THE PERCEPTION OF LOCAL TOURISTS ON THE PROPOSED ELIMINATION

The Perception of Local Tourists on the Proposed Elimination of Jeepneys in Metro Manila
Karl Edgar Fernando1,2,3, Karen Naval1,2,3, Elvin Claire Pring1,2,3, Airaleen Oledan1,2,3,

Diane

Ivy Marcos1,2,3, Christine Anne Dimayuga1,2,3 and Albert Ryan Evangelista1,2,3,4

1

College of Hospitality and Institutional Management

2

Research Development and Innovation Center

3

Our Lady of Fatima University

Research Adviser

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Abstract

Jeepneys are the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines. They are
known for their crowded seating and kitsch decorations, which have become a ubiquitous symbol
of Philippine culture and art. In Manila they are so numerous, that there is almost constantly traffic
congestion. It also became the trademark of the Philippines. This study examines the perception of
local tourists on the proposed elimination of jeepneys in Metro Manila, discussed about the
different opinions of local tourists when they are segmented according to their age and gender. As
well as how the commuters will be affected in terms of the economic, social, environmental and
also in the tourism sector aspects in case this has been approved and implemented by the local
government. Results indicated that most of the local tourists are not in favor in banning the
jeepneys in Metro Manila for it is the easiest and cheapest way to get around. And this also shows
the perception of each individual is based on their awareness and knowledge regarding public
transportation, what it does, and its effects to the community. And conclusion shows that gender
does not relate to it.

Keywords: jeepney, public transportation, local tourists, local government

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1.0 Introduction
The most popular means of transportation in the Philippines is the jeepney. In fact, jeepneys are
one of the sign of Philippine culture. They were originally built from US military jeeps left over
from World War II and famous for their colorful decoration and crowded seating. They are
commonly used for public transportation. Jeepneys in the Philippines are not only the cheapest way
of getting around, they've even become a rugged representation of Philippine culture and national
pride. The word jeepney is usually believed to come from the words "jeep" and "knee" because of
the crowded seating, passengers must sit knee to knee. Hence, the word jeepney. The word jeepney
is also commonly believed to be a portmanteau of "jeep" and "jitney". The jeeps were stripped
down and altered locally: metal roofs were added for shade; and the vehicles decorated in vibrant
colors with chrome-plated ornaments on the sides and hood. The back saloon was reconfigured
with two long parallel benches with passengers facing each other to accommodate more
passengers. The size, length and passenger capacity has increased as it evolved through the years.
These were classified as passenger-type jeeps.

The jeepney rapidly emerged as a popular and creative way to re-establish inexpensive public
transportation, which had been virtually destroyed during World War II. Recognizing the
widespread use of these vehicles, the Philippine government began to regulate their use. Drivers
now must have specialized licenses, regular routes, and reasonably fixed fares. However there are a
number of illegal (un-franchised) operators. These are officially referred to as "colorum"
operations, from the color of the vehicle plate, which denotes a private rather than public
registration. LTO to Phase-out All Jeepneys in Metro Manila by December 2018. LTO has finally
decided to ban all jeepneys in Metro Manila starting December 2018. The resolution took 5 years to
get approved by the Congress and Senate and had undergone a series of changes and modifications.
The bill is expected to face major protest from PISTON, FEJODAP, and other transport
associations but the agency is already prepared for the said incident. The sudden change is also
supported by the construction of two more LRT and MRT lines which will be started on May 2016.

According to Sidiqqui, A.M.A.H. in his ebook, Labour Laws and the Working Poor (1990), as
of 1988, for Metro Manila, 23, 163 jeepneys, 2, 783 buses, 4,821 taxi cabs, and 16,376 tricycles
were registered. It supports the statement that traffic congestion is mainly caused by jeepeneys,
thats the reason why LTO proposed to eliminate jeepneys in Metro Manila.

