting the compound participle for the infinitive
as,
may have
written.
of the Potential
Form
as,
is
partici-
if
We
The progressive
is
made by com-
reading, he
may
He may
be reading,
he might
be
ing.
HO.
had been
loved,
113
shall have
been loved.
Notice that in the potential form shall and will are used
exactly opposite to their use in the future
ployed in the
first
is
itself
By common usage
finished.
"The
this
em-
is
that will
is
pass-
form
is
is
Compare
" I
have finished
The
letter is finished."
active form
form,
it
is
to
verb, introduced
won
is
by the
pressed thus
English.
:
the battle.
direct object
form
as,
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
They captured
the city.
The
The
city
in the following
was broken.
was captured.
stick
Express the
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
We
city.
my ball.
Isaac found
house
dog.
made
the
The
attempt.
thief.
112. Of
making
It is
its
way
made up
late,
into newspapers,
of the verb
be,
and
common
into
speech.
and past.
be
is
as,
the picture
is
is
the
Gerund
fol-
painting, (formerly
is
building,
wheat
Sometimes the past participle makes equally good sense as, While
" Not where he
this was doing, or, While this was done.
eats, but where he is eaten? instead of being eaten.
The
is selling,
and
is
to
is
wholly uncalled
COMMON FORM.
-p
PRESENT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
plum l
We findj
you
find>
they fin(L
COMMON SCHOOL
j
Past.
Present
Perfect.
Past
Perfect.
\
j
\
(
Future.
COURSE.
115
We
We
Singular. I
Plural.
We
Future
Perfect.
Plural.
have found.
have found, you will have found, they
will have found.
We shall
(
j
Past
Tense.
VOICE.
Singular. I
Plural.
am
Singular. I
Plural.
We are found,
Present
been found.
Perfect.
Plural.
We have been
Past
Perfect.
Plural.
We
found.
Future.
Plural.
We shall
Future
Perfect.
Plural.
Singular. I
Plural.
(
'
Past
We
I
(
Singular. 1
Plural.
might
find,
We might
Present
Perfect,
Singular. I
J
j
Plural.
find,
'
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
110
Singular. I
Past
'
Perfect.
Plural.
POTENTIAL FORM.
Singular. I
Present.
Plural.
ACTIVE
VOICE.
may
We
PROGRESSIVE FORM.
Present.
Singular. I
Plural.
am
Singular. I
Plural.
was
ACTIVE VOICE.
is
finding.
We
Past.
finding.
'
Present
Perfect.
has been
have been, you have been,
they have been
finding.
We
Singular. I
Past
Perfect.
Plural.
Future.
Plural.
We shall
will be
Future
Perfect.
be,
you
will
be,
they
finding.
We
fl n(
n0
'
117
PROGRESSIVE FORM.
^
Pbesent.
V ast.
v st
1
i
-j
Singular. I
^a
pl
We
(
<j
^
Past.
foun ^
bDemg 10llna
bei
b foimd
ACTIVE VOICE.
EMPHATIC FORM.
^
Pkesent.
We do find,
pl ra i
you do
find,
they do find.
piuraf
PARTICIPLES.
Pin din g.
Imperfect.
Pound.
Perfect, or Past.
Compound Active. Having found.
INFINITIVES.
To
To have found.
Present Passive. To be found.
Perfect Passive. To have been found.
Present.
find.
Perfict.
114.
an assertion
position.
The verb
Present Singular.
Present Plural.
Past Singular
Past Plural.
be,
If
If
thou
beest
he
be.
Were he to do
Be
beest,
Be.
thou
this,
in
suppositions, or in conditions
them
all.
Though my
foe^ be
many, I
am
not afraid.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
118
The
s in
as, If
he write a
letter,
instead
of,
If he writes a letter.
Have
is
The
obsolescent, except
in
be.
ber,
made is to name the tense, form, voice, numand person of the verb, if these can be known
but
lar or plural,
its
subject
may be
either singu-
The form
it is present and active.
shows tense, voice, num-
is
is
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE.
Where
is
It
is
made
in the
Where
voice.
is
did made
It
is
made
Present
number
may
is
going made?
be
119
Where
is
made ?
to abbreviate
as,
Does
am
been found,
shalt teach,
say,
Is written, has
have arrived,
will
hast fallen,
is,
be talking, were
I, if
ed, dost
is
being
he
charged,
twite, should
slain,
built, to
is
had learn-
have known,
had had,
said,
have been,
shall
will
try,
6. Beware,
and
Beware
sentences.
is
Ought
is
is
Quoth
by me
as,
/or
he,
in the present
and past
is
is
used
is
its
sub-
used only
is
see
In
in imperative
infinitive.
Mm now.
and
Wit
infinitive,
The
The meaning
is,
subject of thinks
It
seems
to
me
that
120
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
LESSON XXV.
117.
The
principal parts of
The
it
weak verbs
are
easily-
necessary to give a
list
of the
most common.
PAST TENSE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Arise,
arose,
arisen.
Bid,
bade,
bidden, or bid.
Chide,
chidden, or chid.
Come,
Draw,
came,
come
drew,
drawn.
driven,
(obs.
comen)
Drive,
drove,
Eat,
ate,
Fall,
fell,
fallen.
Forsake,
forsook,
forsaken.
Give,
gave,
given.
Go,
(went),
gone.
Grow,
grew,
grown.
Hide,
hid,
hidden, or hid.
or eat,
eaten, or eat.
Hold,
held,
held, or holden.
Know,
knew,
known.
Eide,
rode,
ridden, or rode.
Rise,
rose,
risen.
See,
saw,
seen.
Slay,
slew,
slain.
Smite,
smote,
smitten.
Stride,
strode,
stridden.
Take,
took,
taken.
Write,
wrote,
written.
121
THEME.
PAST TENSE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Bear,
bore, or bare,
borne, or born.
Bind,
bound,
bound, or bounden.
Beat,
beat,
beaten, or beat.
Bleed,
bled,
bled.
Break,
broke,
broken.
Breed,
bred,
bred.
Cling,
clung,
clung.
Feed,
fed,
fed.
Fight,
fought,
fought (foughten).
Find,
found,
found.
Forbear,
forbore,
forborne.
Get,
got,
got, or gotten.
Lead,
led,
led.
Lie,
lay,
lain.
Meet,
met,
met.
Read,
read,
read.
Ring,
rung, or rang,
rung.
Run,
ran,
run.
Shoot,
shot,
shot (shotten).
Shrink,
shrank,
shrunk (shrunken)
Sit,
sat,
sat (sitten).
Sling,
slung,
slung.
Slink,
slunk,
slunk.
Speak,
spoke (spake),
spoken.
Spin,
spun (span),
spun.
Spring,
sprang, or sprung,
sprung.
Stand,
stood,
stood.
Steal,
stole,
stolen.
Stick,
stuck,
stuck.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
122
THEME.
PAST TENSE.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Sting,
stung,
stung.
Stink,
stunk (stank),
stunk.
Strike,
struck (strake),
struck (stricken)
Swing,
swung,
swung.
Tear,
tore,
torn.
Tread,
trod,
trod (trodden).
Wear,
Weave,
Win,
wore,
worn.
wove,
woven.
won,
won.
The forms
as adjectives.
1 10.
The
Begin,
began,
begun.
Drink,
drank,
drunk (drunken).
Fly,
flew,
flown.
Sing,
sang, or sung,
sung.
Sink,
sank, or sunk,
sunk (sunken),
Swim,
swam, or swum,
swum.
The
following verbs
make
all their
The
weak
them
for
euphony.
tense.
Make
THEME.
The
past parti-
drops k before
THEME.
PAST TENSE.
Feel,
felt.
Lose,
lost.
Have,
had.
Make,
made.
Hear,
heard.
Pay,
paid.
PAST TENSE.
Keep,
kept.
Rend,
rent.
Lay,
kid.
Say,
said.
Lend,
lent.
Shoe,
shod.
d.
Many
list
123
contract ed in t; as,
teach, taught
done
;)
seek, sought
sell,
sold
think, thought.
REDUNDANT VERBS.
ISO.
verb
its
Many
been given.
is
redundant when
parts.
among
the
already
common
The
following
are
has double
it
forms in poetry.
