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Progressive Interpretive Applications

OnePhiSw

Overview
OnePhiSw computes total porosity (tot) and effective porosity (e),
water saturation (Sw), flush zone water Saturation (Sxo), and bulk
volume water (BVW) given that the lithology is known and consistent,
that variable amounts of clay are present, and that only one porosity
device is availableneutron, density, or sonic. You input shale and
fluid parameters.
Prior to using OnePhiSw, you must determine shale volume (Vsh) in
Basic Interpretation, Shale Volume, or another application. The
minimum log suite is the true formation resistivity (Rt) and a neutron,
density, or sonic porosity (N, D, or S). The addition of a flushed
zone resistivity device (Rxo) allows the program to solve for moved
hydrocarbons (Sxou and Sxo).
Light hydrocarbons are corrected for by zoning and using the fluid
input parameters. Iterations for porosity or residual hydrocarbons are
not performed. You have the option to test for salt and coal.

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The diagram below provides a conceptual view of the OnePhiSw

interpretive model.
one of:

( N b t e )

INPUT

Rt

(Rxo)

TEMP

Vsh

(m)

Indonesian
Simandoux
Modified Simandoux

Vcoal
Vsalt
shale

Vcoal
Vsalt
hydrocarbon

rock matrix

water

Undisturbed
Zone

Flushed
Zone

Vsh

Bvw

Sxo
Bvw Sxo

OUTPUT

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Overview: OnePhiSw

Sw

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OnePhiSw input curves and output curves along with alternative

notation are listed below.
Input Curves (aka)

Output Curves (aka)

Neutron Porosity (PHIN, N)

Effective Porosity (PHIE, e)

Bulk Density (RHOB, b)

Formation Factor

Acoustic Wave Travel Time (DT, t,

SON)

Water Saturation (Sw)

Effective Porosity (PHIE, e)

Water Saturation (Sw) Unbounded

True Resistivity (Rt)

Water Saturation (Sw) Indonesian

Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo)

Water Saturation (Sw) Simandoux

Temperature (TEMP)

Water Saturation (Sw) Modified

Simandoux

Shale Volume (Vsh, VCL)

Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)

Clay Flag (CLF)

Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxou)

Unbounded

Cementation Exponent (m)

Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)

Indonesian
Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)
Simandoux
Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)
Modified Simandoux
Bulk Volume Water (BVW)
Bulk Volume Water Flushed Zone
Shale Flag
Clipped Shale Volume
Coal
Salt
Porosity Clipped

For a list of all OnePhiSw parameters, defaults, descriptions, and

values, see the online-only PetroWorks Parameters manual. The
same information for individual parameters can be accessed by double
clicking (MB1) on any cell in that parameters column.

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Before You Start

Before you begin working in OnePhiSw, you need to set up some
program preferences and prepare your data for processing. See Before
You Start on page 15 in the PetroWorks Progressive Interpretive
Applications manual to review how to set your project preferences and
prepare your data.
Once you have completed your preparatory work, you can access
OnePhiSw from the PetroWorks Command Menu by selecting
Interpret > OnePhiSw.
The OnePhiSw window appears. See Processing on page 16 in the
PetroWorks Progressive Interpretive Applications manual for general
instructions on using this window.

Workflow
OnePhiSw works in tandem with Wellbore Parameter Editor. The
general workflow is
1. Select wells, depth units, depth range, sample interval, and
processing direction in the OnePhiSw window.
2. Invoke Wellbore Parameter Editor from the OnePhiSw window.
3. Select parameters and curves.
4. Save your WPE session.
5. Return to OnePhiSw to process the data.
6. Check the results using Tabular List or graphically view the output
curves with Single Well Viewer or LogEdit.

General
Interpretive
Application
Workflow

Interp App
WPE

logs

tab list

xplot

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Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor

Once you have chosen your wells, units, depths, and processing
direction, invoke the WPE from within the OnePhiSw window.
Why are some Wellbore Parameter Editor cells greyed out?
To assist you in efficiently using WPE, parameters that you cannot change or that
are not neededon the basis of the logic parameters you selectare greyed out.

