CLOUD PRINTING

AN UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Objectives of the report ...................................................................................................................... 3
Printing ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Cloud computing ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Basics ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Technical aspects ................................................................................................................................ 4
Cloud printing ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Cloud printing industry ....................................................................................................................... 6
Cloud Print Providers ...................................................................................................................... 6
Cloud enabled Printer Manufacturers ............................................................................................ 7
Benefits of cloud print: ....................................................................................................................... 7
Process Overview .................................................................................................................................... 7
Technology Taxonomy ............................................................................................................................ 8
Insights .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Filling Trends ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Jurisdiction based patent/publication distribution....................................................................... 10
Year based filing trend .................................................................................................................. 12
Assignee based analysis ................................................................................................................ 13
Technology based analysis ................................................................................................................ 14
Distribution based on type of communication ............................................................................. 15
Software based distribution.......................................................................................................... 15
Platform based distribution .......................................................................................................... 16
Distribution based on network architecture ................................................................................ 17
Distribution based on targeted service type................................................................................. 18
Market Analysis..................................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 20

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Introduction
Objectives of the report
o
o
o
o

To give an overview of latest printing methodologies, i.e., cloud printing.

To explore vast field of printing, and more specifically printing infrastructure.
To give insights on different patenting trends associated with printing infrastructure.
To uncover market potential of the technology domain or printing methodologies.

Printing
Printing is a process of reproducing text or images on a paper or similar medium. No matter how big
an organization is, it needs to print, scan, or fax multiple documents at various locations as a part of
its daily operations. Being an integral part of everyday life, printing is a promising and ever growing
technology.
Background
The earliest known form of printing called woodblock printing dates long back in 220AD1. The
technique was initially adopted in China and used textiles as the printing media. Later in 1040AD,
movable type printers came into existence. Such printers used movable components to reproduce
elements of a document on print media. Coming after in year 1450, printing press that evenly
printed ink onto a print medium came into picture, which was followed by other different forms of
printing like etching (in 1500), lithography (in 1796), screen printing (in 1907) etc. Later in year 1964
dot matrix printing technology was developed, which was followed by Laser and Inkjet printing in
subsequent years.
Another development in this domain is 3D printing that enables printing of a 3D structure of virtually
any shape. In contrast to traditional machining techniques that were used to form 3D structures, 3D
printing is an additive process, i.e., in spite of forming 3D structures by cutting and drilling, 3D
printing adds on layers to form a structure. The 3D printing dates back to 1984 when Charles Hull
invented a process to print 3D objects from digital data. Since then 3D printing has evolved to a
stage where 3D printed robotic aircrafts, cars etc. came into picture in 20112.
Scanning and fax (short for Facsimile), i.e., transmission of scanned image or text over telephone
lines, have been in existence since 1860. But the modern flatbed scanners were introduced as early
as 1990s.
The first fax system was developed by Alexander Bain in year 1843. 1964 is considered as a landmark
year for fax technology when Xerox introduced first commercial fax machine and named it Long
3
Distance Xerography (LDX). It worked much like modern fax machine. Later, in year 1985
GammaLinks founder Dr. Ayaz Asmat developed first computer fax board named GammaFax.
The latest form of faxing is Internet fax, where images or text are faxed through the Internet (e.g.,
through email etc). Fax machines that utilize this particular form of printing compress data before its
transmission. Another trend in the domain is cell-phone based scanning and faxing.
1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of_printing
http://individual.troweprice.com/retailCommon/applications/brandjournalism/3DPrint/3D_Printing_Infograp
hic.pdf
2

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Another device called Multi-Function Printer (MFP) 3has become quite popular since some time. The
device can perform multiple functions of printing, scanning, faxing, emailing etc. The multi-function
printers are in existence since the year 2000. Most of the printer manufacturers are providing
commercial MFPs in their product lines.
Another significant advancement in recent times is printing invisible codes along with visible data or
images. These invisible codes can then be read by image scanners to show additional content related
to printed data or image. The technology can be utilized in varied applications like media industry to
provide additional information to readers. Scanners embedded in portable devices such as, smart
phones can then be used to scan these codes and get additional information.
Now-a-days with the advent of cloud computing, cloud printing is also becoming increasingly
popular. With cloud computing, resources are managed and provided to users from a centralized
location
Such advancements in printing methodologies help to improve content readership significantly.