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Statement of the Problem

1. What are the demographic profiles of local tourists?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
2. What are the perceived alternative modes of transportation of the respondents
once jeepneys have been faced-out of the street of Metro Manila?
2.1 MRT/LRT
2.2 Bus
2.3 FX
2.4 Taxi
3. What is the perception of the respondents on the proposed facing-out of jeepneys
in terms of:
3.1 Economic
3.2 Social
3.3 Environment
3.4 Tourism sector
4. Is there any significant difference on the perception of respondents when they are
grouped according to the profile in terms of:

4.1 Economic
4.2 Social
4.3 Environment
4.4 Tourism sector
5. What is the implication in the tourism industry?

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5.1 Economic
5.2 Social
5.3 Environment
5.4 Tourism sector

2.0 Background
Conceptual Framework
The diagram will show the general flow of how the study will going to be conducted. The
input of the study will limit the respondents on local tourist, specifically those who ride a jeepney
regularly in Brgy. Talipapa. The researcher aims to determine The Perception of local tourists on
the proposed elimination of jeepneys in Metro Manila by 2018.
By doing the qualitative research, the survey sheet will be then distributed to the
respondents chosen for the survey. Their responses will be tabulated and analyze. The conclusions
that can be derived from the results of the tabulation will serve as basis for knowing The Perception
of local tourists on the proposed elimination of jeepneys in Metro Manila.

Proposed Eliminating of
Jeepney
By December 2018

Assessment

The result of assessment

in the perception
according to
demographic profile of
the respondents

The study will focus on the perception of local tourists on the proposed elimination of
jeepney and this study will have some supporting theory in terms of transportation.
According to Charles H. Cooley the keynote of this matter is that the study of economic
transportation is equivalent to the study of economy in its place relation. Transportation is the

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instrument of all social specialization, the efficient means alike of securing its benefit and
remedying its evils. The special subjects here discussed are the relation of transportation to division
of labor, to the location of towns and cities, to markets, and to rent. He thinks of transportation as
a movement of things masses of any sort from one place to another. Anything answering this
description comes under the idea in its most general form. If we add to this a conception underlying
all action directed to an end, namely, that its excellence consists in accomplishing the end with the
least possible expenditure of time and force, we have the most general basis possible for the
judgment of transportation from a mechanical standpoint. Transportation accomplishes the
movement of things with the least force and in the shortest time. Speed, then, is one fundamental
test, while economy of force, translated in the light of actual conditions, means cheapness. Speed
and cheapness never cease in the most complex development of transportation to be the simplest
tests of its efficiency.
The Relation of Land Transportation to Physical Conditions, according to Charles H.
Cooley speaking of the obstacles to movement, we have to re-member that the question whether
any particular feature is an obstacle or not is purely a relative one. In going downhill, a level place
in the road is an obstacle; so is a stretch of still water to a boat floating with the current. An
obstacle is simply something that offers more resistance to movement than other parts of the
surface that are compared with it. In this sense the chief obstacles to movement by land are the
following:
Mountains, mountain ranges, hills, and all inequalities of the surface. Generally speaking,
the higher, the steeper, the sharper at their summits, and the more extensive and continuous these
mountains, hills and inequalities are, the more formidable obstacles they make.
Forests, thickets, and other vegetable growth large enough to hinder movement. Marshes,
bogs, mud, or other softening of the surface by water, whether permanent or existing only at
seasons of rain or inundation: also, sandy or other yielding surfaces not caused by water. Rivers,
streams, lakes, estuaries, etc. Unfavorable climate, extreme heat or cold, dangerous storms, lack of
water, of pasturage, or of other supplies.
Looking at the same facts from another point of view, we may class many natural features
as facilities for transportation. They rank as such, of course, relatively to the obstacles enumerated.
Thus: A dry surface and climate provided the dryness of the surface does not go so far as to make a
sandy desert, nor the dryness of the climate become so great as to cut off supplies of food and
water. A dry climate is favorable to transportation in its early development, not only because of
freedom from mud and marshes, but also and still more for the following indirect results: It
diminishes the number and size of streams; it hinders the formation of gullies and other lesser and

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sharper inequalities of the surface due to the action of the water; it renders impossible the growth of
large vegetation.
2.2 Review of Literature
Gilberto M. Llanto wrote a journal about Investing in Local Roads for Economic Growth,
and he discussed about the importance of investing in local roads and directs attention to the critical
role of local government units (LGUs) in improving the local road network.
http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph 2011
Riches Solvero Bacero wrote a journal about Assessment of Jeepney in terms of Ergonomics,
Safety and Environmental Factors for the Development of Specifications and Standards, and the
research provided essential information for the development of jeepeneys specification and
standards. The study revealed that the most jeepney manufacturing firms have varied specification
with regard to the capacity, dimension, and weight of the vehicle and the similar specification on
the parts and equipment of the jeepney vehicles.
http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/ 2010

