FAKULTI : PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

SEMESTER : MEI / TAHUN : 2011

KOD KURSUS : OUMH 1303

TAJUK KURSUS : ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION

NAMA PELAJAR
NO. MATRIKULASI

:
:

ABDUL MANAN BIN KAMBAR

700623125705002

NO. KAD PENGNEALAN

700623125705

NO. TELEFON

0198304584

E-MEL

aimanezz@rocketmail.com

NAMA TUTOR

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

PN. ROSEMARY ANAK LAYAT

SABAH LEARNING CENTRE

CONTENT

PAGE

Introduction...............................................................................................................1

How oral communication warks..............................................................................2-4

Interpersonal communication..................................................................................4-5

Small group communication.....................................................................................5-6

Public communication or Public Speaking..............................................................6-7

Conclusion...................................................................................................................7

References....................................................................................................................8

Communication effectively in spoken English in selected social contexts

Introduction
English is taught as a second language in all Malaysian primary and secondary schools
in the country. When speak about communication it occurs when the sender expresses an
emotion or a feeling, create an idea, or sense the need to communicate. Factors that affect the
success of oral communication attempted and the characteristics of both the speaker and
listener. The purposes of communication are to inquire, to inform, to persuade and to develop
goodwill. These had been written by Camp and Satterwhite since 2002. Communication
comes in various types including oral communication, written communication and non
verbal communication. Carl Rogers (1952) say that, real communication occurs...when we
listen with understanding to see the expressed idea and attitude from the other persons
point of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame of references in regard to the
things he is talking about. Oral communication referred as the information, thoughts and
ideas are spoken language where the conversations is face-to-face, on meetings situation,
voice mail messages, teleconferencing, oral presentation and public speaking. Oral
Communications teaches the speaker to be compatible with Standard English. We can see the
purposes for examples, in ours social life we spoke in English because we have to
communicate with people in other countries. With a wide range in communication it may help
ours business, tourism and educational develop well and success.
How oral communication works
Oral communication needed skills in listening and speaking. Mostly we can attend to
many classes or courses nowadays to improve the language especially English language. It
will need a lot of practise in using the language everyday. Some of them learnt this
communication from their surrounding. For examples, at home we are exposed this
communication from ours parents. Parents always give a simple intructions at home such as
cleaning the compound and read a book for children before they went to bed. All these
activities practice the children in listening and speaking skills.
Based on the source from Devito, J.A. (2009) Human Communication: The basic
course. Boston, USA: Pearson Education, mentioned that effective listening comprises five
components. These components are the abilities to receive a sound stimuli, to understand the
meaning, to remember the messages or sound, to evaluate the message means and to response
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it. The simple way to improve on oral communication is the ability to listen. A good listener
mostly can catch up the points and manage to give their response. But sometimes, it influence
by the situations and conditions. To make this skill affective, it needs attention and focus as
the basic principle in listening skills.
There are various techniques as tips to be an active listening. By referring the module
OUMH1303 English for Oral Communication, to improve the active listening skills the
listener should be able to do paraphrasing the speakers message and ideas, identify the
weaknesses, preparing mentally and physically to listen and setting priorities. All these
techniques may help to develop confident level for the person who will be the listener even if
being as a speaker. All the tips mentioned are the basic principle in listening skill is the ability
to be active listening. The purpose is to get clearly information.This will needs a lot of
attentions whether indoor or outdoor situations.
The theories from Wood (2002) and Camp & Satterwhite (2002) listed some principles
that explain oral communication and how it affective. Wood (2002) listed three principles
which are including interpretation of symbols create meaning, rules in communication and
punctuation affects meaning. By the same time, Camp & Satterwhite (2002) added voice
attributes as the fourth principle in speaking skill. This theory teaches more on voice which
should pay attention to the volume, pitch, intonation, tone, tempo, enunciation and
pronunciation. It meant that the ability to be a good speaker may influence on oral
communication.
The transactional model of oral communication through the theories mentioned above,
shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. So, each person in the
communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be sending and receiving
messages at the same time. This makes the process complex because of the implications.
There are three implications in the transactional model including communication is an
ongoing and continuously changing process with whom to be communicating as well as the
surrounding. Next, each element exists in relation to all the other elements and finally, each
person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background,
prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self esteem. By referring on of a
transactional model of communication by Wood,J.T.(2009). Communication in our lives (4 th
ed.).Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth shows that, it takes into account noise or
interference in communication as well as the time factor. The outer lines of the model indicate
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that communication happens within systems that both of the communication share with
personal systems. For example, a common campus, hometown and culture are the
communication share, meanwhile personal systems is more on family, religion and friends. It
also takes into account changes that happen in the communicators fields of personal and
common experiences. The model labels each communicator as both sender as well as receiver
simultaneously. That is why it depending on time factor where it took place.
Interpersonal communication
By referring to the theory of Watzlawick, P., Beavin , J., and Jackson , D., (1967),
Pragmatics of Human Communication W.W. Norton: New York say that Relationships
