Beruflich Dokumente
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Environmental Corrections
Overview
Logging tools are designed to acquire data under a wide variation of
borehole conditions. Factors in the borehole environment, such as hole
size and mud properties, significantly affect logging measurements. For
reasons of consistency, logging companies may not attempt to
compensate for the effects of the borehole environment while logging.
Instead, a log analyst or petrophysicist will later use correction
algorithms to correct the log curves to better reflect the physical
properties of the formation.
This chapter contains the procedures for using the Environmental
Corrections application to correct these environmental corrections.
R2003.12.1
R2003.12.1
Landmark
R2003.12.1
In its current state, the data model cannot read all run parameters from
the database; therefore, curves that have not been verified are outlined
in red and parameters that must be verified for these curves are outlined
in yellow.
The history file associated with this application keeps track of the wells
and curves that are included in this run session when you exit the
application. Upon re-entry, these same wells and curves are
automatically selected and included in the Environmental display.
Currently, run parameter information for each curve is not part of the
history file.
The diagram below provides a conceptual view of the Environmental
Corrections interpretive model.
Enter Environmental
Corrections
Enter another
application or
exit OpenWorks.
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Workflow
Environmental Corrections works in tandem with Wellbore Parameter
Editor. The general work flow is
1. Select wells, depth units, depth range, sample interval, and
processing direction in the Environmental Corrections window.
2. Invoke Wellbore Parameter Editor from the Environmental
Corrections window.
3. Select parameters and curves.
4. Save your WPE session.
5. Return to Environmental Corrections to process the data.
6. Check the results with Single Well Viewer or other utilities.
10
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Gamma Ray
Gamma ray logging devices detect radioactive materials (Potassium40, Thorium-232, and Uranium-238) in the formation. Gamma rays
detected are attenuated by such materials as borehole fluid, cement, and
casing. The Gamma Ray environmental correction adjusts the gamma
ray activity to correct for tool position, hole size, and fluid density.
However, Gamma Ray corrections for Sperry Sun tools are calculated
as follows:
GRC = (correction factor * (GR - GR_Kcl))
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Casing
Parameters
Output curve
Welex
Sperry Sun
Gearhart
Baker Atlas
Halliburton
Tool and
Borehole
Parameters
GR
Schlumberger
Input curve
optional parameters
Input Curves
14
R2003.12.1
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
Schlumberger 1 11/16 in
Schlumberger 3 5/8 in (default)
Halliburton 11/16 in
Halliburton 3 3/8 in
Halliburton 3 3/4 in
Halliburton 4 in
Halliburton HGR
Baker Atlas
Gearhart
Sperry Sun DGR 4 3/4 in
Sperry Sun DGR 6 3/5 in
Sperry Sun DGR 8 in
Sperry Sun DGR 9 1/2 in
Sperry Sun HF-DGR
Sperry Sun Solar-175 4 3/4 in
Sperry Sun Solar-175 6 1/2 in
Sperry Sun MGP
Welex
3. GR tool position. In some cases the gamma ray tool is run with the
tool in contact with the borehole wall. In other cases it is run with a
resistivity log that is centered, with the gamma ray tool centered in
the tool. Standoff is specified by a switch set to one of the
following:
eccentered (default)
centered
4. Borehole fluid. This parameter can be set only when a Baker Atlas
or Gearhart tool has been selected. Choose one of the following:
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liquid (default)
oil
air
natural (default)
barite
hematite
parameter
curve
16
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no (default). Go to step 8.
yes. The following four parameters become active. Go to step 4.
Output Curves
Chart References
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tool
Gamma Ray
Charts
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Dual Induction
The Dual Induction Focused Log is used in situations where the
formation is deeply invaded by mud filtrate. For the invasion correction,
the formation signal is split into the invaded and undisturbed zones:
CILD = GCM + GxoCxo + GtCt
CILM = GmCm + GrxoCxo + GtCt
RSR = JmRm + JxoRxo + JtRt
Where:
Rm = Mud resistivity at formation temperature
Rxo = Invaded zone
Rt = Undisturbed zone
J = Pseudo geometrical factor of the shallow resistivity device
The invasion correction is the solution of the unknowns Rxo, Rt, and Di.