Paula Marchesini and Wendy Weijermars wrote a journal about The Relationship between
Road Safety and Congestion on Motorways, and discussed about the negative impact of traffic
congestion on the economy and on the quality of peoples lives. Road users experience delay and
stress, and environmental pollution increases
http://www.swov.nl/ 2010

Pao Tolentino wrote a journal about The Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (Sump), Joda
and Baguio City People E-Jeepney Tech Assessment Team, and states that in light of new
developments surrounding the SUMP (Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan) in Baguio, weve noticed
(and we understand) that public reaction is still mixed. As much as information has been exchanged
about what SUMP is through radio, T.V. and in social media, it is but normal to get a yay on one
side, and a nay on the other.
http://www.baguiocitypeople.com/ 2014
3.0 Method
3.1 Subjects

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In order to determine the perception of the local tourist in barangay
Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City on the proposed elimination of jeepney in
Metro Manila by 2018, a total of 100 respondent were asked to participate to
achieve pertinent information, certain inclusion criteria were imposed. The
participants are the local tourist in barangay Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City.
Simple random sampling was done for the sample selection. This sampling
method is conducted here each member of a population has an equal
opportunity to become part of the sample as all member of the population
have an equal chance of becoming a researcher participant this is said to be
the most efficient sampling procedure. In order to conduct this sampling
strategy, the researcher define the population first listed down all the member
of the population and there selected member to make the sample.
3.2 Tools / Measures
The survey questionnaire was used as the main data gathering instrument for this study. The
questionnaire was divided into two main sector: a profile and the survey proper. The profile
contains demographic characteristic of the respondent such as age, gender, profession. The survey
proper explored the perception of the local tourist in barangay Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City on
the proposed elimination of jeepney. In metro manila. The questionnaire proper section also
contains questions that identify the advantage and disadvantage on this proposed research.
3.3 Analysis
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
AGE INTERVAL

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

16 - 24

45

45%

25 - 33

31

31%

34 - 42

12

12%

43 - 51

7%

52 - 60

5%

TOTAL

N = 100

100%

Table 4.1: Frequency and Percentage of Respondents in Terms of Age

GENDER

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

Male

55

55%

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Female

45

45%

Table 4.2: Frequency and Percentage of Respondents in Terms of Gender

Table 4.1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of
age. Respondent's ages 16-24 has the frequency of 44 which was 44% and has the largest
percentage of the total sample because most of the commuters in Brgy. Talipapa are students.
Respondent's ages 25-33 has the frequency of 31 which was 31% and has the second largest
percentage of the total sample because they are commuters that are working and banning of
jeepneys has a great impact to them. Respondent's ages 34-42 has the frequency of 12 which was
12% and has the third largest percentage of the total sample because they are also workers that are
affected by the elimination of jeepneys. Respondent's ages 43-51 has the frequency of 7 which was
7% and has the second to the least percentage of the total sample because they are often to
commute. Respondent's ages 52-60 has the frequency of 5 which was 5% and has the least
percentage of the total sample because they are not always riding jeepneys.

Table 4.2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of
gender. Most of the respondents are males with a frequency of 55 which was 55% of the total
sample while females has a frequency of 45 which was 45% of the total sample.
ALTERNATIVE MODES

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

MRT/LRT

45

45%

Bus

24

24%

FX

25

25%

Taxi

6%

TOTAL

N = 100

100%

Table 4.3: Perceived Alternative Modes of Transportation

Table 4.3 shows the frequency and percentage of the alternative modes of transportation
that the respondents prefer. 45% of the respondents preferred MRT/LRT as an alternative mode and
it has the largest percentage of the total sample because it can save more time and money. FX was
preferred by 25% of the respondents and was the second largest percentage because it is more
comfortable to travel. Bus has a frequency of 24 which was 24% of the total sample because it is
affordable compare to others. And taxi has the least percentage which was only preferred by 6% of
the total respondents because it is more convenient to travel.