Awake,
awoke, or awaked,
awaked, or awoke,
Cleave,
cleaved, or clave,
cleaved.
clove, or cleft,
cleft,
Clothe,
clothed, or clad,
clothed, or clad,
Dare,
dared, or durst,
dared, or durst,
Hang,
hung, or hanged,
hung, or hanged,
Heave,
heaved, or hove,
heaved, or hoven.
Light,
lighted, or
lighted, or
Saw,
sawed,
sawed, or sawn,
Seethe,
seethed, or sod,
seethed, or sodden,
Shine,
shone, or shined,
shone, or shined.
Wind,
winded, or wound,
winded, or wound.
Work,
adhere
(to
to),
Cleave,
or cloven.
(to split),
lit,
lit.
DERIVATION OF VERBS.
321.
means
to
is
en.
Such verbs
make wide
make or to
Thus widew
signify to
'
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
124
Form
Sometimes an adjective
with the same force
is
make
as,
glad,
= gladden.
change of accent.
The accent
Nouns,
light.
Verbs,
object,
cem'ent,
survey,
transport,
con'sort.
object',
cement',
survey',
transport',
consort'.
this
list,
nant consonant
Noun,
life,
Verb,
Form
live,
sonant,
breath,
cloth,
grief,
glass,
use.
breathe,
clothe,
grieve,
glaze,
use.
Verbs are derived from Latin roots by adding fy 9 signifying to make. Thus, amplify means to make ample ; glorify
has also an
Emphatic,
125
a Progressive,
Subjunctive mode.
In form verbs are regular or irregular;
complete, defective, or redundant. In
It
transitive
or intransitive.
LESSON XXVI.
THE PRONOUN.
123.
in
any relation
in
which
The substantive
is
called the
may be
for
antecedent
of the pronoun.
It
proask,
Pronouns are divided into three classes, Personal Relative, and Interrogative.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
12 G
noun
which
for
they stand.
/ is
masculine
person
thou, of
she,
he,
first
it,
The pronouns
of the
first
124.
clension,
irregular in de-
SINGULAR.
Subject,
Possessive,
Objective,
he,
she,
it.
my, or mine,
thou,
thy, or thine,
his,
its.
me,
thee,
him,
her, or hers,
her,
I,
^t.
PLURAL.
our, or ours,
us,
Objective,
The
We
esty.
we
plural
speakers,
as,
you, or ye,
they,
your, or yours, their, or theirs,
you,
them,
we,
Subject,
Possessive,
as if
also
Thou
in
takes
its
,,
i
This
etc.
is
This
is
as,
>
mod-
if
It is
they
our
is
common
Friends.
Jf
genders.
is
>
are informed,
Kings
discourse
You
is
by some
religious sects
as
by the
Te in the nominative
is
as,
poetry*
127
Its is
common
of recent introduction.
It does not
appear in the
His was
employed
in
place
its
as,
by a sub-
stantive of
is
is
It is
By
hear him
distinctly.
may be
it
omitted ;
as, to
is difficult.
as, It rains
it
thunders.
self, ourself,
Pronouns.
They
it-
and
Compound Personal
are used in
two
senses.
myself.
2.
to denote that
as,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
128
They
The
itself.
Reflex
turn back
subject.
as,
LESSON XXVII.
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
Relative Pronouns.
Who, which, and what, when used in asking a
question, are called Interrogative Pronouns.
called
The antecedent
before
in the
it
same sentence
its
antecedent
is
in the
answer
to the question.
The
the inter-
The
relative
Subject, or nominative,
who,
which,
that.
Possessive,
whose,
whose,
whose.
Objective,
whom,
which,
that.
is
What and
word
the only
is
pronoun.
129
which
of either class
always a
is
as,
It
is
we have
art in heaven,''
who
Whenever
art."
128*
antecedent
is
may
as,
The man
The words
that ; or
What, as a relative,
expressed before
me what money
(What, in
is
It
it.
that.
is
the ob-
is
an interrogative.
he had.
a specifying adjective.)
this sentence, is
me what you
Tell
is
as
gave
it
it?
He
which
in questions
is
is
Modern
sons or things
only of
followed by a noun.
now used
is
saw.
and
interrogative
is
indefinite.
It
may mean what persons, what sights, what goods, or any thing
The clause what you saw, is the object of tell, and is
else.
called
This
is
What
omitted.
The
if.
is
is
clause what
indefinite
it
is
ye in
As
changed
to
as,
the
or, if
it
is
be called
If an an-
which ; the
indefi-
definite.
is
antecedent of what
I wanted,
expressed, what
form to the
is
a specifying adjective,
tecedent
The
what I wanted.
complement of
nite
What
an indirect question.
what I
tell
is
expressed in the
you
it
introduces an adjective
light.
is
a relative pronoun
when
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
130
That
l5S9t
As many
week.
last
This
as,
Who was
know.
This
is
the
as,
He
that
we had
it ;
same
They
"Thoughts
honored.
It
that
it
an
inter-
rogative, after
that I
the
is
man
is
as I love, I rebuke
the greatest
is
and words
that breathe
yesterday.
he that we lament.
is
If the relative
is
if
Thou
hesitates.
that
sittest.
He
as,
that
keepeth watch.
made him
tive
it
clause,
Money
insane.
is
Supply
is
and
which
will read,
it
loss in
the
loss
The
wisest
man who
Who
The
sin,
love
become
was
righteousness.
1$.
ever lived.
The
indefinite
is,
This
is
Men who
who
told
It is
me whom you
you ?
want.
by the addition of
pronoun
it
so, ever,
The antecedent
and what,
and soever ;
as,
of an indefinite
Who
is
sometimes
used indefinitely.
Whoever comes
Whoso
shall
be welcomed.
Who
breaks, pays.
is
the relative
is
131
it
would be
would be used;
as,
Any
indefinite,
who
one
If the an-
and a
comes,
defi-
etc.
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
131.
Certain specifying
are
adjectives
so
often
used without a noun following them, that they are someWhat, which, and
They
iiomi*
afl
Adjectives.
Their number
Pro-
demonstratives.
more emphatic.
the more remote.
is
called
are called
are examples.
that,
may be
They have
same root
the
Each, every, either, neither, and the other are called Distributives.
Each is used of any number taken one by one as, Each
;
Any
All, another,
one,
both,
few, former,
latter,
pronominal adjectives.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.'
132
1 32.
Each
rocals.
other
is
Each
other
and one another are called Recipused when two is spoken of; one an-
other
is
They admit
word.
They were
They
that
is,
one another.
hand.
one another.
as Russia.
my
The two
children love
their say.
Two
negatives destroy
(Two
errors.)
is
so large
their seat.
LESSON XXVIII.
THE ADJECTIVE.
133.
The Adjective
or
how many
or
word which
by naming some
is
are meant.
It is frequently
used
complement
of a verb.
Descriptive
classes of adjectives.
Adjectives,
or
Names
of
Qualities.
2.
Specifying
Numeral
3.
133
which
Adjectives,
denote
IVuintoer.
divided into
Invariable.
Variable
vary in degree
name
as, golden,
square, triangular.
Proper
which
Invariable
commenced
are
qualities
small.
large,
adjectives
qualities
name
adjectives
Variable and
and
Websterian intellect,
as,
Socratic method.
tives
may
be either descriptive or
They
definitive.
A noun
is
en
as, golden,
flaxen,
as iron
tive adjectives.)
Specifying
134.
an,
and
the,
adjectives include
a,
few others.
Numeral
1.
the question,
2.
how many
in counting,
time or in place
and answer
order, either in
as, two-fold,
4.
few,
fourfold,
single, triple.
many.
as,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR,
134
One by
two by two,
one,
etc.,
are
called distributive
numerals.
A
tion,
135. The
Comparison,
is
is
adjectives,
131).
Comparison
is
an
The Theme
quality,
and
of the adjective
is
like,
blacks,
as,
or resembling, and
jectives
as, wolfish,
the ordinary
Positive degree
called the
is
is
name
of the
cool
as, black,
is
coolish.
The ending
ish
means
clownish.
is
Its
ending
is
sect
Its
as, the
ending
is
est
Monosyllabic variable adjectives, and a few dissyllabic, admit the inflection of comparison.
what and rather give nearly the equivalent of the ending ish
more corresponds
Less and
to
least gives
the ending
est.
positive a starting-point
common.
er,
as,
common,
less
common,
least
135
SUPERLATIVE.