A correction for deep induction resistivity and the Rxo / Rt ratio is also
calculated. Mud, mud filtrate, and mudcake resistivities are corrected to
formation temperature. Formation temperature is used to correct the
filtrate resistivity (Rmf).
R2003.12.1
Baker Atlas
Gearhart
Sperry Sun
Welex
Baker Atlas
Gearhart
Sperry Sun
Welex
Halliburton
Halliburton
Tool
Parameters
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Input Curves
Schlumberger
Legend:
Output curves
R2003.12.1
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Input Curves
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
20
Schlumberger 2 (default)
Schlumberger 3
Schlumberger 5
Schlumberger 10
Halliburton Induction/MSF Combination
Halliburton DIL-5
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Baker Atlas
yes
no (default)
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Landmark
12. Mudcake thickness input. This parameter can be set only when a
Halliburton, Gearhart, or Welex microresistivity tool type has been
selected. Choose one of the following:
13. Baker Atlas focused log guard size. This parameter becomes active
only when you select the Baker Atlas focused log (step 5):
2 inches (default)
7 inches
14. Borehole diameter input. This parameter can be set only when a
Halliburton, Gearhart, or Welex microresistivity tool type has been
selected. Choose one of the following:
parameter (default)
curve
Output Curves
22
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Process Outputs
Chart References
The Halliburton without Rxo invasion chart uses the deep, medium, and
shallow resistivities rather than the deep, medium, and microresistivity
as is the case with Halliburton Desktop Petrophysics application. The
behavior of the EC model is the correct one.
The Halliburton induction invasion corrections will give spurious
results if input data is outside published ranges. Refer to the induction
invasion correction charts for acceptable data ranges.
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tools
Charts
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LWD Induction
The Sperry-Sun EWR-PHASE 4 tool is a collar attached to the drill
stem that measures formation resistivity as drilling occurs. The LWD
Induction environmental correction adjusts for borehole size and mud
resistivity.
The Sperry-Sun induction corrections are taken from ECL libraries
provided by Halliburton. These corrections use the mud resistivity to
select one of the charts from the Sperry-Sun chartbook and then uses
that chart to calculate the relationship between input resistivity and
correction factors. Because the ECL libraries do not interpolate
between charts of different mud resistivities, there may be differences
between the values provided by the model and the results that are
expected from the chart book.
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Output curves
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Welex
Sperry Sun
Gearhart
Parameters
optional parameters
Halliburton
Input Curves
Schlumberger
Legend:
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Input Curves
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
parameter
curve
26
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Output Curves
Process Outputs
Chart References
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Source
Title
Tools
EWR-PHASE 4
Charts
3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11,
3-12, 3-13
Source
Title
Tools
EWR-PHASE 4
Charts
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Source
Title
Tools
EWR-PHASE 4
Charts
3-40
R2003.12.1
Laterolog
Laterolog resistivity measures true formation resistivity in boreholes
filled with saltwater mud. The variation of borehole size and mud
resistivity significantly affects deep and shallow laterolog resistivities.
The Laterolog environmental correction corrects for borehole fluid and
borehole size. When a microresistivity device is available, invasion
corrections may also be performed. Mud and mudcake resistivities are
corrected to formation temperature. Formation temperature is used to
correct the filtrate resistivity (Rmf).
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Laterolog Corrections
Legend:
Input Curves
Parameters
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Halliburton
Baker Atlas
Gearhart
Sperry Sun
Welex
Halliburton
Baker Atlas
Gearhart
Sperry Sun
Welex
Schlumberger
Do microresistivity borehole
corrections?
