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2.

Example 1

Find the combined impedance of the following circuit:

Answer
Call the impedance given by the top part of the circuit Z1 and the impedance
given by the bottom partZ2.
We see that Z1 = 70 + 60j and Z2 = 40 25j
So

ZT=Z1+Z2Z1Z2
=(70+60j)+(4025j)(70+60j)(4025j)
=110+35j(70+60j)(4025j)
(Adding complex numbers should be done in rectangular form.)
Now, we convert everything to polar form and then multiply and divide as
follows:

ZT=110+35j(70+60j)(4025j)
=115.417.65o(92.2040.60o)(47.1732.01o)
(We do the product on the top first.)

=115.417.65o(92.2047.17)(40.60o32.01o)
=115.417.65o4349.0748.59o
(Now we do the division.)

=115.44349.074(8.59o17.65o)
=37.699.06o
(We convert back to rectangular form.)

=37.225.93j
(When multiplying complex numbers in polar form, we multiply the r terms
(the numbers out the front) and add the angles. When dividing complex
numbers in polar form, we divide the r terms and subtract the angles. See
the Products and Quotients section for more information.)
So we conclude that the combined impedance is

ZT=375.9j

3.

Example 2

Given that Z1= 200 40j and Z2= 60 + 130j ,

find

a) the total impedance


b) the phase angle
c) the total line current
Answer
a) ZT=Z1+Z2Z1Z2

=(20040j)+(60+130j)(20040j)(60+130j)
=260+90j(20040j)(60+130j)
=(275.119.09)(204.011.31)(143.265.22)
=275.1204.0143.2(11.31+65.2219.09)
=106.234.82
=87.18+60.64j
So we conclude that the total impedance is

ZT=87.2+60.6j
b) We see from the second last line of our last answer that the phase angle
is 35.
c) Total line current:
We use
V = IZ,
the fact that the impedance is 106.234.82 and
the fact that the voltage supplied is 12V=120

V.

So

I=ZV
=106.234.82120
=0.11334.82A
4. Example 3

A 100 resistor, a 0.0200 H inductor and a 1.20 F capacitor are


connected in parallel with a circuit made up of a 110 resistor in series with
a 2.40 F capacitor. A supply of 150 V, 60 Hz is connected to the
circuit.
Calculate the total current taken from the supply and its phase angle.
Answer

For Z1 (the upper part of the circuit), we have:

X = 2fL = 2 (60)(0.0200) = 7.540


L

XC=2(60)(1.20106)1=2210.485

Z = R + j(X X )
1

= 100 + j(7.540 - 2210.485)


= 100 2202.9j

=2205.2187.40
For Z2 (the lower part of the circuit), we have:

XC=2(60)(2.40106)1=1105.243
Z = R + j(X - X )
2

= 110 + j(1105.243)

=1110.784.32
So the total impedance, ZT, is given by:

ZT=Z1+Z2Z1Z2
=2103308.188j2449326.75171.72o
=3314.8586.37o2449326.75171.72o
=738.985.35o
This last line in rectangular form is ZT = 59.9 736.5j
Now:

IT=ZTVT
=738.985.35o1500o
=0.20385.35o

So the total current taken from the supply is


of the current is 85.

203 mA and the phase angle

5. Example 1

Find (1 - 2j)6
Answer
First, we express 12j in polar form:

12+(2)2=5, and
arctan(12)=296.6o
So

12j=5 296.6o
Then

(12j)6=(5)6 [6296.6o]
=125 [1779.3903o]
=125 [339.39o]
(The last line is true because 3604=1440, and we substract this
from 1779.39.)
In rectangular form,

x = 125 cos 339.39 = 117


y = 125 sin 339.39 = -44

So (1 - 2j)6= 117 - 44j

6. Example 3

Find the two square roots of 5+12j.


Answer
For the first root, we need to find 5+12j.
This is the same as (-5 + 12j)1/2.
We express 5 + 12j in polar form:

r=(5)2+122=13
For the angle:

=tan1(xy)=tan1(512)67.38o
The complex number 5 + 12j is in the second quadrant, so

= 180 67.38 = 112.62


So

5+12j=13112.62
Using DeMoivre's Theorem:

(r)n=(rnn),
we have:

(5+12j)1/2

=131/2(21112.62)
=3.6156.31
This is the first square root. In rectangular form,

x = 3.61 cos56.31 = 2
y = 3.61 sin56.31 = 3
So the first root is 2 + 3j.
CHECK: (2 + 3j)2 = 4 + 12j - 9 = -5 + 12j [Checks OK]
To obtain the other square root, we apply the fact that if we need to
find n roots they will be n360o apart.
In this case, n=2, so our roots are 180 apart.
Adding 180 to our first root, we have:

x = 3.61 cos(56.31 + 180) = 3.61 cos(236.31) = -2


y = 3.61 sin(56.31 + 180) = 3.61 sin(236.31) = -3
So our second root is 23j.
So the two square roots of 512j are 2+3j and 23j.

7.

Exercises:

1. Evaluate (2135)8

Answer

(2135)8=(2)8(1358)
=2561080
=256

8.\ Example 1

Express 5(cos135+j

sin 135) in exponential form.

Answer
We have r=5 from the question.
We must express =135 in radians.
Recall:

1o=180
So

135o=180135
=43
2.36 radians
So we can write

5(cos 135o+j sin135o)

=5e43j
5e2.36j

9.

Express 1+5j in exponential form.


Answer

We need to find in radians (see Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle if you


need a reminder about reference angles) and r.

=tan1(xy)=tan1(15)1.37 radians
[This is 78.7 if we were working in degrees.]
Because our angle is in the second quadrant, we need to apply:

=1.371.77
And

r=x2+y2
=(1)2+(5)2
=26
5.10
So 1+5j in exponential form is 5.10e1.77j

10. 3. Express in polar and rectangular forms:

2.50e3.84j

Answer
We can immediately write:

2.50e3.84j=2.50 3.84 [polar form, in radians]


OR, if you prefer, since 3.84

radians=220,

2.50e3.84j=2.50(cos 220+j sin 220) [polar form, in degrees]


And, using this result, we can multiply the right hand side to give:

2.50(cos 220+j sin 220)=1.921.61j


Summary
Our complex number can be written in the following equivalent forms:

2.50e3.84j [exponential form]


2.50 3.84=2.50(cos 220+j sin 220) [polar form]

1.921.61j [rectangular form]

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