SUB-POSITIVE.
POSITIVE.
Sweetish,
sweet,
sweeter,
sweetest.
lovely,
lovelier,
loveliest.
famous,
more famous,
most famous.
is,
BY DIMINUTION.
Rapid,
least rapid.
less rapid,
IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
Good,
better,
best.
worse,
worst.
Much,
Many,
more,
most.
Near,
nearer,
nearest, or next,
Bad,
ad,
Evvi\, [
)
111.
L
or
Late,
later, or latter,
latest,
Old,
older, or elder,
oldest, or eldest,
Far,
farther, or further,
farthest, or furthest,
Little,
less,
least.
Much
number, and
time
latter
eldest are
is
and
plural.
last
now used
singular
is
Later and
latest
last,
many
denotes
Elder and
only of persons.
invariable,
ble.
The
though
and
com-
paratives.
Some
of prefixing
it
as
an adverb
a*,
foremost hindmost.
,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
136
1 37.
In analyzing a sentence the degree of an adjective need not be mentioned, unless it is expressed by
The
the ending.
The
noun.
following
Some
as,
man
compounds of
a,
awake.
its
modified by an adjunct
agreeable in manner.
adjectives, mostly
in the predicate
is
We
house
say, the
fuller
is
night,
it
that
is, it
comes nearer
to
a globular
shape.
138.
The
an or
and
the are
closely allied in
mean-
specifying adjectives
a,
An
is
is
ing.
As an
is
singular.
singular,
it
is
this
and
that.
It
is
used
An
is
thing definitely
In a
moment
known
saw
An
the
as,
man
I saw a
indefinitely.; the
man
of some-
(indefinite) passing.
the noblest
the
more,
work of God.
an adverb.
article
an ;
as,
many a
time, the
137
phrase
many a
LESSON XXIX.
THE ADVERB.
139.
is
to
The Adverb
is
and frequently
serves as a connective.
Its
to
and
verb,
it
that
to the
noun
so
all
A few
The
comparison, and
better, best
much and
ill,
little,
Well,
far,
adjectives, pronouns,
and
prepositions.
Many words
to the connection.
either for
rhyme or
They
for meter.
ADVERBS.
ADJECTIVES.
Much gold,
The farther side,
The still hour,
Many
Much worse.
They went farther.
He
fared
still
better.
adding ly ;
as, brave/y,
earnest^, knowing/^.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR..
138
Some adverbs
subsequent
its
140.
are
Pronominal Adverbs.
series of
notice.
The pronoun
force of
th,
From
this.
and the
relative
its
Root
h.
Root th.
Root wh.
Here,
There,
Where,
and meanings.
hence,
hither,
thence,
thither,
then.
whence,
whither,
when, why.
(obsolete hen).
Hence
Thence
Whence
what
from which or
place.
Hither
Why =
Thither
Then
= to this place.
= to that place.
Whither = to what place.
==
for
what
reason.
= at that time.
When = at which or
what
time.
141
As
and
may be
called pronouns
as,
(Better,
going?)
thence.
(Better,
They departed
may be
first
part of the
compound a pronoun.
it
Thereof was
( 124); as,
Gaza and
thereof.
;
as,
and may
and
be called
its
139
first
part a pronoun.
How ?
as, well,
nobly, skillfully.
Place in which
2.
3.
Place
to
which
as, here,
as,
into those of
yonder, hereabouts.
as, thence,
away, forth.
homeward, ashore,
thither.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fully, altogether.
2.
Adverbs of equality or
sufficiency
as,
enough, precisely,
3.
Adverbs of deficiency
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
140
to
Time
repeated,
and
Place in order.
assertion,
and may be
1.
Emphatic;
2.
Affirmative
which modifies
(obsolete yea),
yes,
as,
Negative
as,
as,
not, no-
wise, nay.
4.
Doubtful
They
to a sentence.
pronoun
shall
antecedent
is
the verb
of the clause.
Then
They modify
as,
as,
we know, when
a noun
as,
At
when
(at
Often the
which) kings
go out to war.
g 143.
is
usually an
adverb.
It
is
We
a sentence
it
may
there is
is
the subject,
This sounds
There
less
Words used
ample.
noticed in
25 that when
were many.
called
it
abrupt than,
for sound,
Expletives.
It is said to
ing power.
is
way
no doubt.
The adverb
;
as,
There
is.
be used
expletively,
141
LESSON XXX.
THE PREPOSITION.
is
is
The word
means placed
preposition
before,
which follows
called the
is
subequent
The
because the
substantive
of the preposition.
objective form.
To
the
be added
list
:
out, underneath,
Some
ositions given
Most
before.
prepositions are of
Saxon
origin.
used.
Those
A
spite,
The
14:9*.
in italics are
fully recognized as
good English
adown,
afore, aslant,
astride, de-
Bating,
concerning,
during,
excepting, notwithstanding,
really im-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
142
as.
14.
The
adjectives
to this use.
and opposite
near, nigh,
like,
lowing preposition
often omitted
is
as, like
him.
Come
out
subsequent of from
to supply
From heyond
preposition
first
as,
The
Jordan.
is
Some prefer
From the
as,
and
other,
as,
in the subsequent,
If
u.
among should
verb,
147
Intransitive
dergo.
become
verbs often
preposition
Intransitive.
live,
stand,
Transitive.
outlive,
understand,
By
is
He
up
his
by water, where by
brought up a family
situation, are
as,
They went
is
He
as,
look,
leap.
overlook,
overleap.
They went
by the house.
Compare,
a preposition.
is
He
gave
verbs
is
in
transitive
separable particle in
German.
Two
143
as,
as,
LESSON XXXI.
THE CONJUNCTION AND THE EXCLAMATION.
148. The
speech whose
Conjunct ion
office
that part of
connect words,
to
is
is
relative pronouns
may
connect clauses to
Words connected by
140.
junctions
1.
The
following
lists
contain the
common
con-
Pum
conjunctions, or
if,
as,
you.
Conjunctions, or prepositions.
3. Conjunctions, or adverbs.
But,
for, since.
ENGLISH GRAMMA K.
144
Both,
Conjunctions, or adjectives.
4.
neither
either,
that.
1.
lation,
15
The
following are
expressed by conjunctions
Addition
1.
re-
clause to a principal
;
as,
The
blind
and dumb
and
both spake
saw.
and
as,
same
as,
2.
in the
2.
Separation;
as,
Take one
or the other.
Either
4.
Cause;
mined
5.
Conclusion
Then
commission.
7.
8.
is
fell,
as he is
innocent, therefore he
is confi-
Purpose;
often used
wall
it.
dent.
6.
The
as,
as,
He came
that
he might receive
He came
Condition
Concession
his
is
to receive.
as,
in him.
9.
Comparison
strong as a
as,
He
I.
He
is
as
lion.
Comparison of difference
is
by
As
as.
151
is, if
it
often connects a
as,
He
him
noun
another
to
as ambassador.
one conjunction
is
is
used in the
employed
neither
or,
sent
145
first
member
then,
nor, if
that
of two terms
The
in the second.
and, either
princi-
whether
or,
though
yet, or
still.
If the
ber,
its
first
correlative
must be used
is
is
used in the
first
mem-
" Neither
in the second.
The
first
of the correlatives
is
often
omitted.
is
usually
come
first
together.
By
and and if
and connecting
THE EXCLAMATION.
tence.
Other words which express emotion and feeling form a
146
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
tirely alone.
as, ha,
driving animals
whoa, haw,
as,
LESSON XXXIL
SYNTAX.
153.
which
Syntax
treats of the
tions, modifications,
is
that part of
Grammar
rela-
in sentences.
Sentence
is
at least,
three things.
1.
2.
Some
Some
subject of thought.
idea which
is
subject.
3.
of the
first
and second
147
assertive form,
one word;
in
trees grow.
The
first
idea
is
that of
trees,
A complete
is
is as-
serted.
is
that
which
is
thought
may be expressed
as a declaration
The word
command,
assert
is
or as an exclamation.
There are four kinds of sentences Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Ex;
clamatory.
declarative sentence
tion.
general
modification
as,
is
called a
Proposi-
Fire burns.
Iron
is
heavy.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
148
This
as,
burns
fire
tvell.
The
specified fire,
and burns
is
is
restricted to
one
155. Any word which limits the application, explains the meaning, or completes the
sense of another word,
said to
is
modify
"
that
word.