Select one of these tool types:
(ability to set remaining parameters
depends on the tool type you choose)
Output curves
Input Curves
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General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
Laterolog -- Tool
1. Do laterolog borehole corrections?
yes
no (default)
yes
no (default)
Schlumberger DLT-B
Schlumberger DLT-D/E
Halliburton DLTA
Halliburton DLTF
Gearhart
Baker Atlas
Welex Dual Guard
yes
no (default)
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parameter (default)
curve
centered
eccentered
parameter (default)
curve
Output Curves
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Process Outputs
Off-chart flag
Scaled deep resistivity
Deep resistivity factor
Scaled medium resistivity
Medium resistivity factor
RLLd / RLLs
RLLd / Rxo
RLLs / RLLd
Rxo / RLLd
Rt / Rxo
Rxo / Rt
Rt / RLLd
Chart References
The documentation for the Baker-Atlas PETCOM libraries indicates
that they use a Schlumberger chart Rint-9a for their laterolog invasion
corrections. Following their convention, we are using Schlumberger
chart Rint-9a corrections to calculate Baker-Atlas laterolog invasion
corrections, but we are using library code directly from Schlumberger
to do so. This will result in answers that are different from the BakerAtlas 1985 laterolog chart book.
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tools
DLTA, DLTF
Charts
Source
Title
Tools
DLTA, DLTF
Charts
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Microresistivity
Microresistivity devices measure the resistivity of the invaded zone
(Rxo) in order to determine the diameter of the invasion. The
Microresistivity environmental correction adjusts logs for the mudcake
between the pad and the formation. It corrects mudcake resistivity to
formation temperature either by using an external temperature curve or
by computing a temperature gradient from surface and bottom hole
temperature measurements.
This will cause discrepancies in comparing the output from the printed
chart book with the output from the environmental corrections model.
Furthermore, there are differences between the printed chart book and
the values of the Schlumberger library for mudcake thicknesses more
than 3/8 in.
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Microresistivity Corrections
Output curve
Welex
Do microresistivity borehole
corrections?
Sperry Sun
Parameters
Gearhart
Microresistivity resistivity
Baker Atlas
Input Curve
optional parameters
Halliburton
Schlumberger
Legend:
Input Curve
Microresistivity resistivity
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
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Microresistivity -- Parameters
1. Do microresistivity borehole corrections? Select yes.
2. Microresistivity tool type:
parameter (default)
curve
Output Curve
36
Corrected microresistivity
R2003.12.1
Chart References
The Baker Atlas corrections will yield correction factors of less than
one for (R microresistivity) / (R mudcake) resistivities over 100. This is
because the ECL correction library fixes the value of the corrected
microresistivity at a constant value when the input microresistivity
moves off-chart. This is a defect in the PETCOM libraries used for the
Baker-Atlas corrections.
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Source
Title
Tools
MSFL, MGL
Charts
Rx0-1, Rx0-2
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Neutron
The neutron tool sends high-energy neutrons spherically into the
formation. These neutrons are reduced in energy as they collide with
nuclei of atoms they encounter. The primary reduction in energy occurs
in collisions with hydrogen atoms. Reduction in neutron flux is mainly
a function of the hydrogen concentration within the formation, which
can be equated with the porosity.
38
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Neutron Corrections
required input curves and parameters
Process
Selection
Parameters
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Welex
Do neutron corrections?
Sperry Sun
Tool
Parameters
Gearhart
Temperature
Pressure
Formation salinity curve
Input neutron porosity
Baker Atlas
Halliburton
Input Curves
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Legend:
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Borehole
Parameters
Casing
Parameters
Output curves
optional parameters
Input Curves
40
Temperature
Pressure
Formation salinity curve
Input neutron porosity
R2003.12.1
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
Neutron -- Tool
1. Do neutron corrections? Select yes.
2. Neutron tool type:
Schlumberger A (default)
Schlumberger G
Schlumberger H
Schlumberger C
Schlumberger D
Schlumberger SNP
Halliburton DSN2
Halliburton HDSN
Halliburton CNT-K
Gearhart CNT-K
Baker Atlas CNL
Baker Atlas SNP
Sperry Sun CNP 8.00 in
Sperry Sun CNP 6.75 in
Sperry Sun CNP 4.75 in
Welex DSN2
Welex DSN1
Welex Comprobe
Count rates
Calibrated ratio
Neutron porosity (default)
4. Do standoff correction?
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yes (default)
no
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parameter (default)
curve
yes (default)
no
limestone (default)
sandstone
dolomite
limestone (default)
sandstone
dolomite
open (default)
cased
42
yes (default)
no
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yes (default)
no
4. Do mudcake correction?
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
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yes (default)
no
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yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
Neutron -- Borehole
1. Formation lithology:
limestone (calcite)
sandstone (quartz)
dolomite
2. Mud base:
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water
oil
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3. Formation lithology:
natural
barite
hematite
1.5 gm/cc
2.5 gm/cc
calculate from bit size and caliper (default). If you select this
option, you will be able to enter values for borehole diameter
and bit size in steps 9 and 16 below.
input from curve
yes
no (default)
8. Use field Caliper. This parameter is active only if you selected the
Schlumberger SNP tool. Choose one of the following:
yes
no (default)
parameter (default)
curve
10. Formation sigma. This option is available only for Halliburton and
Schlumberger tools. Enter a value in the Value field.
11. Water sigma. This option is available only for Halliburton tools.
Enter a value in the Value field.
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12. Limestone sigma. Enter a value in the Value field (the default value
is 7.100).
13. Sandstone sigma. Enter a value in the Value field (the default value
is 4.600).
14. Dolomite sigma. Enter a value in the Value field (the default value
is 4.700).
15. Mud weight. Enter a value in the Value field.
16. Bit Size. This parameter is active only when you choose to
calculate mudcake thickness from bit size and caliper. Enter a value
in the Value field.
17. Borehole Diameter. Enter a value in the Value field.
18. Borehole Salinity. Enter a value in the Value field.
19. Formation Water Salinity. Enter a value in the Value field.
Neutron -- Casing
1. Hole casing type:
open
cased
Output Curves
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R2003.12.1
Chart References
The neutron temperature correction algorithm has been modified to
give answers which approximate the neutron corrections in the
Western-Atlas 1985 chart book. These corrections are different than the
one in the 1995 Baker Atlas charts.
The Schlumberger neutron corrections will not allow you to output the
value of each individual correction, unlike all of the other neutron
corrections. This behavior is due to the interface with the Schlumberger
ECL library code which makes it difficult to get the size of individual
corrections from the library.
The borehole diameter corrections have been corrected to match an
equation in the 1985 Western-Atlas chart book. This will give different
answers from previous versions of PetroWorks.
When performing a cased hole correction for the Halliburton DSN2
tool, the Environmental Correction model calculates an equivalent open
hole porosity from the cased hole porosity after cement and casing
corrections are performed. The chart for this correction is not in the
Halliburton chart book but is documented on page 5-53 of the
Halliburton Environmental Corrections Library Reference Guide (June
1996).
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tools
Neutron
Charts
Source
Title
Tools
Charts
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Density
The formation density log is a porosity log that measures the electron
density of a formation. The pad device is designed to fit a circular hole
of a specific radius. The Density environmental correction adjusts
deviations from this hole size.
Density Corrections
required input curves and parameters
Output curve
Welex
Sperry Sun
Gearhart
Baker Atlas
Parameters
Field caliper
Borehole diameter curve
Input bulk density
Do density corrections?
Halliburton
Input Curves
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Legend:
Input Curves
48
Field caliper
Borehole diameter curve
Input bulk density
R2003.12.1
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
Density -- Parameters
1. Do density corrections? Select yes.
2. Density tool type:
yes
no (default)
natural (default)
barite
hematite
parameter
curve
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Output Curves
Corrected density
Chart References
50
Source
Title
Tools
SDL, SLD
Charts
Source
Title
Tools
HSDL
Charts
POR-3
Source
Title
Tools
SDL
Charts
POR-1, POR-2
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Pulsed Neutron
The TMD pulsed neutron device determines the number of hydrogen
atoms in a unit volume. The device is severely affected by any
disturbance in the number of neutrons in the area being investigated.