Setting Petrophysical Parameters

WPE is set up so that when you select the logic switches needed to
obtain the output curves you desire, many unnecessary parameters are
greyed out. These visual clues help guide you in efficiently entering
other required values. For this reason it is imperative that you make
your logic and algorithm choices first. Be sure to switch off any logic
choices you dont require for the output curves you need.
The Parameter Groups for OnePhiSw are

Algorithm Selection
Porosity
Water Saturation
Mineral Indicators
Shale Parameters
Input Curves
Output Curves

Algorithm Selection

Select the Shale Type (how you want to account for shale in the
calculations):
Shale Volume
no shale

Select the Porosity Type:

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Input Curve
Corrected Neutron
Density
Sonic - Wyllie
Sonic - Empirical

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Select the Water Saturation Model. (For background information,

see Appendix A: Water Saturation Equations Used
in Shaly Formations on page 285 and Water Saturation Model
on page 105.)
Indonesian
Simandoux
Modified Simandoux

Mineral Indicators
Test for Coal and Test for Salt logic require that you input the Neutron
Porosity or the Bulk Density or the Acoustic Wave Travel Time (for
coal logic only) curves. When the Test for Coal/Salt switch for coal or
salt is set to Yes, you must enter the values for the appropriate
parameters:

Coal: Coal Neutron Porosity or Coal Density or Coal Transit Time

Salt: Salt Neutron Porosity or Salt Density

For the other parameters in this group, see the Parameters table below.

Other Parameters
Once you have entered the appropriate Algorithm choices, WPE will
guide you through the other selections you need to make by graying out
cells that are not applicable. Review all preset parameters to make sure
they are appropriate for your data. Remember that if you change the
value of a global parameter, the change applies to all applications using
WPE data, not just the one you are currently using.
The table below lists the remaining parameters by parameter group and
provides a brief explanation for each. A (g) preceding a parameter
name indicates a global parameter. For a complete list of all OnePhiSw

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parameters, curves, default values, and units, see the Parameters

manual.
Porosity
N

Source of m value

Raymer-Hunt-Gardner Factor (KHR, k)

Clay Volume Limit (VO/CL LM, V0)

Cutoff value where the limit

logic will increase and the m
VARIABLE w/VCL will be used
(default value 1.0)

(g) Hydrogen Index of Fluid (HI)

Hydrogen index. If light

hydrocarbons are present, this
parameter can be used to
compensate for the mixture of
filtrate and hydrocarbons. Note:
Use very carefully in gas zones.

(g) Matrix Density (RHOMA, ma)

Matrix density

(g) Fluid Density (RHOF, fl)

Fluid density. If light hydrocarbons

are present, this parameter can be
used to compensate for the mixture
of filtrate and hydrocarbons.

(g) Matrix Transit Time (DTMA, tma)

(g) Fluid Transit Time (DT Fluid, tfl)

Transit Time Compaction Correction

(Cp)

Parameter (aka)

Description

Porosity

Maximum Porosity Clean Reservoir

(PHI MAX, max)

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Source of cementation exponent,

m: Numeric, m Input Curve, or
Shell Formula. If m input curve is
chosen, you must enter a curve
name in the Input grouping.
Hunt-Raymer constantused in
the Hunt-Raymer equation only.
Maximum porosity expected in the
clean zone. Used in the limit logic
for bad hole conditions. (default
value 1.0)

Matrix travel time

Fluid travel timeused in the
Wyllie equation only. If light
hydrocarbons are present, this
parameter can be used to
compensate for the mixture of
filtrate and hydrocarbons.
Compaction correctionused in
the Wyllie equation only.

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Porosity
N

Water Saturation Exponent (EXP)

Vary m With Vclay

(g) Tortuosity Factor (a)

(g) Cementation Exponent (m)

(g) Water Resistivity (Rw)

Mud filtrate resistivity temperature

Test for Coal

Test for Coal in the formation.

Test for Salt

Test for salt using Neutron and

Density. If Yes, lithology defaults
to salt when Bulk Density < Salt
Density and Neutron Porosity <
Salt Neutron Porosity.

(g) Coal Neutron Porosity (N coal)

Density value to test for coal; used

if coal logic is selected.

(g) Coal Density (N coal)

(g) Coal Transit Time (Tcoal)

(g) Salt Neutron Porosity (N salt)

Parameter (aka)

Description

Water Saturation

(g) Water Resistivity Temp

(Rwt, RwTEMP)
(g) Mud Filtrate Resistivity (Rmf)
(g) Mud Filtrate Resistivity Temp
(Rmf TEMP, Rmft)

Exponent of Water Saturation (Sw)

used to limit Flushed Zone Water
Saturation
Variable m with Clay Volume.
When this logic is selected, m is
increased if Clay Volume is greater
than the input parameter Clay
Volume Limit.
Formation factor constant
Formation factor cementation
exponent. Required only if Source
of m Value is set to Numeric Value
Formation water resistivity
Formation water resistivity
temperature
Mud filtrate resistivity. Used only if
Rxo device is available.

Mineral Indicators

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Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor: OnePhiSw

Density value to test for salt; used if

salt logic is selected.

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Porosity
N

Description

Density value to test for salt; used if

salt logic is selected.