within a family system are interconnected and highly resistant to change. Communication
among members has both a content and relationship component. The system can be
transformed only when members receive outside help to reframe the relational
punctuation." (Griffin 3rd, p. 494.). We can see this relationship for example between a
woman and her husband sometimes having a difficult time talking to one another especially
when speak about children. It is more pressure if their children make mistake at school. They
have to meet the childs teacher. Using the theory, both parent and teacher can have a
communication to discuss together on way to solve the problems. Basically the oral
communication can be seen on interpersonal communication. This kind of form is
communication between several people or more on face to face. It may on social
communication between family, close friends and colleagues. Some say that, Improvements in
communication...make for increased difficulties of understanding.Harold Innis, The Bias of
Communication
We can see interpersonal communications by using electronic channels such as videoconferencing, chat rooms, e-mail and twitter. Blogs, cell phones, computer-conferencing,
discussion boards, electronic mail, instant messages, photo-sharing communities, social
networks (e.g., texting, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter), videologs, voiceover IP technology,
such as Skyping and YouTube are including for this point. This kind of communication were
using wide world nowadays in many purposes. All of these electronic channels automatically
can help people to improve in learning English because it connecting to other person no
matter where the place been taken. It also encourages people by improving them in listening
and speaking skills and strategies. It has become pervasive in personal, academic, and
business contexts and continues to grow in importance and types of techniques. For example,
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the student may get more information by search the internet using Google, Yahoo or any other
search engine. Besides receiving messages, they can use video-conferencing to chat face to
face with their teacher or tutor. That why it called a very fast communication in the modern
world.
To function effectively in todays society people must communicate with one another.
Yet for some individuals communication experiences are so unrewarding that they either
consciously or unconsciously avoid situations where communication is required. (McCroskey
& Richmond, 1979) The term communication apprehension was coined by James
McCroskey (1976a) and is defined as an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with
either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons (McCroskey, 1984).
In the last two decades communication apprehension and related constructs, such as reticence
and unwillingness to communicate, have received extensive research and theoretical attention
by scholars in communication and psychology. In 1984, Payne and Richmond listed over
1000 entries in a bibliography of publications and papers in this area (Payne & Richmond,
1984). Overwhelmingly the underlying theme of the articles has been the negative effects that
these constructs can have on academic and social success. It has been forwarded that two out
of ten people suffer some form of communication apprehension (CA).
Small group communication
Small group may in five to ten members are more affective. As a teacher, the
main focus of this activity is to develop teachers basic communicative skills and build
confidence in using the English Language. It is aimed to assist teachers to manage classroom
interaction as well as teaching and learning processes. It will also enhance teachers ability
in using the accurate terminology and classroom language so the students are able to follow
the lessons taught effectively. Students learned to build their team or self confident level in
using English language. Therefore it allows interacting with others even at home, in academic
institutions, at the workplace or in public.
Based on the module of OUMH1303 English Oral Communication, the small group
communication wrote that it takes place in a group, usually comprising five to ten people.
This form of communication serves relationship needs (like companionship, family bonding
and affection or support. Usually this kind of group can be easily seen in academic institutions
because students often form small groups to discuss the topics or issues given by their teacher.
Teacher creates some activities in classroom such as story telling, drilling and role-play to
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help the student often and familiar with English instructions. When the student always heard
the same instructions they automatically can run the activities by their own. A member of a
group that is working togethers may need to ask and respond to questions, after the group
leader has introduced the topic or subject of discussion. The importance in small group
communication are to express opinions, agreeing and disagreeing.
As in the Malaysian education the terminal goal of the English language curriculum
for schools is to help learners acquire the language so that they can use it in their everyday
life, to further their studies, and for work purposes. The use of English in Information and
Communications Technology (ICT) has also been incorporated into the curriculum to enable
learners to access knowledge on the Internet and to network with people both locally and
overseas. We are exposed and prepared them in exchange idea, solve problems and share
experiences. English is important, as with globalization, Malaysians will need to be proficient
in the language and to communicate with people in other countries.
Public communication (or public speaking)
Public communication is same with public speaking. This is because it involves
communication between a speaker and an audience. Referred to the module OUMH1303
English Oral Communication wrote that, this audience may range from just a few people to
thousands or even millions at people. The aim of the speaker is usually to inform or to
persuade the audience to act, buy, or think in a certain way. Both of listening and speaking
skills were needed altogether. It is important to understand some of the basic principles of
effective public speaking so that the people are able to influence, persuade as well as entertain
the audience when the communication occurred. The importance of public speaking is that it
improves the social skills, academic and professional skills and the public speaking skills.
There are some techniques to build confidence in public speaking especially as a speaker. The
speaker has to change the way of thinking to be more focus on preparation and get positive
thoughts. Beside that, the speaker may try with systemic desensitisation to associate feeling
good and relaxed with communication situations. The skills training in public speaking will
teach the ways to organise ideas as well as prepare and deliver speeches. Learning more about
oral presentation skills also help to build self confidence about giving speeches. Others
techniques such as prepare and practise the speech, relaxation techniques and gain experience
also can help in good communication in front of the audiences.