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ECONOMIC

WEIGHTED MEAN

VERBAL INTERPRETATION

SD

Will increase the fare but it

3.97

Agree

1.13

3.99

Agree

1.05

3.84

Agree

1.23

3.78

Agree

1.12

3.90

Agree

Will lessen heavy traffic

3.92

Agree

0.97

Will reduce accidents

3.79

Agree

1.06

Can help to travel faster

3.93

Agree

1.04

GRAND MEAN

3.88

Agree

Lessen the air pollution

3.97

Agree

1.06

Reduce the noise pollution

3.95

Agree

1.10

Can help to prevent climate

4.03

Agree

0.92

4.00

Agree

0.92

3.99

Agree

3.66

Agree

1.08

3.76

Agree

0.88

3.85

Agree

1.02

3.95

Agree

0.88

3.81

Agree

will make you travel more

convenient
Transportation of goods will
be faster
Will help in modernization of
the community
It will reduce traffic
congestion
GRAND MEAN
SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENT

change
Will help to protect the ozone
layer
GRAND MEAN
TOURISM SECTOR
Will boost the number of
tourists in Metro Manila
It can give assurance that
tourists can travel more safely
Can help them travel more
convenient
It will help tourists to save
more time in travelling
GRAND MEAN

Table 4.4: Perception of the Respondents of the Proposed Phasing-out of jeepneys

Summary of Z-Test
Impacts/Demographic

CZ

TZ

Decision

Conclusion

Profile

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Economic
Age

11.44

1.96

Reject HO

There is a significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Age

Gender

-37.62

1.96

Accept HO

There is no significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Gender

Social
Age

15.42

1.96

Reject HO

There is a significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Age

Gender

-36.79

1.96

Accept HO

There is no significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Gender

Environment
Age

11.24

1.96

Reject HO

There is a significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Age

Gender

-43.35

1.96

Accept HO

There is no significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Gender

Tourism Sector
Age

11.93

1.96

Reject HO

There is a significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Age

Gender

-41.80

1.96

Accept HO

There is no significant
differences on the
perception of respondent
when they are grouped
according to their Gender

Scale:

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Strongly Disagree

1.00 - 1.49

Disagree

1.50 - 2.49

Undecided

2.50 3.49

Agree

3.50 4.49

Strongly Agree

4.50 5.00

In terms of the economic, social, environmental and tourism sector effect of banning
jeepneys, there is a significant differences on the perception of the respondents when they are
grouped according to their age because not everyone of them can be affected by the loss of
jeepneys. Some of the respondents are not aware of the effects that can happen if jeepneys are
gone. While the others are affected because it can also affect their life especially those who are just
commuting when they go to their works.
But when they are grouped according to their gender, there is no significant differences on
their perception because it has the same effect on both genders.

4.0 Results
The focus of this study was to determine the alternative mode of transportation and the
perception of the local tourists on the proposed elimination of the jeepney in Metro Manila by 2018
and knowing the implication on the proposed elimination of jeepneys to the tourism industry. In
order to answer the research questions, the descriptive correlation qualitative research was applied.
One-hundred (100) of commuters in Brgy. Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City were selected as the
respondents.

The alternative mode of transportation are Mrt/Lrt, Fx, Taxi and Bus. 45% of the respondent
agreed for the MRT/LRT because it can save more time and money. 25% respondent agreed for the
FX because it is more comfortable to travel. While 24% of respondent agreed for the Bus because it
is more affordable compare to others. And the 6% respondent agreed for the Taxi because it is more
convenient to travel.

While the perception of local tourist some of them agreed to phase-out jeepneys but most
of them disagreed. Based on the survey in Brgy. Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City 38%
respondents agreed for eliminating the jeepney in Metro Manila, because they do believed that it

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can help the economy to grow faster and it can be more convenient, comfortable, affordable and
more safety to travel because according to Gilberto M. Llanto that investing in local roads is
important so it will help the Local Government Units (LGUs) to improve the local road network.
While the other 62% of the respondents disagreed on the elimination of the jeepneys in Metro
Manila because they do feel more comfortable in riding jeepneys than the other transportation and
they do believed that jeepneys are the trademark of the Philippines. If the jeepneys are not banned
in Metro Manila the Government can develop the jeepneys safety and improve its specifications
and standards. According to Riches Solvero Bacero the essential information can develop
jeepeneys specification and standards

And the implication to the tourism industry in banning jeepneys in Metro Manila are the
effect in economic that will increase the fare but it will make you travel more convenient. The
transportation of goods will be faster. It will help in modernization of the community. And it will
reduce traffic congestion.

For the Social it will lessen the heavy traffic. It will reduce the accident. And can help to
travel faster. For the Environment it will lessen the air pollution. It will reduce the noise pollution.
It can help to prevent climate change. And it will help to protect the ozone layer.

For the Tourism Sector it will boost the number of the tourist in Metro Manila. It can give an
assurance that the tourist can travel more safety. It can let them travel more convenient. And lastly
it will help the tourist to save time in travelling.