Cloud computing
Basics
Cloud computing is a solution that enables its users to enjoy various IT services over the Internet.
The technology helps to fulfil hardware and software requirements of the users on a pay-per-use
basis. Unlike traditional methods, the users need not depend on computing resources available or
accessible by a particular device or from a particular location. Resources from a centralized location
are provided as per the users needs and can be accessed by using any device having Internet
connectivity, regardless of its location.
The concept behind cloud computing is very similar to well-known email technologies. A service
provider provides or leases space to subscribers or users of its cloud service to store their data or
information. A practical implementation is SaaS enterprise application launched by Salesforce in
1999 in which, software centrally hosted by Salesforce is available for access by the users via the
Internet. Later in 2002, Amazon Web Services was launched that provides various infrastructure and
application services running from the cloud. Google docs was another major cloud computing
application launched in 2006 and running successfully.

Technical aspects
Service providers such as Google, Apple, Microsoft or Amazon maintain huge data centres and
servers to store users data or other centralized resources. These facilities, referred as clouds, are
then offered to subscribers as free or paid or mixed service over the Internet. Therefore, the cloud
makes it possible for a user to access his/her information from anywhere at any time.
The cloud services can be divided into different types based on subscribers requirement4:

3
4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifunction_printer
http://thecloudtutorial.com/cloudtypes.html

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Public Cloud These clouds can be accessed by any of the users through the internet.
Windows Azure is a public cloud service offered by Microsoft that allows its subscribers to
build, utilize and deploy applications using Microsoft managed data centres.
Private Cloud These Clouds are used by a specific group or private organization and limits
its access to only that group or organization. Access can be limited by using passwords or
similar authentication tools. For example, Amazons Elastic Compute Cloud is a private
cloud service offered by Amazon for providing resizable computing capacity to organizations
in the cloud.
Community Cloud - Community clouds can be shared among multiple organizations having
similar resource requirements. Federal Community Cloud offered by IBM is a service to
enable different federal organizations store and access data and services residing in IBM
data centres.
Hybrid Cloud - A hybrid cloud is a combination of any of the above: public, private, or
community.

The cloud services can be divided into below service models based on the access and control offered
by the service providers5.

Software as a Service or SaaS A SaaS provider licenses applications and resources to its
subscribers on a pay-as-you-go basis, i.e., the subscriber can access subscribed applications
stored and maintained by the service provider through the Internet. For example, Googles
Gmail is a SaaS application that replaces email programs like Outlook that run on the users
computer.
Platform as a Service or PaaS A PaaS platform offers its subscribers, access to various
hardware and software components that they require to develop and operate applications
over the Internet. One of such service is IBMs SmartCloud Application Services that enable
its subscribers to deploy and migrate applications to both public and private clouds.
Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS An IaaS platform offers complete computational
infrastructure such as storage, networking, servers that the users need on a pay-per-use
basis. An example is Oracles IaaS service.
Network as a Service or NaaS It is a new model included by ITU in 2012. NaaS is a category
of cloud services, where user can use the network or transport connectivity services and
inter-cloud network connectivity services. Flexible and extended VPN, bandwidth on
demand are examples for NaaS.

Cloud printing
Cloud printing is one aspect of cloud computing that enables printing through web.6 Any device
having access to the Internet can be used to send print jobs to a printer regardless of the printers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
5

http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/whitepaper/understanding-the-cloud-computing-stack-saaspaas-iaas
http://thecloudtutorial.com/cloudtypes.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
6
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing/google-cloud4.htm

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location. With this type of printing solution, there is no need to install print drivers or to check the
device compatibility with the printer. Cloud already had installed the drivers for all the printers that
are linked with the cloud. The user just needs to select the printer and print the document;
everything else is done by the cloud. Huge data centres and servers are maintained by cloud service
providers to upload and route print jobs to specific printers. For example, in Google print service,
print jobs made using a Google app or Google web service, goes through Google servers to the
specified printer.
Services are available that allow both cloud enabled and general printers to be used with cloud
printing solutions. Cloud enabled printers connect directly to the web and do not require a
dedicated PC for set up. A user needs to register these printers to service, Google in this case, to
enable the servers at the service providers end to send print jobs directly to the printers. Drivers
and set ups required by the printers are installed on Google servers rather than being at the device
on which the app or web service is running. Printers that are not cloud ready or classic printers are
connected to an Internet enabled computer in which a software connector is installed. The software
connector helps to connect the printer to the cloud.

