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Todays Role of electrical drives is a major concern in industrial automation. Industrial
applications use dc motors because the speed-torque relationship can be varied to almost any
useful form for both dc motor and regeneration applications in either direction of rotation. Dc
motors are widely used in applications requiring adjustable speed, good speed regulation and
frequent starting, braking and reversing. approximately important applications are rolling mills,
paper mills, mine winders, hoists, machine tools, traction, textile mills. Today variable speed
application are dominated by dc drives because of lower cost, reliability and simple controlled
drives used in industries: In mechanical industries lathe machines In industrial automation-with
PLCs, DC position controlled application (robotics),In torque requirement application Printing
industries. Dc motors are often applied where they momentarily deliver three or more times their
rated torque. In emergency situations, dc motors can supply over five times rated torque without
stalling (power supply permitting). Infinite range (smooth control down to zero speed) for short
durations or reduced load is also common. Dc motors are often applied where they momentarily
deliver three or more times their rated torque. In emergency situations, dc motors can supply
over five times rated torque without stalling (power supply permitting). Dynamic braking (dc
motor-generated energy is fed to a resistor grid) or regenerative braking (dc motor-generated
energy is fed back into the dc motor supply) can be obtained with dc motors on applications
requiring quick stops, thus eliminating the need for, or reducing the size of, a mechanical brake.
Dc motors feature a speed, which can be controlled smoothly down to zero, immediately
followed by acceleration in the opposite direction -- without power circuit switching. And dc
motors respond quickly to changes in control signals due to the dc motor's high ratio of torque to
inertia. In this project this system is used to control the dc motor up to 3hp. In a previous
system the drives is control by the Variac. But this system results in high power consumption.
Because variac takes power to itself to drive. And motor also not run smoothly. But this drive is
fully digital and its firing is done by the microcontroller. The firing in this system is done
according to the firing angle. And the firing angle is done by the analog port of the
microcontroller. And on the analog port potentiometer is connected. This system has three parts:1 Firing circuit.2 Armature power section.3 Field power section firing circuit. This is most
important or main heart of the circuit. This section controls the firing angle of the phase. By
varying the firing angle the power of the semi converter is varied .Its has pulse transformer
which convert the firing pulse which is square wave in a pulse of fine edge is fed to the gate of
SCR. to fire it rapidly. It is fired rapidly because fine edge contains more current. Pulse
transformer is drive by the transistor which provides sufficient current gain to the pulse. It is used
because microcontroller gives the pulse of low current. Pulse Transformer contains resistance
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and the diode in series. Diode is use as to rectify the one polarity and resistance to limit the
amount of current. Potentiometer is use to decide the firing angle. Potentiometer gives the
microcontroller dc voltage from 0 to 5v. Op amp is use to detect the tripping of armature and
field. Detector circuit is use to upper and lower of the sine wave of the ac. Opt coupler is use to
convert the ac wave to square wave of 5 v. and sine wave is coming from synchronizing
transformer.
DC machines can be classified as self-excited, separately excited, permanent magnet (PM),
and brushless. Self-excited machines can be further classified as shunt, series, and compound.
Compound machines can be further classified as cumulative and differential. Cumulative and
differential machines can be further classified as long shunt and short shunt. As you can see,
there are a variety of electrical configurations for a DC machine. In separately excited motor the
field and armature voltage can be controlled independent of each other. In shunt motor, field
current is same as armature are connected to a common source. in case of series motor field
current is same as armature current and therefore field flux is a function of armature current.
1.1 RESERCH OBJECTIVE:
1) Designing of Dual converter using H-Bridge thyristor.
2) Designing of firing circuit using microcontroller (PIC16F877A).
3) Designing of DC motor driver circuit.
4) Selection and study of RS232 and UART and interfacing with PC.
5) Implementation of DC motor drive with microcontroller and testing.
.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:
[1]. Speed Control of DC Motor Using Thyristor Dual Converter The microcomputer is used
to

control the speed of a dc motor. The control algorithm are stored and implemented by the