5.0 Discussion
The focus of this study was to determine the alternative mode of transportation and the
perception of the local tourists on the proposed elimination of the jeepney in Metro Manila by 2018
and knowing the implication on the proposed elimination of jeepneys to the tourism industry. In
order to answer the research questions, the descriptive correlation qualitative research was applied.
One-hundred (100) of commuters in Brgy. Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City were selected as the
respondents.

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The alternative mode of transportation are Mrt/Lrt, Fx, Taxi and Bus. 45% of the respondent agreed
for the MRT/LRT because it can save more time and money. 25% respondent agreed for the FX
because it is more comfortable to travel. While 24% of respondent agreed for the Bus because it is
more affordable compare to others. And the 6% respondent agreed for the Taxi because it is more
convenient to travel.
While the perception of local tourist some of them agreed to phase-out jeepneys but most
of them disagreed. Based on the survey in Brgy. Talipapa Novaliches Quezon City 38%
respondents agreed for eliminating the jeepney in Metro Manila, because they do believed that it
can help the economy to grow faster and it can be more convenient, comfortable, affordable and
more safety to travel because according to Gilberto M. Llanto that investing in local roads is
important so it will help the Local Government Units (LGUs) to improve the local road network.
While the other 62% of the respondents disagreed on the elimination of the jeepneys in Metro
Manila because they do feel more comfortable in riding jeepneys than the other transportation and
they do believed that jeepneys are the trademark of the Philippines. If the jeepneys are not banned
in Metro Manila the Government can develop the jeepneys safety and improve its specifications
and standards. According to Riches Solvero Bacero the essential information can develop
jeepeneys specification and standards
And the implication to the tourism industry in banning jeepneys in Metro Manila are the
effect in economic that will increase the fare but it will make you travel more convenient. The
transportation of goods will be faster. It will help in modernization of the community. And it will
reduce traffic congestion.
For the Social it will lessen the heavy traffic. It will reduce the accident. And can help to
travel faster. For the Environment it will lessen the air pollution. It will reduce the noise pollution.
It can help to prevent climate change. And it will help to protect the ozone layer.
For the Tourism Sector it will boost the number of the tourist in Metro Manila. It can give an
assurance that the tourist can travel more safety. It can let them travel more convenient. And lastly
it will help the tourist to save time in travelling.
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6.0 Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it shows that most of the local commuters disagreed in banning
jeepneys in Metro Manila and if the jeepneys were not banned the traffic congestion will not be
solved according to Paula Marchesini and Wendy Weijermars Traffic congestion has a negative
impact on the economy and on the quality of peoples lives. Road users experience delay and stress,
and environmental pollution increases. But for the alternative mode of transportation, Mrt/Lrt has
the highest because it can save more time and money in travelling because the Government can
develop the jeepneys safety and improve its specifications and standards according to Riches
Solvero Bacero the essential information can develop jeepeneys specification and standards. But if
the jeepneys are banned in Metro Manila traffic congestion will be lessen and also air and noise
pollution. The transportation of goods will be fast and it can help the modernization of the
community because according to Gilberto M. Llanto that investing in local roads is important so it
will help the Local Government Units (LGUs) to improve the local road network. And if the
jeepneys were transfer at the province maybe they can change it into an Electric Jeepneys so it can
help to protect our environment and according to Pao Tolentino in his journal entitled The
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (Sump) the mobility plan at urban places can improve their
transportation but as long as they dont read it and just complaining they cannot understand what is
the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan is for.

References
Tarantula Philippine Jeepney History of Philippine Jeepney
http://www.tourisminthephilippines.com/transport/jeepneyphilippine-jeepney-history.html

Marchesini, Paula and Weijermars, Wendy The Relationship between Road Safety and Congestion
on Motorways
http://www.swov.nl/rapport/R-2010-12.pdf

Bacero, Riches Solvero Assessment of Jeepney in terms of Ergonomics, Safety and

Environmental Factors for the Development of Specifications and Standards

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http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/Assessment_of_Jeefney_in_terms_of_Ergonomics,_sa
fety_and_environmental_factors_for_the_development_of_specifications_and_standards.#.
VPyGdPmUezs

Llanto, Gilberto M. Investing in Local Roads for Economic Growth: 2011

http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1138.pdf

Tolentino, Pao The Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (Sump), Joda and Baguio City People EJeepney Tech Assessment Team
http://www.baguiocitypeople.com/people/category /electric-jeepney 2014

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