Cloud printing industry

The cloud printing industry majorly consists of two divisions: cloud print providers and cloud enabled
printer manufacturers.
Cloud Print Providers

The cloud print providers maintain multiple resources or servers to route print request from a users
endpoint like cell phones to printers associated or connected with the cloud. The requests can be
handled in two ways: redirecting them to the printer instantaneously or on basis of users
preferences.
The leading service providers for cloud printing are Google with Google Cloud Print, HP with HP
Magcloud and eprint, Xerox with PrintMe, Peecho, DTPsystems and HubCast. Recently Cortado
formed an alliance with many printer and router manufacturers to provide cloud print facility for
their products7. In this alliance a company can make a contract with Cortado and use Cortados
servers to provide cloud printing solution on their products.
Cloud service providers are coming up with more options to make cloud printing user-friendly. For
example Xerox PrintMe solution provides its users an option to upload or mail content to an Email ID
and provide a unique code to their content so that when entered in a PrintMe enabled printer, it
prints the emailed content8. Companies like Peecho provide mobile printing or print on demand
solutions in which selected content (like digital works) is printed by the company and shipped to the
7

http://www.cortado.com/euen/TopMenu/ArticleDetails/tabid/633/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/438/Def
ault.aspx
8
http://wirthconsulting.org/2011/05/13/xerox-continues-to-target-mobile-users-with-addition-of-efis-cloudbased-printme-mobile-printing/

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users.9 Further Google Cloud Print enables cloud printing via chrome extension to both classic and
cloud enabled printers using Google account10.
Cloud enabled Printer Manufacturers
The other part of the industry consists of cloud printer manufacturers. These companies provide
printers that can be directly connected to cloud or can be reconfigured to print content stored in the
cloud e.g., PrintMe enabled printer or Cloud ready printers etc. The currently available cloud
ready printers are generally compatible with only one or two major cloud print services. The next
challenge the industry is looking at is to manufacture a printer that can work with majority of the
cloud print services. There still exists an option to connect the current cloud ready printer to other
cloud services, but there is a compromise in print quality in such a case.

Benefits of cloud print:

Cloud printing is a beneficial addition to modern world. Using cloud printing, the users can get a
printout without carrying any data storage device or worrying about the availability of printer drivers
and OS they are working upon, or even turning on their computers. Once the printable data is being
stored on the server, the users can select the content, using any Internet enabled device like a smart
phone or tablet and print via a cloud enabled printer, anywhere in the world. Moreover, cloud
printing can work well as an economical alternative of costly Facsimile. The other commercial
aspects of the cloud printing are equally important. E.g., a user can enable printing option on their
website and can provide print material based on the website readers user preferences that can also
be delivered at website readers door step. In this way every picture, text or any other printable
content can be commercialized. Therefore, the users can get printable versions of desired items and
also merchants can commercialize their content without having printing infrastructure installed at
their site.
In addition to all these, the most important aspect of cloud printing is being eco-friendly as it
reduces the wastage of printing paper. Organizations often require bulk printing of content, however
most of the times the content is printed in excess to save delay or to get less per page printing cost
etc. Many times, much of the printed material is not used and money is wasted in printing such extra
content. The cloud print service provides a solution to this, as it allows organizations to print
required amount of material without extra costs and delays. In this way, both paper wastage and
overall printing costs are reduced.

Process Overview
The following steps are followed11:

Understanding subject technology domain

Preparing taxonomy related to the domain

http://www.economistgroup.com/leanback/new-business-models/peecho-uses-the-cloud-to-turn-yourdigital-publication-into-print/
10
http://www.google.com/cloudprint/learn/
11
The steps may or may not be followed exactly in the given sequence.