Neutron porosity for dry shale

(g) Shale Density (sh)

Bulk density for shale

(g) Dry Shale Transit Time (tsh)

Acoustic transit time (t) in dry

shale

(g) True Resistivity Shale (RClay, Rt sh)

(g) Shale Rxo (Rxo sh)

Parameter (aka)
(g) Salt Density (N salt)
Shale Parameters
(g) Neutron Porosity of Dry Shale
(N sh)

True resistivity (Rt) for shale

Resistivity of shale in the flushed
zone

Selecting Input Curves

The required input curves are automatically sensitized and set to default
curve names. You many use these curves or select other curves.
Select Curve...
Remember you can use Select Curve... (click MB3 after selecting a cell or column
in WPE) to help you input existing curve names. You can display just those logs
that are common to all wells, or you can display all curves in all wells.

Specifying Output Curves

Output curves are automatically sensitized on the basis of algorithm
and other parameter selections and are set to default names. You may
use these defaults or select other names. Some output curves may not
be calculated due to the lack of an input curve or as the result of certain
logic and parameter entries. In such instances, output curves are greyed
out. Some output curves are generated as inputs to other calculations,
and you may not wish to save these to the database. In these cases, be
sure that the Write Flag is set to no.

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Processing the Model

When you are satisfied with your curve and parameter selections, you
are ready to run the model.
To run the model,
1. Save the current WPE session.
2. Return to the interpretive application window.
3. Click on the Process button to begin the calculations.
The Status window will alert you when the process is complete.

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How the Application Processes Data

OnePhiSw
Method
Summary

(bold numbers
in parentheses
refer to steps in
the following
pages)

(1)

Specify Shale Volume (Vsh) curve

(2),(3)

Use for Salt or Coal Logic?

(4)

Compute e corrected for Clay,

Matrix, and Fluids

(5)

Limit
0 e limit

(6)

Compute Water Saturation

Sw from e

(6)

Is Rxo available?

No

Yes
(7)

Compute Flushed Zone Saturation

(Sxo) from e

Limit
EXP
S w S xo S w

(8)

Compute Bulk Volume Water

BVW = e S w
BVW Sxo = e S xo

End

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OnePhiSw uses the following algorithms to calculate output curves.

Bold descriptions indicate Wellbore Parameter input and output curves.

(1)

Shale Volume
OnePhiSw supports specification of both an external shale volume
curve and any Shale Flag curve that has been created by a shale
determination routine.
The output curve Shale Flag is identical to the input curves except in
the case where the Salt or Coal limits have been met.

(2)

Coal Logic
If you elect to Test for Coal, you must also input the value for Coal
Neutron Porosity or Coal Density or Coal Transit Time, depending on
which porosity input curve you are using. Coal is present when
Neutron Porosity > Coal Neutron Porosity
or
Bulk Density < Coal Density
or
Acoustic Wave Travel Time < Coal Transit Time

When coal is detected,

V coal = 1.00
Clipped Value of Shale Volume
Shale Flag
Effective Porosity
Water Saturation
Flushed Zone Water Saturation

(3)

=
=
=
=
=

0
10
0
1.00
1.00

Salt Logic
If you elect to Test for Salt, you must also input the value for Salt
Neutron Porosity or Salt Density or DT Salt Transit Time. Salt is
present when

Neutron Porosity < Salt Neutron Porosity

Bulk Density < Salt Density

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How the Application Processes Data: OnePhiSw

or

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When salt is detected,

V salt = 1.00
Clipped Value of Shale Volume
Shale Flag
Effective Porosity
Water Saturation
Flushed Zone Water Saturation

(4)

=
=
=
=
=

0
11
0
1.00
1.00

Effective Porosity
Effective Porosity is computed using one of the following equations:

Corrected Neutron
N ( V sh N sh )
e = ----------------------------------------------HI

where
e = Effective Porosity
N = Neutron Porosity
V sh = Shale Volume
N sh = Shale Neutron Porosity
HI = Hydrogen Index of Fluid

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The Neutron Porosity input curve should be adjusted for matrix. If

necessary, adjust the hydrocarbon index for light hydrocarbons.

Density
ma [ b + V sh ( ma sh ) ]
e = -------------------------------------------------------------------- ma fl

where
e = Effective Porosity
ma = Matrix Density
b = Bulk Density
V sh = Shale Volume
sh = Shale Density
fl = Fluid Density

If necessary, adjust the Fluid Density for light hydrocarbons.