My
Newfoundland dog
This assertion
the
limited
is
modifier completing
whom
its
it
swim.
made
is
likes to
what kind of
Likes has a
meaning-, telling
is
likes.
the verb
is
without modifiers.
are the
respect-
ive modifiers.
The
honest
man who
it
without
The
cate
is
found
The
restored.
the
purse
is
is
restored
man who
it
without
156.
ject
Simple
compound sentence
is
made up
of simple
It
149
simple sentences.
Either the subject or the predicate, or both,
as,
make complete
sense.
It
A Complex
modifier;
They
as,
who
also serve
only stand
and wait
sentence
may
An Independent
itself;
Clause.
which
is
cipal, or leading
sentence
is
He
as,
said that he
in
clause.
Phrases are named from their
adjective phrases
or,
office
as,
adverbial phrases,
as,
a preposi-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
150
is
the
naming
Parsing"
is
verbal analysis
the naming of
in the sentence.
lesson xxxm.
MODIFIERS OF THE NOUN.
more.
The
word which
it
and
is
in the
It is equivalent in
The
appositive
is
store.
151
as his birthday
ball
present.
osition
The
it
as,
of Boston.
whole
is
often modified
as,
by
its
some to the
field,
some to the
noun
is
something implied in
The
painful duty.
it
as,
I must
men
tell
is self-
evident.
The pronoun
is
it
a good thing
A substantive
must be
same
to
which
it is
the subject
give thanks.
in the plural
as,
in the
school.
as, his
book;
Mary's slate;
Achilles'
kinds, including
articles,
shield.
Adjectives of
all
grass
is
becomes green.
green.
The
it.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
152
in
anodified
is
by
not
is
participle
175)
asseiied,
is
it.
may be
were not
it
elliptical.
Adjectives which imply the singular idea, like an, one, each,
either,
ber
these,
many,
The
modifies.
The
noun which
it
it.
The pronoun
But
all
and
as,
them
as,
The
adjunct with of
is
is
as,
is
limited to pronouns,
We
say,
The
With
do not
the roof of the house, the bark of the tree, the tip of the
pencil.
By the
when
strictly it
phrase, "
really
it
is
said to modify
The man
in the
Thus,
it,
the
moon is
moon, and
the
that is in the
153
it is
concisely,
may
it
modifies man.
(127.)
equiv-
man who
man, means, the man
fying.
who
is honest.
The
modify by way of
restriction, or description.
add spme
fact
In
first is
to
this sense
The second
is -to
sentence.
A relative clause
as,
office
of
definitive, is
They who
are
tvise shall
I did the
murder.
relative clause
additional fact
as,
God,
who
ernor,
sits
came soon
accessory
called an
is
General Harrison,
is
who was
after.
clause
mindful of man.
also
military gov-
who
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
154
meaning
It gives to his
By
its
it.
to his
words which
is
absurd.
is
absurd.
The
Who ever
who was
not handsome
The antecedent
its
of a relative
whom
is
whom ye
obey.
whom
fair
proper position.
seems
at
?"
ye obey.
Ye
in
whom,
etc.
LESSON XXXIV.
MODIFIERS OF THE PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, AND
PREPOSITION.
161."
The
Pronoun
Adjunct, and
the Clause.
Adjective
appositive
is
common
very
as,
155
We
Con-
You rogue !
The adjective modifying a pronoun usually stands after
This modification is not very
it; as, You ally them both.
common.
The adjunct
the city ;
The
who
is
as,
They of
of you all ?
pronoun
differs in
nothing
by a noun used
in
an adverb-
ial relation.
degree, or
Verbal adjec-
and for ;
the fields
as,
;
The
103.
alent of the
infinitive
modifying an adjective
Gerund
( 95), as
its
may
base.
be seen below
Competent
to instruct, or,
for instructing.
is
a true
It is the equiv-
in, to
strong in purpose.
Fair
of,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
156
This construction
is
The
be carefully noted;
ent from
like
164.
as,
differ-
to.
meas-
The book
He
is
The
is
is
(Time.)
(Measure.)
(Value.)
dollar.
wall
Harrisburg
.
worth a
miles away.
(Distance.)
enough
to
The
adjectives
like,
near,
in parsing,
it is
me; near
This modification
is
is
But
etc.
tion to
is
an abbreviated adjunct.
may be
my
life.
The Preposition
is
verb as a modifier
beside him.
as,
157
LESSON XXXV.
MODIFIERS OF THE VERB.
166.
modifiers;
Adjunct,
the
foject,
four classes of
the
The Object
is
plement.
Iirect toject.
The direct object, if a personal name, answers the question whom ? if the name of a thing, the question what ?
A noun used as object has the general form. The relative
who, and the personal pronouns except
it,
have a
distinct
by the
asserted accomplishes.
I heard a
limit
bell.
action.
He made
He
a boat.
built
a house.
what
but
is
closely related to
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
158
This complement
the Indirect
called
is
Object,
Mr. Green
The
sold a horse.
complete
may be
of the buyer
is
grammatically complete
but to
still
Mr. Green
sold
my father
name
added.
to
is
a horse.
Annas.
Who
I
told
When
osition
send her a
will
is
new book.
needed
sition to or
for
when
is
it
He
sold his
ject,
to
admit
Some
it; as,
I gave him
him.
This object
wheat for
name
168.
objects.
to
cash.
is
This
For cash
do.
is
to
or
usually personal.
is
not an indirect
verbs which
with
to
would
be.
forme;
It
seems strange
me.
is
is
a following
sentence or clause.
Methinks I see a
It
seems
to
me
that
When
it
fair
I see,
is
worth
the
the
etc.
common
Woe
day
prose use.
your royal
When it seems
Woe is me /
best."
Shakspeare
self.'*
A mod-
When
159
Worth
be.
me a
gave
is
retained
is
A book
becomes
They
as,
was given me
(pass-
ive form).
169.
osition, is
The
Boys expect
to learn.
to
Verbs signifying
make, admit two
to
is
to
appoint, to
object
first
;
When
first
call, to
name, and
choose, to
as,
first
The
become men.
plant
other
to
the
infinitive, either
Cleveland.
their leader.
is
An
object
adjective
may be
may form a
as,
the sentence
of our God.
thus,
The
city of
our
God
be made glad.
The verbs
object
is
Either
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
160
They asked me a
question.
question
was asked me
or, I
Grammar was
1
The
<T.
He was
to the subject
complements
The
active
or,
form gives
makes prominent
The
grammar
principal differences
taught
taught him.
The complement
a phrase
of a verb
as in the following
was, "
We
may be
:
Without raising
a sentence, a clause, or
his head,
he
ill.
said, "
To
the left"
An
ment or
omits the
object,
connecting word,
changes the subject, if a pronoun, to the objective form, and changes the assertive form of the
verb to the
infinitive, or,
They knew
She
All
that he
men wished
is truthful.
was an
Italian.
words were
that the
true.
work should go
that he sang.
on.
(This expression
is
obso-
161
t
to be truthful.
words
felt these
men wished
to be
the
to be true.
work
tremble.
Let us go.
The
abridged clause
to
go on.
singing.
made him
Italian.
sing, or,
many common
obsolete,
an
is
saw him do
Hear me say my
it.
They
as,
lesson.
is
the
infinitive.
The
infinitive, then, is
The
We
saw
the bird
fly.
Saw what
Saw
; as,
bird fly.
The
But
in the
complement.
go by steamer/' goods
to
the
and the
infinitive
To go
fact.
Some
meaning
like their
own
as, to live
life,
to
dream a dream,
to run a race.
Some
a child
to
dance
to
Thus,
to
dance a
child,
to
means
to
and
cause
cause a horse
to
run.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
162
Each
table.
when
der
raise, fell.
set,
to lie.
on the
lay,
viz.,
that
table,
is,
on her eggs.
set, sits
by
Lay means
I cause her
to sit,
The wood-cutter
the lad-
rises.
The verbs
lay, raise,
lie, rise,
LESSON XXXVI.
MODIFIERS OF THE VERB CONTINUED.
172, 2. An adjunct modifying a verb mayhave any preposition as a base. Adjuncts express Time, Place, Manner, Cause, Assent, Negation,
also the
relations expressed
Agent of the
action,
by adverbs
Source.