microprocessor of the microcomputer. The system employs the use of thyristor, which is
controlled using the software implemented on the microcomputer. [2]Microcontroller built in
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serial port that makes easy to communicate with Pc serial port it also protect from damage .based
trainer kit with port serial and parallel interfacing with PC. In this project use microchip
company PIC16 Series. Microchip is committed to easy migration across product families,
providing seamless program memory expansion, pin compatibility, and a unified development
environment for all products. [3] A Microcontroller Embedded AD Converter based Low Cost
Sensorless Technique for Brushless DC Motor Drives: The proposed method utilizes the
microcontroller embedded AD converter, which is common in state-of-the-art low cost
microcontrollers, for terminal voltage measurements. Therefore, the zero crossing point (ZCP)
can be calculated precisely using simple algebraic equations eliminating the need for analog low
pass filters or comparators.[4] Micro Controller Based Adjustable Closed-Loop DC Motor
Speed Controller Student Conference on Research and Development (Scored), University Putra
Malaysia 2003 . The use of micro controller for speed control and protection of dc motor is
presented. The peculiarity of this method is its adaptability to different ratings of motors.[5]
Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions. This paper discusses optimal algorithms for closedloop control of DC motor drives and their microprocessor implementation. The torque
characteristics and the optimal control firing angle of drives with added series resistance and
reluctant dc motor drives have been described in detail in the literature.

What is dual converter?

When two single phase converter are connected back to back gives four quadrant operation is
called DUAL CONVERTER
Single Phase Dual Converters
We have seen that the single phase full converter operates in two quadrants for inductive load. If
two such single phase full converters are connected back to back, then it is possible to get four
quadrant operation. Such converters are called as dual converters. They operate in all the four
quadrants. shows the circuit diagram of 1 0 dual converter. The P-converter has the output Vol
and it operates in rectification mode (i.e. a < 90). The N-converter has the output V02 and it
operates in the inversion mode (i.e. a > 90'). For a > 90, the average output V02 of N-converter is
negative. The two outputs V ol and 17 02 appear across the load. The two converters operate
on inductive load. Hence their average values are given as,

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Single Phase dual converter

Since one converter operates in rectifying mode and other converter operates in inversion
mode, their average values must be equal and opposite in sign. i.e.,
V01(av) = - V 02 (av)
Putting for V01(av) and V 02 (av) from equation in above equation,
{ (2Vm)/}cos1 = - { (2Vm)/}cos2
cos1 = - cos2
2 = - 1
1+ 2 =

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WAVEFORM OF 1 PHASE DUAL CONVERTER

Observe that P-converter is triggered at a which is less than 90. The N-converter is
trigg ered at cc

w hich is greater than 90. Hence the average values of V 01 and V02

are equal but opposite in sign.

In observe that the instantaneous values of V01 and 1702 are not same. Hence a small amount
of circulating current flows between the two converters. This current does
not flow through the load. The 4-Quadrant operation of Single Phase dual converter
circulating current is limited by the circulating current reactor Lr. The circulating current reactor
is connected between the two converters as shown in

4-Quadrant operation of Single Phase dual converter

Four quadrant operation
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By controlling the firing angles a l and a2 it is possible to change the polarity of output
voltage completely. Consider that V, is positive when a l < 90 and a
negative when al > 90 and a

> 90. Then V, is

< 90. Similarly direction of output current i 0 will also be

changed. Thus 10 dual converter operates in 4 quadrants of V, and i.

Circulating Current and Non-circulating Current Dual Converters
The 1 (I) dual converter discussed in this section is circulating current mode.
In such dual
converter, both the P and N converters are 'ON' simultaneously. One converter operates in
rectification mode and other converter operates in inversion mode. The circulating current
flows between the two converters because both are 'ON' simultaneously. In noncirculating current mode, only one converter is 'ON' at a time. The other converter is
completely 'OFF' (i.e. no gate drives are applied). Hence circulating current doesnot flow in
such operation. The non-circulating current mode dual converters also provide 4-quadrant
operation.
Comparision between circulating current mode & non-circulating current mode

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Three Phase Dual Converters
We have discussed 1 0 dual converters earlier. We know that dual converter operates
in all the four quadrants of v, - i 0 plane. Dual converters are used in reversible speed
drives. The 3 0 dual converters supply more power compared to 14) dual converters.
Circulating Current Mode
dual converter. It uses two 3 phase full converters. We know that the average output voltage of
3 0 full converter is given for highly inductive as,

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Non-circulating Current Mode We know that both the converters are 'ON' (i.e. conducting) in
circulating current mode. The directions of voltage and current both can be reversed to operate it
into all the four quadrants. In the no circulating current mode, only one converter operates at a
time. Hence circulating current doesnot flow. Hence circulating current inductor is not required.
When converter-1 is 'ON' output voltage is positive. When converter-2 is 'ON' output voltage is
negative. The output current direction will also be reversed. But the response of no circulating
mode dual converter is slow. given earlier for comparison of circulating and no circulating
current modes is applicable for 30 dual converters also.

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Proposed scheme of project

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