The Pulsed Neutron environmental correction computes corrected
porosity and intrinsic sigma values.
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Borehole
Parameters
Casing
Parameters
Output curves
Welex
Sperry Sun
Gearhart
Baker Atlas
Tool
Parameters
Formation sigma
Borehole sigma
TMD near/far ratio
Do pulsed neutron corrections?
Halliburton
Input Curves
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Legend:
Calculate ratios?
Calculate sigmas?
Calculate porosities?
Enter pulse neutron output lithology
Enter formation lithology
Enter borehole fluid
Enter borehole fluid sigma
Enter borehole salinity
Do blast ring correction?
Do cement corrections?
Enter cement sigma source
Enter cement water salinity
Enter salt added per bag cement
Enter cement sigma
Enter inner casing cement sigma
Do gravel pack corrections?
Enter gravel pack sigma
Enter tubing diameter
Enter casing diameter
Intrinsic sigma
Corrected near/far ratio
Formation salinity
Limestone porosity
Sandstone porosity
Dolomite porosity
Input Curves
52
Formation sigma
Borehole sigma
TMD near/far ratio
R2003.12.1
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
yes (default)
no
4. Calculate sigmas?
yes (default)
no
5. Calculate porosities?
yes (default)
no
limestone (calcite)
sandstone (quartz)
dolomite
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liquid (default)
oil
air
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yes (default)
no
2. Do cement corrections?
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
54
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Output Curves
Intrinsic sigma
Corrected Near/Far Ratio
Formation salinity
Limestone porosity
Sandstone porosity
Dolomite porosity
Chart References
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tools
Charts
Source
Title
Tools
Charts
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Input Curves
Parameters
optional parameters
Input potassium
Input uranium
Input thorium
Do spectral gamma ray corrections?
Output curve
56
Welex
Sperry Sun
Gearhart
Baker Atlas
Halliburton
Schlumberger
R2003.12.1
Input Curves
Input potassium
Input uranium
Input thorium
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
open
cased
eccentered (default)
centered
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Output Curves
Corrected potassium
Corrected uranium
Corrected thorium
Chart References
None
58
R2003.12.1
EPT
The Electromagnetic Propagation Log returns water-filled porosity in
the first few inches of the formation. Its primary use is for determining
the water saturation of the flushed zone. The EPT environmental
correction adjusts for mudcake and spreading loss, and it calculates
EPT resistivity.
EPT Corrections
required input curves and parameters
Borehole
Parameters
Formation
Parameters
Output curves
R2003.12.1
Welex
Do EPT corrections?
Sperry Sun
Tool
Parameters
Gearhart
Uncorrected EATT
Uncorrected TPL
EPT porosity
Baker Atlas
Halliburton
Input Curves
optional parameters
Schlumberger
Legend:
Do mudcake correction?
Do spreading loss correction?
Enter source for spreading loss
Enter EPT spreading loss
Do EPT resistivity calculation?
Select mud base
Select mudcake thickness input
Enter borehole diameter input
Enter mudcake resistivity
Enter mudcake resistivity temperature
Enter bit size
Enter borehole diameter
Enter tortuosity factor
Enter cementation exponent
EATT
TPL
Delta EATT
Delta TPL
Formation resistivity
Formation conductivity
Apparent water resistivity
Formation resistivity at 75F
Formation conductivity at 75F
Apparent water resistivity at 75F
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Input Curves
Uncorrected EATT
Uncorrected TPL
EPT Porosity
General -- Tool
1. Run pass? Select yes.
Processing the Correction
The Run pass? parameter does not actually process the correction; it merely
enables you to begin selecting parameters for a correction. To process the
correction, select Process in WPE.