Many
sertion
adjuncts, like
as,
Of course, he
will go.
as-
succeed.
An
the sentence,
and the
earth."
The
God
its
modifiers
and
as in
Gocl cre-
adverbial.
is
163
as, speedily,
short time.
A noun
may
This modification
is
The
a year.
He
has gone
field
measures
He
We are going
five acres.
east.
remained
home.
Flour costs
pounds.
may be
called
an adverbial
objective.
may
Why not
call
Clauses used
1 74L
Temporal,
1.
They
as,
He
will
are usually
hear us when
we pray.
Causal, or such
2.
They
tion.
tions because
help
3.
as,
He
does
it,
it.
Inferential, which denote a conclusion from a preas, I believed, therefore have I spoken. Then
vious sentence
as,
and for ;
then,
this is
an absurdity.
to do.
Now we
as,
Tell
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
164
4.
If
it
must
us
let
know to-morrow.
fre-
Conditional clauses
Conceive, or such
5.
made
The
Grant that
as,
Tet and
is
as,
concessive clause
Though you
is
sometimes
what does
it
prove ?
still
employed
The
infinitive
my
is
lest
most gen-
is
very often
to express purpose.
It
as,
mode
of the verb
113)
is
still
final
be.
175.
his
river, for,
same
The
participle
is
the
is
When
im-
is
made.
is
form
were
released.
as,
When
it
elected^
the opposition
of when he was
elected.
independent
retains the
member
of a
a pronoun
Taking refers
the door.
I
knew
that he
his
was a
of,
compound sentence
He
took
as,
as,
is
some-
Taking a lamp,
to he.
soldier.
having been a
knew of
his
being a sol-
soldier.
of
This form of the participial clause
dier, or,
the sub-
is
He having been
An
be absolute, or used
165
is
be is the
LESSON XXXVIL
CONSTRUCTION.
176.
meant
its
By
Construction of a word is
use in the sentence, and its relathe
A noun or pronoun
1.
As
the
may be used
ubject of a sentence.
The
subject
noun has
the general form,and the pronoun the subject form, or nominative case.
2.
As
This relation
is
which expresses
3.
As an
the form
adjective modifier of
in
this
construction.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1G6
ifies.
is
in the
same
relation as the
word which
it
Ai\
mod-
used absolutely
is
( 157).
As
the
subsequent
of
a preposition ( 144).
As
A pronoun
form.
7.
As a
employed
is
after intransitive
verbs, especially after the verb he, and after the passive form.
He was
victim.
we.
sailor.
They became
He
I walk a queen.
He
is
made
A noun used as
merchants.
died a martyr.
He
It is
fell
It is
I.
overseer.
the
is
is
is
The
Roman and
A noun
he
a Ro-
it
so used
is
as,
often called
subsequent of a preposition;
To
general form.
as,
a king.
may be
the
a young man.
8.
As absolute, with a
participle, in
an abridged clause.
167
As absolute,
in direct address,
As an
when
am
mine
stored to
thou persecutest.
We
remained a week.
made
heard the
bell toll
king forever.
He made
Tell
my
the ground
died a martyr.
re-
The book
me who you
are.
The Lord
Let
He
is
me
Your
virtue
sitteth
be the leader.
177.
made
where
lost.
fathers,
The law
Foot by foot, we
is
Darkness
he
Hortensius
bed.
Shame being
election.
Me
feet deep,
are they
whom
office.
cost a dollar.
Whence
Jesus
minister
France.
to
light.
The adjective
lias
two
distinct
offices.
1.
2.
The
when modifying
when
It
may
It is
is
em-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
168
form
in both
In the expression
oxen.
1 H8
is
implied.
and third
in the second
persons singular of the present tense, and in the second singular of the past tense, to show* the person and number of
the subject.
subject,
its
is
never be used
subject.
and that a
plural in idea,
collective
noun
in form, but
may
86)
take a
Two
The
mar
of
times two
is
Both
is four.
preferable.
fall discussion
Grammars
Upwards of a
a thousand
Some
Gram-
dollars have
been
Over
collected.
logical subject as
Bushels
Two
singular form
an expression
is
subsequent of
of.
first
for a
sum, or a quantity.
is
is
the
the order
of the sense.
1TD.
stands after
its
subject,
is
when
;
as,
grass,
and
blighted
was the
corn.
Except
omitted
also
as,
conditional clauses,
Were
it
when
so, instead of if
it
the conjunction
were
so.
is
When
verb,
it
The
the subject
169
is
is
instead of
He
There needs no
There lacked not
Need often omits
as,
needed.
as,
He
When
18,
stantives composing
the subject
it
is
by
are connected
or,
number ;
You
or I
am.)
am
mistaken.
Neither the
When
You
(Better,
citizens,
nor the
as,
are mistaken, or I
on the part of the speaker brings his own name, or the pro-
noun referring
to
it,
last in order;
proper order
for you,
is
and respect
name should
brother,
and one
to the person
stand
as,
The
first.
There
is
one
for me.
He
is
is
good.
we
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
170
LESSON XXXVIIL
SYNTAX OF THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE.
is
noun
had the ending an, and was never
In Saxon
relations.
it
about as
The
to.
common
as
use.
its
The
make,
see,
and several
in early
infinitive
others,
it is
Saxon had a
generally omitted.
declension,
and the
by the preposition
to.
meaning had
finitive is
The
preposition
And
entirely disappeared.
used as subject,
we
find
was retained
to,
The
infinitive, then,
as
in-
182.
after its
it.
now
it
exists
in
our
From an
1.
it.
This
us
may
in
send;
is
the
let
see.
From
2.
to.
infinitive
and sometimes
In many
as a subsequent; as,
to let,
that
is,
for
good
letting
to eat,
;
glad
still
that
is,
to hear,
for eating
that
is,
a house
at hearing
3.
err
is
is
In
This form
has no meaning.
object,
171
this sense, to
is
To thoroughly comprehend
following infinitive.
1 83.
of the
1.
is,
The
to
is
and the
incorrect.
infinitive.
To
express
purpose ;
Do
as,
purpose of playing.
for the
that
Noth-
as about to go.
is,
not stop
to
am
play ; that
to
hide
me
going to Quincy
to
buy grain.
2.
To
pained
3.
express
to
cause
am
glad
As an adjective modifier,
imperfect participle
Our kings
time.
4.
as,
to
know
We are
it.
After
as, to
that
is,
future kings.
Who
as, in
to be ;
is,
is
omitted verbs.)
member
the
so wise as to
Also
commandments
to
do them.
He
is
as,
Re-
too old to be
caught.
5.
As an adjunct,
in
as, at
It
is
as,
To return
to
our subject,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
172
that
tell
it;
or, Telling
has, so
To
is,
means speaking
it.
thus,
is indefinite
As
7.
As
8.
speak
is
used
is
in the sense
of
am
We
as,
am
Who
to go.-
is
to
not to be found.
is
have money.
a part of a predicate
He
to
which
obliged.)
1 84,
is
no necessity
The Imperfect
to
let,
Participle in
it
The
by three
1.
distinct
is
names.
It stands before
a noun as a modifier
as,
It is
a threshing
then called a
Verbal Adjective.
2.
It is
then called a
3. It is
as,
Your writing
My
is,
brother
is
looks well.
going a-hunt-
It
Gerund,
It is
173
EXAMPLES.
1.
With
a substantive absolute.
was
raised.
fast.
to Carthage.
tence.
in et are generally
Diminutives.
They
tion.
3.
we can
Speaking plainly,
Making
all
Respecting your
(The
offer, it is
is
to distinguish the
improbable.
185.
The
or,
him
is
a gerund
Perfect Participle
an admitted necessity.
it, it
;
But
it
is
is
as,
sometimes used as
a finished article
as a
ment of having
in a
is
active,
concerned, as
and yet so
much a
passive
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
174
Be and have do
ordinary compound forms
not differ
ing in the
of the verb.
man
pound
been.
We
tenses.
We
say, I have
say either
been
German
its
com-
says, I
am
is
is
LESSON XXXIX.
4
TRANSPOSITION.
18G.
ANALYSIS.
The
subject
and
its
modifiers stand
in English has
given.
is
first
in the sentence,
The
last.
the noun.
which stands
The
after them.
word which
it
modifies.
The
noun which
it
modifies
they modify.