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Preparing keywords and search strings to uncover relevant patents in the domain
Searching patents and publications broadly related to the technology 12
Classifying searched patents as relevant or non-relevant 13
Categorizing relevant patents according to the taxonomy
Analysing patents to uncover different patenting trends
Representing the uncovered trends as charts or tables.
Searching market information related to the technology

Technology Taxonomy

Taxonomy - Printing Infrastructure

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Definitions

N/W
Architecture
Can include POP or point of presence or directly
connecting devices
e.g., LAN, WAN, VLAN, or MAN
i.e., point to point or peer to peer network
architecture
Cloud printing architecture e.g., Google cloud
printing, etc.
Including central monitoring servers with multiple
computers and printers etc

Direct
LAN
P2P
Cloud
Distributed
Others
Communication
Security

Broadcast

Wired
Multicast

RFID, Security feature, Secure Key, Tags, Encryption,

Firewall, Gateways, Authentication, Authorization,
Virus, Trojan etc
Distributing of print files over a communication
medium to multiple printers from a single source.
E.g., Eprint, Virtual eprint printer
Distributing of print files over a communication
medium to multiple printers from multiple sources.
E.g., routers, Collaborative, one-to-many
distribution, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ,
point-to-multipoint

Others

Wireless

12
13

Broadcast

Distributing of print files over a communication

medium to multiple printers from a single source.
E.g., Radio frequency, IR, microwave, eprint, Virtual
eprint printer

Various paid and unpaid databases are used like Thomson Innovation.
Relevant patents are the one that are related to the technology domain.

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Multicast
Others
Local
Printing
Protocols

Network
Printing

Distributing of print files over a communication

medium to multiple printers from multiple sources.
E.g., routers, Collaborative
Printing on such a printer that is directly attached to
the computer or other devices
Printing using network, it also includes Internet
printing protocols, eprinting protocols, CIFS/E
Browser Protocol, UDP, NPP, TCP/IP, Line Printer
Remote(LPR)

Others
Others
Print Mgmt.

N/W
Optimization

Configuration
Mgmt.

Resource
mgmt.
Monitoring/
Diagnosis
Others
Remote
Local
Fax
copier

Services
scanner

Tool that reduces network load, enables sharing of

resources etc. It includes printer status, installation
of printer, printer with error condition, notification
for printer service, toner and paper levels
Tool that handles error and fault management

Globally manage, organize, update settings and

configure printer attributes.
Locally manage, organize, update settings and
configure printer attributes.
E.g., traditional faxing, fax to email etc.
E.g., copier machines having communication
capabilities etc.
E.g., portable scanners, handheld devices for
scanning and communicating over a network etc.

Others
Software
Client
Software
Web App
Mobile Apps
User interface
Print server
Security

Middleware

Firmware
SAAS

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i.e., printer Drivers, image editing tools, customized

printing, page description language
Chrome, placing button in the web page itself for
choosing the style, editing, customized, capture
screen or some portion of the page
iOS, Android and windows OS based mobile apps
Kiosk and printer user interface etc.
Print server software or hardware
Secure printing
Order Lifecycle Management, order email
notifications, automates administrative tasks like
provisioning and configuration, compliance,
patching, and release management associated with
databases and application servers.
Print orders for jobs such as business cards,

brochures, stationery, fliers, photos, albums and

other on demand printing solutions on web etc. E.g.,
Kodak and hp services
Others
Platform
Mobile
Infrastructure
Enterprise
SOHO
Industrial

Includes Mobile printing or printing through mobile

devices based on Android or iOS etc.
Uploading and printing documents in a delivery
service company e.g., FedEx, POS
Printing Infrastructure in big organisations with their
own devices and protocols.
Printing Infrastructure in small companies, shops.
Printing infrastructure for printing press or industrial
printer

Others

Insights
Filling Trends
It was found that around 2717 patent families are falling under subject technology domain. One
patent/publication from each family is categorized according to the taxonomy.
The categorized patents are analyzed on various grounds to uncover different patenting trends.
Following trends were observed:
Jurisdiction based patent/publication distribution

Given below in Figure 1 (considering one patent per family) and Figure 2 is a jurisdiction based filing
trend of patents or publications14.

14

All patents or publications from the relevant2717 families were considered.