EPT -- Tool
1. Do EPT corrections? Select yes.
2. EPT tool type is Schlumberger.
3. Do mudcake correction?
yes (default)
no
yes (default)
no
calculated (default)
from parameter. If you select this option, you will be able to
enter a value for EPT spreading loss in step 6.
60
yes (default)
R2003.12.1
no. If you select this option, you will be able to enter mudcake
resistivity and temperature values in the Borehole parameter
group (steps 4 and 5 under EPT -- Borehole below).
EPT -- Borehole
1. Mud base:
water (default)
oil
calculate from bit size and caliper (default). If you select this
option, you will be able to enter values for borehole diameter
and bit size in steps 3 and 6 below.
input from curve
parameter
curve
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EPT -- Formation
1. Tortuosity Factor (a). Enter a value for a in Archies equation in the
Value field.
2. Cementation Exponent (m). Enter a value for m in Archies
equation in the Value field.
Output Curves
EATT
TPL
Delta EATT
Delta TPL
Formation resistivity
Formation conductivity
Apparent water resistivity
Formation resistivity at standard temperature
Formation conductivity at standard temperature
Apparent water resistivity at standard temperature
Process Outputs
62
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Chart References
R2003.12.1
Source
Title
Tools
EPT
Charts
63
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R2003.12.1
R2003.12.1
Input Curves
Output Curves
Laterolog Standoff
Temperature (Temp)
Pressure
Resistivity Caliper
Field Caliper
Cement Thickness
Gamma Ray
Corrected Microresistivity
65
Landmark
Input Curves
Output Curves
Neutron Porosity
Corrected Density
Bulk Density
Microresistivity
Formation Sigma
Borehole Sigma
Intrinsic Sigma
Potassium
Uranium
Corrected Potassium
Thorium
Corrected Uranium
Uncorrected EATT
Corrected Thorium
Uncorrected TPL
EATT
EPT Porosity
TPL
Delta EATT
Delta TPL
EPT Resistivity
EPT Resistivity Standard Temperature
EPT Conductivity
EPT Conductivity Standard
Temperature
Apparent Water Resistivity
Apparent Water Resistivity Standard
Temperature
Apparent Water Conductivity
Apparent Water Conductivity Standard
Temperature
Corrected Gamma Ray Factor
Dual Induction Off Chart Flag
Deep Geometric Factor
Medium Geometric Factor
Scaled Shallow Resistivity
Shallow Correction Factor
Rm / Rd Ratio
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Input Curves
Output Curves
Rs / Rd Ratio
Laterolog Off chart flag
Rlld / Rm ratio
Deep correction ratio
Rlls / Rm ratio
Shallow correction ratio
Rlld / Rlls ratio
Rlls / Rxo ratio
Rxo / Rt ratio
Rt / Rlld ratio
Rxo / Rmc ratio
Corrected microresistivity factor
Borehole diameter correction
Mudcake correction
Casing thickness correction
Cement thickness correction
Equivalent open hole correction
Borehole salinity correction
Mud weight correction
Temperature correction
Pressure correction
Standoff correction
Lithology correction
Formation salinity correction
Formation sigma correction
Difference input caliper
Mudcake correction slope
Differential ratio versus porosity
Differential limestone porosity to ratio
Differential sandstone porosity to ratio
Differential dolomite porosity to ratio
Deep induction phase completion code
Medium induction phase completion
code
Shallow induction phase completion
code
R2003.12.1
67
Input Curves
Landmark
Output Curves
Extra shallow induction phase
completion code
Deep induction attenuation completion
code
Medium induction attenuation
completion code
Shallow induction attenuation
completion code
Extra shallow induction attenuation
completion code
Borehole diameter used
Mudcake thickness
Mud resistivity at formation
temperature
Mudcake resistivity at formation
temperature
68
R2003.12.1
R2003.12.1
69