Sonic
Wyllie equation
t V sh t sh t ma t ma

1
e = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------t fl t ma
Cp

Empirical
t ma
t ma

e = k 1 ----------- V sh 1 -----------
t
t sh

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where
e = Effective Porosity
t = Acoustic Wave Travel Time
V sh = Shale Volume
t sh = Shale Transit Time
t ma = Matrix Transit Time
t fl = Fluid Transit Time (if needed, adjust for light hydrocarbons)
Cp = Transit Time Compaction Correction
k = Raymer-Hunt-Gardner Factor

(5)

Limits of Effective Porosity

Effective porosity is limited by the following equations:
limit = max ( 1 V sh )
limit = max ( 1 V sh )

if V sh V 0
10 ( V sh V 0

) 1.6

if V sh > V 0

where
max = Maximum Porosity Clean Reservoir
V 0 = Clay Volume Limit

Effective porosity is then limited to the following test:

0 1 limit1

Note
An output of 10 from the PhiTest_OnePhi curve means that the calculated porosity
was less than zero and clipped. Output of 11 means that the calculated porosity
exceeded the limit set by the shale equation.

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The following plot demonstrates these limits:

.40
Example:
max = 0.30

.30

Porosity

VO = 0.50

.20

e is limited to this

.10

area

0
0

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

.90

1.00

Shale Volume
Effect of max and VO on e Porosity Limits

(6)

Water Saturation Model

Water saturation is computed from one of the following user-selected
equations (for background information, see Petrophysical
Interpretation manual, Appendix A: Water Saturations Used in Shaly
Formations).

Indonesian (Poupon-Leveaux)
[1 (V 2)]

sh
( V sh )
m 2
1
--------- = ----------------------------------------- + ------------------- ( S ) n 2
w
R sh
a Rw
Rt

Simandoux
m ( S w ) n V sh S w
1
----- = ----------------------- + -------------------Rt
a Rw
R sh

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How the Application Processes Data: OnePhiSw

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Modified Simandoux
m ( Sw ) n
V sh S w
1
----- = ------------------------------------- + -------------------Rt
a R w ( 1 V sh )
R sh

where
R t = True Resistivity
V sh = Shale Volume
R sh = Shale Resistivity
m = Cementation Exponent (user input as a value, Shell Formula, EPT derived, or an input curve)
a = Formation Factor constant (input parameter)
S w = Water Saturation
R w = Water Resistivity (input value along with Rw Temperature)
= Porosity computed in the program through iteration
n = Saturation Exponent (or m plus constant) [Factors & Indices]

Note that when Vary m With Vshale logic is selected, m is increased in

the higher shale volume zones to force water saturation to be 1.00.
when V sh < V 0

m = m
m = m 10

( V sh V 0 )

when V sh V 0

Water Saturation (Sw) is limited by the program to 1.00 (100%). Water

Saturation (Sw) Unbounded is the unlimited water saturation that
enables the user to check the computed values in wet zones for
accuracy of inputs (Rw, a, m, n, etc.).

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(7)

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Flushed Zone Saturation

If a Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo) curve is available, Flush Zone
Water Saturation (Sxo) is computed from one of the following userselected equations:

Indonesian (Poupon-Leveaux)
(1 V 2)

sh
( V sh )
m 2
1
------------- = ------------------------------------- + -------------------n2
R xo shale
a R mf ( S xo )
R xo

Simandoux
m ( S xo ) n V sh S xo
1
--------- = ------------------------ + --------------------a R mf
R xo
R xo shale

Modified Simandoux
V sh S xo
m ( S xo ) n
1
--------- = -------------------------------------------- + --------------------( a R mf ) ( 1 V sh ) R xo shale
R xo

where
R xo = Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo)
V sh = Shale Volume
= Porosity
m = Cementation Exponent
S xo = Flush Zone Water Saturation
n = Saturation Exponent
a = Tortuosity Factor
R mf = Resistivity Mud Filtrate corrected to formation temperature
using Resistivity Mud Filtrate (Rmf), Resistivity Mud
Filtrate Temp (Rmft), and Temperature
R xo shale = Flush Zone Resistivity Shale

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The computed Flush Zone Water Saturation (Sxo) Unbounded is limited

to the following equation and is stored in the database as
SxoU_OnePhi:

EXP
S w S xo S w

where EXP is the user-input exponent (normally, 0.2). This prevents all
moved hydrocarbons in the event Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo) is
effected by bad hole conditions.

(8)

Calculation of Bulk Volume Water

Bulk volume water is calculated by
BVW = e S w
BVW Sxo = e S xo

where
BVW = Bulk Volume Water
e = Effective Porosity
S w = Water Saturation
BVW Sxo = Bulk Volume Water Flushed Zone
S xo = Flushed Zone Water Saturation

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