Some communication delivered using the visual aids to support the speech. Public
communication delivered in a speech effectively too. The tips for giving an effective speech
are appearance, body language, and voice. The appearance here meant how to dress suitably
for some occasion or functions. It must be appropriate according to the dress codes of the
community or society who will be the audience. Body language is more to the gestures which
to emphasise a point or reinforce ideas. The speaker should have a good eye contact with the
listener. On voice part, it focuses on the pronunciation, intonation and articulation. There are
pause and volume all the way the speech continuing.
Conclusion
People who are successful communicators take responsibility for being certain that
should be understand on what they are saying by speaking in simple, grammatical, and
understandable terms. They also give examples, ask for feedback, put what they said
previously in different words, and try to make it easy for you to gain the true intent of their
communications. However, the listener must hear and not assume what is said. The listener
can easily get distracted by the speakers mannerisms, accent, dress or grooming, language
style, or delivery of the message if the listener does learn to tune them out.

These factors

listed above are a major affect of oral communication because the listener attention is focus
elsewhere other than the message the speaker trying to make understood. If the listener let
these distraction draw them away from the speaker message it would be very hard for them to
give any type of feedback because they were not listening. It is very embarrassing for the
listener to be asked to give feedback on the speaker message and they do not respond or
comes up with something totally different because he or she wasnt paying attention to what
the messages meant about. That is what learning is. You suddenly understand something you
have understood all your life, but in a new way, Doris Lessing
This oral communication lesson is like a survey of interpersonal communication
theories as they are related to identity formation and the negotiation of close relationships.
Overall, we focused on the ways in which we come to know and understand the self.
Specifically, we know what are factors help us to form a personal identity and how do we
communicate that identity to others. Then, we turn our attention to theories that explain the
development and maintenance of close relationships on oral communication. Lots of focuses
are on the ways in which communication works to establish intimacy, to manage tensions,
and to terminate personal relationships. By the end of the lesson, we have learnt a working
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knowledge of the theoretical perspectives that help to characterize the self and to understand
the ebb and flow of close personal relationships.
2504 words

References
1. http://code.sfu.ca/content/4-speaking-and-listening-classroom

2. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Oral-Communications/70945?topic
3. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Effective-Oral-Communications/214626?
topic
4. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/How-Does-Listening-Affect-OralCommunication/354191?topic
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Innis's_communications_theories

6. Harvey, J. H., & Weber, A. L. (2002). Odyssey of the heart: Close relationships in the
21st century. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Wood, J. T. (2000). Relational communication: Continuity and change in personal
relationships. Boston: Wadsworth.
8. OUMH1303 English For Oral Communication, S Sivagnanachelvi, Dr Chong Poh
Wan, Chua Eok Keng, Cik Norazlina Mohammad, Eleventh Printing April 2011