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Figure 1: Jurisdiction based patent or publication filing15

Figure 2: Jurisdiction based distribution of patent/publication

16

Key observations:
o
o

15
16

As analysed, the patents are distributed diversely among different geographies with USA
being the jurisdiction with highest number of filings, followed by Japan and Europe.
China also has its own share of patent/publications in this domain, but Asia on the whole
has least number of patent/publication fillings.

One patent per family was considered.

Considering all patents of each of the 2717 families.

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This clearly indicates that companies working in the technology domain have product
lines diversified in multiple jurisdictions. It further signifies potential and worldwide
reach of the technology.

Year based filing trend

Filling trend based on filling year

Given below in Figure 3 is a filling trend based on year in which of patents or publications related
to the technology domain were filled17.

Figure 3: Filing trend based on filling year

Key observations:
o

There was a significant increase in patent or publication filings from 1996 to 2001. The
number of filings almost doubled from 1999 to 2000 and then from 2000 to 2001. Such a
huge rise in fillings could be a consequence of dot-com bubble that lasted over the same
period (~1997-2001)18.
The number of filings was almost constant from year 2006 without any significant
decline. This further indicates active and continuous R&D activities in the subject domain
during this period.

* Data for years 2011 and 2012 is not complete as not all the patents might have been published by
the patent offices worldwide.

17

The patenting trend in this domain before 1990 is almost insignificant and is not shown in the chart for
simplicity.
18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasdaq2.png

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Filling trend based on publication year

Given below in Figure 4 is a filing trend of applications based on the year of publication:

Figure 4: Filing trend based on publication year

Key observations:
o

The rise in publications since year 2001 is in sync with the rise in patent/publication
filing since 1996. For example, the patents filed in year might have been published in the
year 2001.
Again since year 2002, there has been a non-decreasing publication trend in this domain.
It indicates that companies have been continuously investing in R&D activities related to
the domain.
This non decreasing trend can also be attributed to the fact about new developments in
relation to printing such as 3D printing, cloud based printing, mobile device based
printing etc.

Assignee based analysis

Given below in Figure 4 is assignee based filing trend of patents/publications related to the
technology domain19:

19

The chart represents patent/publication counts for top 20 assignees.

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Figure 5: Assignee based filling trend

Key observations:
o

o
o
o
o

Leading organizations such as, Canon, Xerox, HP, Samsung are working in the technology
domain. Canon being the one having maximum number of fillings, followed by Xerox, HP
and Ricoh.
IBM and Microsoft, though not having any printer hardware business, are in the list of
top 20 assignees because of their printer related software and drivers business.
Even though they have significant printing hardware business, neither Cisco nor Sony is
part of the top 20 list.
Though Fuji and Xerox have formed a joint venture named Fuji Xerox, the three have
their own share in the patent fillings and are part of the top 20 list.
The top 5 companies in this list collectively hold more than one third of the total number
of patent/publications in this technology.

On the similar lines, many more charts can be prepared. We are not giving them here for simplicity,
and are available on request.

Technology based analysis

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Distribution based on type of communication

Given below in Figure 6 is an analysis based on communication network used in printing

infrastructures disclosed in the analyzed patents/publications:

Figure 6: Communication network wise distribution

Key observations:
o

Majority of the filings utilize wireless communication infrastructure in their printing

solutions. The observation is in accordance with increasing inclination towards wireless
communication as compared to traditional wired communication.

More number of patents relate to multicasting as compared to broadcasting technologies.

This reflects the white space available in broadcasting domain.

Majority of the patents are not specific to the type of casting and may cover both
multicasting and broadcasting technologies.

Software based distribution

Given below in Figure 7 is an analysis of patents/publications to identify key software applications

disclosed by them.

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Figure 7: Software based patent/publication distribution

Key observations:
o
o
o

Majority of the patents or publications disclose client software, followed by user interface
and print servers.
Very few fillings were observed in SAAS and mobile applications.
Web apps and security, being key issues in recent times also have a significant share of
fillings.