Conditional, temporal,
its infinitive
The order
complement
Certainly
as,
it is
is
They dare
not go.
there.
regularly inverted in
changed
is
175
for emphasis, for
187.
arrange
its
is
it
desirable to
EXAMPLES OF TRANSPOSITION.
* High with the last line scaled her voice, and this
dawning
all
and
wild with wind
last line,
Blazed the
Transposed.
him
set
last
The
o'er
last
canbpy set
o'er him.
complete analysis should embrace every word, and give its relations
Written analyses of sentences
to other words and to the sentence.
They serve as composition, punctuation,
should be required often.
and spelling exercises, and are too important to be omitted.
Pupils
should be taught to abbreviate their work, so as to save time in writing
and correcting. Written analyses may be exchanged by the pupils in
class ; one pupil may read, and the rest may criticise and correct errors.
When the pupils are reasonably familiar with analysis, the simpler
modifications may either be omitted or briefly indicated, and the attention directed to obscurer points.
.
188.
inequality,
The above
and
is
tendency
its
is
towards equality.
it is
unmodified
has begun
Sois
the
Has begun
is
is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
176
Always
place where.
is
almost.
is
the
which
is
it
The
predicate,
by
the possessive
requires a complement,
The
towards equality
is
modified
is
Is is
its.
tendency
present tense
thing.
s,
taken with
its
drops v before
conj.,
pres.
perfect tense.
complement of
befin, adj.
has.
In,
Inequality,
modifies begun.
And, copulative
Its,
conj.,
society's,
pos-
Tendency,
Is,
common noun, 3d
pond with
subj., takes
be, intransitive,
3d
sing, to corres-
its
comple-
ment.
towards.
I.
Many
think this
man
a patriot; we,
selfish,
time-
',
Think, vb.,
patriot
irreg., trans.,
man a
this
as complement.
This spec,
man.
adj., limits
Man, comm.
A,
177
n., subj.
of omitted
inf. to be.
Patriot,
comm.
n.,
unknown
adj., limits
contrary.
n.,
The
subs, of on.
adjunct
is
mod. by
trans.,
him
obj. clause,
(to be)
a poli-
tician.
A,
Mere, desc.
adj., variable,
from
mod. politician.
mod.
n. self,
adj.,
politician.
made up
of n. time, and
191*
A figured verbal
is
4164
The tower
4
1^
4161
numbered
2
Relations of words
may
also
641
16
growth
be figured
way
in 36.
upward
the words
to the skies.
i
t
of centuries.
to the
to adopt.
eye by any
The
best
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
178
of the infinitive,
select
etc., is to
examples of whatever
to
is
be
illustrated,
and
to present
them in writing for the criticism of the teacher and the class.
Thus the teacher may require as the lesson of the day, that
each of the ten constructions of the noun and pronoun (176)
shall be illustrated by two examples, either composed by the
pupils, or selected from some author.
It is not recommended, at this stage, to require of the pupil the
reason of every assertion. Time is really frittered away when a pupil
who possesses ordinary intelligence, and has been studying language
for years, is required to tell the reason why he calls the most familiar
name a noun. This minute common-place analysis belongs to the elementary work, and is then important. The teacher should now aim
to present to the pupil the points which involve most difficulty.
1 92.
A few passages
sometimes hold
To put
in
it
half a sin
I feel.
it
stand
Does
to
Would
have a subsequent, or
Construction of
is
it
be used, and
Illus-
when
What
into.
omitted
is
after grief?
Go
put ?
to
my
soul
intransi-
would be
How many
How many
imperii-
Principal parts of go
Why
tion of priest?
is
would used
179
Construc-
of leave?
of thy
?
is
Compare
far?
Why
thine
is
Of yield ?
sad.
a capital
When
Of what
responds to breath
( 109),
Construction of
?
Of what
part of
is
when
is
What
Construction of clay
up
What
verb cor-
LESSON XL.
FIGURES OP SPEECH.
193. A Figure of Speech is an intentional departure from the ordinary form, order,
construction, or
meaning of words.
Figures of
clearness,
variety, or beauty.
194.
figtfre
of Orthography
is
an inten-
Archaism
the spelling of a
is
word
Ingelow's "
Mimesis
by
as,
strooh
false spelling
as,
Hans Schnitzer
hat a vloshipede,
Von of de newest
hint.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
180
and by separation of
omissions,
Apliserei
is
beginning of a word
His for it
parts.
more
letters at
the
is.
for
Syncope
word
is
even
is
Some-
as,
No
to
be pronounced as
if
printed
med'cine.
Apocope
though
th*
is
for the ;
v>'
for
of
an.
a' for
Tho
as, tho
for
Many modern
since languages
omission of the
Paragoge
is
has no significance;
steep
Diaeresis
is
as,
for
my and
steepy for
thy.
$ynserei&
is
or by syncope
as,
can't for
can not
Tmeis
is
compound word
as,
181
to
my
us ward,
eyes, for
whichsoever side.
196.
variations
struction of words.
Ellipsis
is
of the sentence.
It is
more common
as,
I'll
My
father
wiser than I
is
(am.)
The
as,
ellipsis
is
frequent
an honest man.
It is inelegant to
but he tried
to.
as,
He
to,
infinitive, or
change the
order.
Pleonasm
said that he
is
would
go.
know
is
thee
who
as,
thou
John he
art.
a kind of pleonasm.
The
An
may be a pleonasm.
series of nouns in the
same connection are often summed up in one word as, father, mother, children, servants, all were swept to ruin in a
apposition
moment.
Syllepsis
is
down
to
it refers.
them.
Them would be
it,
were
it
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
182
Samaria
is
kind of syllepsis.
Enallage
is
The use of
a common example
singular thou
is
The
we
In
for I.
"Whom
also of
is
as,
"
order of words.
Do
they
call virtue
Do
they
Wander
tvorld.
197.
Tropes,
Figures of
Rhetoric,
called
also
ing of words.
A Simile
is
of explanation, or of embellishment.
duced by
like, as,
or
so,
It
is
generally intro-
The
way
introductory word
is
memoften
omitted.
Like as a father
them
that fear
Upon
Lord
Him.
is
cloven king
God
pitieth
A Metaphor
as,
God
is
His name
a rock.
is
183
is
a tower of strength.
a story designed to
is
some moral
illustrate
is
Some
Metonymy
name
for a cause
lated
name
a place for
made
the cup to
of
it
Synecdoche
a part
for
Hyperbole
beyond
winter day
inhabitants
is
is
for
waves
good or ex-
some
Warsaw
ma-
" Fall of
the
his steel.
tion to address
the sign
as,
Apostrophe
effect
as,
dregs.
reasonable limits.
;
its
an
is
all
its
He drew
He drank
We
name
as the
Scrip-
a substitution of one
is
Many of the
real or
imaginary character
away from
as in the
his narrative
righteous
Where
Heaven
ere
Personification
is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
184
human
wire
!"
you are
exclaimed the
dial-plate,
Irony
is
attributes
holding up
its
monkey, "Justice
as,
"
Lazy
" If
hands.
is
not."
"
Very
pleasant,"
nothingiabout
about
The
it."
as
one
disagreeable
"
You know
sense to a hearer.
Onomatopoeia
its
is
the use of a
is
to
word which
be expressed
imitates in
as, buzz,
whiz,
as moo, bow-wow,
ding-dong, rub-a-dub.
Alliteration
the
is
commencing of
successive words
as,
Many other
principal.
They should be
meaning of the
sentence.
LESSON
XLT.
198.
suf-
The more
im-
preposition,
meaning
sometimes simply
prosthesis.
awake,
He
itive
afield, afloat,
or without meaning,
arise.
signifies over, by ;
185
and
sometimes
is
expletive.
Ex.
Becloud, bedim.
1.
bepraise.
Mi
4.
Bethink,
2.
belie.
3.
Bedeck,
Begird, beloved.
wrong,
signifies
ill,
or
simply negative.
is
Mistaken,
mis-shapen, mistrust.
Un
denotes negation.
It
is
used with
participles
many
adjectives
ative form.
With (German
preposition of the
same
It has
from ;
with-
as,
spelling.
LATIN PREFIXES.
199
A,
at>, or at>
accede, yield to
affix, fasten to
apposition, putting to
Ante means
ally,
bind to
assume, take to
before
as,
annex,
attract,
draw
tie to
to.
about.
with or together
as,
conjoin
correlative.