Platform based distribution

Given below in Figure 8 is a platform based distribution of patents or publications related to the
domain:

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Figure 8: Platform based distribution

Key observations:
o
o

As observed, majority of the fillings disclose printing solutions for infrastructure based
platforms, followed by mobile and SOHO.
Industrial solutions had least share in filings. Enterprise, with slightly bigger share, follows
industrial type.

Distribution based on network architecture

Given below in Figure 9 is a distribution of patent or publications related to the domain based on
architecture of communication network used in disclosed printing solutions:

Figure 9: Distribution based on network architecture

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Key observations:
o
o

Majority of the printing solutions disclosed in the analysed patents/publications utilize LAN
type network architecture, followed by distributed and direct.
Least number of fillings is seen in P2P type networking, followed by cloud type.

Distribution based on targeted service type

Given below in Figure 10 is distribution of analysed patents or publications based on service type
disclosed by them.

Figure 10: Distribution based on targeted service type

Key observations:
o
o
o

Scanning type services have majority of fillings, followed by fax.

Though least among all, a good number of fillings are there in copier type as well.
There is no significant difference in number of fillings for different service types.

Market Analysis

The global market for printing is forecasted to be $724B by 2014, with United States being
the top contributor followed by Japan and China20. It is clearly in accordance with patent

20

http://www.npes.org/PRIMIRResearch/ResearchStudies/content.aspx?Topic=World_Wide_Market_for_Print
_2009_2014_Database_Update
http://www.global-print.org/gpmarket/

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contribution by each jurisdiction. The below chart represents the contribution of different
countries to the estimate for 2014:

Figure 11: Print market growth in different countries

Other key findings and observations:

21
22

Cloud computing market is expected to grow from $37.8B in 2010 to $121.1B in 2015 with a
CAGR of 26.2%. Cloud printing being a useful and upcoming application of cloud computing
technology is expected to have a good contribution in this growth21.

By using cloud print, printing solution providers such as managed print service (MPS)
providers are extending their service offerings to mobile devices like tablets and smartphones with the ease of location independent printing. The Managed Print Services (MPS)
market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 20.62% over the period 2011-2015. Key
contributors for such a growth are expected to be Canon, HP, Ricoh, and Xerox22.

Further the MPS market is forecasted to reach $78B by 2015. Latin America and Asia Pacific
markets are promising while India, Brazil, China, South Korea and Mexico are expected to

http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/cloud-computing-234.html
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2234300/global_managed_print_service_market_20112015

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top the list23. In fact, in Asia, the MPS market is forecasted to be worth $1.6B by 2016 with a
CAGR of 17%24.

The printer manufacturing industry will also get benefitted by including cloud printers to
their product lines. The industry is expected to exceed a value of $21B by 201525.

Here are the annual revenues for some of the big organizations working in the Cloud Printing
domain26:

Name
Xerox27
Google28
HP29

Revenue in $ Bs
22.39 (December 2012)
50.175 (December 2012)
120.357 (October 2012)

Also listed are revenues of top cloud printer manufacturers30:

Name
Canon31
Kodak32
Ricoh33
Lexmark34

Service
Xerox PrintMe
Google cloudprint
HP Magcloud, Eprint

Revenue in $ Bs
40.245 (December 2012)
4.114 (December 2012)
23.13 (March 2012)
3.797 (December 2012)

With involvement of companies having multi-billion revenues, cloud printing seems to have
a promising and strong market potential.

Conclusion
Based on our research and analysis, printing infrastructure has lot of scope for new developments.
Emerging printing methodologies such as cloud and 3D printing make this domain very promising

23

http://photizogroup.com/2011/11/managed-print-services-market-continues-to-demonstrate-stronggrowth-worldwide/
24
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prSG23663412#.UVz_MaKmglo
25
http://www.reportlinker.com/ci02068/Printer-and-Copier.html
26

http://www.finance.yahoo.com/
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=XRX+Income+Statement&annual
28
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=GOOG+Income+Statement&annual
29
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=HPQ+Income+Statement&annual
30
http://www.finance.yahoo.com/
31
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=CAJ+Income+Statement&annual
32
http://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/EKDKQ/financials
33
http://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/RICOY/financials
34
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=LXK+Income+Statement&annual
27

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and upcoming. Companies can capture huge markets by investing in this printing infra technology
development and providing users with easy printing solutions.

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