De
against;
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
186
Dis
or di implies separation;
disjoin,
as,
divert,
turn
aside.
E
out
or
ex (ef ) means
efface,
out
out
expel, drive
rub out.
it is
usually negative
injustice,
run against;
occur,
immoral,
or upon;
as,
indent,
illegal.
as intermix, intermeddle.
or
offer,
to ; as, obtrude,
bring to;
push
oppose, put
against.
Per means
through or by
; as,
perchance, perhaps.
Post means
after
as,
Re
propel, to
e means away
propose,
push forward.
or aside
as,
seduce, lead
away
secede,
withdraw.
Semi.
half,
as,
semi-circle.
(sue, suf, sug, sup, sus) means under ; as, switerranean; succor, literally running under; suffer, labor
Sun
under
suggest, put
under
sus-
Super
is
as,
superhuman, super-
natural.
Trans means
fer, carry over
yond
transgress,
go be-
;;
187
GREEK PREFIXES.
200.
Words which
Greek
origin
as,
an
or
acephalous, headless
as,
Apo
IMa means
Epi
as, anti-slavery.
aphceresis, taking
through
; as, diameter,
Hyper
or
as,
apos-
away.
measure through.
as, epitaph,
away ;
upon a tomb.
ical, over-critical
Hyp
from
as, hypercrit-
hyperbole, overshooting.
as, hypothesis,
putting
under.
Meta means
Peri means
Syn,
syllable,
yl,
over,
beyond ;
around,
sym
as,
as,
taking together
symphony, sounding
as,
together
FRENCH PREFIXES.
means
to ; as,
adieu, to
God; alarm
(a l'arme), to call
to arms.
deliver,
as,
free
from;
En
or
em
is
the Latin in
sur
is
ENGLISH PREFIXES.
301. Dom,
condition, or jurisdiction
of
the
primitive;
as,
freedom,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
188
Mood,
or
head
as,
Ness
is
nouns.
is
implied by
The endings
its
primitive
as,
hardship, partnership.
nexed
to
sailor,
202.
The
ee
(passive),
way with
brigadier,
in
some
committee, president,
servant.
are diminutives
venticle.
Cy, ance, ence. ice, ion, ment, or, ity, ude, and
ure are abstract endings, sometimes annexed to adjectives,
sometimes to verbs
justice, division,
ture*
as,
judgment, splendor\
PEOSODT
LESSON
Prosody
203.
XLII.
Accent, Versi-
treats of
Accent
syllables for
upon
is
certain
syllables
all
monotony would be
The
intolerable.
And
was
The verb
is
Accent
in
the
regular succession of
;
as,
on the
like stars'
on the
first
first part,
sea'."
because
as steam'boat, row--
noun by throwing
euphony is common in prose,
me
is
is
force, the
is
for
made up of monosyllables
as,
Give
7
.
accent.
7
-po-si
is
called to
any word.
expressed by contrast
a louder tone
(189)
is
in loud pas-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
190
often expressed
sages,
it is
erally
an emphatic word
is
and gen-
Rhythm is a regular
Verse
is
made up
succession of accents.
of sentences rhythmically
arranged.
Rhyme
is
final
verses.
205.
A Verse is
order.
Poetry
is
strong feeling.
The
It is a
is
called
blank
verse.
A Canto
is
poem.
regular order.
It is often
a poem,
repeated
erroneously called
a verse.
205.
A Foot
is
a combination of an ac-
COMMON SCHOOL
191
COUliSE.
syllable fol-
The Iambus
ing an unaccented
"
Thy
The iambus
is
the most
common
all'
save thee'."
English verse.
foot in
The Dactyl
cented syllable
4.
Scott used
line.
composed of an
followed by two unaccented
is
Mi'nas."
lines.
(The
a foot
as,
The Auapest
ac-
is
as,
short,
understand accented
and unaccented.
" Tro'chee trips' from long' to short'
From
Slow' Spon'dee'
sort,
yet
ill
able
trisyl'lable
With a
leap'
ENGLISH GKAMMAK.
ID 2
same
poems, a variety
is
is
verse.
Evangeline
fellow's
is
common
English verse.
in
Hiawatha
in dactyls.
is
Long-
in trochaic
verse.
Be
make a rhythm
in read-
ing prose.
LESSON
XLIII.
PUNCTUATION.
307. Punctuation
which are
relations of words.
The Period
(.) is
is
tory.
It is
titles,
cal sentences.
It is also
as,
Hon.
S.
A. Douglass, M.
C.
use
between sentences
is
distinct,
It
is
to
show
Its
proper
slightly connected.
He
low
It
" Fel-
citizens of Tennessee."
is
also used
when a sentence
is
added
to a previous sen-
193
word
as,
No
good Homer
sometimes drowses.
The Semi-colon
(;)
is
which
We
is
as,
fancy
the fact
one pursuit
could concentrate
my
my mind
of my life
habit of dreaming
my
of St. Louis, he
name
in the
the orphan
21.
The
Comma
and are
in the
same
is
(,)
relation
and
as, in
clauses,
by the comma.
When
tion is expressed
series,
sentences,
no
comma is
They laughed and
and brave.
last
group of words
is
said
to
two of a
He
is
wise
shouted.
be
set
off
by commas when
it
used between
terror.
He
as,
He came
in great haste,
and was
in great
If an or-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
194
dinary connective
His
life is
omitted, a
is
comma
When
dark, desolate.
takes
place
its
pairs
as,
in pairs
He may
as,
he
shall
An
as,
"
have a
shelter.
always set
is
all things,
off
by commas
An
except the
its
article, is
comma
Rome, the
as,
mistress
of the world.
An
as,
we
friend,
is
set off
more worlds
for
to con-
quer.
comma
the subject.
sometimes excepted;
singular
who
at-
generally sepa-
Wellington,
as,
is
as,
off
by the comma
is
slide
and
skate.
When
a word
is
as,
comma separates
Now, now is the
Yes, yes.
A comma
as,
To
err
is
human, (and)
is
to forgive,
(is) divine.
A modal adverb,
by the comma as,
;
course, this
made
adjunct, or clause,
is
Certainly, I will do
trouble.
generally separated
it
If you wish,
with pleasure.
it
can be moved.
Of
Common school
careful
recommended
195
couus::.
211.
inverted)
(?
the semi-colon
is
is
If the ques-
direct
it
indi-
is
point.
Pshaw
how absurd
The Apostrophe
as,
Alas
what
(')
Quotation Points
used
to inclose
He
is
as,
a passage
Solomon hath
sure."
"
a quotation
What
What
as,
Ride
here?
bringst thou
softly
He
answered,
'War and
death.'"
The
Hyphen
pound word
It
is
is
(-) is
as, ant-hill,
red-hot, will-o'-the-wisp.
The
syllable should
never be divided.
It is also used
when
syllables are to
to indicate to the
be made distinct
lti-mi-na-ry,
when
syllables.
the design
as,
is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
196
The Diaeresis
in the
three syllables.
is
The Star
Dagger
(j),
is
inserted above.
and
letters
and
Dagger
figures, are
Double
(f), the
used as marks of
reference.
The Dash
) is
And
thrice
to tell
of B
word a*, Mr.
n.
of Parenthesis or Curves are used to enclose
Marks
wonderful
tence,
to-night!
Upon
this,
as,
How many
object in
by a
place of curves
Latin, for
as,
example
The
is
indirect
indicated
The
sound
macron
as,
The Breve
sound;
its
long
ago.
w
(
as, level.
its
short
APPENDIX
USE OF CAPITALS.
212.
1-
At
1.
Common
all appellations
At
3.
title
4.
5.
as of a book, or of a society.
capitals.
6.
A direct quotation
7.
commences with a
This usage
is
capital.
commenced with a
is
at the
not universal.
beginning of an
italics.
9.
Headings
ol chapters,
running
titles
at-
213.
I.
Final
(197)
f,
I,
and
are
doubled in monosyl-
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
198
lables
cept
if,
and the
yes,
as,
clef, of,
as,
is,
stiff] ball,
Ex-
pass.
which end
in silent e
as,
gives.
Other
II.
final
Except ebb,
A,
III.
doubled.
li,
C|
i,
is
J,
It,
v,
ii,
<j,
w,
x,
always followed by u.
which end
ble,
vowel
double the
final sylla-
in a single
fiiatiB
consonant
on receiving an
as,
bud, budding
commit, committee.
distinguished
syllable,
from
ending in a single
offer, offered.
as in traveller,
mute
V. Final e
is
in
ee and oe
VI.
mute
final is retained
as,
careful.
Except duly,
truly,
VII. Final
y preceded by a
merriment,
consonant becomes
pitiless, pitying.
letter
on
except
reI
APFENDIX.
VIII. Final
y preceded by
before an ending
-said, staid, daily,
as,
199
chimneys, payment.
Except
laid, paid,
is
dropped, or a hyphen
is
employed between;
Compounds of
drop one
X.
all
as, fulfill,
When e
and
always, fearful.
first
otherwise,
When
Except
comes
Except
niece, relieve.
that of
and
long,
first
c or
s,
e comes
first;
as,
heifer,
weight, sleight.
sieve.
The above
by
e comes
It is
recommended
and do not
to fix
a great
each rule
many
ex-
amples.
DERIVATION OF SURNAMES.
21 4.
Many nations
at present
additional
the family
times, sur-
make
little
use of them.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
200
every familiar
first
name
or nick-name has
corresponding
its
patronymic.
Ex.
Adamson,
=
Wilson
Dickson or Dixon
Williamson,
Anderson == Andrew's
as,
Richardson,
son.
prefix in patronymics
French
Jils
son,
is
used as a
Mac
or
Mc ;
Clellan, Macgregor.
grandson.
the
of, to
Mcmean
as,
with
as,
Surnames of Occupation.
2.
Ex.
of these are
er.
and
Many
its
is,
Potter,
Joiner),
compounds.
Some names
man ;
as,
Seaman, Water-
man.
in ster ; as,
feminine of
Webber
==
Weaver.
3.
is,
interpreter
who can
talk Latin).
and Pope,
4.
one
Bailiff,
Pope.
Clerk,
Some
Hardly a
village
Saxton, Priest,
given as nicknames.
Surnames of Locality
dence.
Sexton
in
APPENDIX.
names of
localities of
occupation and
first
every kind.
201
Two men
of the same
James from the hill, and James from the dale, naturally becoming James Hill and James Dale.
Ex.
Meadows, Ford,' Park, Bridge = Eriggs, Banks,
Field, and Wood, with their numerous compounds; Towner,
Weller, Wellman.
5.
Names derived from Personal Qualities, or
Ex. Black, Brown, White, Little, Long,
Peculiarities.
Ro c s = Red.
National Names.
Reed, and
6.
fishes,
From
Starr,
Spear.
When
Thus, Schneider
languages.
ler
= Tyler,
it
principal.
is
names through
often indifferent
Mc Go wan = Carpenter.
SYNONYMS.
915.
to
A Synonym
is
word equivalent
in
meaning
Words
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
202
in
any language.
needed
to
When
word is
another word is not
Still, in
synonyms.
But
and
is
for meter,
and in
all
in poetry for
rhyme
it
and of
different length.
blade, glaive^
falchion
is
is
is
a part put
Much
Even a
may seem
fresh
words than
usual.
It is excellent practice to
The most
expression.
familiar truth
w riter
r
in our
own
in better
attempt to rewords.
see
mate synonyms:
Look, view, survey, eye, behold, descry, espy, gaze,
stare,
separated
first
into transitive
object,
and
in-
see.
One may
look,
203
APPENDIX.
Gaze means a prolonged steady look.
glance,
Its
opposite
is
is to
View
make great
is
Its
German
equiva-
eyes.
It
see.
French.
wide open,
longed vision.
closely.
It
is
emphatic by the
It expresses steady,
Espy
or spy
means
to see
cealed.
Watch
is
root as wake,
It
attention.
Scan and
mean
scrutinize
to observe carefully
and
criti-
cally.
curvilinear,
spherical,
circular, annular,
talk, tell,
harangue.
many synonyms
of each, add as
use.
Also
from standard authors, illustrating the proper
Newspaper authority
is
often of no value
204
ENGLISH GRAMMAI!.
The
in
in phrases, or in clauses,
Thus a
historian
may
be a writer of history, a historical writer, one who writes histort/, an author of a history.
may
Pupils
will
may improve
It
is
not to
own
style
by the
exercise.
is'
Had
I not,
by deeply pondering
phy, and the lessons of the historian and the poet, imbued
my
nothing in
renown,"
"
Had
life is
that
etc.
is
be glory or fame,"
my
reason to the
no
etc.
by the
class,
useVul.
i
EXERCISE IN SYNONYMS.
Difference between love and
like ?
Between idle and lazy?
Between generous and liberal?
Between education and learning ? Between spot and blemBetween bring and fetch ? Bear and carry ? Underish ?
2Vo
APPENDIX.
stand and comprehend?
prefer ?
Civil
Choose and
and
polite ?
transport
heroism
Hinder and
Export and
Droop and drop ?
deter ?
As-
INDEX.
(The numbers
Comma,
193.
Comparison of adjectives,
endings, 90.
56, 135,
Accent
of adverbs, 137.
Complement of a verb, 104
Compound
defined, 189.
of compounds, 94.
Adjuncts, 162.
Adverbs, 32, 137.
relations
of,
accent
words, 86.
of,
86, 189.
138.
Alphabet, 81.
Allegory, 183.
Alliteration, 184.
An or A, 136.
Analvsis, 33, 65.
Dactvl, 191.
Anapest, 191.
Antecedent, 125.
Aphaeresis, 180.
Apocope, 180.
Apostrophe, use
of, 195.
183.
Apposition, 150.
Archaism, 179.
Articles, 136.
As, relative pronoun, 128.
Auxiliaries, 141.
figure
of,
Dash, 196.
Declarative sentences, 60.
Declension of nouns, 50.
of pronouns, 126.
Demonstratives, 131.
Derivation, 85.
of verbs, 123.
of surnames, 199.
Diaeresis, 196.
Diphthongs,
82.
Distributives, 131.
Emphasis defined, l v 9.
Emphatic form of verbs,
Enallage, 182.
Errors corrected, 73-76.
Etymology,
Euphony,
110.
85.
84.
Exclamatory sentences,
Expletives, HO.
60.
08
INDEX.
Feminine endings, 98
Figures of speech, 179.
plural
of, 96.
Grammar
Greek
defined, 80.
prefixes, 187.
Hyperbaton,182.
Hyperbole, 183.
Hyphen,
195.
Nominative, 97.
Nouns
construction
Number,
of,
165.
96.
Iambus, 191.
Imperative sentences, 62.
Imperfect participle, 102, 172.
syntax
uses
of,
of,
170.
170.
Language
defined, 79.
models
of, 67-73.
Letters defined, 82.
classified, 71-73.
Liquids, 82,
Metaphor, 183.
Metonymy,
183.
Modify defined,
25.
indirect, 158.
Onomatopoeia, 184.
Ordinal numerals, 133.
Orthography, 81.
rules of, 197.
Paradigm, 98.
Paragoge, ISO.
Parenthesis, 196.
Parsing, 150.
Participles, 54, 99.
in abridged clauses, 161.
uses of, 172, 173.
Parts of speech, 22, 87.
Passive voice, 112, 160.
Period, 192.
Person defined, 43.
Personal pronouns, 36, 126.
compound, 43, 127.
declension of, 126.
Personification, 183.
Phonic spelling, 84.
Phrase defined, 149.
Pleonasm, 181.
Plural, formation of, 48.
Poetry defined, 190.
Positive degree, 57, 134.
Possessives, 49, 97.
Predicate, 19, 147.
Prefixes, Ansrlo-Saxon, 184.
Latin, 185.
209
INDEX.
Prefixes, Greek, 187.
French, 187.
Prepositions, 40, 141.
list of, 41, 141.
compounded with
Syllables, 84
Syllepsis, 181.
Syncope, 180.
Synecdoche, 183.
Synonyms, 201/
Syntax, 146.
Tense, 56, 100.
That, when preferred
as relative, 152.
Title, when pluralized, 97.
Tmesis, 180.
Transitive verbs, 104.
Transposition, 174.
examples
of,
175.
Trochee, 191.
Redundant
verbs, 123.
84.
Semi-colon, 194.
Weak
129.
conjugation, 109.
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